Fr

ArcGIS allows for complex analyses of geographic

information. The ArcPy module is used to script these
ArcGIS analyses, providing a productive way to perform
geo-analyses and to automate map production.
This book will guide you from basic Python scripting to
advanced ArcPy script tools. This book starts off with
setting up your Python environment, demonstrates a
complex ArcPy script tool with multiple iterations, illustrates
data access module cursors, and explains how to use
ArcPy Geometry classes. Then, you will learn how to
output maps using ArcPy.Mapping, and how to create
ArcGIS script tools.
With the help of this book, you will be able to create
repeatable analyses reducing the time-consuming nature
of GIS, making you into a GIS professional as powerful as
a whole team.

Who this book is written for

Understand how to integrate Python into ArcGIS

and make GIS analysis faster and easier
Model an analysis and export it to Python
for further improvement
Create Python functions from exported scripts
using ArcToolbox tools to avoid repetitive code
Update the records of interest in your existing
geospatial data automatically using data
cursors
Add new geospatial data to existing datasets
automatically from field-collected data or
data produced during analysis

Update map documents with

analysis-generated data and export
maps to PDF or image formats
Create geometric networks and analyze
routes using scripts

$ 44.99 US
27.99 UK

community experience distilled

P U B L I S H I N G

Sa
m

pl

C o m m u n i t y

E x p e r i e n c e

D i s t i l l e d

Export formatted analysis results to

spreadsheets automatically

Silas Toms

If you are a GIS student or professional who needs

an understanding of how to use ArcPy to reduce
repetitive tasks and perform analysis faster, this book
is for you. It is also a valuable book for Python
programmers who want to understand how to automate
geospatial analyses.

What you will learn from this book

ArcPy and ArcGIS Geospatial Analysis with Python

ArcPy and ArcGIS Geospatial

Analysis with Python

ee

ArcPy and ArcGIS Geospatial

Analysis with Python
Use the ArcPy module to automate the analysis and mapping of
geospatial data in ArcGIS

Prices do not include

local sales tax or VAT
where applicable

Visit www.PacktPub.com for books, eBooks,

code, downloads, and PacktLib.

Silas Toms

In this package, you will find:

The author biography

A preview chapter from the book, Chapter 1 "Introduction to Python
for ArcGIS"
A synopsis of the books content
More information on ArcPy and ArcGIS Geospatial Analysis with Python

About the Author

Silas Toms is a geospatial programmer and analyst with a love of geography, history,
food, and sports. He resides in the San Francisco Bay Area and can't decide which side of
the Bay is more beautiful. He received a bachelor's degree in Geography from Humboldt
State University and is currently pursuing a master's degree in GIS at San Francisco State
University. With a background in GIS analysis for city governments and environmental
consulting, Silas loves the combination of GIS and Python for analysis automation and
data manipulation.
Working for Arini Geographics, Silas is helping governments understand how GIS can
organize and simplify the management of infrastructure and the environment. This dual
role as a programmer and analyst allows him to use Python and GIS to quickly produce
geospatial data and tools. Combined with web mapping, these tools are transforming how
governments work to serve the public. He also teaches workshops on ArcPy and web
mapping at the City College of San Francisco, while hoping to one day finish his
master's thesis.
Silas has worked as a reviewer on the book Python Geospatial Analysis, Packt Publishing
and is working on the book Python Geospatial Development, Packt Publishing to be
published in 2015.

I would like to thank my girlfriend, Christine, for her encouragement and

patience. I would like to thank my boss, Gabriel Paun, for his inspiration and
for pushing me to become a true GIS professional. I would like to thank the
faculty at HSU and SFSU for their help along the way, and I would like to
thank my family for their belief in me and for never asking me if I was going
to become a teacher with my geography degree (even though I have and I
love it!).

