[Type the document title]

STATCOM-Control

Connected

Wind

Scheme

Energy

System

for
for

Grid
Power

Quality Improvement
Abstract
Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power
quality. The performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality
are determined on the basis of measurements and the norms followed
according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical
Commission standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in
the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are-the
active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics,
and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured
according

to

national/international

guidelines.

The

paper

study

demonstrates the power quality problem due to installation of wind

turbine with the grid. In this proposed scheme Static Compensator
(STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery
energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The
battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power source
under fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid
connected

wind

energy

generation

system

for

power

quality

improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system

block set. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme relives the main
supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the
induction generator. The development of the grid co-ordination rule and
the scheme for improvement in power quality norms as per IEC-standard
on the grid has been presented.

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1. INTRODUCTION
To have sustainable growth and social progress, it is necessary to meet the energy
need by utilizing the renewable energy resources like wind, biomass, hydro, co-generation,
etc. In sustainable energy system, energy conservation and the use of renewable source are
the key paradigm. The need to integrate the renewable energy like wind energy into power
system is to make it possible to minimize the environmental impact on conventional plant.
The integration of wind energy into existing power system presents a technical challenges
and that requires consideration of voltage regulation, stability, power quality problems. The
power quality is an essential customer-focused measure and is greatly affected by the
operation of a distribution and transmission network. The issue of power quality is of great
importance to the wind turbine.
There has been an extensive growth and quick development in the
exploitation of wind energy in recent years. The individual units can be
of large capacity up to 2 MW, feeding into distribution network,
particularly with customers connected in close proximity. Today, more
than 28,000 wind generating turbines are successfully operating all over
the world. In the fixed-speed wind turbine operation, all the fluctuation
in the wind speed are transmitted as fluctuations in the mechanical
torque, electrical power on the grid and leads to large voltage
fluctuations. During the normal operation, wind turbine produces a
continuous variable output power. These power variations are mainly
caused by the effect of turbulence, wind shear, and tower-shadow and
of control system in the power system.
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Thus, the network needs to manage for such fluctuations. The
power quality issues can be viewed with respect to the wind generation,
transmission and distribution network, such as voltage sag, swells,
flickers, harmonics

etc.

However

the wind

generator

introduces

disturbances into the distribution network. One of the simple methods of

running a wind generating system is to use the induction generator
connected directly to the grid system. The induction generator has
inherent advantages of cost effectiveness and robustness. However;
induction generators require reactive power for magnetization. When
the generated active power of an induction generator is varied due to
wind, absorbed reactive power and terminal voltage of an induction
generator can be significantly affected. A proper control scheme in wind
energy generation system is required under normal operating condition
to allow the proper control over the active power production. In the
event of increasing grid disturbance, a battery energy storage system
for wind energy generating system is generally required to compensate
the fluctuation generated by wind turbine. A STATCOM based control
technology has been proposed for improving the power quality which
can

technically

manages

the

power

level

associates

with

the

commercial wind turbines. The proposed STATCOM control scheme for

grid connected wind energy generation for power quality improvement
has following objectives.
Unity power factor at the source side.
Reactive power support only from STATCOM to wind Generator
and Load.
Simple bang-bang controller for STATCOM to achieve fast
dynamic response.

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The paper is organized as fallows. The Section II introduces the
power quality standards, issues and its consequences of wind turbine.
The Section III introduces the grid coordination rule for grid quality
limits. The Section IV describes the topology for power quality
improvement. The Sections V, VI, VII describes the control scheme,
system performance and conclusion respectively.

2. FACTS
Flexible AC Transmission Systems, called FACTS, got in the recent years a well
known term for higher controllability in power systems by means of power electronic
devices. Several FACTS-devices have been introduced for various applications worldwide.
A number of new types of devices are in the stage of being introduced in practice.
In most of the applications the controllability is used to avoid cost intensive or
landscape requiring extensions of power systems, for instance like upgrades or additions of
substations and power lines. FACTS-devices provide a better adaptation to varying
operational conditions and improve the usage of existing installations. The basic
applications of FACTS-devices are:

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Power flow control,
Increase of transmission capability,
Voltage control,
Reactive power compensation,
Stability improvement,
Power quality improvement,
Power conditioning,
Flicker mitigation,
Interconnection of renewable and distributed generation and storages.
Figure 1.1 shows the basic idea of FACTS for transmission systems. The usage of
lines for active power transmission should be ideally up to the thermal limits. Voltage and
stability limits shall be shifted with the means of the several different FACTS devices. It
can be seen that with growing line length, the opportunity for FACTS devices gets more
and more important.
The influence of FACTS-devices is achieved through switched or controlled shunt
compensation, series compensation or phase shift control. The devices work electrically as
fast current, voltage or impedance controllers. The power electronic allows very short
reaction times down to far below one second.

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The development of FACTS-devices has started with the growing capabilities of

power electronic components. Devices for high power levels have been made available in
converters for high and even highest voltage levels. The overall starting points are network
elements influencing the reactive power or the impedance of a part of the power system.
Figure 1.2 shows a number of basic devices separated into the conventional ones and the
FACTS-devices.

For the FACTS side the taxonomy in terms of 'dynamic' and 'static' needs some
explanation. The term 'dynamic' is used to express the fast controllability of FACTSdevices provided by the power electronics. This is one of the main differentiation factors
from the conventional devices. The term 'static' means that the devices have no moving
parts like mechanical switches to perform the dynamic controllability. Therefore most of
the FACTS-devices can equally be static and dynamic.

