Mindsi Arduino Resource Guide

Arduino
Helpful instructional videos available at: www.mymindsi.com

U s e r s G u i d e
For Use with MINDS-i
Table of contents
Welcome to the Future, Welcome to MINDS-i.5
Introduction to Arduino.7
Getting Started...8
Arduino the Microcontroller18
Arduino Uno R3..19
Sensor Shield...19
A Few Terms to Get You Started20
Outputs27
Servo........29
ESC & Motor.......33
Linear Actuator........39
Digital Outputs.........43
Inputs...45
Radio Transmitter........47
Push Button......53
IR Distance Sensor.......57
Ultrasound Sensor........61
QTI Sensor.......67
Compass Sensor...........73
Analog Sensors........77
Digital Sensors.........79
Reference Guide......81
Additional Links and References..100
Troubleshooting Guide..107
Welcome to the future of robotics
The machines of yesterday have evolved into a Robotics system that is able to handle the tough
terrain of reality. For years robotics have been kept inside controlled environment situations, but today
a new line of robotics is ready to face the challenge. MINDS-i all terrain robots go anywhere you do.
Unleash your MINDS-i. Unleash your Creativity.
This guide book has been adapted to teach beginners, experts, teachers and students the
versatility of the MINDS-i system with the open source Arduino microcontroller. Included are in depth
guides that show you step by step how to use Arduino, how to program your robot, and how to conquer
various challenges.
Are you Ready?
5
Your Feedback is Important to us
This version of the guide is in its early stages of development, and there may be small errors
throughout. Your feed back is important to the design of this manual so that together we may make this
guide book a success. If there are any topics that may need more explanation, or if there are additional
topics that may need to be added your feedback will be greatly appreciated and adapted to improve
future additions of this guide.
Contact Information
For technical questions or to place an order:
Voice: 1 (509) 252 - 5767
Fax: 1 (509) 924 - 2219
Email us at: info@mymindsi.com
Write to ATTN: MINDS-i Inc.
22819 East Appleway Avenue
Liberty Lake, Washington 99019
For the latest from MINDS-i visit
mindsirobotics.com
For the updated and lasted edition of the code and MINDS-i Library go to
mindsirobotics.com/code
6
Introduction
What is Arduino?
Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical world than
your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical-computing platform based on a simple
microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.
Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or sensors,
and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino projects can be stand-
alone, or they can be able to communicate with software running on your computer (e.g. Flash,
Processing, and MaxMSP.) The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased pre-assembled; the
open-source IDE can be downloaded for free.
The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical-computing
platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia-programming environment.
Why Arduino?
Arduino simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, and offers some advantages for
teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:
Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating
systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming environment is easy-to-use
for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the
Processing programming environment, so students learning to program in that environment will be
familiar with the look and feel of Arduino
Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open source tools,
available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through C++
libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to
the AVR C programming language on which it is based. Similarly, you have the capacity to add
AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
Open source and extensible hardware - The Arduino is based on Atmel's ATMEGA8 and
ATMEGA168 microcontrollers. The plans for the modules are published under a Creative
Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can create their own version of the module,
extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the breadboard version
of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.
7
Getting Started with Arduino
1 | Get an Arduino board and USB cable
In this tutorial, we assume you are using an Arduino Uno.
You also need a USB cable (A plug to B plug): the kind you would connect to a USB printer, for
example.
2 | Download the Arduino environment
You will need the flash drive found in your MINDS-i kit.
Drag and drop the files onto your computer.
You can also download the latest version of the software and library from the code page.
http://www.mymindsi.com/code
When the download finishes, unzip the downloaded file. Make sure to preserve the folder structure.
Double-click the folder to open it. There should be a few files and sub-folders inside.
For Macs copy the Arduino application into the Applications folder (or elsewhere on your computer).
Since you're using an Arduino Uno you don't have any drivers to install. Continue to step 3 than Skip
Step 4 install the drivers.
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3 | Connect the board
The Arduino Uno automatically draws power from either the USB connection to the computer or an
external power supply.
Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED (labeled
PWR) should turn on.
4 | Install the drivers
Installing drivers for the Arduino Uno with Windows7, Vista, or XP:
Plug in your board and wait for Windows to begin its driver installation process. After a few
moments, the process will fail, despite its best efforts
Click on the Start Menu, and open the Control Panel.
While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on System. Once the
System window is open, double click on the Device Manager.
Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named "Arduino UNO (COMxx)"
Right click on the "Arduino UNO (COMxx)" port and choose the "Update Driver Software"
option.
Next, choose the "Browse my computer for Driver software" option.
Finally, navigate to and select the Uno's driver file, named "ArduinoUNO.inf", located in the
"Drivers" folder of the Arduino Software download (not the "FTDI USB Drivers" sub-directory).
Windows will finish the driver installation from there.
You can check that the drivers have been installed by opening the Windows Device Manager (in the
Hardware tab of System control panel). Look for a "USB Serial Port" in the Ports section; that is the
Arduino board.
Follow the step-by-step screenshots for installing the Uno under Windows XP.
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Step 1
Step 2
10
Step 3
Step 4
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Step 5
Step 6
12
Step 8
Step 7
13
Step 9
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5 | Launch the Arduino application
Double-click the Arduino application. (Note: if the Arduino software loads in the wrong language, you
can change it in the preferences dialog, Ctrl + Comma)
6 | Open the blink example
Open the LED blink example sketch: File > Examples > 1.Basics > Blink.
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7 | Select your board
You'll need to select the entry in the Tools > Board menu that corresponds to your Arduino.
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8 | Select your serial port
Select the serial device of the Arduino board from the Tools | Serial Port menu. This is likely to be
COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find out, you
can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu; the entry that disappears should be the
Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.
9 | Upload the program
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds - you should see the
RX and TX LEDs on the board flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done uploading."
will appear in the status bar.
A few seconds after the upload finishes, you should see the pin 13 (L) LED on the board start to blink
(in orange). If it does, congratulations! You now have Arduino up-and-running.
If you have problems, please see the troubleshooting guide or
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Troubleshooting
17
Arduino the
Micro-controller
18
Arduino Uno R3
Throughout this guide we will be using the
Arduino Uno R3 and the Sensor Shield. The
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based
on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started.
Sensor Shield
The Sensor Shield's purpose is to make it
easy to connect cables and devices to the
correct Arduino pins. It simply connects
the Arduino pins to many connectors that
are ready to use to connect to various
devices like Servos and Sensors with
simple cables. Each Port has 3 pins which
are connected to (Ground), (Vcc + 5 V)
and (Signal). See the GVS labels below
Cables are normally color coded so you
know the right way to plug them in:
Ground Black, Voltage Red, and Signal
White or Yellow.
Mounting Plate and Cover
In most of the exercises in this guide we will be
using the Arduino with the Sensor shield in a
stack. MINDS-i includes a mounting
plate that will connect to the system. A
protective cover is also included and it
is suggested to use for protection of
dirt and other debris.
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A Few Terms
To Get You Started
20
The Arduino is programmed in the C language. This is a quick guide to help you understand some of
the key concepts. If you find the concepts a bit daunting, dont worry you can start going through the
examples and pick up most of it along the way. For a more in-depth guide, see the Reference Guide
section. Also see the Arduino.cc website for more information.
Each Arduino program also called a sketch, has two required functions also called routines
void setup( ) { }
The code in the void setup between the two curly brackets will only run once when your Arduino
program begins.
void loop ( ) { }
The void loop is run after the setup has finished. After it has ran once it will be run again, and again,
until power is removed
One of the slightly frustrating elements of C is its formatting requirements (this also makes it very
powerful). If you remember the following you should be all right.
//
(Single line comment)
It is often useful to write notes to yourself as you go along about what each line of code does. To do
this type two forward slashes at the beginning of your comment and everything until the end of the
line will be ignored by your program.
/* */
(Multi line comment)
If you have a lot to say you can span several lines as a comment. Everything between these two
symbols will be ignored in your program.
{ }
(Curly brackets)
Used to define when a block of code starts and ends (used in control structures as well as loops).
;
(Semicolon)
Each line of code must be ended with a semicolon (a missing semicolon is often the reason for a
program refusing to compile).
Structure
Syntax
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A program is nothing more than instruction to move numbers around in an intelligent way. Variables
are used to do the moving.
int (integer)
The main workhorse; stores a number in 2 bytes (16bits). Has no decimal places and will store a value
between 32,768 and 32,767
long (long)
Used when an integer is not large enough. Takes 4 bytes (32 bits) of RAM and has a range between
-2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647.
Boolean (Boolean)
A simple True or False variable. Useful because it only uses one bit of RAM.
Float (float)
Used for floating point math (decimals). Takes 4 bytes (32 bits) of RAM and has a range between
3.4028235E+38 and 3.4028235E+38.
char (character)
Stores one character using the ASCII code (ie A = 65). Uses one byte (8 bites) of RAM. The Arduino
handles strings as an array of chars.
Operators used for manipulating numbers. (They work like simple math).
= (assignment) makes something equal to something else (es. X = 10 * 2 (x now equals 20))
+ (addition) adds one value to another (ex. delay(1000) + delay(500) (delay now equals 1500))
- (subtraction) subtracts one value from another (ex. delay(1000) - delay(500) (delay now equals 500))
* (multiplication) Multiplies one value by another (ex. delay(1000) * delay(500) (delay now equals
500,000))
/ (division) Divides one value by another (ex. delay(1000) / delay(500) (delay now equals 2))
% (modulo) gives the remainder when one number is divided by another (ex. 12 % 10 (gives 2))
Arithmetic Operators
Data Types
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Operators used for logical comparison.