ArcPy and ArcGIS Geospatial

Analysis with Python
ArcGIS, the GIS software from industry leader ESRI, allows for the analysis and
presentation of geospatial data.
The integration of Python into ArcGIS has made the ArcPy module an important tool for
GIS students and professionals. The ArcPy module provides a powerful way to improve
productivity when performing geospatial analysis. From basic Python scripting through
advanced ArcPy methods and properties, ArcPy and other Python modules will improve
the speed and repeatability of any GIS work flow.
This book will guide you from basic Python scripting to advanced scripting tools. It
focuses on geospatial analysis scripting and touches on automating cartographic output.
By the end of this book, you will be able to create reusable modules, add repeatable
analyses as script tools in ArcToolbox, and export maps automatically. By reducing the
time-consuming nature of GIS from days to hours, one GIS professional can become as
powerful as a whole team.

What This Book Covers

Chapter 1, Introduction to Python for ArcGIS, offers a quick introduction to the basics of
Python, including other uses for the programming language. It covers Python data types
and important modules used throughout the book.
Chapter 2, Configuring the Python Environment, is an introduction to how Python works:
its folder structure, executables, and modules. It also explains importing modules into
scripts, the built-in modules, and covers Integrated Development Environments (IDEs),
which are powerful programming aids.
Chapter 3, Creating the First Python Script, demonstrates how to use ArcGIS
ModelBuilder to model the first analysis and then export it as a Python script. String
manipulations and how to use fi le paths in Python are also introduced.
Chapter 4, Complex ArcPy Scripts and Generalizing Functions, examines how to
perform analyses and produce outputs that are not possible using ModelBuilder. By using
functions, or reusable code blocks, repeating code is avoided.
Chapter 5, ArcPy Cursors Search, Insert, and Update, covers ArcPy data access
cursors and how they are used to search, update, or insert records in feature classes and
tables. It explains the quirks of iterating using cursors, and how to only select or update
the records of interest.

Chapter 6, Working with ArcPy Geometry Objects, explores ArcPy Geometry objects and
how they are combined with cursors to perform spatial analysis. It demonstrates how to
buffer, clip, reproject, and more using the data cursors and the Arcpy geometry types
without using ArcToolbox.
Chapter 7, Creating a Script Tool, explains how to make scripts into tools that appear in
ArcToolbox and are dynamic in nature. It explains how the tools and scripts
communicate and how to set up the ArcTool dialog to correctly pass parameters to
the script.
Chapter 8, Introduction to ArcPy.Mapping, explores the powerful Arcpy.Mapping
module and how to fix broken layer links, turn layers on and off, and dynamically adjust
titles and text. It shows how to create dynamic map output based on a geospatial analysis.
Chapter 9, More ArcPy.Mapping Techniques, introduces Layer objects, and their
methods and properties. It demonstrates how to control map scales and extents for data
frames, and covers automated map export.
Chapter 10, Advanced Geometry Object Methods, expands on the ArcPy Geometry
object methods and properties. It also explains how to create a module to save code for
reuse in subsequent scripts, and demonstrates how to create Excel spreadsheets
containing results from a geospatial analysis.
Chapter 11, Network Analyst and Spatial Analyst with ArcPy, introduces the basics of
using ArcPy for advanced geospatial analysis using the ArcGIS for Desktop Network
Analyst and Spatial Analyst Extensions.
Chapter 12, The End of the Beginning, covers other important topics that need to be
understood to have a full grasp of ArcPy. These topics include the Environment Settings,
XY values and Z and M resolutions, Spatial Reference Systems (Projections), the
Describe functions, and more.

Introduction to Python
for ArcGIS
In this chapter, we will discuss the development of Python as a programming
language, from its beginning in the late 1980s to its current state. We will discuss the
philosophy of design that spurred its development, and touch on important modules
that will be used throughout the book, especially focusing on the modules built into
the Python standard library. This overview of the language and its features will help
explain what makes Python a great language for ArcGIS automation.
This chapter will cover:

A quick overview of Python: What it is and does, who created it, and
where it is now

The ArcPy module and other important modules

Python as a general purpose programming language

Overview of Python
Python, created by Guido van Rossum in 1989, was named after his favorite comedy
troupe, Monty Python. His work group at the time had a tradition of naming
programs after TV shows, and he wanted something irreverent and different from
its predecessors - ABC, Pascal, Ada, Eiffel, FORTRAN, and others. So he settled on
Python, feeling it was a bit edgy and catchy as well. It's certainly more fun to say
than C, the language on which Python is based.