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The left column in Figure 1.2 contains the conventional devices build out of fixed
or mechanically switch able components like resistance, inductance or capacitance together
with transformers. The FACTS-devices contain these elements as well but use additional
power electronic valves or converters to switch the elements in smaller steps or with
switching patterns within a cycle of the alternating current. The left column of FACTSdevices uses Thyristor valves or converters. These valves or converters are well known
since several years. They have low losses because of their low switching frequency of once
a cycle in the converters or the usage of the Thyristors to simply bridge impedances in the
valves.
The right column of FACTS-devices contains more advanced technology of voltage
source converters based today mainly on Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) or
Insulated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCT). Voltage Source Converters provide a free
controllable voltage in magnitude and phase due to a pulse width modulation of the IGBTs
or IGCTs. High modulation frequencies allow to get low harmonics in the output signal
and even to compensate disturbances coming from the network. The disadvantage is that
with an increasing switching frequency, the losses are increasing as well. Therefore special
designs of the converters are required to compensate this.
2.1.Configurations of FACTS-Devices:
2.1.1.Shunt Devices:
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The most used FACTS-device is the SVC or the version with Voltage Source
Converter called STATCOM. These shunt devices are operating as reactive power
compensators. The main applications in transmission, distribution and industrial networks
are:
Reduction of unwanted reactive power flows and therefore reduced network
losses.
Keeping of contractual power exchanges with balanced reactive power.
Compensation of consumers and improvement of power quality especially with
huge demand fluctuations like industrial machines, metal melting plants, railway or
underground train systems.
Compensation of Thyristor converters e.g. in conventional HVDC lines.
Improvement of static or transient stability.
Almost half of the SVC and more than half of the STATCOMs are used for
industrial applications. Industry as well as commercial and domestic groups of users
require power quality. Flickering lamps are no longer accepted, nor are interruptions of
industrial processes due to insufficient power quality. Railway or underground systems
with huge load variations require SVCs or STATCOMs.
2.2.SVC:
Electrical loads both generate and absorb reactive power. Since the transmitted load
varies considerably from one hour to another, the reactive power balance in a grid varies as
well. The result can be unacceptable voltage amplitude variations or even a voltage
depression, at the extreme a voltage collapse.
A rapidly operating Static Var Compensator (SVC) can continuously provide the
reactive power required to control dynamic voltage oscillations under various system
conditions and thereby improve the power system transmission and distribution stability.
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2.2.1 Applications of the SVC systems in transmission systems:
a. To increase active power transfer capacity and transient stability margin
b. To damp power oscillations
c. To achieve effective voltage control
In addition, SVCs are also used
1. in transmission systems
a. To reduce temporary over voltages
b. To damp sub synchronous resonances
c. To damp power oscillations in interconnected power systems
2. in traction systems
a. To balance loads
b. To improve power factor
c. To improve voltage regulation
3. In HVDC systems
a. To provide reactive power to acdc converters
4. In arc furnaces
a. To reduce voltage variations and associated light flicker
Installing an SVC at one or more suitable points in the network can increase
transfer capability and reduce losses while maintaining a smooth voltage profile under

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different network conditions. In addition an SVC can mitigate active power oscillations
through voltage amplitude modulation.
SVC installations consist of a number of building blocks. The most important is the
Thyristor valve, i.e. stack assemblies of series connected anti-parallel Thyristors to provide
controllability. Air core reactors and high voltage AC capacitors are the reactive power
elements used together with the Thyristor valves. The step up connection of this equipment
to the transmission voltage is achieved through a power transformer.

SVC building blocks and voltage / current characteristic

In principle the SVC consists of Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC) and
Thyristor Switched or Controlled Reactors (TSR / TCR). The coordinated control of a
combination of these branches varies the reactive power as shown in Figure. The first
commercial SVC was installed in 1972 for an electric arc furnace. On transmission level
the first SVC was used in 1979. Since then it is widely used and the most accepted
FACTS-device.

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SVC
2.2.2 SVC USING A TCR AND AN FC:
In this arrangement, two or more FC (fixed capacitor) banks are connected to a
TCR (thyristor controlled reactor) through a step-down transformer. The rating of the
reactor is chosen larger than the rating of the capacitor by an amount to provide the
maximum lagging vars that have to be absorbed from the system. By changing the firing
angle of the thyristor controlling the reactor from 90 to 180, the reactive power can be
varied over the entire range from maximum lagging vars to leading vars that can be
absorbed from the system by this compensator.

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2.2.3 SVC of the FC/TCR type:

The main disadvantage of this configuration is the significant harmonics that will
be generated because of the partial conduction of the large reactor under normal sinusoidal
steady-state operating condition when the SVC is absorbing zero MVAr. These harmonics
are filtered in the following manner. Triplex harmonics are canceled by arranging the TCR
and the secondary windings of the step-down transformer in delta connection. The
capacitor banks with the help of series reactors are tuned to filter fifth, seventh, and other
higher-order harmonics as a high-pass filter. Further losses are high due to the circulating
current between the reactor and capacitor banks.

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Comparison of the loss characteristics of TSCTCR, TCRFC compensators and
synchronous condenser
These SVCs do not have a short-time overload capability because the reactors are
usually of the air-core type. In applications requiring overload capability, TCR must be
designed for short-time overloading, or separate thyristor-switched overload reactors must
be employed.
2.2.4 SVC USING A TCR AND TSC:
This compensator overcomes two major shortcomings of the earlier compensators
by reducing losses under operating conditions and better performance under large system
disturbances. In view of the smaller rating of each capacitor bank, the rating of the reactor
bank will be 1/n times the maximum output of the SVC, thus reducing the harmonics
generated by the reactor. In those situations where harmonics have to be reduced further, a
small amount of FCs tuned as filters may be connected in parallel with the TCR.

SVC of combined TSC and TCR type

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When large disturbances occur in a power system due to load rejection, there is a
possibility for large voltage transients because of oscillatory interaction between system
and the SVC capacitor bank or the parallel. The LC circuit of the SVC in the FC
compensator. In the TSCTCR scheme, due to the flexibility of rapid switching of
capacitor banks without appreciable disturbance to the power system, oscillations can be
avoided, and hence the transients in the system can also be avoided. The capital cost of this
SVC is higher than that of the earlier one due to the increased number of capacitor
switches and increased control complexity.

3. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)

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Introduction
The STATCOM is a solid-state-based power converter version of the SVC.
Operating as a shunt-connected SVC, its capacitive or inductive output currents can be
controlled independently from its terminal AC bus voltage. Because of the fast-switching
characteristic of power converters, STATCOM provides much faster response as compared
to the SVC. In addition, in the event of a rapid change in system voltage, the capacitor
voltage does not change instantaneously; therefore, STATCOM effectively reacts for the
desired responses. For example, if the system voltage drops for any reason, there is a
tendency for STATCOM to inject capacitive power to support the dipped voltages.
STATCOM is capable of high dynamic performance and its compensation does not
depend on the common coupling voltage. Therefore, STATCOM is very effective during
the power system disturbances.
Moreover, much research confirms several advantages of STATCOM. These
advantages compared to other shunt compensators include:
Size, weight, and cost reduction
Equality of lagging and leading output
Precise and continuous reactive power control with fast response
Possible active harmonic filter capability
This chapter describes the structure, basic operating principle and
characteristics of STATCOM. In addition, the concept of voltage source converters and the
corresponding control techniques are illustrated.

3.1 STRUCTURE OF STATCOM

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Basically, STATCOM is comprised of three main parts (as seen from Figure
below): a voltage source converter (VSC), a step-up coupling transformer, and a controller.
In a very-high-voltage system, the leakage inductances of the step-up power transformers
can function as coupling reactors. The main purpose of the coupling inductors is to filter
out the current harmonic components that are generated mainly by the pulsating output
voltage of the power converters.

