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Useful Formulae: D D K K K K F F

(1) The document provides formulae for modeling different structural elements like springs, tensile elements, beams, and frames using the finite element method. (2) It defines force-displacement relations and stiffness matrices for spring, tensile, torsion, beam and frame elements. (3) It also discusses transformation of coordinates, equivalent nodal loads, interpolation functions, and other concepts relevant to finite element analysis.

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Carlos Diaz
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as pdf or txt
24 views3 pages

Useful Formulae: D D K K K K F F

(1) The document provides formulae for modeling different structural elements like springs, tensile elements, beams, and frames using the finite element method. (2) It defines force-displacement relations and stiffness matrices for spring, tensile, torsion, beam and frame elements. (3) It also discusses transformation of coordinates, equivalent nodal loads, interpolation functions, and other concepts relevant to finite element analysis.

Uploaded by

Carlos Diaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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Useful Formulae

For a spring element in a horizontal direction, the force-displacement relation can be written
as
)
`


=
)
`

x
x
x
x
d
d
k k
k k
F
F
2
1
2
1

where k is the spring stiffness.
For a linear tensile element, the element stiffness matrix [K] and the element mass matrix [M]
are given as
| |
(


=
1 1
1 1
L
AE
K
| |
(

=
2 1
1 2
6
AL
M


For a spring element oriented u from the x-axis in an x y plane, the force-displacement
relation can be obtained after pre- and post-multiplying the previous stiffness matrix, i.e.

(
(
(
(
(

y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
d
d
d
d
sym
k
F
F
F
F
2
2
1
1
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
1
1
sin
sin cos cos
sin sin cos sin
sin cos cos sin cos cos
u
u u u
u u u u
u u u u u u

(a) For a tensile element, the term k is replaced by
L
AE
.
(b) For a torsion element, the term k is replaced by
L
GJ
.
The displacement function of an Euler beam is given as:
2
2
3 2
2
3
3
2
2
1
2
3 2
1
3
3
2
2
2 3 2 2 3
1 | |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
L
x
L
x
d
L
x
L
x
L
x
L
x
x d
L
x
L
x
v
y y

The displacement function of a tensile element is given as:
)
`

=
x
x
d
d
L
x
L
x
u
2
1
1 or
x x
d
L
x
d
L
x
u
2 1
1 + |
.
|

\
|
=
For an Euler beam element, the force-displacement relation is given as

(
(
(
(

2
2
1
1
2 2
2 2
3
2
2
1
1
4 6 2 6
6 12 6 12
2 6 4 6
6 12 6 12
|
|
y
y
y
y
d
d
L L L L
L L
L L L L
L L
L
EI
M
F
M
F

For a linear Euler beam element, the element stiffness matrix [K] and the element mass
matrix [M] are given as
| |
(
(
(
(

=
2
2 2
3
4
6 12
2 6 4
6 12 6 12
L sym
L
L L L
L L
L
EI
K
| |
(
(
(
(

=
2
2 2
4
22 156
3 13 4
13 54 22 156
420
L sym
L
L L L
L L
AL
M


The equivalent nodal load for a linear element for different types of loads



Transformation matrix between an x' y' coordinate system and an x y coordinate system


)
`

=
)
`

'
'
y
x
y
x
u u
u u
cos sin
sin cos

x
y
x'
y'
u
L
a b
L
3
2
) 2 (
L
b L Pa +

2
2
L
Pab

2
2
L
b Pa

3
2
) 2 (
L
a L Pb +

x
y
P
w
L
L
2
wL

2
wL

12
2
wL

12
2
wL

x
y
L
20
3wL

20
7wL

30
2
wL

20
2
wL

w
L
x
y
The general transformed global stiffness matrix for an Euler beam element
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(


=
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3
4
cos 6 cos 12
sin 6 cos sin 12 sin 12
2 cos 6 sin 6 4
cos 6 cos 12 cos sin 12 cos 6 cos 12
sin 6 cos sin 12 sin 12 sin 6 cos sin 12 sin 12
L sym
L
L
L L L L
L L
L L
L
EI
K
u u
u u u u
u u
u u u u u u
u u u u u u u u

The general transformed global stiffness matrix for a plane frame element.
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
I sym
C
L
I
C
L
I
AS
S
L
I
CS
L
I
A S
L
I
AC
I C
L
I
S
L
I
I
C
L
I
C
L
I
AS CS
L
I
A C
L
I
C
L
I
AS
S
L
I
CS
L
I
A S
L
I
AC S
L
I
CS
L
I
A S
L
I
AC
L
E
K
4
6 12
6 12 12
2
6 6
4
6 12 12 6 12
6 12 12 6 12 12
] [
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

where u sin = S and u cos = C .
Lagranges interpolation formula
The basic form of the Lagranges polynomial in a single coordinate system is
( ) ( )

=
=
n
i
i
n
i
f x L x f
0
, where ( ) x L
n
i
is the Lagrange multiplier function and is given by
( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
n i i i i i i i
n i i n
i
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
x L


=
+
+
... ...
... ...
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0

Hermitian polynomial
( ) ( ) ( )

= =
' + =
n
i
i i
n
i
i i
f x V f x U x f
0 0

where f
i
and
i
f ' are the function value and the first derivative respectively at point i, and
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2
2 1 x L x x x L
dx
d
x U
n
i i x x
n
i i
i (

=
=

( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2
x L x x x V
n
i i i
=

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