8th I.

T(A)

100280116026

Practical - 1
Write a Turbo PROLOG program for Family Relationship.
MOTILAL (SWARUPMATI)

JAVAHARLAL
(KAMLA)

VIJYALAKSHMI
(RANJIT)

KRISHNA

INDIRA
(FIROZ)
TARA

SANJAY
(MENKA)

LEKHA

RITA

RAJIV
(SONIA)

VARUN
RAHUL

PRIYANKA

domains
person=symbol
predicates
male(person)
female(person)
parent(person,person)
father(person,person)
mother(person,person)
sister(person,person)
brother(person,person)
son(person,person)
daughter(person,person)
aunt(person,person)
uncle(person,person)
child(person,person)
ancestor(person,person)
wife_of(person,person)
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husband_of(person,person)

grand_father(person,person)
grand_mother(person,person)
cousin(person,person)
nephew(person,person)
niece(person,person)
clauses
father ("Motilal","Jawaharlal").
father ("Motilal","Vijayalakshmi").
father ("Motilal","Krishna").
father ("Jawaharlal","Indira").
father ("Ranjit","Tara").
father ("Ranjit","Lekha").
father ("Ranjit","Rita").
father ("Feroz","Sanjay").
father ("Feroz","Rajiv").
father ("Sanjay","Varun").
father ("Rajiv","Rahul").
father ("Rajiv","Priyanka").
wife_of("Swaruprani","Motilal").
wife_of("Kamla","Jawaharlal").
wife_of("Vijayalakshmi","Ranjit").
wife_of("Indira","Feroz").
wife_of("Maneka","Sanjay").
wife_of("Sonia","Rajiv").
female("Krishna").
female("Priyanka").
female("Lekha").
female("Tara").
female("Rita").
female(X) :wife_of (X,_).
male("Varun").
male("Rahul").
male(X) :husband_of (X,_).
husband_of(X,Y) :wife_of (Y,X).
mother(X,Y):L.D COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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wife_of (X,Z),
father(Z,Y).
parent(X,Y):father(X,Y);
mother(X,Y).
child(X,Y):parent(Y,X).
son(X,Y):child(X,Y),
male(X).
daughter(X,Y):child(X,Y),
female(X).
brother(X,Y):father(Z,X),
father(Z,Y),
male(X),
not (X=Y).
sister(X,Y):father(Z,X),
father(Z,Y),
female(X),
not (X=Y).
uncle (X,Y):parent(Z,Y),
brother(X,Z);
parent(Z,Y),
sister(S,Z),
husband_of(X,S).
aunt (X,Y):sister(X,Z),
parent(Z,Y).
aunt (X,Y):wife_of(X,Z),
uncle(Z,Y).
ancestor(X,Y):L.D COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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parent(X,Y).
ancestor(X,Y):parent(Z,Y),
ancestor(X,Z).
grand_father(X,Y):parent(X,Z),
parent(Z,Y),
male(X).
grand_mother(X,Y):parent(X,Z),
parent(Z,Y),
female(X).
cousin(X,Y):parent(Z,X),
parent(W,Y),
brother(Z,W);
parent(Z,X);
parent(W,Y),
sister(Z,W).
nephew(X,Y):male(X),
uncle(Y,X);
male(X),
aunt(Y,X).
niece(X,Y):female(X),
uncle(Y,X);
female(X),
aunt(Y,X).

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1) Output:
Goal: father("Rajiv",Child)
Child=Rahul
Child=Priyanka
2 Solutions
Goal: father(Father,"Varun")
Father=Sanjay
1 Solution

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Practical - 2
Write a Turbo PROLOG program that list four address in a label form, each
address should list a name, one-line address, city, state &ZIP code.
domains
person = address(name, street, city, state, zip)
name, street, city, state, zip = string
predicates
readaddress(person)
go
clauses
go:readaddress(Address), nl,
write(Address), nl, nl,
write("Accept (y/n) ? "),
readchar(Reply), Reply = 'y', !.
go:nl, write("Please reenter"), nl,
go.
readaddress(address(Name, Street, City, State, Zip)) :write("Name : "), readln(Name),
write("Street : "), readln(Street),
write("City : "), readln(City),
write("State : "), readln(State),
write("Zip : "), readln(Zip)