Reactive power generation by a STATCOM

3.2 CONTROL OF STATCOM
Introduction
The controller of a STATCOM operates the converter in a particular way that the
phase angle between the converter voltage and the transmission line voltage is dynamically
adjusted and synchronized so that the STATCOM generates or absorbs desired VAR at the
point of coupling connection. Figure 3.4 shows a simplified diagram of the STATCOM
with a converter voltage source __1E and a tie reactance, connected to a system with a
voltage source, and a Thevenin reactance, XTIEX_THVTH.
a.Two Modes of Operation
There are two modes of operation for a STATCOM, inductive mode and the
capacitive mode. The STATCOM regards an inductive reactance connected at its terminal
when the converter voltage is higher than the transmission line voltage. Hence, from the
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systems point of view, it regards the STATCOM as a capacitive reactance and the
STATCOM is considered to be operating in a capacitive mode. Similarly, when the system
voltage is higher than the converter voltage, the system regards an inductive reactance
connected at its terminal. Hence, the STATCOM regards the system as a capacitive
reactance and the STATCOM is considered to be operating in an inductive mode

.
STATCOM operating in inductive or capacitive modes
In other words, looking at the phasor diagrams on the right of Figure 3.4, when1I,
the reactive current component of the STATCOM, leads (THVE1) by 90, it is in
inductive mode and when it lags by 90, it is in capacitive mode.
This dual mode capability enables the STATCOM to provide inductive
compensation as well as capacitive compensation to a system. Inductive compensation of
the STATCOM makes it unique. This inductive compensation is to provide inductive
reactance when overcompensation due to capacitors banks occurs. This happens during the
night, when a typical inductive load is about 20% of the full load, and the capacitor banks
along the transmission line provide with excessive capacitive reactance due to the lower
load. Basically the control system for a STATCOM consists of a current control and a
voltage control.
b.Current Controlled STATCOM

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Current controlled block diagram of STATCOM

Figure above shows the reactive current control block diagram of the STATCOM.
An instantaneous three-phase set of line voltages, v l, at BUS 1 is used to calculate the
reference angle, , which is phase-locked to the phase a of the line voltage, v la . An
instantaneous three-phase set of measured converter currents, i l, is decomposed into its real
or direct component, I1d, and reactive or quadrature component, I1q, respectively. The
quadrature component is compared with the desired reference value, I 1q* and the error is
passed through an error amplifier which produces a relative angle, , of the converter
voltage with respect to the transmission line voltage. The phase angle, 1, of the converter
voltage is calculated by adding the relative angle, , of the converter voltage and the phase
lock-loop angle, . The reference quadrature component, I1q*, of the converter current is
defined to be either positive if the STATCOM is emulating an inductive reactance or
negative if it is emulating a capacitive reactance. The DC capacitor voltage, v DC, is
dynamically adjusted in relation with the converter voltage. The control scheme described
above shows the implementation of the inner current control loop which regulates the
reactive current flow through the STATCOM regardless of the line voltage.
c.Voltage Controlled STATCOM
In regulating the line voltage, an outer voltage control loop must be implemented.
The outer voltage control loop would automatically determine the reference reactive
current for the inner current control loop which, in turn, will regulate the line voltage.

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Voltage controlled block diagram of STATCOM

Figure shows a voltage control block diagram of the STATCOM. An instantaneous
three-phase set of measured line voltages, v1, at BUS 1 is decomposed into its real or direct
component, V1d, and reactive or quadrature component, V1q, is compared with the desired
reference value, V1*, (adjusted by the droop factor, Kdroop) and the error is passed through an
error amplifier which produces the reference current, I1q*, for the inner current control loop.
The droop factor, Kdroop, is defined as the allowable voltage error at the rated reactive
current flow through the STATCOM.
d.BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF STATCOM
The STATCOM is connected to the power system at a PCC (point of common
coupling), through a step-up coupling transformer, where the voltage-quality problem is a
concern. The PCC is also known as the terminal for which the terminal voltage is U T. All
required voltages and currents are measured and are fed into the controller to be compared
with the commands. The controller then performs feedback control and outputs a set of
switching signals (firing angle) to drive the main semiconductor switches of the power
converter accordingly to either increase the voltage or to decrease it accordingly. A
STATCOM is a controlled reactive-power source. It provides voltage support by generating
or absorbing reactive power at the point of common coupling without the need of large
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external reactors or capacitor banks. Using the controller, the VSC and the coupling
transformer, the STATCOM operation is illustrated in Figure below.

STATCOM operation in a power system

The charged capacitor Cdc provides a DC voltage, Udc to the converter, which
produces a set of controllable three-phase output voltages, U in synchronism with the AC
system. The synchronism of the three-phase output voltage with the transmission line
voltage has to be performed by an external controller. The amount of desired voltage
across STATCOM, which is the voltage reference, Uref, is set manually to the controller.
The voltage control is thereby to match UT with Uref which has been elaborated. This
matching of voltages is done by varying the amplitude of the output voltage U, which is
done by the firing angle set by the controller. The controller thus sets U T equivalent to the
Uref. The reactive power exchange between the converter and the AC system can also be
controlled. This reactive power exchange is the reactive current injected by the
STATCOM, which is the current from the capacitor produced by absorbing real power
from the AC system.

where Iq is the reactive current injected by the STATCOM

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UT is the STATCOM terminal voltage
Ueq is the equivalent Thevenin voltage seen by the STATCOM
Xeq is the equivalent Thevenin reactance of the power system seen by the
STATCOM
If the amplitude of the output voltage U is increased above that of the AC
system voltage, UT, a leading current is produced, i.e. the STATCOM is seen as a
conductor by the AC system and reactive power is generated. Decreasing the amplitude of
the output voltage below that of the AC system, a lagging current results and the
STATCOM is seen as an inductor. In this case reactive power is absorbed. If the amplitudes
are equal no power exchange takes place.
A practical converter is not lossless. In the case of the DC capacitor, the energy
stored in this capacitor would be consumed by the internal losses of the converter. By
making the output voltages of the converter lag the AC system voltages by a small angle, ,
the converter absorbs a small amount of active power from the AC system to balance the
losses in the converter. The diagram in Figure below illustrates the phasor diagrams of the
voltage at the terminal, the converter output current and voltage in all four quadrants of the
PQ plane.

Phasor diagrams for STATCOM applications

The mechanism of phase angle adjustment, angle , can also be used to control
the reactive power generation or absorption by increasing or decreasing the capacitor
voltage Udc, with reference with the output voltage U.