= = (equal to) ex. 12 = = 10 is FALSE or 12 = = 12 is TRUE
! = (not equal to) ex. 12 ! = 10 is TRUE or 12 ! = 12 is FALSE
< (less than) ex. 12 < 10 is FALSE or 12 < 12 is FALSE or 12 < 14 is TRUE
> (greater than) ex. 12 > 10 is TRUE or 12 > 12 is FALSE or 12 > 14 is FALSE
Programs are reliant on controlling what runs next, here are the basic control elements (There are many
more, see the Reference Guide)
If else
If( condition ){ }
Else if( condition ) { }
Else { }
This will execute the code between the curly brackets if the condition is true, and if not it will test the
else if condition, if that is also false the else code will be executed.
Example:
if (pinFiveInput < 500)
{
// do Thing A
}
else if (pinFiveInput >= 1000)
{
// do Thing B
}
else
{
// do Thing C
}
For
For ( int I = 0; i< #repeats; i++) { }
Used when you would like to repeat a chunk of code a number of times (can count up i++ or down i- -
or use any variable).
Comparison Operators
Control Structure
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Example:
// Dim an LED using a PWM pin
int PWMpin = 10; // LED in series with 470 ohm resistor on pin 10
void setup()
{
// no setup needed
}
void loop()
{
for (int i=0; i <= 255; i++){
analogWrite(PWMpin, i);
delay(10);
}
}
pinMode (pin, mode);
Used to set a pins mode, pin is the pin number you would like to address 0-19 (analog 0-5 are 14-19).
The mode can either be INPUT or OUTPUT.
digitalWrite (pin, value);
Once a pin is set as OUTPUT it can be set either HIGH (pulled to +5 volts) or LOW (pulled to ground)
(ex. To turn a LED on you would digitalWrite whatever pin it was connected to HIGH)
Int digitalRead (pin);
Once a pin is set as an INPUT you can use this to return whether it is HIGH (pulled to +5 volts) or
LOW (pulled to ground). (ex. Having a switch activated will return a value of HIGH)
The Arduino is a digital machine but it has the ability to operate in the analog realm. Heres how to
deal with things that arent digital.
Int analogWrite (pin, value);
Some of the Arduinos pins support pulse width modulation (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11). This turns the pin on
and off very quickly making it act like an analog output. The value is any number between 0 (0% duty
cycle ~0v) and 255 (100% duty cycle ~5 volts).
Int analogRead (pin);
When the analog input pins are set to input you can read their voltage. A value between 0 ( for 0 volts)
and 1024 (for 5 volts) will be returned. Pins A0 A5 are used for analogRead.
Digital
Analog
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Millis( )
Returns the number of milliseconds since the Arduino board began running the current program. This
number will overflow (go back to zero), after approximately 50 days.
Example
unsigned long time;
void setup( ){
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop( ){
Serial.print("Time: ");
time = millis( );
//prints time since program started
Serial.println(time);
// wait a second so as not to send massive amounts of data
delay(1000);
}
Time
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Outputs
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Servo
Servos allow for specific motion control. A standard servo is
capable of 180 degrees, 0 to 179. Some allow for continuous
rotation. Servos also may be referred to as rotary actuators.
Applications may include, steering, arms, legs, wheels and
other components on a robot that involve motion.
In the code
Include the servo library:
Define the servo, reference the servo library by typing Servo and then write in the name that will be
used to reference the servo in the code. Ill call it myservo.
In the void setup section attach it to a pin on the Arduino, 0 to 13 or A0 to A5. Ill attach mine to
digital pin 5.
Set the value to send to the servo. We can use any value from 0 to 179. (See figure 1.1) Neutral or
center is 90. You can figure what value centers your servo for yourself. To do that, write this in the
void loop section:
To check if your code is correct press the verify button.
1.1 Challenge: Center your servo.
Open up the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Calibration > Servo. Plug
your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your servo into pin 5. Look for this line of
code in the void loop section myservo.write(90); Change the value of 90 to any value from 0 to
179 to center your servo. The value should be close to 90. When youre done press upload.
Mechanical hint: You can also change the direction your servo horn is mounted on your servo.
Unscrew it, then try attaching your servo horn at a different angle. When using a servo for
steering, a good test of whether your servo is center is when your robot will drive in a straight
line.
#include <Servo.h>
void setup( )
{
myservo.attach(5);
}
void loop( )
{
myservo.write(90); //neutral
}
Servo myservo;
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Figure 1.1: Servo Figure 1.2: Continuos Rotation Servo
Now that you know center, find the end points. Write the following in the void loop section, make
corrections to the comments as needed:
1.2 Challenge Find Right and Left, Forward and Reverse
The value of right and left or forward and reverse can be different for each servo. It depends on
how the servo is mounted on your robot and may even vary from manufacturers.
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Calibration > Servo. Plug your
Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your servo into pin 5. Look for this line of code in
the void loop section myservo.write(90); Change the value of 90 to 0 or 179. Watch which
direction your servo rotates or moves. Write a comment in the code using the // for future
reference. ex // 179 = right. When youre done press upload.
void loop()
{
myservo.write(0); //left
delay(1000);
myservo.write(90); //neutral
delay(1000);
myservo.write(180); //right
delay(1000);
}
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Wiring Diagram for the Servo
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ESC and Motor
The Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) is used to regulate voltage and current to a DC motor. It is
similar to a continuous rotation servo in that entering values of 0 to 179 change the direction of the
motor. However, the motor and ESC are for higher torque applications, and contain an electronic brake
making them ideal in drive systems. With MINDS-i it will mostly be used as a drive motor, but other
applications could be arms, winches, and turntables.
In the Code
Include the MINDS-i library and the Servo library:
#include <MINDSi.h>
#include <Servo.h>
Define the ESC, reference the servo library by typing servo and then write in the name that will be
used to identify the ESC in the code. Ill call it motor.
Servo motor;
In the void setup section, attach it to a pin on the Arduino, 0 to 13 or A0 to A5. Ill attach mine to
pin 4.
void setup()
{
motor.attach(4);
}
Set the value to send to your ESC. We can use any value from 0 to 179, 90 being neutral. In the initial
start up of the ESC, it will make tone meaning it is arming the speed controller, whatever value is sent
to it initially from the microcontroller will be set a neutral. We want to set the value at 90 so the ESC
will set that as neutral. We also need to add a 2 second delay (2000 milliseconds) to arm the speed
controller.
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Void setup ( );
{
motor.attach(4);
motor.write(90);
delay (2000);
}
To check if your code is right click the verify button.
Now that we set up the ESC, we can find forward, reverse and use the electronic brake. Ill assume that
we are using a MINDS-i Robot with one drive motor, a steering servo, an Arduino and Sensor Shield.
Well control the robot autonomously through the Arduino and Sensor shield to drive forward, apply
the electronic brake, and then drive in reverse.
Include the MINDS-i library and the Servo library:
#include <MINDSi.h>
#include <Servo.h>
Define the ESC, and steering servo, Ill use drive for the ESC and Motor and steer for the steering
servo.
Servo drive, steer;
In the void setup section, attach the ESC and the Servo to pins on the Arduino, 0 to 13. Ill attach my
ESC to pin 4 and my Servo to pin 5.
Void setup( )
{
drive.attach(4);
steer.attach(5);
1.1 Challenge: Setting Up Your ESC
Open up the Arduino Program, Go to File > Examples > 0.Minds-i >1.Calibration > ESC. Plug
your arduino into your computer via USB and plug your ESC into pin 4. Plug the ESC into the
motor. Plug the battery into the ESC. Turn off the ESC switch. In the void setup section of the
code look for motor.write(90); This value can be set from 0 to 179. The ESC will set that as the
value for neutral when it is armed. For example, if I plug in 90, it will be set as neutral. 0-89 will be
reverse and 91 to 179 will be forward. Then Upload the code. Unplug the USB cable and turn
your ESC on.
Helpful hint: In the top of your code in the above the void setup section define a new object as
neutral and set the value for it.
Int neutral;
Now everywhere in the code that you use 90 to put your motor at neutral replace with neutral
Motor.write(90);
Motor.write(neutral);
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We have to set both at 90, that will center our servo and set our ESC at neutral. We also need to add a
delay for 2 seconds ( 2000 milliseconds) to allow the ESC to arm.
drive.write(90);
steer.write(90);
delay(2000);
}
Now in the void loop section well program the robot to drive forward one second, apply the brake,
and then go in reverse for one second. It will continue to loop this process over and over.
Since we set our steering servo at 90 in the void setup it should be centered and drive in a straight line.
(This may need additional adjusting to center your servo. See 1.1 Challenge: Center your servo)
As described above 0 to 89 is reverse 90 is neutral and 91 to 180 is forward. The Arduino
accomplishes this by varying the signal it sends to the ESC. Setting the ESC at 100 will send your
robot barley chugging along and 180 will send your robot of at full speed and most likely crash into the
nearest object. As a rule of thumb I suggest starting at the lowest possible speed and then increasing it
little by little.
The ESC uses an electronic brake that is activated by sending it into reverse after the robot is driving
forward. The change from forward to instantly in reverse applies the electronic brake. It will then need
to be sent a value for neutral to disengage the brakes, and then after it can be sent in reverse or forward.
Write the following in the void loop section. Ill set the speed at 100, this is about as slow as the
robot can go. (As the battery loses charges it will go slower). Then add a delay for 1 second. The robot
will drive forward for one second.
Void loop( )
{
drive.write(100); //drive forward one second
delay(1000);
To apply the brake, write in the value for reverse( 0 ), and add a half a second delay to give it time to
engage. Then disengage the brakes by sending it a value of neutral, Ill use 95 just to be on the safe
side.
drive.write(0); //brake and wait
delay(500);
drive.write(95); //disengage brakes
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With the brakes disengaged now we can power it in reverse. Set the delay for 1500 milliseconds to
drive in reverse for a second and a half.
drive.write(80); //drive backward for one and a half seconds
delay(1500);
}
1.2 Challenge: Understanding Forward, Reverse, and the Electronic Brake.
Program your robot to drive forward, apply the brakes then go in reverse.