Introduction to Python for ArcGIS

Today, Python is a major programming language. It is used in web development,

database administration, and even to program robots. Most importantly to GIS
Analysts, Python can be used to control ArcGIS tools and Map Documents to
produce geospatial data and maps in an organized and speedy manner using the
excellent ArcPy module.
ArcPy is installed with ArcGIS for desktop and ArcGIS for server. ArcPy has been
the official ArcGIS scripting language since ArcGIS 10.0 and has steadily improved
in functionality and implementation. This book will target ArcGIS for Desktop
10.1 and later, and will demonstrate how to make use of Python and its powerful
programming libraries (or modules) when crafting complex geospatial analyses.

Python as a programming language

Over the past 40 years, programming languages have developed from assembly
and machine code towards high-level abstracted languages that are much closer to
English. The Python programming language was designed to overcome many issues
that programmers were complaining about in the 1980s: slow development time,
overly complicated syntax, and horrible readability. Van Rossum wanted to develop
a language that could enable rapid code development and testing, have simple or at
least readable) syntax, and produce results with fewer lines of code, in less time. The
first version of Python (0.9.0) was released in 1991 and was freely obtainable from the
start; Python was open source before the term open source was invented.

Interpreted language
Python is an interpreted language. It is written in C, a compiled language, and the code
is interpreted from Python into C before it is executed. Practically, this means that the
code is executed as soon as it is converted and compiled. While code interpretation
can have speed implications for the execution of Python-based programs, the faster
development time allowed by Python makes this drawback easy to ignore. Testing
of code snippets is much faster in an interpretive environment, and it is perfect to
create scripts to automate basic, repeatable computing tasks. Python scripts have
the .py extentions. Once the code has been interpreted, a second Python script (with
the .pyc extentions) is generated to save the compiled code. The .pyc script will be
automatically recompiled when changes are made in the original .py script.

[8]

Chapter 1

Standard (built-in) library

Python, when installed, has a basic set of functionality that is referred to as the
standard library. These tools allow Python to perform string manipulations, math
computations, and HTTP calls and URL parsing, along with many other functions.
Some of the tool libraries, known to Python programmers as modules, are built-in
and available as soon as Python is started, while others must be explicitly called
using the import keyword to make their functions and classes available. Other
modules have been developed by third parties and can be downloaded and installed
onto the Python installation as needed.
Many new programmers wonder if Python is a real programming language, which
is a loaded question. The answer is yes; Python can be used to create complete
programs, build websites, run computer networks, and much more. The built-in
modules and add-on modules make Python very powerful, and it can be (and has
been) used for nearly any part of a computeroperating systems, databases, web
servers, desktop applications, and so on. It is not always the best choice for the
development of these tools, but that has not stopped programmers from trying and
even succeeding.

The glue language

Python is at its best when it is used as a glue language. This term describes the use
of Python to control other programs, sending inputs to them and collecting outputs,
which are then sent to another program or written to disk. An ArcGIS example
would be to use Python to download zipped shapefiles from a website, unzipping
the files, processing the files using ArcToolbox, and compiling the results into an
Excel spreadsheet. All of this is accomplished using freely available modules that are
either included in Python's standard library, or added when ArcGIS is installed.