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Instead of a capacitor a battery can also be used as DC energy. In this case the
converter can control both reactive and active power exchange with the AC system. The
capability of controlling active as well as reactive power exchange is a significant feature
which can be used effectively in applications requiring power oscillation damping, to level
peak power demand, and to provide uninterrupted power for critical load.
3.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF STATCOM
The derivation of the formula for the transmitted active power employs
considerable calculations. Using the variables defined in Figure below and applying
Kirchoffs laws the following equations can be written;

Two machine system with STATCOM

By equaling right-hand terms of the above formulas, a formula for the current I 1 is
obtained as

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Where UR is the STATCOM terminal voltage if the STATCOM is out of operation,

i.e. when Iq = 0. The fact that Iq is shifted by 90 with regard to UR can be used to express Iq
as

Applying the sine law to the diagram in Figure below the following two equations
result

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From which the formula for sin is derived as

The formula for the transmitted active power can be given as

To dispose of the term UR the cosine law is applied to the diagram in Figure above
Therefore,

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Transmitted power versus transmission angle characteristic of a STATCOM

With these concepts of STATCOM, it is thus important to utilize these
principles in accommodating shunt compensation to any system. Since this thesis only
reflects on the voltage control and power increase, the requirements of the STATCOM
would be further elaborated.
3.4 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF STATCOM
The main functional requirements of the STATCOM in this thesis are to provide
shunt compensation, operating in capacitive mode only, in terms of the following;
Voltage stability control in a power system, as to compensate the loss voltage
along transmission. This compensation of voltage has to be in synchronism with the AC
system regardless of disturbances or change of load.
Transient stability during disturbances in a system or a change of load.
Direct voltage support to maintain sufficient line voltage for facilitating increased
reactive power flow under heavy loads and for preventing voltage instability
Reactive power injection by STATCOM into the system
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The design phase and implementation phase (as presented in the next chapter)
would refer to the theoretical background of STATCOM in providing the requirements
In 1999 the first SVC with Voltage Source Converter called STATCOM (STATic
COMpensator) went into operation. The STATCOM has a characteristic similar to the
synchronous condenser, but as an electronic device it has no inertia and is superior to the
synchronous condenser in several ways, such as better dynamics, a lower investment cost
and lower operating and maintenance costs. A STATCOM is build with Thyristors with
turn-off capability like GTO or today IGCT or with more and more IGBTs. The static line
between the current limitations has a certain steepness determining the control
characteristic for the voltage.
The advantage of a STATCOM is that the reactive power provision is independent
from the actual voltage on the connection point. This can be seen in the diagram for the
maximum currents being independent of the voltage in comparison to the SVC. This
means, that even during most severe contingencies, the STATCOM keeps its full capability.
In the distributed energy sector the usage of Voltage Source Converters for grid
interconnection is common practice today. The next step in STATCOM development is the
combination with energy storages on the DC-side. The performance for power quality and
balanced network operation can be improved much more with the combination of active
and reactive power.

STATCOM structure and voltage / current characteristic

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STATCOMs are based on Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) topology and utilize
either Gate-Turn-off Thyristors (GTO) or Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT)
devices. The STATCOM is a very fast acting, electronic equivalent of a synchronous
condenser. If the STATCOM voltage, Vs, (which is proportional to the dc bus voltage Vc)
is larger than bus voltage, Es, then leading or capacitive VARS are produced. If Vs is
smaller then Es then lagging or inductive VARS are produced.

6 Pulses STATCOM
The three phases STATCOM makes use of the fact that on a three phase,
fundamental frequency, steady state basis, and the instantaneous power entering a purely
reactive device must be zero. The reactive power in each phase is supplied by circulating
the instantaneous real power between the phases. This is achieved by firing the GTO/diode
switches in a manner that maintains the phase difference between the ac bus voltage ES
and the STATCOM generated voltage VS. Ideally it is possible to construct a device based
on circulating instantaneous power which has no energy storage device (ie no dc
capacitor).
A practical STATCOM requires some amount of energy storage to accommodate
harmonic power and ac system unbalances, when the instantaneous real power is non-zero.
The maximum energy storage required for the STATCOM is much less than for a
TCR/TSC type of SVC compensator of comparable rating.

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3.5 STATCOM Equivalent Circuit

Several different control techniques can be used for the firing control of the
STATCOM. Fundamental switching of the GTO/diode once per cycle can be used. This
approach will minimize switching losses, but will generally utilize more complex
transformer topologies. As an alternative, Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) techniques,
which turn on and off the GTO or IGBT switch more than once per cycle, can be used.
This approach allows for simpler transformer topologies at the expense of higher switching
losses.
The 6 Pulse STATCOM using fundamental switching will of course produce the 6
N1 harmonics. There are a variety of methods to decrease the harmonics. These methods
include the basic 12 pulse configuration with parallel star / delta transformer connections, a
complete elimination of 5th and 7th harmonic current using series connection of star/star
and star/delta transformers and a quasi 12 pulse method with a single star-star transformer,
and two secondary windings, using control of firing angle to produce a 30phase shift
between the two 6 pulse bridges. This method can be extended to produce a 24 pulse and a
48 pulse STATCOM, thus eliminating harmonics even further. Another possible approach
for harmonic cancellation is a multi-level configuration which allows for more than one
switching element per level and therefore more than one switching in each bridge arm. The
ac voltage derived has a staircase effect, dependent on the number of levels. This staircase
voltage can be controlled to eliminate harmonics.

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Substation with a STATCOM

Series Devices:
Series devices have been further developed from fixed or mechanically switched
compensations to the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC) or even Voltage
Source Converter based devices.
3.6 The main applications are:
Reduction of series voltage decline in magnitude and angle over a power line,
Reduction of voltage fluctuations within defined limits during changing power
transmissions,
Improvement of system damping resp. damping of oscillations,
Limitation of short circuit currents in networks or substations,

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Avoidance of loop flows resp. power flow adjustments.
3.7 TCSC:
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) address specific dynamical
problems in transmission systems. Firstly it increases damping when large electrical
systems are interconnected. Secondly it can overcome the problem of Sub Synchronous
Resonance (SSR), a phenomenon that involves an interaction between large thermal
generating units and series compensated transmission systems.
The TCSC's high speed switching capability provides a mechanism for controlling
line power flow, which permits increased loading of existing transmission lines, and allows
for rapid readjustment of line power flow in response to various contingencies. The TCSC
also can regulate steady-state power flow within its rating limits.
From a principal technology point of view, the TCSC resembles the conventional
series capacitor. All the power equipment is located on an isolated steel platform, including
the Thyristor valve that is used to control the behavior of the main capacitor bank.
Likewise the control and protection is located on ground potential together with other
auxiliary systems. Figure shows the principle setup of a TCSC and its operational diagram.
The firing angle and the thermal limits of the Thyristors determine the boundaries of the
operational diagram.