Ill assume you are using a MINDS-i robot with one drive motor and a steering servo. Plug your
Arduino into your computer via USB. Plug your ESC into pin 4. Turn off the ESC switch. Plug
your steering servo into pin 5.
Open up the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 2-Application > ESC.
Make sure your ESC and servo are attached to their corresponding pins in the code drive and
steer. Upload the program. Unplug the USB cable and Turn your ESC on.
In the void loop section look for motor.write(X); This value can be set from 0 to 179. Change
the value to see what your robot does. WARNING: 179 and 0 are full speed and fast. Start by
increasing and decreasing the values a few numbers at a time. Change the delays as well to find to
optimal program for your situation.
Helpful Hint: This ESC application code is also a good example code to check if your steering
servo is center by seeing if your robot will drive in a straight line.
Additional Challenge: Using only the ESC, Servo, Arduino and Sensor shield, program your robot
to drive from one end of the room to the other, maneuvering around objects as needed.
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Wiring Diagram for the ESC and Motor
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38
Linear Actuator
Linear Actuators, like servos, allow for specific motion control.
They come in different stroke lengths, speeds and many
other options too. They may be used in a wide range of
applications arms, legs, and other components on a robot
that involve motion.
In the code
Include the servo library:
#include <Servo.h>
Define the linear actuator, reference the servo library by typing Servo and then write in the name that
will be used to reference the linear actuator in the code. Ill call it myLinearActuator.
Servo myLinearActuator;
In the Void Setup section attach it to a pin on the Arduino, 0 to 13 or A0 to A5. Ill attach mine to
digital pin 5.
void setup( )
{
myLinearActuator (5);
}
Set the value to send to the linear actuator. We can use any value from 0 to 180. (See figure 1.1) loop
void loop( )
{
myservo.write(90);
}
To check if your code is correct press the verify button. Change the values to see how the linear
actuator reacts. Try something like this: put a delay between each line to allow enough time for it to
perform the full range of motion:
void loop( )
{
myservo.write(0); //In
delay(2000);
myservo.write(90); //Middle
delay(2000);
myservo.write(180); //Out
delay(2000);
}
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Figure 1.1: Linear Actuator
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1.1 Challenge: Using Your Linear Actuator
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Calibration > Servo. Plug
your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your linear actuator into pin 5. Look for this
line of code in the void loop section myservo.write(90); Change the value of 90 to any value
from 0 to 180 to adjust the linear actuator in and out. Change all references of myservo to
myLinearActuator. Make comments to yourself using the // to mark the in, middle, and
out positions.
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Wiring Diagram for the Linear Actuator
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VIBRATORY MICRO-MOTORS:
USED AS NON VISUAL INDICATORS IN
MANY ELECTRONIC DEVISES SUCH AS
CELLULAR PHONES OR HANDHELD
GAMING DEVICES.
ELECTRONIC RELAY:
A RELAY IS AN ELECTRICALLY OPERATED
SWITCH USED TO CONTROL HIGH CURRENT
OR VOLTAGE WITH A LOW CURRENT LOW
VOLTAGE INPUT.
LED (LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE):
IS A SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT SOURCE. LEDs
ARE USED AS INDICATOR LAMPS IN MANY
DEVICES AND ARE INCREASINGLY USED FOR
OTHER LIGHTING.
42
Digital Outputs
A digital output is a device that is turned on or off. Most
commonly an LED used as an indicator light. If you need
to use a relay to control a higher amp device it will be a
digital output. You can also control motors directly from
the arduino if they are less than 40mA.
In the code
In the void setup section we will need to assign the pinMode as an OUTPUT and declare the pin
number. I will use pin 12.
The Digital Output may be plugged into ports 0 through 13. Ill attach mine to pin 12. In the void
loop section we will need to assign our pin HIGH to turn the device on or LOW to turn it off.
I will use HIGH to turn the device on.
1.1 Challenge: Turn your devise on
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Applications >
Digital_Outputs. Plug your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your device into pin
12. When youre done press upload.
Mechanical hint: You will need to make sure you have your device properly wired to activate it.
void setup( )
{
pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
}
void loop( )
{
digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
}
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44
Inputs
45
46
Radio Transmitter
A radio transmitter or more commonly known as a Radio Control
(RC), sends a signal from the transmitter (the controller)
to the receiver. There are many different types of transmitters
ranging from Am and Fm that use crystals, to 2.4 Ghz that
sends a more powerful signal.
In the code
In this code well take a look at how to use the Arduino with
the radio transmitter. Well figure out how to get a reading
from the radio and see how it can be used in the programming.
Include the MINDS-i library:
Define an integer int called val. It will be used to store the value that will come from the radio.
In the void setup section, start a serial connection with the computer.
In the void loop section get the radio signal using the getRadio( ) function from the MINDS-i
library. Ill plug my receiver into pin 2 on the Arduino. There are multiple channels on a radio so Ill
pick one I want to get a reading from (Channel 1) and run a servo cable from the receiver channel 1 to
pin 2. Ill assign getRadio to the value (val) integer I defined earlier. Then I use the serial command
Serial.println(val). This will show the value from the radio in the Serial Monitor.
#include <MINDSi.h>
int val;
void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600); //start a serial connection
}
void loop( )
{
val = getRadio(2); //read the value being sent on pin 2
Serial.println(val); //send a string or value on the serial connection
}
47
In this example Ill be using a MINDS-i robot with one servo and one
motor, Ill also need two extra servo cables, my receiver, and
controller. Ill cover how to control the robot manually via Radio
Control.
Pistol Grip 2 Channel
1.1 Challenge: Get Readings from your Transmitter.
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Calibration > RadioTest.
Plug your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug a cable from channel 1 on the receiver to
pin 2 on the Arduino. Upload the program and when it is done uploading open the Serial
monitor. Move the control on the radio corresponding to channel 1 and watch the value
change. The value should go from 0-179, if it does not adjust the trim on your radio.
48
Include the MINDS-i and the Servo library. Define the ESC and Servo objects, drive and steer. In
the void setup section attach the ESC to pin 4 and the servo to pin 5. Then set them at neutral and
center (90), and add a delay to arm them.
In the void loop section well use getRadio and set the corresponding pins. Plug two cables from
channel 1 and 2 into Pins 2 and 3 on the Arduino. Set the value that the radio gets to send that value to
the ESC and servo, by using drive.write( ).
#include <MINDSi.h>
#include <Servo.h>
Servo drive, steer;
void setup( )
{
drive.attach(4); //set a pin for the ESC
steer.attach(5); //steering servo
drive.write(90); //set the output for the ESC/servo
steer.write(90);
delay(2000); //delay 2 second for arming
}
void loop( )
{
drive.write( getRadio(2) ); //sets the ESC to the inbound radio value
steer.write( getRadio(3) ); //sets the Servo to the inbound radio value
}
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1.2 Challenge: Manual Control
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Applications >
SimpleRadioDrive. Plug your Arduino into your computer via USB, plug the ESC in Pin 4, the
servo in Pin 5, and plug channel 1 and 2 on the receiver to pins 2 and 3 on the Arduino. Upload the
code. Turn your controller on first, then turn your robot on. (This prevents the robot from
running away.) Your robot is now in manual drive.
Trouble? Make sure your battery has a full charge and the pins are plugged in correctly. If your still
having issues see the Troubleshooting guide section.
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Wiring Diagram for the Radio Transmitter
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52
Push Button
Push Buttons allow physical interactions to be detected by a
micro-controller. Most commonly they are used for human
interactions and interfaces. They can also be used as limit
switches to detect travel of an object. Push Buttons come in a
couple common configurations, normally open, or normally closed
with either a momentary or standard action.
In the code
In the void setup section we will start serial communications
by typing Serial.begin(9600); Then we will define pin 12 as
an input by typing pinMode(12, INPUT);.
In the void loop section we will print the switch state to the serial monitor by typing
Serial.println(digitalRead(12) );
1.1 Challenge: Turn on the pin 13 led.
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Calibration > Push Button.
Plug your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your Push Button into pin 12.
Now see what value is displayed by opening the serial monitor . Make note of the value
displayed when the button is being pressed ______ versus not pressed ______.
void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600);
PinMode(12, INPUT);
}
void loop( )
{
Serial.println(digitalRead(12) );
}
53
Now that you know how to get the switch state we will have you turn on and off a LED with the Push
Button. In the void setup section we will define pin 12 as an INPUT and pin 13 as an OUTPUT
by typing pinMode(12, INPUT); and on the next line pinMode(13, OUTPUT).
In the void loop section we will set the switch input to the LED output by typing digitalWrite(13,
digitalRead(12) ); In other words pushing the switch (input) to turning the LED on (output)
1.2 Challenge: Light up the pin 13 led
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Application > Push Button.
Plug your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your Push Button into pin 12.
When youre done press upload. What happens when you press the Button? What type of
switch is it? A momentary or standard, is it normally open or closed?
Mechanical hint: You will need to look for the orange LED in between the Arduino and the Shield,
the LED is next to pin 13, it is marked by the letter L next to it.
void setup( )
{
pinMode(12, INPUT);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
void loop( )
{
digitalWrite(13, digitalRead(12) );
}
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Wiring Diagram for the Push Button
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56
Distance IR Sensor
The Infrared Reflectance Sensor Module carries a single
infrared LED and phototransistor pair, along with
modulation/demodulation electronics, in an inexpensive,
small module that can be mounted almost anywhere and
is great for obstacle detection of robot and home alert
system. The optimal sensing distance is within 80cm
(30 inches). This sensor has a screwdriver adjustment
to set the desired distance, then gives a digital output
when it detects something within that range.
However it does not return a distance value like the
Ping Sensor.
