Principles of Communication
Analog Modulation
System (1)
4-1, 4-2,4-3, 5-1
Lecture 7, 2008-9-26
Contents
Baseband
Bandpass
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Lecture 7
Baseband, Bandpass, and Modulation
A baseband waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero
for frequencies in the vicinity of the origin (i.e., f = 0) and
negligible elsewhere.
A bandpass waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero
for frequencies in some band concentrated about a frequency f =
fc, where fc 0. The spectral magnitude is negligible elsewhere.
fc is called the carrier frequency.
Modulation is the process of imparting the source information
onto a bandpass signal with a carrier frequency fc by the
introduction of amplitude or phase perturbations or both. This
bandpass signal is called the modulated signal s(t), and the
baseband source signal is called the modulating signal m(t).
Lecture 7
Why Modulation is Used?
Baseband communications is used in
PSTN local loop
PCM communications for instance between exchanges
Using carrier to shape and shift the frequency
spectrum (eg CW techniques) enable modulation by
which several advantages are obtained
different radio bands can be used for communications
wireless communications
multiplexing techniques become applicable
carrier
baseband
Lecture 7
CW
4
Radio Spectrum
Lecture 7
United States Frequency Allocation
Lecture 7
Representation of a Physical
Bandpass Waveform
I-Q (in-phase-quadrature) description for bandpass signals
v(t ) = Re{g (t )e jct } = R (t ) cos[c t + (t )] = x(t ) cos c t y (t ) sin c t
g (t ) = x(t ) + jy (t ) = g (t ) e jg (t ) = R (t )e j ( t )
x(t ) = Re{g (t )} = R (t ) cos (t )
y (t ) = Im{g (t )} = R (t ) sin (t )
v(t ) : signal s (t ), noise n(t ), or signal plus noise r (t )
g (t ) : complex envelope
x(t ) : in - phase modulation associated with v(t )
y (t ) : quadrature modulation associated with v(t )
Lecture 7
Complex Envelope Representation of
Bandpass Waveform
Proof
v(t ) =
c e
n =
= c n e
jn0t
jn0t
n =1
c e
n =
+ cn e
jn0t
jn0t
n =1
+ c0 + cn e jn0t
n =1
= (c n e jn0t + cn e jn0t )
n =1
= (cne jn0t + cn e jn0t )
n =1
= 2 Re{cn e jn0t }
n =1
= Re{2 cn e jn0t }
n =1
= Re{2 cn e j ( n0 c ) t e jct }
n =1
= Re{g (t )e jct }
g (t ) = 2 cn e j ( n0 c ) t
n =1
Lecture 7
The Phasor Description of
Bandpass Signal
v(t ) = Re{g (t )e jct } = R(t ) cos[c t + (t )]
g (t ) = x(t ) + jy (t ) = g (t ) e jg ( t ) = R(t )e j (t )
R(t ) = g (t ) = x 2 (t ) + y 2 (t )
y (t )
x(t )
R(t ) : amplitude modulation (AM) on v(t )
(t ) : phasee modulation (PM) on v(t )
(t ) = g (t ) = tan 1
Lecture 7
Spectrum of a Bandpass Signal
If a bandpass waveform is represented by
v(t ) = Re{g (t )e j ct }
then the spectrum of the bandpass waveform is
V ( f ) = 12 [G ( f f c ) + G ( f f c )]
and the PSD of the waveform is
Pv ( f ) = 14 [ Pg ( f f c ) + Pg ( f f c )]
where G ( f ) = F [ g (t )] and Pg ( f ) is the PSD of g (t ).