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3.7.1 Advantages

Continuous control of desired compensation level

Direct smooth control of power flow within the network

Improved capacitor bank protection

Local mitigation of sub synchronous resonance (SSR). This permits higher levels of
compensation in networks where interactions with turbine-generator torsional vibrations or
with other control or measuring systems are of concern.
Damping of electromechanical (0.5-2 Hz) power oscillations which often arise between

areas in a large interconnected power network. These oscillations are due to the dynamics
of inter area power transfer and often exhibit poor damping when the aggregate power
tranfer over a corridor is high relative to the transmission strength.
3.7.2 Shunt and Series Devices
Dynamic Power Flow Controller
A new device in the area of power flow control is the Dynamic Power Flow
Controller (DFC). The DFC is a hybrid device between a Phase Shifting Transformer
(PST) and switched series compensation.
A functional single line diagram of the Dynamic Flow Controller is shown in
Figure 1.19. The Dynamic Flow Controller consists of the following components:
a standard phase shifting transformer with tap-changer (PST)
series-connected Thyristor Switched Capacitors and Reactors
(TSC / TSR)
A mechanically switched shunt capacitor (MSC). (This is
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optional depending on the system reactive power requirements)

Based on the system requirements, a DFC might consist of a number of series TSC
or TSR. The mechanically switched shunt capacitor (MSC) will provide voltage support in
case of overload and other conditions. Normally the reactance of reactors and the
capacitors are selected based on a binary basis to result in a desired stepped reactance
variation. If a higher power flow resolution is needed, a reactance equivalent to the half of
the smallest one can be added.
The switching of series reactors occurs at zero current to avoid any harmonics.
However, in general, the principle of phase-angle control used in TCSC can be applied for
a continuous control as well. The operation of a DFC is based on the following rules:
TSC / TSR are switched when a fast response is required.
The relieve of overload and work in stressed situations is handled by the TSC /
TSR.
The switching of the PST tap-changer should be minimized particularly for the
currents higher than normal loading.
The total reactive power consumption of the device can be optimized by the
operation of the MSC, tap changer and the switched capacities and reactors.
In order to visualize the steady state operating range of the DFC, we assume an
inductance in parallel representing parallel transmission paths. The overall control
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objective in steady state would be to control the distribution of power flow between the
branch with the DFC and the parallel path. This control is accomplished by control of the
injected series voltage.
The PST (assuming a quadrature booster) will inject a voltage in quadrature with
the node voltage. The controllable reactance will inject a voltage in quadrature with the
throughput current. Assuming that the power flow has a load factor close to one, the two
parts of the series voltage will be close to collinear. However, in terms of speed of control,
influence on reactive power balance and effectiveness at high/low loading the two parts of
the series voltage has quite different characteristics. The steady state control range for
loadings up to rated current is illustrated in Figure 1.20, where the x-axis corresponds to
the throughput current and the y-axis corresponds to the injected series voltage.

Fig1.20. Operational diagram of a DFC

Operation in the first and third quadrants corresponds to reduction of power
through the DFC, whereas operation in the second and fourth quadrants corresponds to
increasing the power flow through the DFC. The slope of the line passing through the
origin (at which the tap is at zero and TSC / TSR are bypassed) depends on the short circuit
reactance of the PST.

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Starting at rated current (2 kA) the short circuit reactance by itself provides an
injected voltage (approximately 20 kV in this case). If more inductance is switched in
and/or the tap is increased, the series voltage increases and the current through the DFC
decreases (and the flow on parallel branches increases). The operating point moves along
lines parallel to the arrows in the figure. The slope of these arrows depends on the size of
the parallel reactance. The maximum series voltage in the first quadrant is obtained when
all inductive steps are switched in and the tap is at its maximum.
Now, assuming maximum tap and inductance, if the throughput current decreases
(due e.g. to changing loading of the system) the series voltage will decrease. At zero
current, it will not matter whether the TSC / TSR steps are in or out, they will not
contribute to the series voltage. Consequently, the series voltage at zero current
corresponds to rated PST series voltage. Next, moving into the second quadrant, the
operating range will be limited by the line corresponding to maximum tap and the
capacitive step being switched in (and the inductive steps by-passed). In this case, the
capacitive step is approximately as large as the short circuit reactance of the PST, giving an
almost constant maximum voltage in the second quadrant.

3.8 Unified Power Flow Controller:

The UPFC is a combination of a static compensator and static series compensation.
It acts as a shunt compensating and a phase shifting device simultaneously.

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Fig1.21. Principle configuration of an UPFC
The UPFC consists of a shunt and a series transformer, which are connected via
two voltage source converters with a common DC-capacitor. The DC-circuit allows the
active power exchange between shunt and series transformer to control the phase shift of
the series voltage. This setup, as shown in Figure 1.21, provides the full controllability for
voltage and power flow. The series converter needs to be protected with a Thyristor bridge.
Due to the high efforts for the Voltage Source Converters and the protection, an UPFC is
getting quite expensive, which limits the practical applications where the voltage and
power flow control is required simultaneously.
3.8.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF UPFC
The basic components of the UPFC are two voltage source inverters (VSIs) sharing
a common dc storage capacitor, and connected to the power system through coupling
transformers. One VSI is connected to in shunt to the transmission system via a shunt
transformer, while the other one is connected in series through a series transformer.
A basic UPFC functional scheme is shown in fig.1

The series inverter is controlled to inject a symmetrical three phase voltage system
(Vse), of controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the line to control active
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and reactive power flows on the transmission line. So, this inverter will exchange active
and reactive power with the line. The reactive power is electronically provided by the
series inverter, and the active power is transmitted to the dc terminals. The shunt inverter is
operated in such a way as to demand this dc terminal power (positive or negative) from the
line keeping the voltage across the storage capacitor Vdc constant. So, the net real power
absorbed from the line by the UPFC is equal only to the losses of the inverters and their
transformers. The remaining capacity of the shunt inverter can be used to exchange
reactive power with the line so to provide a voltage regulation at the connection point.
The two VSIs can work independently of each other by separating the dc side. So
in that case, the shunt inverter is operating as a STATCOM that generates or absorbs
reactive power to regulate the voltage magnitude at the connection point. Instead, the series
inverter is operating as SSSC that generates or absorbs reactive power to regulate the
current flow, and hence the power low on the transmission line.
The UPFC has many possible operating modes. In particular, the shunt inverter is
operating in such a way to inject a controllable current, ish into the transmission line. The
shunt inverter can be controlled in two different modes:
VAR Control Mode: The reference input is an inductive or capacitive VAR request.
The shunt inverter control translates the var reference into a corresponding shunt current
request and adjusts gating of the inverter to establish the desired current. For this mode of
control a feedback signal representing the dc bus voltage, Vdc, is also required.
Automatic Voltage Control Mode: The shunt inverter reactive current is
automatically regulated to maintain the transmission line voltage at the point of connection
to a reference value. For this mode of control, voltage feedback signals are obtained from
the sending end bus feeding the shunt coupling transformer.
The series inverter controls the magnitude and angle of the voltage injected in
series with the line to influence the power flow on the line. The actual value of the injected
voltage can be obtained in several ways.

