Computer Abbreviations - Part 1

ACE
ACL
ADO
ADSL
AGP
AI
ALGOL
ALU
ANSI
AOL
API
APIPA
APT
ARD
ARP
ARPA
ARPANET
ASCII
ASF
ASM
ASP
ATAPI
ATM
AUI
AVI
B2B
B2C
BASIC
BCD
BDPS
BHTML
BIOS
BIU
BLOG
BMP
BPS
BS
C DAC
CAD
CADD
CAI

Access Control Entry

Access Control List
Active Data Objects
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Accelerated Graphics Port
Artificial Intelligence
Algorithmic Language
Arithmetic Logic Unit
American National Standards Institute
America Online
Application Program Interface
Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing
Automatically Programmed Tooling
Address Resolution Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol
Advanced Research Projects Agency
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
American Standard Code For Information Interchan
Advanced Streaming Format
Association For Systems Management
Active Server Pages
Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Attachment Unit Interface
Audio Video Interleave
Business To Business
Business To Commerce
Beginner`s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
Binary Coded Decimal
Business Data Processing Systems
Broadcast Hyper Text Markup Language
Basic Input Output System
Bus Interface Unit
Binary Logic Object
Bitmap
Bytes Per Seconds
Bulletin Board Service
Centre For Development Of Advanced Computing
Computer Aided Design
Computer Added Drafting And Design
Computer Aided Instructuion

CAM
CAR
CASE
CCIS
CCNA
CD
CD RW
CD WORM
CDMA
CDONTS
CDROM
CFG
CGI
CGM
CIDR
CIM
CISC
CIX
CLR
CMOS
CMS
CMYK
COBOL
COM
CORBA
CPI
CPU
CRC
CRM
CROM
CRT
CUI
DAC
DAO
DARPANET
DAT
DBA
DBMS
DCA
DCL
DCOM
DCP
DDL
DDOS
DDP
DFD

Computer Aided Manufacturing

Control Address Register
Computer Aided Software Engineering
Common Channel Interoffice Signaling
Cisco Certified Network Associate
Compact Disc
Compact Disc Re-Writable
Compact Disc- Write Once Read Many
Code Division Multiple Access
Collabaration On Data Objects For Windows Nt Ser
Compact Disc- Read Only Memory
Control Flow Graph
Common Gateway Interface
Computer Graphics Metafile
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
Computer Integrated Manufacture
Complex Instruction Set Computers
Commercial Internet Exchange
Common Language Runtime
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Content Management System
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key (Black)
Common Business Oriented Language
Component Object Model
Common Object Request Broker Architecture
Clock Cycle Per Instruction
Central Processing Unit
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Customer Relationship Management
Control Read Only Memory
Cathode Ray Tube
Character User Interface
Digital To Analog Converter
Data Access Objects
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Netw
Digital Audio Tape
Data Base Administrator
Data Base Management System
Defence Communication Agency
Data Control Language
Distributed Component Object Model
Data Communication Processor
Data Definition Language
Distributed Denial Of Service
Distributed Data Processing
Data Flow Diagram

DFS
DHCP
DHTML
DLC
DLL
DMA
DML
DMTF
DNA
DNS
DOD
DOM
DOS
DPI
DRAM
DSL
DSN
DTD
DVD
E
EAROM
EBCDIC
EDC
EDCDIC
EEPROM
EFS
EJB
ENIAC
EPROM
EROM
ERP
EULA
FAT
FDD
FDDI
FDMA
FIFO
FLOPS
FO
FORTRAN
FPS
FRAM
FTP
GB
GIF
GIGO

Distributed File System

Dynamic Host Control Protocol
Dynamics Hyper Text Markup Language
Data Link Control
Dynamic Link Library
Direct Memory Access
Data Manipulation Language
Distributed Management Test Force
Distributed Internet Architecture
Domain Name System (Server)
Department Of Defense
Document Object Model
Disk Operating System, Denial Of Service
Dots Per Inch
Dynamic Random Access Memory
Digital Subscriber Line
Digital Subscriber Network
Document Type Definition
Digital Versatile Disc
Electronic
Electrically Alterable Read Only Memory
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
Electronic Digital Computer
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Mem
Encrypted File System
Enterprise Java Beans
Electronics Numerical Integrator And Calculator
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
Erasable Read Only Memory
Enterprise Resource Planning
End User License Agreement
File Allocation Table
Floppy Disk Drive
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Frequency Division Multiple Access
First In First Out
Floating Point Operations Per Second
Fiber Optics
Formula Translation
Frames Per Second
Ferro Electric Random Access Memory
File Transfer Protocol
Giga Bytes
Graphic Interchange Format
Garbage In Garbage Out

GML
GNU
GPL
GUI
HDD
HFS
HP
HPC
HPFS
HSR
HTML

HTTP
HW
IO
IBM
IC
ICMP
ICS
ICT
IDE
IE
IGMP
IIS
IL
IOP
IP
IPX
IRAM
IRC
IRDA
IRQ
ISAPI
ISDN
ISO
ISP
ISR
IT
ITPL
JCL
JDBC

General Markup Language

Gnu`s Not Unix
General Public License
Graphical User Interface
Hard Disk Drive
Hierarchical File System
Hewlett Packard
High Performance Computing
High Performance File System
Horizontal Scan Rate
Hyper Text Markup Language