Lecture 7
10
Proof
(
Proof. v(t ) = Re{g (t )e j ct } = 12 [ g (t )e j ct + g (t )e j ct ]
w(t )e j ct W ( f f c ) F [ g (t )e j ct ] = G ( f f c )
(
)
+ (g (t )e ) ] =
w (t ) W ( f ) F [ g (t )e j ct ] = G ( f f c )
V ( f ) = F [ 12 [ g (t )e j ct
j c t
1
2
[G ( f f c ) + G ( f f c )]
Rv ( ) =< v(t )v(t + ) >=< Re{g (t )e j ct } Re{g (t + )e j c ( t + ) } >
Re{c1c2 } = Re{(a1 + jb1 )(a2 + jb2 )} = a1a2 b1b2
Re{c1c2 } = Re{(a1 jb1 )(a2 + jb2 )} = a1a2 + b1b2
Re{c1} Re{c2 } = a1a2 = 12 [Re{c1c2 } + Re{c1c2 }]
Rv ( ) =< 12 [Re{g (t )e j ct g (t + )e j c (t + ) } + Re{g (t )e j ct g (t + )e j c (t + ) }] >
= 12 < Re{g (t ) g (t + )e j 2 ct e j c } > + 12 < Re{g (t ) g (t + )e j c } >
= 12 Re{< g (t ) g (t + )e j 2 ct > e j c } + 12 Re{< g (t ) g (t + ) > e j c }
= 12 Re{< g (t ) g (t + ) > e j c } = 12 Re{Rg ( )e j c }
Pv ( f ) = F [ Rv ( )] = 12 F [Re{Rg ( )e j c }] = 14 [ Pg ( f f c ) + Pg ( f f c )]
Lecture 7
11
Bandpass Signal
Bandpass signal
in frequency
domain
Bandpass signal
in time
domain
dashed line
denotes envelope
Lecture 7
12
Evaluation of Power
Example 4-1 Amplitude-modulated signal
g (t ) = Ac [1 + m(t )] G ( f ) = Ac [ ( f ) + M ( f )]
s (t ) = Re{g (t )e j ct } = Re{ Ac [1 + m(t )]e j ct } = Ac [1 + m(t )] cos c t
w(t ) cos( c t + ) 12 [e j W ( f f c ) + e j W ( f + f c )]
S ( f ) = 12 [ Ac [ ( f f c ) + M ( f f c )] + Ac [ ( f + f c ) + M ( f + f c )]]
= 12 Ac [ ( f f c ) + M ( f f c ) + ( f + f c ) + M ( f + f c )]
2
Ps = 12 < g (t ) >= 12 < Ac [1 + m(t )] >= 12 Ac2 < [1 + m(t )] >
= 12 Ac2 < [1 + m(t )]2 >= 12 Ac2 < 1 + 2m(t ) + m 2 (t ) >
= 12 Ac2 [1 + 2 < m(t ) > + < m 2 (t ) >] = 12 Ac2 [1+ < m 2 (t ) >]
= 12 Ac2 [1 + Pm ]
Pm : power in m(t )
1
2
Ac2 Pm : power in sideband
1
2
Ac2 : carrier power
Lecture 7
13
Lecture 7
14
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM) results when a dc bias is added to the
signal m(t) before the modulation process.
s (t ) = [ A + m(t ) ] Ac cos c t = Ac [1 + amn (t ) ] cos ct
mn(t) is the message signal normalized such that the minimum
value of mn(t) is -1
The parameter a is referred to as the modulation index.
s(t) is said to be 100% modulated if a = 1.
The spectrum of AM signal is given by:
S( f ) =
Ac
[ ( f fc ) + aM n ( f fc ) + ( f + f c ) + aM n ( f + fc )]
2
Lecture 7
15
Waveform and Spectrum of AM signal
m(t ) max A0
BAM = 2 f H
Lecture 7
16
Definition
The normalized average power of the AM signal is
< s 2 (t ) >=< Ac2 [1 + amn (t )]2 cos 2 c t >
= 12 Ac2 < 1 + 2amn (t ) + mn2 (t ) >
=
Ac2
+ 12 Ac2 a 2 mn2 (t )
{
14243
discrete carrier sideband power
power
1
2
The modulation efficiency is the percentage of the total power
of the modulated signal that conveys information.
Ac2 a 2 < mn2 (t ) >
a 2 < mn2 (t ) >
E= 1
100% =
100%
2 2
2
2
2
1
1 + a < mn (t ) >
2 A + 2 Ac a < mn (t ) >
1
2
2
c
Max[E] = 50%
Lecture 7
17
Example
The message signal is
1,
m(t ) = 2,
0,
t0
3
2t
t0
t< 0
3
3
2t0
t
3
0 t<
The carrier is c(t ) = cos(2 f ct )
Where fc = 250 Hz, t0 = 0.15s, a = 0.85
Calculate
waveform and spectrum
Power of modulated signal and modulation efficiency
Lecture 7
18
Waveform and Spectrum
Lecture 7
19
Overmodulation
s(t) is said to be
overmodulated if a > 1.
Example, (a) a = 0.5, (b) a =
1, (c) a = 1.5
Overmodulation results in
spurious emissions by the
modulated carrier, and
distortion of the recovered
modulating signal.
Overmodulation is not
allowed by FCC.
Lecture 7
20
Envelope Detector
The main advantage of AM is that, since a coherent
reference is not needed for demodulation as long as a
1, the demodulator becomes simple and inexpensive.
In many applications, such as commercial broadcast,
AM is sufficient to justify its use.
Lecture 7
21
Ripple and Negative Peak Clipping
In order for the envelope-detection process to operate properly,
the RC time constant of the demodulator, must be chosen
carefully.
Lecture 7
22
Homework
LC 4-1, 4-9, 4-10, 5-2, 5-3, 5-5
Lecture 7
23