In the code
Before we can use our IR sensor we need to know what readings we can get from it. MINDS-i has an
easy calibration program to help you get a reading from the sensor.
Define an integer int called val. It will be used to store the value that will come from the radio.
In the void setup section well need to establish a serial connection between the computer and the
Arduino through the USB cable. The connection should be set at 9600 baud (9600 bit/second). This
allows us to send information to the serial monitor.
To read the value that the sensor is sending use digitalRead and to store that number assign it to the
integer we defined earlier val. Set the pin that the IR sensor is plugged into, Ill use 13. Then write
Serial.println(val); to show the value in the serial monitor.
int val;
void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop( )
{
val = digitalRead(13); //read in the digital value on pin 13
Serial.println(val); //send a string or value on the serial connection
}
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1.1 Challenge: Calibrate Your IR Distance Sensor
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Calibration > DigitalSensor.
Plug your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your IR sensor into pin 13. Upload the
code and open the serial monitor . To change the distance at which the sensor detects an
object, adjust the screw on the back side of the sensor.
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Wiring diagram for the Ir Distance Sensor
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60
Ultrasound Sensor
Parallax's PING))) ultrasonic sensor is an easy method of
distance measurement and autonomous obstacle detection and
avoidance. The Ping sensor measures distance using sonar;
an ultrasonic (well above human hearing) pulse is transmitted
from the unit and distance-to-target is determined by measuring
the time required for the echo return.
The Ping sensor provides precise, non-contact distance measurements within a 2 cm to 3 m range.
Burst indicator LED shows measurement in progress. 3-pin header makes it easy to connect using a
servo extension cable.
In the code
Before we can use our Ping sensor we need to know what readings we can get from it. MINDS-i has an
easy calibration program to help you get a reading from the ping sensor. Because we know the speed
of sound, the theoretical value of one foot is about 1700 milliseconds.
#include <MINDSi.h>
In the void setup section well need to establish a serial connection between the computer and the
void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
Use the serial command to print the line to the serial monitor. Reference the Ping sensor by using the
command getPing, this is provided by the MINDS-i library, which makes it easier to control the Ping
sensor by handling the complicated code. Set the Pin, Ill pick pin 7.
void loop( )
{
Serial.println( getPing(7) );
}
61
Now that the Ping Sensors are calibrated lets write a code for object detection. Ill assume that we are
using a MINDS-i Robot with one drive motor, a steering servo, an Arduino and Sensor Shield and now
our Ping sensor on the front of the robot. (refer to the Arduino Autonomous Upgrade Module on how
to mount the Ping Sensor, steps 10-12 ) Well control the robot autonomously through the
Arduino to drive forward, detect an object and stop.
Include the MINDS-i library and the Servo Library:
#include <MINDSi.h>
#include <Servo.h>
Define the ESC as drive and the steering servo as steer. In the void setup section, attach the ESC
to pin 4 and the Servo to pin 5. Set both at 90 to set the ESC at neutral and center the servo. Add a
delay for 2 seconds to arm the ESC.
Servo drive, steer;
void setup( )
{
drive.attach(4);
steer.attach(5);
drive.write(90);
steer.write(90);
delay(2000);
1.1 Challenge: Calibrate Your Ping Sensor
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Calibration > PingSensor.
Plug your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your ping sensor into pin 7 on the sensor
shield. Look for this line of code in the void loop section Serial.println( getPing(7) ); The
7 indicates the pin the sensor is plugged in to. Pins 0-13 will work. Well use pin 7. Upload the
code. You will see that the Ping Sensor LED lights up meaning the sensor is working. Open
the Serial Monitor . This shows us the value the sensor is reading in milliseconds. When
you move an object in front of the sensor the value changes, it increases as the object is further
away. Use a tape measure or a yardstick to mark the values. Then make a note to yourself in the
code. (see figure 1.1 for reference of the Ping sensors range.)
example.
Serial.println( getPing(7) ); // front ping sensor, 12 inches = 1800 milliseconds
// right ping sensor, 12 inches = 1600 milliseconds
// left ping sensor, 12 inches = ?
62
Instead of starting and driving straight lets add something different by having it turn to begin with.
The servo will always stay at last position that it was given in the code until a new command is given.
Dont forget your semicolon ( ; ) and end bracket }
steer.write(179);
}
In the void loop section, well write an if /else statement. Well need to write it so that the Ping
sensor detects an object at a distance and stops before it hits the object. Youll want to figure out on
your own the stopping distance of the Robot compared to the speed and the distance from the object
that the Ping sensor will read. For brevity, Ill use 500 as the value the ping sensor reads to trigger it to
stop. Ill attach the Ping sensor to pin 7.
void loop()
{
if( getPing(7) < 500 )
Now that we have our condition, we need to write what it will do. We want it to stop, Ill set it at
neutral to coast to a stop.
drive.write(90);
The next part of the if/else statement is else. We need to write what it will do if it does not see an
object.
else
drive.write(100);
}
Figure 1.1: Ping Sensor Range
63
1.2 Challenge: Ultrasound Object Detection
Ill assume you are using your MINDS-i robot with one drive motor and one steering servo.
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 2-Application > PingSensor.
Plug your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your ping sensor into pin 7 on the sensor
shield. Look for this line of code in the void loop section if( getPing(10) < 500 ) The number
in parenthesis (10) after the getPing designates the pin the sensor is attached to. Make the change
in the code to match your wiring. Upload the code.
Change the sensor detection value (500). What happens if that number is 250? What happens if that
number is 5000?
if( getPing(7) < 250 ) // Did it crash into the wall?
or
if( getPing(7) < 5000) // What will it do?
With the sensor detection value at 5000, change the speed of your robot (drive.write(100);) Increase
the number by 5 each time and see what it does. Make a note to yourself using the comments //.
else
drive.write(105); //What happens?
or
drive.write(110); //What happens?
How can you make the code better? What if you used the electronic brake? Continue modifying
your code and robot until it will successfully avoid objects.
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Wiring Diagram for the Ping Ultrasound Sensor
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66
QTI Sensor
The QTI sensor is an infrared emitter/receiver that is able to
differentiate between a dark surface (with low IR reflectivity)
and a light surface (with high IR reflectivity). These sensors are
used for line following, maze navigation, or sensing the outer rim
of a SumoBot ring. We use them as an analog sensor to detect
different shades of gray. A daylight filter is built into the sensor.
In the code
Before using the QTI sensor we need to know what readings we can get from it.
MINDS-i has an easy calibration program to help you get a reading from the QTI sensor.
With this sensor we need to store the value received before we can display it. To store the value we
create an int (integer) then define it; Ill call it val for value.
In the void setup section we will need to establish a serial connection between the computer and the
The QTI sensor may be plugged into ports A0 through A5. Ill attach mine to Analog pin A0. In the
void loop section we will assign our integer val to our sensor reading from QTI(A0). We will
then send our value to the serial monitor by typing Serial.println(val);
#include <MINDSi.h>
int val;
void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop( )
{
val = QTI(A0);
Serial.println(val);
}
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Figure 1.1: Gray scale
Now that you can get a reading from your QTI sensor, we can write a program that integrates the QTI
with our MINDS-i Robot. Ill assume that we are using a MINDS-i Robot with one drive motor, a
steering servo, an Arduino and Sensor Shield and our three QTI sensors mounted on the front of the
robot. Follow this step to mount the QTI sensors on a beam:
1.1 Challenge: Calibrate Your QTI Sensor
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Calibration > QTI. Plug your
Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your QTI into pin A0. Click the Upload button
, when it says done uploading open the serial monitor . With the serial monitor open,
pass your sensor over the gray scale below (See figure 1.1). Record what values the sensor
returns for white and for black by using the comments in the Arduino program.
Example:
val = QTI(A0); //white = 300, Black = 2000
Mechanical hint: You will need to keep the sensor about half an inch away from the paper to get a
consistent reading. Mount it on a stand or chassis to keep it at the same distance from the paper.
68
In this program well control the robot autonomously through the Arduino to follow a line.
Include the MINDS-i library and the Servo Library:
In this code well use the value that we got for white when we ran the calibration. If you didnt do that
already go back to the top and follow the steps. Ill need to use this value multiple times in the code so
instead of typing it in every line I can make a integer (int) that stores the value for my white threshold.
Ill just call it threshold. The value that I got for white when I calibrated my sensor is 300.
Define the ESC as drive and the steering servo as steer. In the void setup section, attach the ESC
to pin 4 and the Servo to pin 5. Set both at 90 to set the ESC at neutral and center the servo. Add a
delay for 2 seconds to arm the ESC.
Make sure the robot stays at a slow speed, we can set that up in the void setup section. The
ESC/motor will stay at the last position that it was given in the code.
In the void loop section Ill use an if/else statement with another if else/statement in the first if. If the
middle sensor is off of the black line, reading white (less then our threshold of 300) the code will then
check the left and the right sensors if they are on the line and steer toward the line.
#include <MINDSi.h>
#include <Servo.h>
int threshold = 300;
Servo drive, steer;
void setup( )
{
drive.attach(4);
steer.attach(5);
drive.write(90);
steer.write(90);
delay(2000);
drive.write(100);
}
void loop()
{
if( QTI(A1) < threshold) //if the center sensor is off
{
if( QTI(A0) > threshold) //check if the left is on
{
steer.write(45); // if it is, turn left
}
else if(QTI(A2) > threshold) // check if the right is on
{
steer.write(135); //if it is, turn right
}
}
69
In the else statement, meaning that the middle QTI sensor is on the black line, it will drive straight.

1.2 Challenge: Follow a Line
Program your robot to follow a black line on white paper.