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Hardware
Input Output
International Business Machines
Integrated Circuit
Internet Control Message Protocol
Reduce Instruction Set Computer
Information And Communication Technology
Integrated Development Environment
Internet Explorer
Internet Group Management Protocol
Internet Information Service
Intermediate Language
Input-Output Processor
Internet Protocol
Internetworked Packet Exchange
Integration Ram
Internet Relay Chat
Infrared Data Association
Interrupt Request
Internet Server Application Program Interface
Integrated Services Digital Network
International Standard Organization
Internet Service Provider
Interrupt Service Routine
Information Technology
Information Technology Park Limited (India)
Job Control Language
Java Data Base Connectivity

JHTML
JPEG
JSP
KB
KBPS
L2TP
LAN
LCD
LDAP
LIFO
LIPS
LOC
LSI
LSP
MAC
MAN
MAU
MB
MBONE
MBPS
MBR
MCP
MCS
MCSA
MCSD
MCSE
MDE
MDI
MDS
MFC
MFT
MG
MICR
MIDI
MIMD
MIME
MIPS
MISD
MODEM
MP3
MPEG
MS
MSDN
MSIIS
MSIL
MSMQ

Java Within Hyper Text Markup Language

Joint Photographic Experts Group
Java Server Pages
Kilo Bytes
Kilo Bytes Per Second
Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
Local Area Network
Liquid Crystal Display
Light Weight Directory Access Control
Last In First Out
Logical Interfaces Per Second
Lines Of Code
Large Scale Integration
Layered Service Provider
Media Access Control
Metropolitan Area Network
Multi-Station Access Unit
Mega Bytes
Multicast Backbone
Mega Bytes Per Second
Master Boot Record
Microsoft Certified Professional
Multicast Server
Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator
Microsoft Certified Solution Developer
Microsoft Certified System Engineer
Microsoft Access Database
Multiple Document Interface
Microcomputer Development System
Microsoft Foundation Classes
Master File Table
Mega Bytes
Magnetic-Ink Characters Reader
Musical Instrument Digital Interface
Multiple Instruction Multiple Data
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
Millions Of Instructions Per Second
Multiple Instruction Single Data
Modulator And Demodulator
Motion Pictures Experts Group Layer 3
Motion Pictures Experts Group
Microsoft
Microsoft Developer Network
Microsoft Internet Information Server
Microsoft Intermediate Language
Microsoft Message Queue

MSN
MSRAP
MSRPC
MTS
MTU
MUDS
NAS
NASSCOM
NCP
NDIS
NDRO
NETBEUI
NIC
NIIT
NNTP
NOW
NSFNET
NT (WINDOWS)
NTFS
NTP
OCP
OCR
ODBC
OLE
OMR
ONE
OOA
OOAD
OOP
OOPS
OPEN GL
OS
OSI
PC
PCI
PCMCIA
PDA
PDF
PDL
PDU
PHP
PIC
PILOT
PLA
PLC

Microsoft Network
Microsoft Remote Administration Protocol
Microsoft Remote Procedure Call
Microsoft Transaction Server
Maximum Transmission Unit
Multi-User Dungeons
Network Attached Storage
National Association Of Software & Service Companies
Network Control Protocol
Network Driver Interface Specification
Nondestructive Read Out
Netbios Enhanced User Interface
National Informatics Centre,
National Institute Of Information Technology
Network News Transfer Protocol
Network Of Workstations
National Science Foundation Network
New Technology
New Technology File System
Network Time Protocol
Oracle Certified Professional
Optical Character Readers
Open Data Base Connectivity
Object Linking And Embedding
Optical Mark Reader
Open Network Architecture
Object Orient Analysis
Object Oriented Analysis And Design
Object Oriented Programming
Object Oriented Programming System
Open Graphics Library
Operating System
Open System Interconnection
Personal Computer
Peripheral Component Interconnect
Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association
Personal Digital Assistant
Portable Document Format
Page Description Language
Protocol Data Unit
Php Hypertext Processor
Programming Interrupt Control
Programmed Inquiry Learning Or Teaching
Programmable Logic Array
Programmable Logic Controller

PNG
PNP
POP
POST
PPP
PPTP
PROM
PS
PSI
PSN
PSW
QOS
R DAT
RADSL
RAID
RAM
RAMDAC
RAS
RD RAM
RDBMS
RDO
RDP
RFC
RGB
RICS
RIP
RISC
ROM
RPC
RTC
RTF
RTOS
S DAT
SACK
SAM
SAP
SCMP
SCSI
SD RAM
SDD
SDK
SDL
SDN
SDRAM
SDSL
SG RAM