Wrapper modules
The ArcPy module is a wrapper module. Wrapper modules are common in Python,
and are so named because they wrap Python onto the tools we will need. They allow
us to use Python to interface with other programs written in C or other programming
languages, using the Application Programming Interface (API) of those programs.
For example, wrappers make it possible to extract data from an Excel spreadsheet and
transform or load the data into another program, such as ArcGIS. Not all modules are
wrappers; some modules are written in pure Python and perform their analysis and
computations using the Python syntax. Either way, the end result is that a computer
and its programs are available to be manipulated and controlled using Python.

[9]

Introduction to Python for ArcGIS

The Zen of Python was created to be straightforward, readable, and simplified,

compared to other languages that existed previously. This governing philosophy
was organized into a poem by Tim Peters, an early Python developer called the Zen
of Python; it is an Easter egg (a hidden feature) included in every Python installation
and is shown when import this is typed in the Python interpreter:
The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters:
Beautiful is better than ugly.
Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.
Complex is better than complicated.
Flat is better than nested.
Sparse is better than dense.
Readability counts.
Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
Although practicality beats purity.
Errors should never pass silently.
Unless explicitly silenced.
In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than *right* now.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!

Go to https://www.python.org/doc/humor/
for more information.

The basics of Python

Python has a number of language requirements and conventions that allow for the
control of modules and structuring of code. The following are a number of important
basic concepts, which will be used throughout this book and when crafting scripts
for use with geospatial analyses.

[ 10 ]

Chapter 1

Import statements
Import statements are used to augment the power of Python by calling other
modules for use in the script. These modules can be part of the standard Python
library of modules, such as the math module (used to do higher mathematical
calculations) or, importantly, ArcPy, which will allow us to interact with ArcGIS.
Import statements can be located anywhere before the
module is used, but by convention, they are located at the
top of a script.

There are three ways to create an import statement. The first, and most standard, is
to import the whole module as follows:
import arcpy

Using this method, we can even import more than one module on the same
line. The following imports three modules: arcpy, os (the operating system
module), and sys (the Python system module):
import arcpy, os, sys

The next method of importing a script is to import a specific portion of a

module, instead of importing the entire module, using the from <module>
import <submodule> syntax:
from arcpy import mapping

This method is used when only a portion of the code from ArcPy will be
needed; it has the practical effect of limiting the amount of memory used by
the module when it is called. We can also import multiple portions of the
module in the same fashion:
from arcpy import mapping, da

The third way to import a module is the from <module> import

<submodule> syntax, but by using an asterisk to import all parts of
the module:
from arcpy import *

[ 11 ]

Introduction to Python for ArcGIS

This last method is still used but it is discouraged as it can have unforeseen
consequences. For instance, the names of the variables in the module might conflict
with another variable in another module if they are not explicitly imported. For this
reason, it is best to avoid this third method. However, lots of existing scripts include
import statements of this type so be aware of these consequences.

Variables
Variables are a part of all programming languages. They are used to reference data
and store it in memory for use later in a script. There are a lot of arguments over the
best method to name variables. No standard has been developed for Python scripting
for ArcGIS. The following are some best practices to use when naming variables.

Make them descriptive: Don't just name a variable x; that variable will
be useless later when the script is reviewed and there is no way to know
what it is used for, or why. They should be longer rather than shorter, and
should hint at the data they reference or even the data type of the object they
reference:
shapefilePath = 'C:/Data/shapefile.shp'

Use camel case to make the variable readable: Camel case is a term used for
variables that start with a lower case letter but have upper case letters in the
middle, resembling a camel's hump:
camelCase = 'this is a string'

Include the data type in the variable name: If the variable contains a string,
call it variableString. This is not required, and will not be used dogmatically
in this book, but it can help organize the script and is helpful for others
who will read these scripts. Python is dynamically typed instead of statically.
A programming language distinction means that a variable does not have
to be declared before it can be used, unlike Visual Basic or other statically
typed languages. This improves the speed of writing a script, but it can be
problematic in long scripts as the data type of a variable will not be obvious.
The ArcGIS does not use camel case when it exports Python
scripts, and many examples will not include it; nevertheless,
it is recommended when writing new scripts. Also, variables
cannot start with a number.