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 2-Application > QTI. Plug your
Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your three QTI sensors into A0(left), A1(center),
and A2(right). Plug your ESC into pin 4 and your servo into pin 5. Look for the line of code near
the top that says int threshold = 300 This will be your value for white. Change the number
according to the reading you got from your QTI. (If you need to re-calibrate your sensor see 9.1
Challenge: Calibrate Your QTI Sensor). You may have use the calibration code a few times to
double and triple check the readings and then see how well the code works. Adjust also the speed of
the rover in void setup( ) section look for the line drive.write(100); Id recommend not
exceeding 120, remember we want the robot to go as slow as it can to help it stay on the line and
getting the correct sensor reading. Write a comment in the code using the // for future reference.
Ex.
int threshold = 300 // white is 189 to 287, black is 2034 to 3467.
drive.write(100) // 108 is my optimal speed
Mechanical Hint: Generally, the darker the line is the great the value the QTI sensor gets, and the
lighter the line is the lower the value is. The value the sensor gets also changes depending on how
fast the rover is moving. Try running the calibration code while moving the rover on a big white
sheet of paper or on a white floor and comparing the results to when it was stationary.
else // if the sensor is not off that means its on the line
{
steer.write(90); //center the servo to drive straight
}
}
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Wiring Diagram for the QTI Sensor
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72
Compass Sensor
Used to detect magnetic fields such as the Earths
magnetic field. The sensor converts any magnetic field to a
differential voltage output on 3 axes. This voltage shift is the
raw digital output value, which can then be used to calculate
headings or sense magnetic fields coming from different
directions.
In the code
Include the Wire library, Servo library and MINDS-i library:
We will need to define a float (a number with a decimal point see the Reference Guide Section) Ill
call it val.
In the void setup section we will start Serial communications by typing Serial.begin(9600); then
we will initialize the compass by typing beginCompass( ); on the next line.
In the void loop section we will assign the compass reading to our float by typing val =
getHeading();. On the next line we will print the compass reading to the serial monitor by typing
Serial.println(val,DEC);. We have to add the DEC so when it prints, it is a decimal number.
1.1 Challenge: Get a reading.
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Calibration > Compass. Plug
your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your compass into the I2C port (refer to
Figure 1.1 for proper wiring polarity).
Mechanical hint: You will need to keep the compass relatively flat to get a consistent reading.
#include <Wire.h>
#include <MINDSi.h>
#include <Servo.h>
float val;
void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600);
beginCompass( );
}
void loop( )
{
val = getHeading( );
Serial.println(val,DEC);
}
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Figure 1.1: Compass Wiring Polarity
Now that you know to get a reading, you will need to map out what reading represents North, South,
East and West.
1.2 Challenge: Get a rover to drive and face a set direction
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Application> Compass. Plug
your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your Compass into the I2C port. Look for this
line of code in the void loop section if( fabs( getHeading() ) < .05 ) drive.write(90); Change the
value of .05 to one of the values you figured out from Challenge 1.1.
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Wiring diagram for Compass Sensor
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O2 SENSOR:
MEASURES OXYGEN LEVELS IN ENGINE
EXHAUST. FOR AUTOMOTIVE USE.
CO2 SENSOR:
MEASURES CARBON DIOXIDE
LEVELS IN AIR. FOR MEDICAL /
INDUSTRIAL USE.
FORCE SENSITIVE RESISTOR:
MEASURES FORCE / PRESSURE
OVER A SPECIFIC AREA. FOR
MEDICAL / INDUSTRIAL USE.
JOY STICK CONTROLLER:
USES ANALOG POTENTIOMETERS TO
GIVE FEEDBACK BASED ON STICK
MOVEMENT. FOR MILITARY / MEDICAL
/ INDUSTRIAL / ENTERTAINMENT USE.
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Analog Sensors
Analog Sensors return a varied voltage usually from 0 to 5 volts (sometimes 0 to 3 volts). The voltage
returned by the sensor is directly proportional to the resistance in the sensor itself. The main advantage
is the fine definition of the analog signal, which has the potential for an infinite amount of signal
resolution. Most Micro-controllers measure analog signals as a number between 0 and 1024.
In the code
The Analog sensor may be plugged into ports A0 through A5. Ill attach mine to Analog pin A0. In the
void loop section we will assign our integer val to our sensor reading from analogRead(A0). We
will then send our value to the serial monitor by typing Serial.println(val);
1.1 Challenge: Get a reading
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Calibration > AnalogSensor.
Plug your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your sensor into pin A0. When youre
done press upload.
Mechanical hint: You will need to make sure you have your sensor properly wired to get a correct
reading.
void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop( )
{
val = analogRead(A0);
}
Int val;
77
PIR (MOTION) SENSOR:
MEASURES CHANGING IFRA-RED
HEAT TO DETECT MOVEMENT.
FOR INDUSTRIAL / SECURITY USE.
TOGGLE SWITCH:
THE SIMPLEST TYPE OF DIGITAL
SENSOR, RETURNS EITHER A 1 OR 0.
USED ON ALMOST EVERY PIECE OF
MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, OR DEVICE.
MASS AIRFLOW SENSOR:
MEASURES INTAKE AIRFLOW,
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AND
SOMETIMES TEMPERATURE.
FOR AUTOMOTIVE USE.
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Digital Sensors
A digital sensor is an electronic or electrochemical sensor,
where data conversion and data transmission are done digitally.
Digital sensors use a varied on / off pulse to send information
back to a Micro-controller. The time on vs. the time off is
measured and corresponds to the reading taken.
In the code
The Digital sensor may be plugged into ports 0 through 13 or A0 through A5. Ill attach mine to pin
13. In the void loop section we will assign our integer val to our sensor reading from
digitalRead(13). We will then send our value to the serial monitor by typing Serial.println(val);
1.1 Challenge: Get a reading
Open the Arduino program, Go to File > Examples > 0. Minds-i > 1-Calibration > DigitalSensor.
Plug your Arduino into your computer via USB and plug your sensor into pin 13. When youre
done press upload.
Mechanical hint: You will need to make sure you have your sensor properly wired to get a correct
reading.
void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop( )
{
val = digitalRead(13);
}
Int val;
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80
Reference Guide
This reference guide will provide you with a more in depth approach at the various terms used in the
Arduino program. Most of the terms that are used throughout this manual and in the MINDS-i example
code will be found here, but there are many other terms that can be used, for further reference see
Arduino.cc. Arduino Programs can be divided into three main parts, structures, values (variables and
constants) and functions.
setup( )
The setup( ) function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize variables, objects, pin modes,
serial connection, set up servos, etc. The setup function will only run once, after each power up or
reset of the Arduino board.
Example
Int buttonPin = 3;
Void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
}
void loop( )
{
//
}
STRUCTURE
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loop( )
After creating a setup( ) function, which initializes and sets the initial values, the loop( ) function does
precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing your program to change and
respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board.
Example
Control Structures
if (conditional) and ==, !=, <, > (comparison operators)
if , which is used in conjunction with a comparison operator, tests whether a certain condition has
been reached, such as an input being above a certain number. The format for an if test is:
int buttonPin = 3;
// setup initializes serial and the button pin
void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
}
// loop checks the button pin each time,
// and will send serial if it is pressed
void loop( )
{
if (digitalRead(buttonPin) == HIGH) // HIGH is equivalent to TRUE or 1.
serial.println(H);
else
serial.println(L);
delay(1000);
}
if (someVariable > 50)
{
// do something here
}
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The program tests to see if someVariable is greater than 50. If it is, the program takes a particular
action. Put another way, if the statement in parentheses is true, the statements inside the brackets are
run. If not, the program skips over the code.
The brackets may be omitted after an if statement. If this is done, the next line (defined by the
semicolon) becomes the only conditional statement.
The statements being evaluated inside the parentheses require the use of one or more operators:
Comparison Operators:
x == y (x is equal to y)
x != y (x is not equal to y)
x < y (x is less than y)
x > y (x is greater than y)
x <= y (x is less than or equal to y)
x >= y (x is greater than or equal to y)
Warning:
Beware of accidentally using the single equal sign (e.g. if (x = 10) ). The single equal sign is the
assignment operator, and sets x to 10 (puts the value 10 into the variable x). Instead use the double
equal sign (e.g. if (x == 10) ), which is the comparison operator, and tests whether x is equal to 10 or
not. The latter statement is only true if x equals 10, but the former statement will always be true.
This is because C evaluates the statement if (x=10) as follows: 10 is assigned to x (remember that the
single equal sign is the assignment operator), so x now contains 10. Then the if conditional evaluates
10, which always evaluates to TRUE, since any non-zero number evaluates to TRUE. Consequently, if
(x = 10) will always evaluate to TRUE, which is not the desired result when using an if statement.
Additionally, the variable x will be set to 10, which is also not a desired action.
if can also be part of a branching control structure using the if...else construction.
if (x > 120) digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH);
if (x > 120)
digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH);
if (x > 120){ digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH); }
if (x > 120)
{
digitalWrite(LEDpin1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDpin2, LOW);
}
// all are correct
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if / else
if/else allows greater control over the flow of code than the basic if statement, by allowing
multiple tests to be grouped together. For example, an analog input could be tested and one action
taken if the input was less than 500, and another action taken if the input was 500 or greater. The code
would look like this:
else can proceed another if test, so that multiple, mutually exclusive tests can be run at the same
time.
Each test will proceed to the next one until a true test is encountered. When a true test is found, its
associated block of code is run, and the program then skips to the line following the entire if/else
construction. If no test proves to be true, the default else block is executed, if one is present, and sets
the default behavior.
Note that an else if block may be used with or without a terminating else block and vice versa. An
unlimited number of such else if branches is allowed.
Another way to express branching, mutually exclusive tests, is with the switch case statement.
{
// do Thing A
}
else if (pinFiveInput >= 1000)
{
// do Thing B
}
else
{
// do Thing C
}
{
// action A
}
else
{
// action B
}
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For statements
The for statement is used to repeat a block of statements enclosed in curly braces. An increment
counter is usually used to increment and terminate the loop. The for statement is useful for any
repetitive operation, and is often used in combination with arrays to operate on collections of data/pins.