Portable Network Graphics

Plug And Play
Post Office Protocol
Power On Self Test
Peer To Peer Protocol
Point To Point Tunneling Protocol
Programmable Read Only Memory
Post Script
Performance Systems International
Processor Serial Number
Program Status Word
Quality Of Service
Rotating Digital Audio Tape
Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscribes Line
Redundant Array Of Independent Disks
Random Access Memory
Random Access Memory Digital To Analog Converter
Remote Access Network
Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory
Relational Data Base Management System
Remote Data Objects
Remote Desktop Protocol
Request For Comments
Red Green Blue
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
Raster Image Processor
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
Read Only Memory
Remote Procedure Call
Real Time Clock
Rich Text Format
Real Time Operating System
Stationary Digital Audio Tape
Selective Acknowledgements
Security Access Manager
Service Access Point, Systems Applications Products
Software Configuration Management Plan
Small Computers Systems Interface
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
Software Design Description
Software Development Kit
Storage Definition Language
Integrated Service Digital Network
Static Dynamic Random Access Memory
Symmetric Digital Subscribes Line
Synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory

SGML
SIM
SIMD
SISD
SIU
SMP
SMS
SMTP
SNA
SNAP
SNMP
SNOBOL
SOAP
SPX
SQA
SQL
SRAM
SRS
STP
SVVP
SW
TAPI
TB
TCP
TCP-IP
TDI
TDMA
TPM
TSR
UDD
UDP
UI
UML
UNC
UNIX
URL
USB
USRT
UTP
VAN
VAST
VB
VC++
VCD
VDL
VGA

Standard Generalized Markup Language

Subscriber Identification Module
Single Instruction Multiple Data
Single Instruction Single Data
Serial Interface Unit
Symmetric Multi-Process
Short Message Service
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
System Network Architecture
Sub Network Access Protocol
Simple Network Management Protocol
String Oriented Symbolic Language
Simple Object Access Protocol
Sequenced Packet Exchange
Statistical Quality Assurance
Structured Query Language
Static Random Access Memory
Software Requirements Specification
Shielded Twisted Pair
Software Verification And Validation Plan
Software
Telephony Application Program Interface
Tera Bytes
Transmission Control Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol - Internet Protocol
Transport Data Interface
Time Division Multiple Access
Transactions Processing Monitor
Terminate And Stay Residents
User Datagram Protocol
User Datagram Protocol
User Interface
Unified Modelling Language
Universal Naming Convention
Uniplexed Information And Computer Systems
Uniform Resource Locator
Universal Serial Bus
Universal Synchronous Receiver Transmitted
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Virtual Area Network
Very Small Aperture Terminal
Visual Basic
Visual C++
Video Compact Disc
View Definition Language
Video Graphics Array

VHS
VLIW
VLSI
VPN
VRAM
VRML
VS
VSNL
VVR
VXD
W3C
WAIS
WAN
WAP
WBEM
WDM
WHQL
WINDOWS ME
WINDOWS NT
WINDOWS XP
WINS
WMI
WML
WORM
WSH
WWW
WYSIWYG
XHTML
XML
XSL
Y2K
ZIF

Video Home System

Very Long Instruction Words
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
Virtual Private Network
Video Random Access Memory
Virtual Reality Modelling Language
Visual Studio
Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
Software Validation And Validation Report
Virtual Device Driver
World Wide Web Consortium
Wide Area Information Servers
Wide Area Network
Wireless Application Protocol
Web-Base Enterprise Management
Wave Division Multiplexing
Windows Hardware Quality Lab
Windows Millennium Edition
Windows New Technology
Windows Experienced
Windows Internet Name Service
Windows Management Instrumentation
Wireless Markup Language
Write Once Read Many
Windows Script Host
World Wide Web
What You See Is What You Get
Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language
Extensible Markup Language
Extensible Style Sheet Langauge
Year 2000
Zero Insertion Force

How does Computer Work?

In this post we shall see some basic computer terminology which helps computer to work.
Input : Data / Information entered into the computer using various input devices.

Input Devices :
o
Keybord : To type the data
o
Mouse : To point and click the objects
o
Tracker Ball : Works similar to mouse, used by Graphic Designers

Scanners : Converts the Hardcopy into Softcopy (Simply scans paper

documents and stores them in system)
o
Touchpad : The desktop which responds according to the Touch.
o
Light pens : Used to point the areas on the screen.
o
Joy Sticks : Used for Playing Videogames.
o

Input Devices

Output : Data / Information given by the computer. It displays on Monitor

(Screen) / Prints via Printer / Generates sounds via Sound boxes and ofcourse stores the
information in Disks.
o
Output Devices :

VDU : Video Display Unit. Also known as Monitor. Which displays

output

Printers : There are many types of printers. These are used for
converting the Soft-copy into Hard-copy (Printing the data on Paper)

Plotter : It is also similar to printer, but it can draw continuous pointto-point lines directly from vector graphics files or commands. So you can expect more
clarity than printers.

Speakers : Gives the output in the Sound Signal form

OutPut Devices

Processing : The Processor/Central Processing Unit/CPU performs the operations

with the help of ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit - which performs Mathematical and Logical
Operations)

Storage : The Random Access Memory (RAM) or Memory temporarily stores your
date while you are working with that.
o
Storage Devices :

Hard Disk : Internal Drive of High capacity which stores larger and
important files including your Operating System.

The speed of the Hard disk is measured in milliseconds,

The capacity of the Hard Disk is measured in Giga Bytes (GB).

You can get harddisks of 40-80GB now a days.

A Giga Byte is equalent to 1024 Mega Bytes (MB)

Floppy Disk : Its helps you to store smaller amount of data and take

It's speed is Very Very low.