2) Output:
Goal: go
Name: bhavik
Street: Naranpura
City: Ahmedabad
State: Gujarat
Zip: 380015
address("Bhavik ,"Naranpura","Ahmedabad","Gujarat","380015")
Accept (y/n) ? Yes
Goa
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Practical- 3
Write a Turbo PROLOG program for diagnosis the childhood diseases.
domains
disease,indication,name=symbol
predicates
hypothesis(name,disease)
symptom(name,indication)
clauses
symptom(charlie,fever).
symptom(charlie,rash).
symptom(charlie,headache).
symptom(charlie,runny_nose).
hypothesis(Patient,german_measles):symptom(Patient,fever),
symptom(Patient,headache),
symptom(Patient,runny_nose),
symptom(Patient,rash).
hypothesis(Patient,flu):symptom(Patient,fever),
symptom(Patient,headache),
symptom(Patient,body_ache),
symptom(Patient,cough).

3) Output:
Goal: hypothesis(Patient,Disease)
Patient=charlie, Disease=german_measles
1 Solution

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Practical - 4
Write a Turbo PROLOG program to calculate the roots of quadratic equation
Consider all possibilities real, equal, imaginary.
domains
predicates
root(real,real,real,real)
run
clauses
run:write("Enter the value of A :" ),
readreal(A),
write("Enter the value of B :" ),
readreal(B),
write("Enter the value of C :" ),
readreal(C),
D = (B*B)-(4*A*C),
root(A,B,C,D).
root(A,B,C,D):A=0.0,
write("Only one root exists."),
ANS = (-C/B),
write(ANS)
;
D>=0,
ANS = (-B - sqrt(D)) / (2*A),
ANS1 = (-B + sqrt(D)) / (2*A),
write("First root is : "),
write(ANS),nl,
write("Second root is : "),
write(ANS1)
;
REAL= (-B) / (2*A),
IMG = sqrt(-D) / (2*A),
write("Real root is : "),
write(REAL),nl,
write("Imaginary root is : "),
write(IMG).

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4) Output:
Goal: run
Enter the value of A :1
Enter the value of B :-2
Enter the value of C :1
First root is : 1
Second root is : 1
Yes

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Practical - 5
Write a Turbo PROLOG program based on list : A) To find the length of a list.
domains
symbolist = symbol *
integerlist = integer *
predicates
Length ( symbolist , integer )
Length ( integerlist , integer )
clauses
Length ( [ ], 0 ).
Length ( [_| Tail ],N):Length ( Tail , N1 ),
N = 1 + N1.

B) To find whether given element is a member of a list.

domains
namelist=symbol*
predicates
member ( symbol , namelist )
club_member(symbol)
clauses
member ( X, [X|_ ] ).
member ( X, [_| Tail ] ):member ( X, Tail ).
club_member(Name):member(Name,[bindu,swati,rita]).

C) To Append the list.

domains
namelist=symbol*
predicates
append ( namelist , namelist,namelist )
clauses
append ( [ ], ListB, ListB ).
append ( [ X | List1 ], List2 ,[ X | List3 ] ):append (List1,List2,List3 ).

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D) To Reverse the list.

domains
namelist=symbol*
predicates
reverse_list(namelist,namelist)
reverse(namelist,namelist,namelist)
clauses
reverse_list(Inputlist ,Outputlist):reverse(Inputlist,[],Outputlist).
reverse([],Inputlist,Inputlist).
reverse ( [Head | Tail ],List1, List2 ):reverse ( Tail,[Head | List1], List2 ).

E) To find the last element of a list.

domains
namelist=symbol*
predicates
last(namelist,symbol)
clauses
last([Head],X):X=Head.
last([_|Tail],X):last(Tail,X).

F) To delete the first occurrence of an element from a list.

domains
symbollist=symbol*
predicates
delete(symbol,symbollist,symbollist)
clauses
delete(_,[],[]).
delete(X,[X|L],L):-!.
delete(X,[Y|L],[Y|M]):delete(X,L,M).

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G) To delete the all occurrence of an element from a list.

domains
symbollist=symbol*
predicates
delete(symbol,symbollist,symbollist)
clauses
delete([],A,[]).
delete([H|T],A,Result) :- H=A, delete(T,A,Result).
delete([H|T],A,[H|Result]) :- delete(T,A,Result).