There are three parts to the for loop header:
The initialization happens first and exactly once. Each time through the loop, the condition is tested; if
it's true, the statement block, and the increment is executed, then the condition is tested again. When
the condition becomes false, the loop ends.
Example
// Dim an LED using a PWM pin
int PWMpin = 10; // LED in series with 470 ohm resistor on pin 10
void setup( )
{
// no setup needed
}
for (initialization; condition; increment)
{
//statement(s);
}
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Coding Tips
The C for loop is much more flexible than for loops found in some other computer languages,
including BASIC. Any or all of the three header elements may be omitted, although the semicolons are
required. Also the statements for initialization, condition, and increment can be any valid C statements
with unrelated variables, and use any C data types including floats. These types of unusual for
statements may provide solutions to some rare programming problems.
For example, using a multiplication in the increment line will generate a logarithmic progression:
Generates: 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 19, 28, 42, 63, 94
Another example, fade an LED up and down with one for loop:
void loop( )
{
for (int i=0; i <= 255; i++)
{
delay(10);
}
}
void loop( )
{
int x = 1;
for (int i = 0; i > -1; i = i + x)
{
if (i == 255) x = -1; // switch direction at peak
delay(10);
}
}
for (int x = 2; x < 100; x = x * 1. 5)
{
println(x);
}
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switch / case statements
Like if statements, switch/case controls the flow of programs by allowing programmers to specify
different code that should be executed in various conditions. In particular, a switch statement
compares the value of a variable to the values specified in case statements. When a case statement
is found whose value matches that of the variable, the code in that case statement is run.
The break keyword exits the switch statement, and is typically used at the end of each case.
Without a break statement, the switch statement will continue executing the following expressions
("falling-through") until a break, or the end of the switch statement is reached.
Example
Syntax
switch (var) {
case label:
// statements
break;
case label:
// statements
break;
default:
// statements
}
Parameters
var: the variable whose value to compare to the various cases
label: a value to compare the variable to
switch (var)
{
case 1:
//do something when var equals 1
break;
case 2:
//do something when var equals 2
break;
default:
// if nothing else matches, do the default
// default is optional
}
switch (var)
{
case label:
// statements
break;
case label:
// statements
break;
default:
// statements
}
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while loops
while loops will loop continuously, and infinitely, until the expression inside the parenthesis, ( )
becomes false. Something must change the tested variable, or the while loop will never exit. This could
be in your code, such as an incremented variable, or an external condition, such as testing a sensor.
Syntax
Parameters
expression - a (boolean) C statement that evaluates to true or false
Example
do - while
The do loop works in the same manner as the while loop, with the exception that the condition is
tested at the end of the loop, so the do loop will always run at least once.
Example
while(expression)
{
// statement(s)
}
var = 0;
while(var < 200)
{
// do something repetitive 200 times
var++;
}
do
{
// statement block
}
while (test condition);
do
{
delay(50); // wait for sensors to stabilize
x = readSensors( ); // check the sensors
}
while (x < 100);
88
break
break is used to exit from a do, for, or while loop, by passing the normal loop condition. It is
also used to exit from a switch statement.
Example
for (x = 0; x < 255; x ++)
{
digitalWrite(PWMpin, x);
sens = analogRead(sensorPin);
if (sens > threshold){ // bail out on sensor detect
x = 0;
break;
}
delay(50);
}
Further Syntax
#Define
#define is a useful C component that allows the programmer to give a name to a constant value before
the program is compiled. Defined constants in Arduino don't take up any program memory space on
the chip. The compiler will replace references to these constants with the defined value at compile
time.
This can have some unwanted side effects though, if for example, a constant name that had been
#defined is included in some other constant or variable name. In that case the text would be replaced
by the #defined number (or text).
In general, the const keyword is preferred for defining constants and should be used instead of #define.
Arduino defines have the same syntax as C defines:
Syntax
Example
for (x = 0; x < 255; x ++)
{
digitalWrite(PWMpin, x);
sens = analogRead(sensorPin);
if (sens > threshold) // bail out on sensor detect
{
x = 0;
break;
}
delay(50);
}
#define constantName value //Note that the # is necessary.
#define ledPin 3
// The compiler will replace any mention of ledPin with the value 3 at compile time.
89
Tip
There is no semicolon after the #define statement. If you include one, the compiler will throw cryptic
errors further down the page.
Similarly, including an equal sign after the #define statement will also generate a cryptic compiler
error further down the page.
#include
#include is used to include outside libraries in your sketch. This gives the programmer access to a large
group of standard C libraries (groups of pre-made functions), and also libraries written especially for
Arduino.
Note that #include, similar to #define, has no semicolon terminator, and the compiler will yield cryptic
error messages if you add one.
Example
This example includes the MINDS-i library that is used to simplify the messy details of the code so
you dont have to.
#include <MINDSi.h>
#define ledPin 3; // this is an error
#define ledPin = 3 // this is also an error
90
Boolean Operators
These can be used inside the condition of an if statement.
&& (logical and)
True only if both operands are true, e.g.
is true only if both inputs are high.
| | (logical or)
True if either operand is true, e.g.
is true if either x or y is greater than 0.
! (not)
True if the operand is false, e.g.
is true if x is false (i.e. if x equals 0).
Warning
Make sure you don't mistake the boolean AND operator, && (double ampersand) for the bitwise AND
operator & (single ampersand). They are entirely different beasts.
i f ( di gi t al Read( 2) == HI GH && di gi t al Read( 3) ==
HI GH)
{
/ / r ead t wo swi t ches
/ / . . .
}
i f ( x > 0 | | y > 0)
{
/ / . . .
}
i f ( ! x)
{
/ / . . .
}
91
Similarly, do not confuse the boolean || (double pipe) operator with the bitwise OR operator | (single
pipe).
The bitwise not ~ (tilde) looks much different than the boolean not ! (exclamation point or "bang" as
the programmers say) but you still have to be sure which one you want where.
Examples
Compound Operators
++ (increment) / -- (decrement)
Increment or decrement a variable
Syntax
Parameters
x: an integer or long (possibly unsigned)
Returns
The original or newly incremented / decremented value of the variable.
Examples
if (a >= 10 && a <= 20){} // true if a is between 10 and 20
x++; // increment x by one and returns the old value of x
++x; // increment x by one and returns the new value of x
x-- ; // decrement x by one and returns the old value of x
--x ; // decrement x by one and returns the new value of x
x = 2;
y = ++x; // x now contains 3, y contains 3
y = x--; // x contains 2 again, y still contains 3
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Constants
Constants are predefined variables in the Arduino language. They are used to make the programs easier
to read. We classify constants in groups.
Defining Logical Levels, true and false (Boolean Constants)
There are two constants used to represent truth and falsity in the Arduino language: true, and false.
false
false is the easier of the two to define. false is defined as 0 (zero).
true
true is often said to be defined as 1, which is correct, but true has a wider definition. Any integer which
is non-zero is true, in a Boolean sense. So -1, 2 and -200 are all defined as true, too, in a Boolean
sense.
Note that the true and false constants are typed in lowercase unlike HIGH, LOW, INPUT, &
OUTPUT.
Defining Pin Levels, HIGH and LOW
When reading or writing to a digital pin there are only two possible values a pin can take/be-set-to:
HIGH and LOW.
HIGH
The meaning of HIGH (in reference to a pin) is somewhat different depending on whether a pin is set
to an INPUT or OUTPUT. When a pin is configured as an INPUT with pinMode, and read with
digitalRead, the microcontroller will report HIGH if a voltage of 3 volts or more is present at the pin.
A pin may also be configured as an INPUT with pinMode, and subsequently made HIGH with
digitalWrite, this will set the internal 20K pullup resistors, which will steer the input pin to a HIGH
reading unless it is pulled LOW by external circuitry. This is how INPUT_PULLUP works as well
When a pin is configured to OUTPUT with pinMode, and set to HIGH with digitalWrite, the pin is at 5
volts. In this state it can source current, e.g. light an LED that is connected through a series resistor to
ground, or to another pin configured as an output, and set to LOW.
Values
93
LOW
The meaning of LOW also has a different meaning depending on whether a pin is set to INPUT or
OUTPUT. When a pin is configured as an INPUT with pinMode, and read with digitalRead, the
microcontroller will report LOW if a voltage of 2 volts or less is present at the pin.
When a pin is configured to OUTPUT with pinMode, and set to LOW with digitalWrite, the pin is at 0
volts. In this state it can sink current, e.g. light an LED that is connected through a series resistor to, +5
volts, or to another pin configured as an output, and set to HIGH.
Defining Digital Pins, INPUT, INPUT_PULLUP, and OUTPUT
Digital pins can be used as INPUT, INPUT_PULLUP, or OUTPUT. Changing a pin with pinMode( )
changes the electrical behavior of the pin.
Pins Configured as INPUT
Arduino (Atmega) pins configured as INPUT with pinMode( ) are said to be in a high-impedance state.
Pins configured as INPUT make extremely small demands on the circuit that they are sampling,
equivalent to a series resistor of 100 Megohms in front of the pin. This makes them useful for reading a
sensor, but not powering an LED.
If you have your pin configured as an INPUT, you will want the pin to have a reference to ground,
often accomplished with a pull-down resistor (a resistor going to ground) as described in the Digital
Read Serial tutorial.
Pins Configured as INPUT_PULLUP
The Atmega chip on the Arduino has internal pull-up resistors (resistors that connect to power
internally) that you can access. If you prefer to use these instead of external pull-down resistors, you
can use the INPUT_PULLUP argument in pinMode( ). This effectively inverts the behavior, where
HIGH means the sensor is off, and LOW means the sensor is on. See the Input Pullup Serial tutorial for an
example of this in use.