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Direct Voltage Injection Mode: The reference inputs are directly the magnitude and
phase angle of the series voltage. Phase Angle Shifter Emulation mode: The reference
input is phase displacement between the sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage.
Line Impedance Emulation mode: The reference input is an impedance value to insert in
series with the line impedance. Automatic Power Flow Control Mode: The reference inputs
are values of P and Q to maintain on the transmission line despite system changes.

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4.MATLAB
Matlab is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses
include Math and computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling,
simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and
engineering graphics Application development, including graphical user interface building.
Matlab is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems,
especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take
to write a program in a scalar no interactive language such as C or Fortran.
The name matlab stands for matrix laboratory. Matlab was originally written to
provide easy access to matrix software developed by the linpack and eispack projects.
Today, matlab engines incorporate the lapack and blas libraries, embedding the state of the
art in software for matrix computation.
Matlab has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In
university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced
courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, matlab is the tool of choice
for high-productivity research, development, and analysis.
Matlab features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes.
Very important to most users of matlab, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of matlab functions (M-files) that
extend the matlab environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which
toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy
logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.
4.1 The matlab system consists of five main parts:

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Development Environment. This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use
matlab functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the
matlab desktop and Command Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and
browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path.
The matlab Mathematical Function Library.

This is a vast collection of

computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and
complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix
eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
The matlab Language.

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control

flow statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming

features. It allows both "programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throwaway programs, and "programming in the large" to create large and complex application
programs.
Matlab has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as
well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for twodimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and
presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize
the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your
matlab applications.
The matlab Application Program Interface (API). This is a library that allows you
to write C and Fortran programs that interact with matlab. It includes facilities for calling
routines from matlab (dynamic linking), calling matlab as a computational engine, and for
reading and writing MAT-files.

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4.2 SIMULINK:
4.2.1 Introduction:
Simulink is a software add-on to matlab which is a mathematical tool developed by The
Math works,(http://www.mathworks.com) a company based in Natick. Matlab is powered by
extensive numerical analysis capability. Simulink is a tool used to visually program a dynamic
system (those governed by Differential equations) and look at results. Any logic circuit, or
control system for a dynamic system can be built by using standard building blocks available in
Simulink Libraries. Various toolboxes for different techniques, such as Fuzzy Logic, Neural
Networks, dsp, Statistics etc. are available with Simulink, which enhance the processing power
of the tool. The main advantage is the availability of templates / building blocks, which avoid
the necessity of typing code for small mathematical processes.
4.2.2 Concept of signal and logic flow:
In Simulink, data/information from various blocks are sent to another block by lines
connecting the relevant blocks. Signals can be generated and fed into blocks dynamic /
static).Data can be fed into functions. Data can then be dumped into sinks, which could be
scopes, displays or could be saved to a file. Data can be connected from one block to another,
can be branched, multiplexed etc. In simulation, data is processed and transferred only at
Discrete times, since all computers are discrete systems. Thus, a simulation time step
(otherwise called an integration time step) is essential, and the selection of that step is
determined by the fastest dynamics in the simulated system.

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Fig 4.1 Simulink library browser

Connecting blocks:

fig 4.2 Connectung blocks

To connect blocks, left-click and drag the mouse from the output of one block to
the input of another block.

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4.2.3 Sources and sinks:
The sources library contains the sources of data/signals that one would use in a dynamic
system simulation. One may want to use a constant input, a sinusoidal wave, a step, a repeating
sequence such as a pulse train, a ramp etc. One may want to test disturbance effects, and can
use the random signal generator to simulate noise. The clock may be used to create a time index
for plotting purposes. The ground could be used to connect to any unused port, to avoid
warning messages indicating unconnected ports.
The sinks are blocks where signals are terminated or ultimately used. In most cases, we
would want to store the resulting data in a file, or a matrix of variables. The data could be
displayed or even stored to a file. the stop block could be used to stop the simulation if the
input to that block (the signal being sunk) is non-zero. Figure 3 shows the available blocks in
the sources and sinks libraries. Unused signals must be terminated, to prevent warnings about
unconnected signals.

fig 4.3 Sources and sinks

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4.2.4 Continuous and discrete systems:
All dynamic systems can be analyzed as continuous or discrete time systems. Simulink
allows you to represent these systems using transfer functions, integration blocks, delay blocks
etc.

fig 4.4 continous and descrete systems

4.2.5 Non-linear operators:
A main advantage of using tools such as Simulink is the ability to simulate non-linear
systems and arrive at results without having to solve analytically. It is very difficult to arrive at
an analytical solution for a system having non-linearities such as saturation, signup function,
limited slew rates etc. In Simulation, since systems are analyzed using iterations, non-linearities
are not a hindrance. One such could be a saturation block, to indicate a physical limitation on a
parameter, such as a voltage signal to a motor etc. Manual switches are useful when trying

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simulations with different cases. Switches are the logical equivalent of if-then statements in
programming.

fig 4.5 simulink blocks

4.2.6 Mathematical operations:
Mathematical operators such as products, sum, logical operations such as and, or, etc.
.can be programmed along with the signal flow. Matrix multiplication becomes easy with the
matrix gain block. Trigonometric functions such as sin or tan inverse (at an) are also available.
Relational operators such as equal to, greater than etc. can also be used in logic circuits

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fig 4.6 Simulink math blocks

4.3 SIGNALS & DATA TRANSFER:

In complicated block diagrams, there may arise the need to transfer data from one
portion to another portion of the block. They may be in different subsystems. That signal could
be dumped into a goto block, which is used to send signals from one subsystem to another.
Multiplexing helps us remove clutter due to excessive connectors, and makes
matrix(column/row) visualization easier.

fig 4.7 signals and systems

4.4 Making subsystems
Drag a subsystem from the Simulink Library Browser and place it in the parent block
where you would like to hide the code. The type of subsystem depends on the purpose of the
block. In general one will use the standard subsystem but other subsystems can be chosen. For
instance, the subsystem can be a triggered block, which is enabled only when a trigger signal is
received.