H). To find Nth element from the list.

domains
x = integer
l = integer*
predicates
find(l,x)
clauses
find([],N) :write("There is no such element in the list"),nl.
find([Element|List],1) :write("The element is ",Element),nl.
find([Element|List],N) :N1 = N-1,
find(List,N1).

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5) Output:
A)
Goal: Length([a,b,c,d],M)
M=4
1 Solution

B)
Goal: club_member(bindu)
Yes
Goal: club_member(aa)
No

C)
Goal: append([g,h],[t,y,u],Append_List)
Append_List=["g","h","t","y","u"]
1 Solution

D)
Goal: reverse_list([f,j,l],L)
L=["l","j","f"]
1 Solution

E)
Goal: last([f,j,k],Last_Element)
Last_Element=k
1 Solution

F)
Goal: delete(r,[r,n,r,m],F)
F=["n","r","m"]
1 Solution
Goal: delete(r,[n,f,m],F)
F=["n","f","m"]
1 Solution

G)
delete([a,b,c,a],a,X)
X=["b","c"]
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X=["b","c","a"]
X=["a","b","c"]
X=["a","b","c","a"]
4 Solutions

H)
Goal: find([1,2,3,4],3)
The element is 3
Yes
Goal: find([1,2,3,4],0)
There is no such element in the list
Yes

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Practical 6
Write a Turbo PROLOG program Checking for Password.
A) Give an opportunity to user to re-enter the password n no. Of
times, on entering wrong password.
domains
name,password = symbol
predicates
getinput(name,password)
logon
user(name,password)
repeat
clauses
repeat.
repeat:repeat.
logon:clearwindow,
getinput(_,_),
write("You are now logged on."),nl.
logon:repeat,
write("Sorry,you are not permitted access."),nl,
write("Please try again."),nl,
getinput(_,_),
write("You are now logged on.").

getinput(Name,Password):write("Please enter your name : "),

readln(Name),nl,
write("Please enter password : "),
readln(Password),nl,
user(Name,Password).
user(vinod,patil).
user(himmat,solanki).

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6) Output:
A)
Please enter your name: vinod
Please enter password: patel
Sorry, you are not permitted access.
Please try again.
Please enter your name: himmat
Please enter password: solanki
You are now logged on.
Yes

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B) Give an opportunity to user to re-enter the password three (03)

Times, on entering wrong password.
Domains
name, password = symbol
predicates
getinput(name,password)
Logon (integer)
user (name, password)
go
clauses
go:logon(3),
write(You are now logged on.),nl.
Logon(0):-!,
write(Sorry, you are not permitted access.),
fail.
Logon(_):getinput(Name,Password),
user(Name,Password).
Logon(X):write(Illegal entry.),nl,
XX = X 1,
logon(XX).
Getinput(Name,Password):write(Please enter your name : ),
readln(Name),
write(Please enter password : ),
readln(Password).
User(harsh,patel).
User(jacky,singh).

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B) Output
Goal: go
Please enter your name : aa
Please enter password : bb
Illegal entry.
Please enter your name : cc
Please enter password : ss
Illegal entry.
Please enter your name : dd
Please enter password : gg
Illegal entry.
Sorry,you are not permitted access.
No
Goal: go
Please enter your name :harsh
Please enter password : patel
You are now logged on.
Yes

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Practical - 7
Write a Turbo PROLOG program for Arithmetic Operations.
A) To add the member of a given list.
domains
integerlist = integer*
reallist = real*
predicates
sum(integerlist,integer)
sum(reallist,real)
clauses
sum([],0).
sum([Head | Tail],Res):sum(Tail,SumTail),
Res=Head+Sumtail.

B) To check if a given year is a Leap Year or not.

domains
predicates
run
leap(integer)
clauses
run:write("Type in the year : "),
readint(Y),
leap(Y),
write("This year is a leap year."),nl.
run:write("This is not a leap year. "),nl.
leap(Y):X=Y mod 100,
X=0, ! ,
X=Y mod 400,
X=0 , ! .
leap(Y):X= Y mod 4,
X=0.

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C) To find the Greatest Common Divisor.

domains
predicates
gcd (integer,integer,integer)
clauses
gcd(M,0,M).
gcd(M,N,Result):N>0,
Rem=M mod N,
gcd(N,Rem,Result).