[ 12 ]

Chapter 1

For loops
Built into programming languages is the ability to iterate, or perform a repeating
process, over a dataset to transform or extract data that meets specific criteria.
Python's main iteration tool is known as a for loop. The term for loop means that
an operation will loop, or iterate, over the items in a dataset to perform the operation
on each item. The dataset must be iterable to be used in a for loop, a distinction
discussed further ahead.
We will be using for loops throughout this book. Here is a simple example that uses
the Python Interpreter to take string values and print them in an uppercase format,
using a for loop:
>>> newlist = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ]
>>> for item in newlist:
print item.upper()

The output is shown as follows:

A
B
C
D

The variable item is a generic variable assigned to each object as it is entered into
the for loop, and not a term required by Python. It could have been x or value
instead. Within the loop, the first object (a) is assigned to the generic variable item
and has the upper string function applied to it to produce the output A. Once this
action has been performed, the next object (b) is assigned to the generic variable
to produce an output. This loop is repeated for all members of the dataset newlist;
once completed, the variable item will still carry the value of the last member of the
dataset (d in this case).
Downloading the example code
You can download the example code files for all Packt books you have
purchased from your account at http://www.packtpub.com. If you
purchased this book elsewhere, you can visit http://www.packtpub.
com/support and register to have the files e-mailed directly to you.

[ 13 ]

Introduction to Python for ArcGIS

If/Elif/Else statements
Conditional statements, called if/else statements in Python, are also standard
in programming languages. They are used when evaluating data; when certain
conditions are met, one action will be taken (the initial if statement; if another
condition is met, another action is taken; this is an elif statement), and if the data
does not meet the condition, a final action is assigned to deal with those cases (the
else statement). These are similar to a where conditional in a SQL statement used
with the Select tool in ArcToolbox. Here is an example of how to use an if/else
statement to evaluate data in a list (a data type discussed further ahead) and find the
remainder when divided using the modulus operator (%) and Python's is equal to
operator (==):
>>> data = [1,2,4,5,6,7,10]
>>> for val in data:
if val % 2 == 0:
print val,"no remainder"
elif val % 3 == 2:
print val, "remainder of two"
else:
print "final case"

The output is shown as follows:

final case
2 no remainder
4 no remainder
5 remainder of two
6 no remainder
final case
10 no remainder

While statements
Another important evaluation tool is the while statement. It is used to perform an
action while a condition is true; when the condition is false, the evaluation will stop.
Note that the condition must become false, or the action will be always performed,
creating an infinite loop that will not stop until the Python interpreter is shut off
externally. Here is an example of using a while loop to perform an action until a true
condition becomes false:

[ 14 ]

Chapter 1
>>> x = 0
>>> while x < 5:
print x
x+=1

The output is shown as follows:

0
1
2
3
4

Comments
Comments in Python are used to add notes within a script. They are marked by
a pound sign, and are ignored by the Python interpreter when the script is run.
Comments are useful to explain what a code block does when it is executed, or to
add helpful notes that script authors would like future script users to read:
# This is a comment

While it is a programming truism that good code is well-commented code, many

programmers skip this valuable step. Also, too many comments can reduce their
usefulness and the script's readability. If variables are descriptive enough, and code
is well-organized, comments are less necessary; writing the code as verbose and as
well-organized as possible will require less time to be spent on comments.