Capacity normally 1.44 Mega Bytes (hardly you can store 6 or 7

wallpapers :P)

CD/CD ROM :

Slower than Hard Disks and Faster than Floppy Disks

Capacity 650+MB

DVD :

Slower than HardDisks but faster than CDs

Capacity upto 17Giga Bytes

Various Storage Devices

Computers - Generations

The development of computer technology is generally divided into the following phases :
First Generation (1942 - 1956) - Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum tubes is the only electronic components available during those days.

These computers were the fastest calculating devices of that time. They could perform
calculations in Milli-Seconds but there were many disadvantages in them. They were too big
in size, Not portable, Air-Conditioning was required for their commercial use and
production was also difficult. The UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automic Computer) and ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) are the examples of First Generation
Computers.

UNIVAC was the first Commercial Computer to a business client the U.S.
Census Bureau in 1951 (till then, all computers were for research purpose).
ENIAC was the world's first Operational Electornic Digital COmputer.
Second Generation (1956-1963) - Transistors

The
Transistor,
a
smaller
and
more
r
eliable source than the vacuum tube was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs. This Transistor is a
device made by semiconductor material that amplifies the signal or opens or closes a circuit.
However computer that used transistors was not produced in quantity. The second
generation emerged with transistors being the brain of Computer. It was smaller in size as
compared to first generation computers and more reliable. The disadvantages of it were the
requirement of air-conditional room, frequent maintenance that it required, commercial
production.

Third Generation (1964-1971) - Integrated Circuits (ICs)

A new technology called Integrated Circuit was invented in 1963. This technology made a
big change in Computer world. The third Generation computers were developed by using
this IC technology. In this technology Transistors were miniaturized and placed on Silicon
Chips. These Silicon Chips are also called as Semiconductors. These Semiconductors
helped to increase the speed and efficiency of Computers.

Fourth Generation (1971 - Present) - Microprocessors

Microprocessors brought the Fourth Generation computers. The Microprocessor is a Single

Silicon Chip which contains some thousands of Integrated Circuits. Simply we can say that it
is the heart of Personal Computers. Personal computers were started in Third Generation.
With the invention of Microprocessors, They've got a new life. The Microprocessor controls
the logic of almost all devices from small clocks to big automobiles.
There are 3 basic characteristics for Microprocessors. They are.....
1.
Instruction Set : The set of Instructions Given to it and it can execute.
2.
Bandwidth : The number of bits it can process in a single Instruction.
3.
Clock Speed : The number of Instructions per second the processor can execute.
These can be measured in MHZs (Megahertz)
Fifth Generation (Present - Future) - Artificial Intelligence

The fifth Generation Computers are based on Artificial Intelligence. Simply Machine Brains.
These systems works with the help of Neural Networks. The target of this is to make
computers which can think like human. Currently there is no computer in the world which
can exibit full artificial intelligence (i mean, to simulate COMPLETE human behavior).
Scientists are stilly working on these type of systems. So, we put them in Fifth Generation.

Read more: http://www.gr8ambitionz.com/2012/04/computers-generations.html#ixzz2Li1Uzu4J

Under Creative Commons License: Attribution

Compilers Basics for IBPS IT Officers

Exam
Assume that you visited china to meet China's Prime minister. The meeting was arranged in
a big auditorium. But now the problem is, you don't know Chinese and he too don't know
your Language (say Hindi). Then what to Do? Now you have 3 solutions.
1. To learn Chinese
2. To make him learn your Language
3. Or you both should learn some other language (Like English) so that you can
communicate in that language...
Now what if HE is not ready to learn your language or English??? and what if you too are
Lazy enough to learn Chinese or English??? Isn't there any other solution for this
problem???

There is...... If you have enough money, You can hire a person who
knows your language as well as Chinese and he will work as a MEDIATOR for both of you
people.. :)
Now come to our Subjects...... As we know, computer cant understand our Hais and
hellos....
And we too cant understand Computer's 0's and 1's... So how to talk to the computer and
make it works according to your orders?
Can you teach English to computer? Its impossible, because its a machine. It cant
understand anything except LOW VOLTAGE (0) and HIGH VOLTAGE (1)... On and Off in
simple words...

We too are TALLENTED enough to use CTRL+C and CTRL+V so we are not ready to write
big codes which looks like 00011 01001 110100 1001001 01001 11001 11111 0111010 101010
10101011 01111 1101010 11101 1010101 01010 n bla bla........
So what can we do now? we write a Software Code which acts as a TRANSLATOR and
converts your instructions into 0's and 1's and gives them to computer and vice versa.. We
call this SOFTWARE CODE as COMPILER.. Thats it :)
What exactly is the Compiler? is it a for Translating or for Debugging?
Lets go back to our Chinese Man, assume that you are communicating with him with the
help of a Translator. And you have some problem with your TONGUE... (assume)..... So,
what will happn if you use some adjectives like "Poker face and ######## (censored :P) " .
Now say, what if the Mediator translates that POKER FACE stuff as it is in Chinese???
Your relationship with the Chinese man, will collapsed and you will get some injuries if he is
expert in those Chinese martial arts...
So, before going to translate your words in Chinese, your mediator (or Translator) warns
you about the outcomes of your words (may be you will get kicked or killed, depends upon
the intensity of your words :P) and confirms whether to translate them as they are or not...
Heare also same... Some programmer (like me) writes a program with so many errors. If the
compiler translates as it is, the computer may collapse (as it cant hit you for your errors)...
So the compiler warns you about your errors so that you can correct them and resubmit
your program. So, the main task of the compiler is to TRANSLATE, in-order to translate an
Error free program, it warns you about your errors :)
The Technical Definition : So, technically you can say that "The compiler is a software
program which converts the program written in High level language / Programming
Language / User Language into the Machine Language / Binary Language to make an
Executable Program.