Pins Configured as OUTPUT
Pins configured as OUTPUT with pinMode( ) are said to be in a low-impedance state. This means that
they can provide a substantial amount of current to other circuits. Atmega pins can source (provide
positive current) or sink (provide negative current) up to 40 mA (milliamps) of current to other
devices/circuits. This makes them useful for powering LED's but useless for reading sensors. Pins
configured as outputs can also be damaged or destroyed if short circuited to either ground or 5 volt
power rails. The amount of current provided by an Atmega pin is also not enough to power most relays
or motors, and some interface circuitry will be required.
94
int
Integers are your primary datatype for number storage, and store a 2 byte value. This yields a range of
-32,768 to 32,767 (minimum value of -2^15 and a maximum value of (2^15) - 1).
Int's store negative numbers with a technique called 2's complement math. The highest bit, sometimes
refered to as the "sign" bit, flags the number as a negative number. The rest of the bits are inverted and
1 is added.
The Arduino takes care of dealing with negative numbers for you, so that arithmetic operations work
transparently in the expected manner. There can be an unexpected complication in dealing with the
bitshift right operator (>>) however.
Example
Syntax
var - your int variable name
val - the value you assign to that variable
Coding Tip
When variables are made to exceed their maximum capacity they "roll over" back to their minimum
capacitiy, note that this happens in both directions.
unsigned int
Unsigned ints (unsigned integers) are the same as ints in that they store a 2 byte value. Instead of
storing negative numbers however they only store positive values, yielding a useful range of 0 to
65,535 (2^16) - 1).
int var = val;
int ledPin = 13;
int x
x = -32,768;
x = x - 1; // x now contains 32,767 - rolls over in neg. direction
x = 32,767;
x = x + 1; // x now contains -32,768 - rolls over
95
The difference between unsigned ints and (signed) ints, lies in the way the highest bit, sometimes
refered to as the "sign" bit, is interpreted. In the Arduino int type (which is signed), if the high bit is a
"1", the number is interpreted as a negative number, and the other 15 bits are interpreted with 2's
complement math.
Example
Syntax
var - your unsigned int variable name
Coding Tip
When variables are made to exceed their maximum capacity they "roll over" back to their minimum
capacitiy, note that this happens in both directions
long
Long variables are extended size variables for number storage, and store 32 bits (4 bytes), from -
2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
Example
Syntax
var - the long variable name
val - the value assigned to the variable
unsigned int ledPin = 13;
unsigned int var = val;
long speedOfLight = 186000L; // 'L' to force the constant into a long data format.
long var = val;
unsigned int x
x = 0;
x = x - 1; // x now contains 65535 - rolls over in neg direction
x = x + 1; // x now contains 0 - rolls over
96
float
Datatype for floating-point numbers, a number that has a decimal point. Floating-point numbers are
often used to approximate analog and continuous values because they have greater resolution than
integers. Floating-point numbers can be as large as 3.4028235E+38 and as low as -3.4028235E+38.
They are stored as 32 bits (4 bytes) of information.
Floats have only 6-7 decimal digits of precision. That means the total number of digits, not the number
to the right of the decimal point. Unlike other platforms, where you can get more precision by using a
double (e.g. up to 15 digits), on the Arduino, double is the same size as float.
Floating point numbers are not exact, and may yield strange results when compared. For example 6.0 /
3.0 may not equal 2.0. You should instead check that the absolute value of the difference between the
numbers is less than some small number.
Floating point math is also much slower than integer math in performing calculations, so should be
avoided if, for example, a loop has to run at top speed for a critical timing function. Programmers often
go to some lengths to convert floating point calculations to integer math to increase speed.
Examples
Syntax
var - your float variable name
Example Code
float myfloat;
float sensorCalbrate = 1.117;
float var = val;
int x;
int y;
float z;
x = 1;
y = x / 2; // y now contains 0, ints can't hold fractions
z = (float)x / 2.0; // z now contains .5 (you have to use 2.0, not 2)
97
Time
millis( )
Returns the number of milliseconds since the Arduino board began running the current program. This
number will overflow (go back to zero), after approximately 50 days.
Parameters
None
Returns
Number of milliseconds since the program started (unsigned long)
Example
Tip:
Note that the parameter for millis is an unsigned long, errors may be generated if a programmer tries to
do math with other datatypes such as ints.
unsigned long time;
void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop( )
{
Serial.print("Time: ");
time = millis();
//prints time since program started
Serial.println(time);
// wait a second so as not to send massive amounts of data
delay(1000);
}
Functions
98
Communication
println( )
Prints data to the serial port as human-readable ASCII text followed by a carriage return character
(ASCII 13, or '\r') and a newline character (ASCII 10, or '\n'). This command takes the same forms as
Serial.print().
Syntax
Parameters
val: the value to print - any data type
format: specifies the number base (for integral data types) or number of decimal places (for
floating point types)
Returns
size_t (long): println() returns the number of bytes written, though reading that number is
optional
Example:
Serial.println(val)
Serial.println(val, format)
int analogValue = 0; // variable to hold the analog value
void setup( )
{
Serial.begin(9600); // open the serial port at 9600 bps:
}
void loop( )
{
analogValue = analogRead(0); //read the analog input on pin 0
Serial.println(analogValue); // print as an ASCII-encoded decimal
Serial.println(analogValue, DEC); // print as an ASCII-encoded decimal
Serial.println(analogValue, HEX); // print as an ASCII-encoded hexadecimal
Serial.println(analogValue, OCT); // print as an ASCII-encoded octal
Serial.println(analogValue, BIN); // print as an ASCII-encoded binary
delay(10); // delay 10 milliseconds before the next reading:
}
99
Additional Links
and Resources
I. The Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno is a micro-controller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support
the micro-controller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started.
A) The Adruino Uno Board: Open the following link to access user reference and instructional
materials that are necessary for gaining understanding of the workings of the Arduino Uno
Board and its various capabilities.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno
1. Overview 7. Communication
2. Summary 8. Programming
3. Schematic & Reference Design 9. Automatic (Software) Reset
4. Power 10. USB Over-current Protection
5. Memory 11. Physical Characteristics
6. Input and Output
B) The Shield: The Sensor Shield's purpose is to make it easy to connect cables and devices to the
correct Arduino pins. It simply connects the Arduino pins to many connectors that are ready to
use to connect to various devices like Servos, Motors, and Sensors with simple cables. Open
the following link to access user reference and instructional materials that are necessary for
gaining understanding of the workings of the Shield and its various capabilities.
Link: http://arduino-info.wikispaces.com/SensorShield
1. Digital I/O Pins 0-13
2. Analog Input Pins A0 to A5
3. Communications Port
100
II. Software
The open-source Arduino environment makes it easy to write code and upload it to the I/O board. It
runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment is written in Java and based on processing,
avr-gcc, and other open source software.
A) Before Getting Started: The Arduino Software can be found on the disk that was included in
your MINDS-i kit. To install the program simply drag and drop the file named arduino-1.0
onto your computer. The MINDS-i libraries and examples are already included.
Or to download the Arduino program from the Arduino website follow these instructions:
B) Getting started: Step-by-step instructions for setting up the Arduino software and connecting
it to an Arduino Uno. Open the following link to access user references and instructional
materials that are necessary for gaining understanding of the workings of the Arduino software
and its various capabilities.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage
1. PC interface
2. Downloading program
3. Starting a new program
III. Familiarization with Menus and Functions
The Arduino programming environment is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced
users as well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing-Programming environment, so
students learning to program in that environment will be familiar with the look and feel of Arduino
A) Arduino Introduction: Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control
more of the physical world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing
platform based on a simple micro-controller board, and a development environment for writing
software for the board. Open the following link to access user reference and instructional
materials that are necessary for gaining understanding of the workings of Arduino and its
various capabilities.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction
1. What is Arduino?
2. Why Arduino?
3. How do I use Arduino?
101
B) Arduino Development environment: The Arduino development environment contains a text
editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions, and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino hardware to upload programs and
communicate with the Arduino hardware. Open the following link to access user reference and
instructional materials that are necessary for gaining understanding of the workings of the
Arduino development environment and its various capabilities.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Environment
Toolbar Buttons 7. Uploading
Edit 8. Libraries
Sketch 9. Third-Party Hardware
Tools 10. Serial Monitor
Sketchbook 11. Preferences
Tabs, Multiple Files, and Compilation 12. Boards
C) Code and Commands: This page contains explanations of some of the elements of the
Arduino hardware and software and the concepts behind them. Open the following link to
access user reference and instructional materials that are necessary for gaining understanding of
the workings of the code and commands and its various capabilities.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Foundations
4. Basics
(a) Sketch: The various components of a sketch and how they work. Click on the
following link to learn more.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Sketch
5. Micro-controllers
(a) Digital pins: Explains how digital pins can be configured. Click on the following
link to learn more.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/DigitalPins
(b) Analog Input Pins: A description of the analog input pins on an Arduino chip.