Data types
GIS uses points, lines, polygons, coverages, and rasters to store data. Each of these
GIS data types can be used in different ways when performing an analysis and have
different attributes and traits. Python, similar to GIS, has data types that organize
data. The main data types in Python are strings, integers, floats, lists, tuples, and
dictionaries. They each have their own attributes and traits (or properties), and
are used for specific parts of code automation. There are also built-in functions
that allow for data types to be converted (or casted) from one type to another; for
instance, the integer 1 can be converted to the string 1 using the str() function:
>>> variable = 1
>>> newvar = str(variable)
>>> newvar

[ 15 ]

Introduction to Python for ArcGIS

The output is shown as follows:

1

Strings
Strings are used to contain any kind of character. They begin and end with quotation
marks, with either single or double quotes used, though the string must begin and
end with the same type of quotation marks. Within a string, quoted text can appear;
it must use the opposite quotation marks to avoid conflicting with the string.Check
the following example:
>>> quote = 'This string contains a quote: "Here is the quote" '

A third type of string is also employed, a multiple line string that starts and ends
with three single quote marks:
>>> multiString = '''This string has
multiple lines and can go for
as long as I want it too'''

Integers
Integers are whole numbers that do not have any decimal places. There is a special
consequence to the use of integers in mathematical operations; if integers are used
for division, an integer result will be returned. Check out this code snippet below to
see an example of this:
>>> 5 / 2

The output is shown as follows:

2

Instead of an accurate result of 2.5, Python will return the floor value, or the lowest
whole integer for any integer division calculation. This can obviously be problematic
and can cause small bugs in scripts that can have major consequences.
Please be aware of this issue when writing scripts and use floats to
avoid it as described in the following section.

[ 16 ]

Chapter 1

Floats
Floating point values, or floats, are used by Python to represent decimal values. The
use of floats when performing division is recommended:
>>> 5.0 / 2

The output is shown as follows:

2.5

Because computers store values in a base 2 binary system, there can be issues
representing a floating value that would normally be represented in a base 10
system. Read docs.python.org/2/tutorial/floatingpoint.html for a further
discussion of the ramifications of this limitation.

Lists
Lists are ordered sets of data that are contained in square brackets ([]). Lists can
contain any other type of data, including other lists. Data types can be mixed
within a single list. Lists also have a set of methods that allow them to be extended,
reversed, sorted, summed, or extract the maximum or minimum value, along with
many other methods. Data pieces within a list are separated by commas.
List members are referenced by their index, or position in the list, and the index
always starts at zero. Look at the following example to understand this better:
>>> alist = ['a','b','c','d']
>>> alist[0]

The output is shown as follows:

'a'

This example shows us how to extract the first value (at the index 0) from the list
called alist. Once a list has been populated, the data within it is referenced by its
index, which is passed to the list in square brackets. To get the second value in a list
(the value at index 1), the same method is used:
>>> alist[1]

The output is shown as follows:

'b'

[ 17 ]

Introduction to Python for ArcGIS

To merge two lists, the extend method is used:

>>> blist = [2,5,6]
>>> alist.extend(blist)
>>> alist

The output is shown as follows:

['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 2, 5, 6]

Tuples
Tuples are related to lists and are denoted by parentheses (()). Unlike lists, tuples are
immutablethey cannot be adjusted or extended once they have been created. Data
within a tuple is referenced in the same way as a list, using index references starting
at zero:
>>> atuple = ('e','d','k')
>>> atuple[0]

The output is shown as follows:

'e'

Dictionaries
Dictionaries are denoted by curly brackets ({}) and are used to create key:value
pairs. This allows us to map values from a key to a value, so that the value can
replace the key and data from the value can be used in processing. Here is a
simple example:
>>> adic = {'key':'value'}
>>> adic['key']

The output is shown as follows:

'value'

Note that instead of referring to an index position, such as lists or tuples, the values
are referenced using a key. Also, keys can be any other type of data except lists
(because lists are mutable).

[ 18 ]

Chapter 1

This can be very valuable when reading a shapefile or feature class. Using an
ObjectID as a key, the value would be a list of row attributes associated with
ObjectID. Look at the following example to better understand this behavior:
>>> objectIDdic = { 1 : [ '100' , 'Main' , 'St' ] }
>>> objectIDdic[1]

The output is shown as follows:

['100', 'Main', 'St']

Dictionaries are very valuable for reading in feature classes and easily parsing
through the data by calling only the rows of interest, among other operations. They
are great for ordering and reordering data for use later in a script, so be sure to pay
attention to them moving forward.