The Phases of Compiler

Read

the

There are several Phases in compilers are there. Those are

1. Lexical Analyser : Performs Lexical Analysis
2. Syntax Analyser : Performs Syntax Analysis

Basics HERE

3.
4.
5.
6.

Semantic Analyser : Performs Semantic Analysis

Intermediate Code Generator : Performs Intermediate Code Generation
Code Optimizer : Performs Code Optimization
Code Generator : Generates Target Code

The Symbol Table is a Data Structure which is useful to store the identifiers in the
program.
The Error Handler is useful in Detecting and Reporting the errors.
These two are useful from the starting to the ending of the conversion. ( I mean from the
starting phase to the ending phase).
NOTE : We can group these phases into two parts..

Analysis : In which the compiler ANALYZES the given program. For this, the
compiler SCANS and DIVIDES the program into parts. The first THREE phases comes
under this category (shortcut : Check the names, if you can find the terms Analysis or
Analiser, then that phase comes under the ANALYSIS category

Synthesis : In which the compiler JOINS the parts of the divided program and
makes the target program. (The last two phases comes under this category)

Now lets have a look at the functionalities of all these phases.

Lexical Analysis : It is nothing but analyzing the LEXEMs (tokens), in this phase, the
compiler scans the entire program and pics the tokens and groups them.

Syntax Analysis : Syntax is nothing but the structure. It is nothing but to Analyze the
structure of the program (whether it is correct or not)
Semantic Analysis : In this the compiler checks the MEANING of the program.
(Note : The above two process will execute simultaniously, so in some books they combine
these two names and call the process as Syntax and Semantic Analysis)
Intermediate Code Generation : After scanning the program, the compiler generates an
intermediate code (which is neither High level code nor Low level code, which looks like the
Microprocessor Code)
Note : Most of the compilers generates the TAC (Three Address Code) as the Intermediate
Code. It contains, maximum 3 variable, so we call it as the Three Address Code. (note : we
can convert any problem into this TAC form).
it just look like, Temp1 = Temp2 + Temp3 (temporary variables)
or Temp2 = Id + Temp4 etc,
Code Optimization : It helps to improve the Intermediate Code. It make assure that the
target code will run EFFICIENTLY in LESS TIME ( i mean, it should give the desired output
in less amount of time)
Code Generation : It is the final phase. It generates the relocatable machine code or
assembly code. It takes care about the target machine and where to store the variables in the
target machine. Yea ofcourse, it takes care about the ORDER of the instruction execution
too.
Thats all for now Friends.. Happy Reading..

MS Excel Shortcut Keys

Shortcut Keys

Description

F2

To Edit the selected cell.

F5

Go to a specific cell. For example, C6.

F7

Spell check selected text or document.

F11

Create chart.

Ctrl + Shift + ;

Enter the current time.

Ctrl + ;

Enter the current date.

Alt + Shift + F1

Insert New Worksheet.

Shift + F3

Open the Excel formula window.

Shift + F5

Bring up search box.

Ctrl + A

Select all contents of the worksheet.

Ctrl + B

Bold highlighted selection.

Ctrl + I

Italic highlighted selection.

Ctrl + K

Insert link.

Ctrl + U

Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + 5

Strikethrough highlighted selection.

Ctrl + P

Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing.

Ctrl + Z

Undo last action.

Ctrl + F9

Minimize current window.

Ctrl + F10

Maximize currently selected window.

Ctrl + F6

Switch between open workbooks or windows.

Ctrl + Page up

Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.

Ctrl + Page down

Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.

Ctrl + Tab

Move between Two or more open Excel files.

Alt + =

Create a formula to sum all of the above cells

Ctrl + '

Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected.

Ctrl + Shift + !

Format number in comma format.

Ctrl + Shift + $

Format number in currency format.

Ctrl + Shift + #

Format number in date format.

Ctrl + Shift + %

Format number in percentage format.

Ctrl + Shift + ^

Format number in scientific format.

Ctrl + Shift + @

Format number in time format.

Ctrl + Arrow key

Move to next section of text.

Ctrl + Space

Selects entire Column.

Shift + Space

Selects the entire Row.

MS Word - Shortcut Keys

Name of the Key

Description

Ctrl + 0

Adds or removes 6pts of spacing before a paragraph.

Ctrl + A

Select all contents of the page.

Ctrl + B

Bolds the highlighted selection.

Ctrl + C

Copy the selected text.

Ctrl + E

Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.

Ctrl + F

Open find box.

Ctrl + I

Makes the font in Italic

Ctrl + J

Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen.