D) To find the Least Common Divisor.

domains
predicates
lcd(integer,integer,integer)
gcd(integer,integer,integer)
clauses
gcd(M,0,M).
gcd(M,N,Result):N>0,
Rem = M mod N,
gcd(N,Rem,Result).
lcd(M,N,Result):gcd(M,N,Res1),
Result = M * N / Res1.

E) To find the factorial of a given number.

domains
predicates
factorial(integer,integer)
clauses
factorial(0,1).
factorial(N,F) :N>0,
N1 = N-1,
factorial(N1,F1),
F = N * F1.
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F) To generate the Fibonacci series of a given number.

domains
A,B,N=integer
predicates
go
fibo(integer, integer,integer, integer)
clauses
go:write("Enter term no : "),
readint(N),
fibo(1,1,0,N).
fibo(_,_,_,0).
fibo(A,B,C,N):AA = B,
BB = C,
CC=AA+BB,
write(CC," "),
NN = N - 1,
fibo(AA,BB,CC,NN).
fibo(AA,BB,CC,NN).

G) To convert an integer number into a string of equivalents binary

predicates
decimaltobinary(integer)
clauses
decimaltobinary(0).
decimaltobinary(D):D>0,
Digit=D mod 2,
I1=D div 2,
decimaltobinary(I1),
write(Digit).

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7) Output:
A)
Goal: sum([2,5,6,7],Result)
Result=20
1 Solution
Goal: sum([],Result)
Result=0
1 Solution

B)
Goal: run
Type in the year : 2004
This year is a leap year.
Yes
Goal: run
Type in the year : 2001
This is not a leap year.
Yes

C)
Goal: gcd(5,3,GCD)
GCD=1
1 Solution
Goal: gcd(4,12,GCD)
GCD=4
1 Solution

D)
Goal: lcd(4,12,LCD)
LCD=12
1 Solution

E)
Goal: factorial(5,K)
K=120
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1 Solution
Goal: factorial(0,K)
K=1
1 Solution

F)
Enter term no : 8
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21
Yes

G)
Goal: decimaltobinary(12)
1100Yes
Goal:

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Practical 8
Write a program to find Minimum from give Numbers.
domains
R = real
predicates
run
mini(integer,integer,integer)
clauses
run :write("Enter the first number :"),
readreal(M),
write("Enter the second number :"),
readreal(N),
mini(M,N,_).
mini(M,N,R):M<N,
R=M,
write("Minimum number is : ",R),nl
;
M>N,
R=N,
write("Minimum number is : ",R),nl
;
M=N,
R=M,
write("Minimum number is : ",R),nl.

8) Output:
Goal: run
Enter the first number :10
Enter the second number :11
Minimum number is : 10
Yes
Goal: run
Enter the first number :7
Enter the second number :7
Minimum number is : 7
Yes
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Practical 9
Write a Turbo PROLOG program to implement Tower Of Hanoi Problem.
domains
POLE = SYMBOL
predicates
hanoi
hanoi(INTEGER)
move(INTEGER,POLE,POLE,POLE)
inform(POLE,POLE)
clauses
hanoi:-hanoi(5).
hanoi(N) :move(N, left, middle, right).
move(1, A, _, C) :inform(A, C), !.
move(N, A, B, C) :N1 = N-1,
move(N1, A, C, B),
inform(A, C), !,
move(N1, B, A, C).
inform(Loc1, Loc2) :write("Move a disk from ", Loc1, " to ", Loc2),nl, !.

9) Output:
Goal: hanoi(3)
Move a disk from left to right
Move a disk from left to middle
Move a disk from right to middle
Move a disk from left to right
Move a disk from middle to left
Move a disk from middle to right
Move a disk from left to right
Yes

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Practical - 10
Write a Turbo PROLOG program for finding the average salary of an
employee and for adding and deleting employees from the database.
EMPLOYEE_PAY