Iterable data types

Lists, tuples, and strings are all iterable data types that can be used in for loops.
When entered into a for loop, these data types are operated on in order, unless
otherwise specified. For lists and tuples, this is easy to understand, as they have
an obvious order:
>>> aList = [1,3,5,7]
>>> for value in aList:
print value * 2

The output is shown as follows:

2
6
10
14

For strings, each character is looped:

>>> aString = "esri"
>>> for value in aString:
print value.upper()

[ 19 ]

Introduction to Python for ArcGIS

The output is shown as follows:

E
S
R
I

Dictionaries are also iterable, but with a specific implementation that will only allow
direct access to the keys of the dictionary (which can then be used to access the
values). Also, the keys are not returned in a specific order:
>>> aDict = {"key1":"value1",
"key2":"value2"}
>>> for value in aDict:
print value, aDict[value]

The output is shown as follows:

key2 value2
key1 value1

Other important concepts

The use of Python for programming requires an introduction to a number of
concepts that are either unique to Python but required or common programming
concepts that will be invoked repeatedly when creating scripts. Included following
are a number of these concepts that must be covered to be fluent in Python.

Indentation
Python, unlike most other programming languages, enforces strict rules on indenting
lines of code. This concept is derived again from Guido's desire to produce clean,
readable code. When creating functions or using for loops, or if/else statements,
indentation is required on the succeeding lines of code. If a for loop is included inside
an if/else statement, there will be two levels of indentation. Veteran programmers of
other languages have complained about the strict nature of Python's indentation. New
programmers generally find it to be helpful as it makes it easy to organize code. Note
that a lot of programmers new to Python will create an indentation error at some point,
so make sure to pay attention to the indentation levels.

[ 20 ]

Chapter 1

Functions
Functions are used to take code that is repeated over and over within a script, or
across scripts, and make formal tools out of them. Using the keyword def, short for
the define function, functions are created with defined inputs and outputs. The idea
of a function in computing is that it takes data in one state and converts it into data in
another state, without affecting any other part of the script. This can be very valuable
to automate a GIS analysis.
Here is an example of a function that returns the square of any number supplied:
def square(inVal):
return inVal ** 2
>>> square(3)

The output is shown as follows:

9

While this of course duplicates a similar function built into the math module, it
shows the basics of a function. A function (generally) accepts data, transforms it as
needed, and then returns the new state of the data using the return keyword.

Keywords
There are a number of keywords built into Python that should be avoided when
naming variables. These include max, min, sum, return, list, tuple, def,
del, from, not, in, as, if, else, elif, or, while, and, with, among
many others. Using these keywords will result in an error.

Namespaces
Namespaces are a logical way to organize variable names when a variable inside a
function (a local variable) shares the same name as a variable outside of the function
(a global variable). Local variables contained within a function (either in the script or
within an imported module) and global variables can share a name as long as they
do not share a namespace.
This issue often arises when a variable within an imported module unexpectedly
has the same name of a variable in the script. Python Interpreter will use namespace
rules to decide which variable has been called, which can lead to undesirable results.

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Introduction to Python for ArcGIS

Zero-based indexing
As mentioned in the preceding section that describes lists and tuples, Python
indexing and counting starts at zero, instead of one. This means that the first member
of a group of data is at the zero position, and the second member is at the first
position, and so on till the last position.
This rule also applies when there is a for loop iteration within a script. When the
iteration starts, the first member of the data being iterated is in the zero position.
Also, indexing can be performed when counting from the last member of an iterable
object. In this case, the index of the last member is -1, and the second to last is -2, and
so on back to the first member of the object.

Important Python Modules for GIS

Analysis
Modules, or code libraries that can be called by a script to increase its programming
potential, are either built into Python or are created by third parties and added
later to Python. Most of these are written in Python, but a number of them are also
written in other programming languages and then wrapped in Python to make them
available within Python scripts. Modules are also used to make other programs
available to Python, such as the tools built in Microsoft Word.