Ctrl + K

Insert link.

Ctrl + L

Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.

Ctrl + M

Indent the paragraph.

Ctrl + P

Open the print window.

Ctrl + R

Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.

Ctrl + T

Create a hanging indent.

Ctrl + U

Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + V

for Pasting the selected text

Ctrl + X

Cuts the elected text.

Ctrl + Y

Redo the last action performed.

Ctrl + Z

Undo last action.

Ctrl + Shift + L

Quickly creates a Bullet Point.

Ctrl + Shift + F

Change the font.

Ctrl + Shift + >

Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts.

Ctrl + ]

Increase selected font +1pts.

Ctrl + Shift + <

Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower, if above 12 decreases font by

+2pt.

Ctrl + [

Decrease selected font -1pts.

Ctrl + / + c

Insert a cent sign ().

Ctrl + ' +

Insert a character with an accent (grave) mark, where is the character you
want. For example, if you wanted an accented you would use Ctrl + ' + e as
your shortcut key. To reverse the accent mark use the opposite accent mark,
often on the Tilde Key.

Ctrl + Shift + *

View or hide non printing characters.

Ctrl +

Moves one word to the left.

Ctrl +

Moves one word to the right.

Ctrl +

Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph.

Ctrl +

Moves to the end of the paragraph.

Ctrl + Del

Deletes word to right of cursor.

Ctrl + Backspace

Deletes word to left of cursor.

Ctrl + End

Moves the cursor to the end of the document.

Ctrl + Home

Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.

Ctrl + Spacebar

Reset highlighted text to the default font.

Ctrl + 1

Single-space lines.

Ctrl + 2

Double-space lines.

Ctrl + 5

1.5-line spacing.

Ctrl + Alt + 1

Changes text to heading 1.

Ctrl + Alt + 2

Changes text to heading 2.

Ctrl + Alt + 3

Changes text to heading 3.

Alt + Ctrl + F2

Open new document.

Ctrl + F1

Opens the Task Pane.

Ctrl + F2

Displays the Print preview.

Ctrl + Shift + >

Increases the highlighted text size by one.

Ctrl + Shift + <

Decreases the highlighted text size by one.

Ctrl + Shift + F6

Opens to another open Microsoft Word document.

Ctrl + Shift + F12

Prints the document.

F1

Open Help.

F4

Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)

F5

Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.

F7

Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or document.

F12

Save as.

Shift + F3

Change the text in Microsoft Word from uppercase to lowercase or a capital

letter at the beginning of every word.

Shift + F7

Runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.

Shift + F12

Save.

Shift + Enter

Create a soft break instead of a new paragraph.

Shift + Insert

Paste.

Shift + Alt + D

Insert the current date.

Shift + Alt + T
Insert the current time.
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Computer Networks (Basics) for IBPS

IT Officers Exam 2013
Suppose you want to chat with your friend, or want to share your printer with your friend's
system. Then you should connect your computer to his/her computer. In simple words, you
are just forming a NETWORK by connecting two or more computers. These connections or
arrangements are called Computer Networks. These computers in the Computer Network
may attached with cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites or infrared light beams.
There are two aspects in computer networks.

Hard Ware : It includes physical connection (using adapter, cable, router, bridge
etc)

Soft Ware : It includes set of protocols (nothing but a set of rules)

Basic types of Computer Networks :

Local Area Networks (LANs) :
These are the simple networks. A set of computers (2 or more) connected within a single
building or college campus ( a few kilometres range)

Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs) :

These are the larger networks than LANs, these are limited to city or group of Nearby
Offices. Simply we can say that a group of LANs are called a MAN (but guys, this is not a
standard definition, its jst for your understanding purpose).

Wide Area Networks (WANs) :

These type of networks provides long distance transmission of data and voice. (A city, state ,
country and ofcourse the world). it contains HOST and collection of machines.

Now lets have a look at some basic differences between these three...

Area :

LAN : Covers small area.

WAN : Covers large geographical area
MAN : Covers larger than LAN but smaller than WAN

o
o
o

o
o
o

Error Rates :
LAN : Lowest
WAN : Highest
MAN : Moderate

o
o
o

Transmission speed :
LAN : High Speed
WAn : Low Speed
MAN : Moderate speed

Cost :

LAN : Uses inexpensive equipment (i mean, if you have two systems, its
hardly costs nothing (almost) to connect them with each other)
o
WAN : Uses most expensive equipment (Connecting systems via internet)
o
MAN : Uses moderately expensive equipment ( Connecting two systems in
different buildings)
Till now we have discussed about the types of Networks. Now we shall discuss about HOW
should we connect them.
Network Topology : A network Topology is the method or process which tells us about
how to connect the Systems.
There are several types of Topologies are there.

Assume that the above green dots are computers.

Line Topology : If we connect several computers in a line then it is called as the LINE
TOPOLOGY
Treee Topology : If we connect several systems in a hierarchical order, then it is called as
the TREE TOPOLOGY
Bus Topology : If we connect several computers to a back bone (A wire) then it is called as
the BUS TOPOLOGY.
Star Topology : If we connect several computers to a central hub (system) then it is called
as the STAR TOPOLOGY.
Ring Topology : In line topology if we connected the last system to the starting system,
then it is called as the Ring topology.
Mesh Topology : If we connect several systems with each other (There is no necessity that
one system should connect with all the remaining systems in the network, see the diagram)
then it is called as the Mesh Topology.
Fully Connected : In a Network if everysystem is connected with all the remaining
systems then it is called as the Fully Connected topology.