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Open (double click) the subsystem and create input / output PORTS, which transfer
signals into and out of the subsystem. The input and output ports are created by dragging them
from the Sources and Sinks directories respectively. When ports are created in the subsystem,
they automatically create ports on the external (parent) block. This allows for connecting the
appropriate signals from the parent block to the subsystem.
4.5 Setting simulation parameters:
Running a simulation in the computer always requires a numerical technique to
solve a differential equation. The system can be simulated as a continuous system or a
discrete system based on the blocks inside. The simulation start and stop time can be
specified. In case of variable step size, the smallest and largest step size can be specified. A
Fixed step size is recommended and it allows for indexing time to a precise number of
points, thus controlling the size of the data vector. Simulation step size must be decided
based on the dynamics of the system. A thermal process may warrant a step size of a few
seconds, but a DC motor in the system may be quite fast and may require a step size of a
few milliseconds.

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5. POWER QUALITY STANDARDS, ISSUES

AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
A. International Electro Technical Commission Guidelines
The guidelines are provided for measurement of power quality of wind turbine. The
International standards are developed by the working group of Technical Committee-88 of
the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), IEC standard 61400-21, describes
the procedure for determining the power quality characteristics of the wind turbine . The
standard norms are specified.
1) IEC 61400-21: Wind turbine generating system, part-21. Measurement and
Assessment of power quality characteristic of grid connected wind turbine
2) IEC 61400-13: Wind Turbine measuring procedure in determining the power
behavior.
3) IEC 61400-3-7: Assessment of emission limits for fluctuating load IEC 6140012: Wind Turbine performance. The data sheet with electrical characteristic of wind turbine
provides the base for the utility assessment regarding a grid connection.
B. Voltage Variation
The voltage variation issue results from the wind velocity and generator torque.
The voltage variation is directly related to real and reactive power variations. The voltage
variation is commonly classified as under:
Voltage Sag/Voltage Dips.

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Voltage Swells.
Short Interruptions.
Long duration voltage variation.
The voltage flicker issue describes dynamic variations in the network caused by
wind turbine or by varying loads. Thus the power fluctuation from wind turbine occurs
during continuous operation. The amplitude of voltage fluctuation depends on grid
strength, network impedance, and phase-angle and power factor of the wind turbines. It is
defined as a fluctuation of voltage in a frequency 1035 Hz. The IEC 61400-4-15 specifies
a flicker
C. Harmonics
The harmonic results due to the operation of power electronic converters. The
harmonic voltage and current should be limited to the acceptable level at the point of wind
turbine connection to the network. To ensure the harmonic voltage within limit, each
source of harmonic current can allow only a limited contribution, as per the IEC-61400-36
guideline. The rapid switching gives a large reduction in lower order harmonic current
compared to the line commutated converter, but the output current will have high
frequency current and can be easily filter-out.
D. Wind Turbine Location in Power System
The way of connecting the wind generating system into the power system highly
influences the power quality. Thus the operation and its influence on power system depend
on the structure of the adjoining power network.
E. Self Excitation of Wind Turbine Generating System
The self excitation of wind turbine generating system (WTGS) with an
asynchronous generator takes place after disconnection of wind turbine generating system
(WTGS) with local load. The risk of self excitation arises especially when WTGS is
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equipped with compensating capacitor. The capacitor connected to induction generator
provides reactive power compensation. However the voltage and frequency are determined
by the balancing of the system. The disadvantages of self excitation are the safety aspect
and balance between real and reactive power.
F. Consequences of the Issues
The voltage variation, flicker, harmonics causes the malfunction of equipments
namely microprocessor based control system, programmable logic controller; adjustable
speed drives, flickering of light and screen. It may leads to tripping of contractors, tripping
of protection devices, stoppage of sensitive equipments like personal computer,
programmable logic control system and may stop the process and even can damage of
sensitive equipments. Thus it degrades the power quality in the grid.

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6. GRID COORDINATION RULE

The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) led the effort in the united state
for adoption of the grid code for the interconnection of the wind plants to the utility
system. The first grid code was focused on the distribution level, after the blackout in the
United State in August 2003. The United State wind energy industry took a stand in
developing its own grid code for contributing to a stable grid operation. The rules for
realization of grid operation of wind generating system at the distribution network are
defined as-per IEC-61400-21. The grid quality characteristics and limits are given for
references that the customer and the utility grid may expect. According to EnergyEconomic Law, the operator of transmission grid is responsible for the organization and
operation of interconnected system.
1) Voltage Rise (u):
The voltage rise at the point of common coupling can be approximated as a function of
maximum apparent power of the turbine, the grid impedances R and X at the point of
common coupling and the phase angle [7], given in (1)

Where

-phase difference, U-is

the nominal voltage of grid. The Limiting voltage rise value is <2%
2) Voltage Dips (d):

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The voltage dips is due to start up of wind turbine and it causes a sudden reduction of
voltage. It is the relative %voltage change due to switching operation of wind turbine. The
decrease of nominal voltage change is given in (2).

Where d is relative voltage change, rated apparent power, short circuit apparent power,
and sudden voltage reduction factor. The acceptable voltage dips limiting value is 3%.
3) Flicker:
The measurements are made for maximum number of specified switching operation
of wind turbine with 10-min period and 2-h period are specified, as given in (3)

Where

Long term flicker.

Flicker coefficient calculated from Rayleigh

distribution of the wind speed. The Limiting Value for flicker coefficient is about , for
average time of 2 h .
4) Harmonics:
The harmonic distortion is assessed for variable speed turbine with a electronic
power converter at the point of common connection [9]. The total harmonic voltage
distortion of voltage is given as in (4):

Where Vn is the nth harmonic voltage and V1 is the fundamental frequency (50) Hz. The
THD limit for 132 KV is <3 %.
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THD of current is given as in (5)

Where In is the nth harmonic current and I1 is the fundamental frequency (50) Hz. The
THD of current and limit for 132 KV is <2.5%.
5) Grid Frequency:
The grid frequency in India is specified in the range of 47.551.5 Hz, for wind farm
connection. The wind farm shall able to withstand change in frequency up to 0.5 Hz/s.