The ArcPy module

The ArcPy module is both a wrapper module used to interact with the ArcGIS tools,
which are then executed by ArcGIS in its internal code format, and a code base that
allows for additional control of geospatial analyses and map production. ArcPy is
used to control the tools in ArcToolbox, but the tools have not been rewritten in
Python; instead, we are able to use the ArcGIS tools using ArcPy. ArcPy also gives
us the ability to control ArcGIS Map Documents( MXDs) and the objects that MXDs
include: legends, titles, images, layers, and the map view itself. ArcPy also has tools
that are not available in ArcToolbox. The most powerful of these are the data cursors,
especially the new Data Analysis Cursors that create a more Pythonic interface with
GIS data. The data cursors, covered extensively in Chapters 5, ArcPy Cursors: Search,
Insert and Update and Chapter 6, Working with ArcPy Geometry Objects are very useful
to extract rows of data from data sources for analysis.

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Chapter 1

The ability to control geospatial analyses using ArcPy allows for the integration of
ArcGIS tools into workflows that contain other powerful Python modules. Python's
glue language abilities increase the usefulness of ArcGIS by reducing the need to
treat geospatial data in a special manner.

The Operating System (OS) module

The OS module, part of the standard library, allows Python to access operating
system functionality. A common use of the module is to use the os.path method
to control file paths by dividing them into directory paths (that is, folders) and base
paths (that is, files). There is also a useful method, os.walk, which will walk-through
a directory and return all files within the folders and subfolders. The OS module is
accessed constantly when performing GIS analysis.

The Python System (SYS) module

The sys module, part of the standard library, refers to the Python installation itself.
It has a number of methods that will get information about the version of Python
installed, as well as information about the script and any arguments (or parameters)
supplied to the script, using the sys.argv method. The sys.path method is very
useful to append the Python file path; practically, this means that folders containing
scripts can be referenced by other scripts to make the functions they contain
importable to other scripts.

The XLRD and XLWT modules

The XLRD and XLWT modules are used to read and write Excel spreadsheets,
respectively. The modules can be very useful to extract data from legacy
spreadsheets and convert them into usable data for GIS analysis, or to write analysis
results when a geospatial analysis is completed. They are not part of the Python
standard library, but are installed along with ArcGIS 10.2 and Python 2.7.

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Introduction to Python for ArcGIS

Commonly used built-in functions

There are a number of built-in functions that we will use throughout the book. The
main ones are listed as follows:

str: The string function is used to convert any other type of data into a string

int: The integer function is used to convert a string or float into an integer.

float: The float function is used to convert a string or an integer into a float,

To not create an error, any string passed to the integer function must be a
number such as 1.
much like the integer function.

Commonly used standard library modules

The following standard library modules must be imported:

datetime: The datetime module is used to get information about the date
and time, and convert string dates into Python dates.

math: The math module is used for higher level math functions that are
necessary at times, such as getting a value for Pi or calculating the square
of a number.

string: The string module is used for string manipulations.

csv: The CSV module is used to create and edit comma-separated value

type files.

Check out https://docs.python.org/2/library for a complete list of the built-in

modules in the standard library.

Summary
In this chapter, we discussed about the Zen of Python and covered the basics of
programming using Python. We began our exploration of ArcPy and how it can
be integrated with other Python modules to produce complete workflows. We also
discussed the Python standard library and the basic data types of Python.
Next, we will discuss how to configure Python for use with ArcGIS, and explore how
to use Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) to write scripts.

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Get more information ArcPy and ArcGIS Geospatial Analysis with Python

Where to buy this book

You can buy ArcPy and ArcGIS Geospatial Analysis with Python from the
Packt Publishing website.
Alternatively, you can buy the book from Amazon, BN.com, Computer Manuals and most internet
book retailers.
Click here for ordering and shipping details.

www.PacktPub.com

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