NAME

DEPARTMENT

BASIC

FIXED_PART
Fixed

DEARNESS_PAY

ADDITIONS

DEDUCTIONS

Add

HRA

CPG

OVERTIME

INCOMETAX

domains
name,dept=symbol
cpg,it,hr,ot,basic,dp=real
ded=deduct(cpg,it)
addition=add(hr,ot)
fp=fixed(basic,dp)
basiclist=basic*
database
emp_pay(name,dept,fp,addition,ded)
predicates
add_emp
del_emp
sum(basiclist,real)
len(basiclist,integer)
avg
finish
run(basiclist,real)
clauses
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emp_pay("paras","IT",fixed(24000,1080),add(8000,1155),deduct(4000,1000)).
emp_pay("neeraj","FIN",fixed(25000,1080),add(5000,1155),deduct(4000,900)).
emp_pay("hardik","HR",fixed(26000,1080),add(7000,1155),deduct(2000,1000)).
emp_pay("vipul","RnD",fixed(28000,1080),add(4000,1155),deduct(1000,500)).
emp_pay("rajen","IT",fixed(23000,1080),add(9000,1145),deduct(2500,200)).
emp_pay("paresh","HR",fixed(26000,1080),add(8000,1055),deduct(1000,1000)).
avg:findall(Basic,emp_pay(_,_,fixed(Basic,_),_,_),L),
run(L,Avg),
write(Avg).
run(L,A):sum(L,Sum),
len(L,N),
A = Sum / N.
add_emp:write("Enter the name of employee :"),
readln(Name),
write("Enter the dept name:"),
readln(Dept),
write("Enter basic pay:"),
readreal(Basic),
write("Enter dearness pay:"),
readreal(DP),
write("Enter house rent:"),
readreal(HR),
write("Enter overtime:"),
readreal(OT),
write("Enter CPG deducted:"),
readreal(CPG),
write("Enter income tax:"),
readreal(IT),
assertz(emp_pay(Name,Dept,fixed(Basic,DP),add(HR,OT),deduct(CPG,IT))),
write("Do u want to add another employee(Y/N)?\n"),
readchar(Reply),
Reply='y',
add_emp;
exit.
del_emp:write("Enter the name of employee:"),
readln(Name),
retract(emp_pay(Name,_,_,_,_)).
finish:save("c:\output.dat").
sum([],0).
sum([H|T],Sum):sum(T,ST),
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Sum=H+ST,
len([],0).
len([_|T],N):len(T,N1),
N=N1.

10) Output:
Goal: add_emp
Enter the name of employee :rishabh
Enter the dept name:HR
Enter basic pay:20000
Enter dearness pay:2000
Enter house rent:2000
Enter overtime:1000
Enter CPG deducted:2000
Enter income tax:3000
Do u want to add another employee(Y/N)?
Goal: del_emp
Enter the name of employee:paras
Yes
Goal:

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Practical 11
Write a Turbo PROLOG program to solve Water-Jug Problem.
domains
predicates
jug(integer, integer)
clauses
jug(2, _).
jug(0, 2):write("(0, 2)"), nl,
write("(2, 0)"), nl.
jug(4, 0):write("(4, 0)"), nl,
jug(0, 0).
jug(4, 3):write("(4, 3)"), nl,
jug(0, 0).
jug(3, 0):write("(3, 0)"), nl,
jug(3, 3).
jug(X, 0):write("(", X, ", 0)"), nl,
jug(0, 3).
jug(0, 3):write("(0, 3)"), nl,
jug(3, 0).
jug(0, X):write("(0, ", X, ")"), nl,
jug(0, 0).
jug(3, 3):write("(3, 3)"), nl,
jug(4, 2).
jug(4, 2):write("(4, 2)"), nl,
write("(", 2, ", 0)"), nl,
jug(2, 0).
jug(X, Y):X>4,
fail,
Y>3,
fail.

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11) Output:
Goal: jug(4,3)
(4, 3)
(0, 0)
(0, 3)
(3, 0)
(3, 3)
(4, 2)
(2, 0)
Yes
Goal: jug(1,1)
No

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Practical 12
Write a Turbo PROLOG program to demonstrate the effective use of Cut and
Fail.
domains
state,city = string
predicates
location(city,state)
go
checkstate(state)
clauses
go:writef(" %-15 %5 \n","CITY","STATE"),
fail.
go :location(City,State),
checkstate(State),
writef(" %-15 %5 \n",City,State),
fail.
go.
location("Gandhinagar","Gujarat").
location("Surat","Gujarat").
location("Bombay","Maharastra").
checkstate("DC") :fail.
checkstate(_).