Data Base Management Systems

(Introduction)
Friends, in this post we shall discuss the basics of DBMS (Data Base Management Systems)
which will be helpful for you for IBPS Specialist Officers Exam (IT Officers).
Before going into details, lets have a look at the basic terminology of DBMS.
Data : Data is the raw material from which Useful Information is derived. The word data is
the Plural form of Datum (but nowadays, people commonly using data for both singular and
plural).
Simply we can say that, data is a collection of unorganized facts, but can be made
organized into useful information.
Some examples of data are Prices, Weights, Costs, Number of items sold or purchased etc.

Information : The data, that have been

processed in such a ways so as to increase the knowledge of the person who uses the data is
known as information. Of-course, now a days these terms data and information are closely
related and now a days people often interchanging their meanings.
Data (or) Information Processing : The process of converting the facts into meaningful
information is known as Data processing. It is also known as Information processing.
Meta Data : Simply we can say it as the Data about the Data. In other words, The Data that
describes the properties of other data is known as Metadata. I mean, Meta Data keeps the
information of the Other Data, i.e., it keeps the information HOW and WHERE the other
data is stored.
Data Base : A database is a collection of data (information) of some given Organization (a
company for example), that can be processed through one or more programs by multiple
users.
Some examples are A bank, A hospital, A company etc.....
Data Base Management Systems : Now you can define the database management
systems easily, A Data Base Management System (simply called as DBMS) is A System that
manages the Data Base.....
Not Satisfied? ok " A Software that manages the collection of Data"
Need a technical Definition? "A software that provides an efficient environment to
help us in STORING and RETRIEVING the Data Base of an enterprise.
Our DBMS, Defines Data, Stores Data, Maintains data and ofcourse, Deletes the Data...
Thats it :)
Simply our Database is the CONTAINER for a collection of computerized data files. Our
DBMS tells us n helps us in how to insert, maintain and delete these files.

Now lets have a look at some advantages of Database Management Systems

Reduction of Redundancies : Redundancy means duplicating ( I mean, making
the same copy of data again and again). Reduction of Redundancy means, avoiding the

duplication of data (Remember the warning message "The file named XYZ.JPG is already
exist. do you want to replace it???", yea the same thing
Data Independence and Efficient Access : The files stored in Database are
independent of their storage details.And the change in one file doesnt effect the other
(until and unless they related to each other).
Data Integrity : Data Integrity means, that the data values entered in the database
must be checked to ensure that they fall within the correct format and range. Confused?
lets see an example. Suppose I am entering the students details of a School. what is I
entered the age of the student as 55 ??? people will laugh at me. So the value should be
less than 17. And ofcourse, the Data Integrity also checks whether the referring field is
existing or not. I mean, if i want to enter the marks of a person named shivani sharma,
first of all it checks whether the name of that person exists in its database or not...
Data Security : All of us knows about Security. So no need to discuss. We shall
discuss about this in detail later...
Less Application Development Time : With the help of some Predefined
functions like Concurrency control, Crash Recovery etc, DBMS helps us to develop
applications in very less time.
Conflict Resolution : It helps us in resolving the conflicts among various users to
access the same data file
Data Administration : DBMS provides maintenance and administration of data
by providing a common base for the large collection of data being shared by several users.
Concurrent Access : Number of users can access a single file Concurrently (I
mean, at the same time).
Crash Recovery : The DBMS maintains a continuous record for the changes made
to the data, so , if there is any system crash by power failure or something, it can restore
the Database...

Read more: http://www.gr8ambitionz.com/2012/02/data-base-managementsystems.html#ixzz2Li38L9a2

Under Creative Commons License: Attribution

computer Awareness for bank exams

- Test 1
COMPUTER AWARENESS FOR SBI ASSOCIATE CLERICAL EXAM

1. Information on a computer is stored as what ?

(A) Analog data
(B) Digital data
(C) Modem data
(D) Watts data

(E) None of these

Ans : (B)
2. C, BASIC, COBOL and Java are examples of languages.
(A) low-level
(B) computer
(C) system programming
(D) high-level
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)
3. Most Web sites have a main page, the , which acts as a doorway to the rest of the
Web site pages.
(A) search engine
(B) home page
(C) browser
(D) URL
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)
4. An email account includes a storage area, often called a(n)
(A) attachment
(B) hyperlink
(C) mailbox
(D) IP address
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)
5. The is the box that houses the most important parts of a computer system.
(A) software
(B) hardware
(C) input device
(D) system unit
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)
6. What type of computer could be found in a digital watch ?
(A) Mainframe computer
(B) Supercomputer
(C) Embedded computer
(D) Notebook computer
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)
7. What is a modem connected to ?
(A) Processor
(B) Mother board
(C) Printer
(D) Phone line
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)
8. A(n) is a collection of information that determines which files you can access and
which settings you use.
(A) network
(B) user account