Click on the following link to learn more.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/AnalogInputPins\
(c) PWM: Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results
with digital means. Click on the following link to learn more.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/PWM
(d) Memory: Learn the different types of memory on the Arduino Board. Click on the
following link to learn more.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Memory
102
6. Programming Technique
(a) Variables: A variable is a place to store a piece of data. It has a name, a value, and
a type. Click on the following link to learn more.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Variables
(b) Functions: The typical case for creating a function is when one needs to perform
the same action multiple times in a program. Click on the following link to learn
more.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/FunctionDeclaration
(c) Libraries: Explains how to create a library for Arduino. Click on the following link
to learn more.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Hacking/LibraryTutorial
7. Circuits
(a) Arduino on a Breadboard: how to build an Arduino compatible breadboard.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Standalone
D) Examples: Simple programs that demonstrate basic Arduino commands. These are included
with the Arduino environment; to open them, click the Open button on the toolbar and look in
the example folder. Click on the following link to see the examples that are found in the
examples folder as well as additional examples.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/HomePage
1. Core functions 2. Examples from other Libraries
(e) Basics (a) EEPROM Library
(f) Digital (b) Ethernet Library
(g) Analog (c) Firmata Libraries
(h) Communication (d) Liquid Crystal Library
(i) Control Structures (e) SPI Library
(j) Sensors (f) Servo Library
(k) Display (g) Stepper Library
(l) Strings (h) Wire Library
(i) Arduino as ISP Programmer
E) Language Reference: A reference guide of the Arduino environment language and how to use
them. Open the following link to access user reference and instructional materials that are
necessary for gaining understanding of the workings of Arduino language and its various
capabilities.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage
F) Arduino Troubleshooting: Common problems and issues that occur with the Arduino and how
to solve them. Open the following link to access to the Arduino troubleshooting guide.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Troubleshooting
103
IV. Arduino Libraries and Open Sources
A) Arduino Libraries: Libraries that are from Arduinos website.
Link: http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Libraries
1. Standard Libraries
2. Contributed Libraries
(a) Communication (networking and protocols)
(b) Sensing
(c) Displays and LEDs
(d) Frequency Generation and Audio
(e) Motors and PWM
(f) Timing
(g) Utilities
3. Additional Libraries: Additional libraries are available at the Arduino Playground, which is
a publicly edited wiki for Arduino.
Link: http://arduino.cc/playground/Main/LibraryList
(a) Audio
(b) Interrupts
(c) Color LCD
(d) Timing
(e) Schedulers
(f) Input/ Output
(g) Data Structures and Algorithms
(h) StorageStorage
(i) Communications
(j) Testing and Utilities
(k) Math
(l) Strings
B) Open Source Libraries and Downloads
The Arduino fan-base is widespread, and therefore there are an almost infinite number of Open
Sources across the Internet. These include web-sites, blogs, forums, code-downloads, and
YouTube videos to name a few. Listed below are a few of our favorites that you can check out;
but we highly recommend you go explore the availability of information at your fingertips
across the web.
1.Websites
(a) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino
(b) http://www.ladyada.net/learn/arduino/
(c) http://www.sparkfun.com/products/666
(d) http://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl
104
(e) http://www.adafruit.com/products/50
(f) http://www.freeduino.org/
(g) http://oreilly.com/arduino/index.html
(h) http://littlebirdelectronics.com/collections/arduino-board
2. Blogs
(a) http://hacknmod.com/hack/top-40-arduino-projects-of-the-web/
(b) http://blog.makezine.com/arduino
(c) http://www.instructables.com/technology/arduino/
(d) http://www.practicalarduino.com/
(e) http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Projects/
3. Forums
(a) http://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl
(b) https://sites.google.com/site/projectsentrygun/home
4. Videos
(a) Jeremy Blums Arduino Tutorials:
http://www.youtube.com/user/sciguy14#grid/user/A567CE235D39FA84
(b) Make Magazines video series:
http://www.youtube.com/user/makemagazine#grid/user/C3A0E18A403665FE
(c) The Arduino Documentary
http://redux.com/stream/item/1909904/Arduino-The-Documentary-2010-English-
HD
5. Code downloads
(a) LCD I2C screen
http://arduino-info.wikispaces.com/LCD-Blue-I2C
(b) Simple keypad
http://bildr.org/2011/05/arduino-keypad/
(c) Additional serial ports
http://arduiniana.org/libraries/NewSoftSerial/
105
V. Accessing Libraries
A) MINDS-i Libraries
For installation of the MINDS-i Libraries and Examples for the Arduino program follow these
steps. If you installed the Arduino Program from the disk that was included in your MINDS-i
kit the following steps were already completed.
To access the MINDS-i libraries from the Arduino Environment, youll need to open the
Arduino Program file where it is saved on your computer. If you do not know where the
Arduino program file was located, then you can search for the program using the search
function on your computer typing in the keyword arduino.
To import the MINDS-i Library:
1. Open the folder named arduino-1.0,
2. Then open the libraries folder therein.
3. Paste the MINDSi library folder located on the disk, into the libraries folder on your
computer.
Now you can import the MINDS-i library by typing #include <MINDSi.h> at the top the
open sketch or by clicking Sketch > import library > MINDSi.
To import the MINDS-i examples:
1. Open the folder named arduino-1.0,
2. Then open the examples folder therein.
3. Paste the 01. MINDS-i examples folder located on the disk, into the examples folder on
your computer.
Now to open a MINDS-i example click File > examples > 01. MINDS-i and choose an
example.
106
PROBLEM CAUSE SOLUTION
1) One or more of your differentials are installed
upside down.
1)Check the assembly instructions to make sure
the differentials were installed correctly.
2) The motor is spinning the wrong direction.
2) Check that the wires from the ESC to the motor
are connected properly.
3) The motor case was installed with the motor
facing opposite of what the instructions show.
3) Check the assembly instructions to make sure
the motor case was installed correctly.
4) The "throttle" switch on your remote control may
be switched to reverse.
4) Flip the switch to "Normal"
1) One of your differentials are installed upside
down.
1) Check the assembly instructions for proper
installation of the differentials.
1) Your steering trim is not centered. 1) Center your steering trim.
2) Your servo horn was not installed on the servo
while it was centered.
2) Remove the screw that retains the servo horn,
then remove the servo horn. Turn the remote
control on, center the trim on the remote, turn the
vehicle on. Then reinstall the servo horn as the
instructions show.
3) The linkages that connect your steering bar to
the front wheel knuckles are not the proper length
or do not match each other.
3) Remove the linkages and check that they are
the length indicated in your instructions.
4) The "Y"harness for four wheel steering is not
centered.
4) Follow step 2 for front and rear servo, making
sure when you center the trim on the remote to
also center the trim on the "Y"harness.
1) Servo cable is plugged in upside down.
1) Check that the cable is plugged in according to
the wiring polarity guide.
1) Servo horn is not centered on the servo
properly.
2) Remove the screw that retains the servo horn,
then remove the servo horn. Turn the remote
control on, center the trim on the remote, turn the
vehicle on. Then reinstall the servo horn as the
instructions show.
1) Charge level of vehicle battery has dropped
below useable level.
1) Remove battery from vehicle and charge with
the recommended charger. Always follow proper
safety procedures when charging a battery.
1) Charge level of remote control batteries have
dropped below useable level.
1) Check the remote control low battery indicator, if
necessary replace or recharge batteries. Always
follow proper safety procedures when charging a
battery. Never recharge alkaline batteries.
2) A wire may have come loose from the receiver.
2) Check that the wires are all properly plugged in
and in good condition.
1) Something has become bound up in the
drivetrain.
1) Check the drivetrain from motor to wheels for
foreign objects and debris. Removing the drivelines
that connect the motor case to the differential(s)
then trying to spin the wheels will allow you to more
easily locate the issue.
1) Gear mesh in motor case was not properly set.
1) Check that the gear mesh was set according to
the instructions. Gears should be about the
thickness of this sheet of paper apart for proper
mesh.
2) Pinion set screw was not Properly tightened.
2) Check that the pinion set screw was tightened
according to the instructions.
Vehicle does not move forward or reverse when
throttle is applied but audible tone comes from
motor
Motor spins freely when throttle is applied but
vehicle doesnt move.
VEHICLE TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
Wheels rotate backwards when forwards throttle is
applied.
Front wheels rotate opposite of rear wheels when
driving.
Vehicle doesnt drive in a straight line with the
steering channel centered.
Vehicle stops unexpectedly or doesnt respond to
remote.
Vehicle has become under powered or sluggish.
Servo does not operate when steering is applied.
Servo steers only one direction or farther one way
than the other.
107
PROBLEM CAUSE SOLUTION
1) Charge level of vehicle battery has dropped
below useable level.
1) Remove battery from vehicle and charge with
the recommended charger. Always follow proper
safety procedures when charging a battery.
2) Inputs (sensors) or Outputs (servos, ESC, etc)
are wired improperly.
2) Check that each device connected to the
Arduino Sensor Shield is plugged in properly. Both
in polarity and into the proper port the program
states.
3) Sensor is malfunctioning.
2) Check #2, Connect Arduino to computer using
USB cable, run the calibration program for each
sensor on the vehicle. If the sensor value is not
present, uncharacteristic or erratic the sensor may
need to be replaced.
1) The Arduino is not connected to the computer. 1) Connect the supplied USB cable and try again.
2) The proper serial port was not selected in the
Arduino Program.
2) Disconnect, re-connect the USB Cable then go
to Tools >Serial Port then select the Arduino Uno.
1) The Ping))) sensor is not wired properly.
1) Check the wiring polarity guide for proper
installation.
2) The Ping))) sensor in not connected to the
proper port.
2) Check that the sensor is plugged into the port
stated in the code.
1) The QTI sensor is not wired properly.
1) Check the wiring polarity guide for proper
installation.
2) The QTI sensor in not connected to the proper
port.
2) Check that the sensor is plugged into the port
stated in the code.
1) One of the connections to the Sensor Shield is
shorted.
1) Check that each device connected to the
Arduino Sensor Shield is plugged in properly. Both
in polarity and into the proper port the program
states. If the problem persists disconnect one
sensor at a time till the faulty connection (sensor,
servo, ESC etc.) is found, then replace.
2) No power source is connected to the Arduino
2) Check to make sure that it is either plugged into
your computer with the USB cable or that you are
using a charged battery and the ESC cable is
properly connected.
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Troubleshooting
Vehicle is not behaving as programmed.
Serial port "COM_" not found.
Light on Ping))) sensor is not cycling.
QTI sensors not detecting line.
Power light on Arduino Sensor Shield doesn't turn
on when ESC is powered on.
ARDUINO TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
108

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Mindsi Arduino Resource Guide

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Mindsi Arduino Resource Guide

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