12) Output:
Goal: go
CITY
STATE
Gandhinagar Gujarat
Surat
Gujarat
Bombay
Maharastra
Yes

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Practical 13
Write a Turbo PROLOG program for Traveling Salesman Problem.
domains
X,City1,City2=string
Dist,Dist1,Dist2=integer
predicates
route(string,string,integer)
read(string,string,integer)
find
clauses
read("Surat","Baroda",150).
read("Ahemedabad","Baroda",150).
read("Valsad","Bombay",300).
read("Bombay","Ahemedabad",500).
read("Baroda","Surat",150).
read("Surat","Valsad",100).
read("Bombay","Pune",100).
find:write("Source center:"),
readln(City1),
write("Dest center:"),
readln(City2),
route(City1,City2,Dist).
route(City1,City2,Dist):read(City1,City2,Dist),
writef("DISTANCE betn %10 and %10 is %2",City1,City2,Dist),nl.
route(City1,City2,Dist):read(City1,X,Dist1),
route(X,City2,Dist2),
Dist=Dist1+Dist2,
writef("The dist betn %10 and %10 is %2",City1,City2,Dist).

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13) Output:
Goal: find
Source center:Surat
Dest center:Valsad
DISTANCE betn
Surat
and Valsad is 100
Yes
Goal: find
Source center:Bombay
Dest center:Pune
DISTANCE betn Bombay
and
Pune is 100
Yes

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Practical14
Write a Turbo PROLOG program for Monkey Banana Problem.
domains
predicates
in_room(symbol)
dexterous(symbol)
tall(symbol)
can_move(symbol,symbol,symbol)
can_climb(symbol,symbol)
can_reach(symbol,symbol)
close(symbol,symbol)
get_on(symbol,symbol)
under(symbol,symbol)
clauses
in_room(bananas).
in_room(chair).
in_room(monkey).
dexterous(monkey).
tall(chair).
can_move(monkey,chair,bananas).
can_climb(monkey,chair).
can_reach(X,Y):dexterous(X),
close(X,Y).
close(X,Z):get_on(X,Y),
under(Y,Z),
tall(Y).
get_on(X,Y):can_climb(X,Y).
under(Y,Z):in_room(X),
in_room(Y),
in_room(Z),
can_move(X,Y,Z).

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14) Output:
Goal: can_reach(monkey,bananas)
Yes
Goal: can_reach(lion,bananas)
No
Goal: can_reach(X,Y)
X=monkey, Y=bananas
1 Solution

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Practical 15
Write a Turbo PROLOG program N-QUEEN problem.
domains
queen = q(integer,integer)
queens = queen*
freelist = integer*
board = board(queens,freelist,freelist,freelist,freelist)
predicates
placeN(integer,board,board)
place_a_queen(integer,board,board)
nqueens(integer)
makelist(integer,freelist)
findandremove(integer,freelist,freelist)
nextrow(integer,freelist,freelist)
clauses
nqueens(N) :makelist(N,L),
Diagonal=N*2-1,
makelist(Diagonal,LL),
placeN(N,board([],L,L,LL,LL),Final),
write(Final).
placeN(_, board(D,[],[],D1,D2),board(D,[],[],D1,D2)):- !.
placeN(N, Board1, Result) :place_a_queen(N,Board1,Board2),
placeN(N,Board2,Result).
place_a_queen(N,board(Queens,Rows,Columns,Diag1,Diag2),
board([q(R, C)|Queens],NewR,NewC,NewD1,NewD2)) :nextrow(R,Rows,NewR),
findandremove(C,Columns,NewC),
D1 = N+C-R,
findandremove(D1,Diag1,NewD1),
D2 = R+C-1,
findandremove(D2,Diag2,NewD2).
findandremove(X,[X|Rest],Rest).
findandremove(X,[Y|Rest],[Y|Tail]) :findandremove(X, Rest,Tail).
makelist(1,[1]).
makelist(N,[N|Rest]) :N1 = N-1,makelist(N1,Rest).
nextrow(Row, [Row|Rest], Rest).
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15) Output:
Goal: nqueens(8)
board([q(1,5),q(2,7),q(3
,2),q(4,6),q(5,3),q(6,1)
,q(7,4),q(8,8)])Yes
Goal:

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