(C) operating system

(D) file system
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)
9. The space in your computer that loads and works with data
(A) cache memory
(B) CPU
(C) megabyte
(D) RAM memory
(E) ROM memory
Ans : (D)
10. hard drives are permanently located inside the system unit and are not designed to
be removed, unless they need to be repaired or replaced.
(A) Static
(B) Internal
(C) External
(D) Remove
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

11. A computer consists of two or more computers and other devices that are
connected for the purpose of sharing data and programs.
(A) network
(B) system
(C) workstation
(D) device
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)
12. The taskbar is located
(A) on the Start menu
(B) at the bottom of the screen
(C) on the Quick Launch toolbar
(D) at the top of the screen
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)
13. Once information is input into a computer, it becomes
(A) objects
(B) data
(C) ideas
(D) facts
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)

14. Generally, you access the Recycle Bin through an icon located
(A) on the desktop
(B) on the hard drive
(C) on the shortcut menu
(D) in the Properties dialog box
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)
15. Computer programs are written in a high-level programming language; however, the
humanreadable version of a program is called
(A) cache
(B) instruction set
(C) source code
(D) word size
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)
16. The Recycle Bin stores discarded items until
(A) another user logs on
(B) the computer is shut down
(C) the end of the day
(D) you empty it
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)
17. A is a collection of information saved as a unit.
(A) folder
(B) file
(C) path
(D) file extension
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)
18. Input, output, and processing devices grouped together represent a(n)
(A) mobile device
(B) information processing cycle
(C) circuit board
(D) computer system
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)
19. One thousand bytes is a
(A) kilobyte
(B) megabyte
(C) gigabyte
(D) terabyte
(E) None of these
Ans : (E)
20. What part of the computer provides only temporary storage of files ?
(A) ROM memory
(B) RAM memory
(C) Hard drive
(D) Mother board
(E) Processor

Ans : (B)
21. A(n) backup contains a copy of every program, data, and system file on a
computer.
(A) restoration
(B) bootstrap
(C) differential
(D) full
(E) None of these
Ans : (D)
22. Every component of your computer is either
(A) application software or system software
(B) software or CPU/RAM
(C) hardware or software
(D) input devices or output devices
(E) None of these
Ans : (C)
23. A blinking symbol on the screen that shows where the next character will appear
(A) delete key
(B) arrow key
(C) cursor
(D) return key
(E) Esc key
Ans : (C)
24. Being means being familiar enough with computers that you understand their
capabilities and limitations.
(A) computer literate
(B) computer competent
(C) computer savvy
(D) technology literate
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)
25. Which of the following could you do to remove a paragraph from a report you had
written ?
(A) Delete and edit
(B) Copy and paste
(C) Cut and paste
(D) Undo typing
(E) Highlight and delete
Ans : (E)
26. The computer monitor is which type of device ?
(A) Scanning
(B) Input
(C) Processor
(D) Software
(E) Output
Ans : (E)
27. The arrow keys can be used to
(A) delete text
(B) move the cursor in the text that has already been entered

(C) save the document

(D) move the cursor while deleting text
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)
28. Numbers in table columns are usually
(A) right-aligned
(B) left-aligned
(C) justified
(D) centered
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)
29. To indent the first paragraph of your report, you should use this key
(A) esc
(B) space bar
(C) return key
(D) shift key
(E) tab key
Ans : (E)
30. Each box in a spreadsheet is called a
(A) cell
(B) empty space
(C) record
(D) field
(E) table
Ans : (A)
31. A small picture that represents something on your screensuch as a(n)
(A) table
(B) application
(C) photo
(D) modem
(E) icon
Ans : (E)
32. When a file is saved for the first time
(A) a copy is automatically printed
(B) file name and folder name must be the same
(C) it does not need a name
(D) it only needs a name if it is not going to be printed
(E) it must be given a name to identify it
Ans : (E)
33. Example of non-numeric data is
(A) Employee Name
(B) Test score
(C) Bank Account No.
(D) All of these
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)
34. Which type of file is created by word processing programs ?
(A) Database file
(B) Storage file

(C) Worksheet file

(D) Document file
(E) Graphical file
Ans : (D)
35. The information you put into the computer is called
(A) directory
(B) facts
(C) data
(D) files
(E) output
Ans : (C)
36. This can be another word for program
(A) peripheral
(B) disk
(C) floppy
(D) hardware
(E) software
Ans : (E)
37. If a previously saved file is edited
(A) it cannot be saved again
(B) the changes will automatically be saved in the file
(C) the file will only have to be saved again if it is more than one page in length
(D) its name must be changed
(E) the file must be saved again to store the changes
Ans : (E)
38. Mr. XYZ wants to send an electronic message to a friend. He should use this type of
application
(A) word processing
(B) email
(C) spreadsheet
(D) paper and pencil
(E) None of these
Ans : (B)
39. To print a document
(A) select the Print command and then select OK
(B) select the Ready Printer command then select OK
(C) type PRINT and then press Enter
(D) close the document, select the Print command, then select OK
(E) None of these
Ans : (A)
40. Each on a menu performs a specific action.
(A) client
(B) server
(C) node
(D) command
(E) folder
Ans : (D)