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7. TOPOLOGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

The STATCOM based current control voltage source inverter injects
the current into the grid in such a way that the source current are
harmonic free and their phase-angle with respect to source voltage has
a desired value. The injected current will cancel out the reactive part
and harmonic part of the load and induction generator current, thus it
improves the power factor and the power quality. To accomplish these
goals, the grid voltages are sensed and are synchronized in generating
the current command for the inverter. The proposed grid connected
system is implemented for power quality improvement at point of
common coupling (PCC), as shown in Fig. 1. The grid connected system
in Fig. 1, consists of wind energy generation system and battery energy
storage system with STATCOM.
A. Wind Energy Generating System
In this configuration, wind generations are based on constant speed topologies with
pitch control turbine. The induction generator is used in the proposed scheme because of
its simplicity, it does not require a separate field circuit, it can accept constant and variable
loads, and has natural protection against short circuit. The available power of wind energy
system is presented as under in (6).

Where p (kg/m ) is the air density and A (m2 ) is the area swept out by turbine
blade, Vwind is the wind speed in mtr/s. It is not possible to extract all kinetic energy of

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wind, thus it extract a fraction of power in wind, called power coefficient Cp of the wind
turbine, and is given in (7).

Where Cp is the power coefficient, depends on type and operating condition of

wind turbine. This coefficient can be express as a function of tip speed ratio and pitch
angle. The mechanical power produce by wind turbine is given in (8)

Where R is the radius of the blade (m).

B. BESS-STATCOM
The battery energy storage system (BESS) is used as an energy storage element for
the purpose of voltage regulation. The BESS will naturally maintain dc capacitor voltage
constant and is best suited in STATCOM since it rapidly injects or absorbed reactive power
to stabilize the grid ystem. It also controls the distribution and transmission system in a
very fast rate. When power fluctuation occurs in the system, the BESS can be used to level
the power fluctuation by charging and discharging operation. The battery is connected in
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parallel to the dc capacitor of STATCOM [10][14]. The STATCOM is a three-phase
voltage source inverter having the capacitance on its DC link and connected at the point of
common coupling. The STATCOM injects a compensating current of variable magnitude
and frequency component at the bus of common coupling.
C. System Operation
The shunt connected STATCOM with battery energy storage is connected with the
interface of the induction generator and non-linear load at the PCC in the grid system. The
STATCOM compensator output is varied according to the controlled strategy, so as to
maintain the power quality norms in the grid system. The current control strategy is
included in the control scheme that defines the functional operation of the STATCOM
compensator in the power system. A single STATCOM using insulated gate bipolar
transistor is proposed to have a reactive power support, to the induction generator and to
the nonlinear load in the grid system. The main block diagram of the system operational
scheme is shown in Fig. 2.

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8. CONTROL SCHEME
The control scheme approach is based on injecting the currents
into the grid using bang-bang controller. The controller uses a
hysteresis current controlled technique. Using such technique, the
controller keeps the control system variable between boundaries of
hysteresis area and gives correct switching signals for STATCOM
operation.
The control system scheme for generating the switching signals to
the STATCOM is shown in Fig. 3.

The control algorithm needs the measurements of several

variables such as three-phase source current is abc, DC voltage Vdc ,
inverter current isabc with the help of sensor. The current control block,
receives an input of reference current is abc* and actual current isabc are
subtracted so as to activate the operation of STATCOM in current control
mode [16][18].

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A. Grid Synchronization
In three-phase balance system, the RMS voltage source amplitude is calculated
at the sampling frequency from the source phase voltage ( Vsa Vsb Vsc ) and is
expressed, as sample template Vsm, sampled peak voltage, as in (9).

The in-phase unit vectors are obtained from AC sourcephase voltage and the
RMS value of unit vector as shown in (10).

The in-phase generated reference currents are derived using in-phase unit voltage
template as, in (11)

Where I is proportional to magnitude of filtered source voltage for respective

phases. This ensures that the source current is controlled to be sinusoidal. The unit
vectors

implement

the

important

function

in

the

grid

connection

for

the

synchronization for STATCOM. This method is simple, robust and favorable as

compared with other methods [18].

B. Bang-Bang Current Controller

Bang-Bang current controller is implemented in the current control scheme. The
reference current is generated as in (10) and actual current are detected by current
sensors and are subtracted for obtaining a current error for a hysteresis based bangbang controller. Thus the ON/OFF switching signals for IGBT of STATCOM are derived
from hysteresis controller [19].
The switching function Sa for phase a is expressed as (12).

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Where HB is a hysteresis current-band, similarly the switching function can be

derived for phases b and c.

9. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
The proposed control scheme is simulated using SIMULINK in power system
block set. The system parameter for given system is given Table I. The system performance
of proposed system under dynamic condition is also presented.
A. Voltage Source Current ControlInverter Operation
The three phase injected current into the grid from STATCOM will
cancel out the distortion caused by the nonlinear load and wind
generator. The IGBT based three-phase inverter is connected to grid
through the transformer. The generation of switching signals from
reference current is simulated within hysteresis band of 0.08. The choice
of narrow hysteresis band switching in the system improves the current
quality. The control signal of switching frequency within its operating
band, as shown in Fig. 4.
The choice of the current band depends on the operating voltage
and the interfacing transformer impedance. The compensated current
for the nonlinear load and demanded reactive power is provided by the
inverter. The real power transfer from the batteries is also supported by
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the controller of this inverter. The three phase inverter injected current
are shown in Fig. 5.

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B. STATCOMPerformance Under Load Variations

The wind energy generating system is connected with grid having the nonlinear
load. The performance of the system is measured by switching the STATCOM at time
t=0.7s in the system and how the STATCOM responds to the step change command for
increase in additional load at 1.0 s is shown in the simulation. When STATCOM
controller is made ON, without change in any other load condition parameters, it starts
to mitigate for reactive demand as well as harmonic current. The dynamic performance
is also carried out by step change in a load, when applied at 1.0 s. This additional
demand is fulfill by STATCOM compensator. Thus, STATCOM can regulate the available
real power from source. The result of source current, load current are shown in Fig. 6(a)
and (b) respectively. While the result of injected current from STATCOM is shown in Fig.
6(c) and the generated current from wind generator at PCC are depicted in Fig. 6(d).

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The DC link voltage regulates the source current in the grid system, so the DC
link voltage is maintained constant across the capacitor as shown in Fig. 7(a). The
current through the dc link capacitor indicating the charging and discharging operation
as shown in Fig. 7(b).

C. Power Quality Improvement

It is observed that the source current on the grid is affected due to the effects of
nonlinear load and wind generator, thus purity of waveform may be lost on both sides in
the system. The inverter output voltage under STATCOM operation with load variation is

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shown in Fig. 8. The dynamic load does affect the inverter output voltage. The source
current with and without STATCOM operation is shown in Fig. 9.

This shows that the unity power factor is maintained for the source power when the
STATCOM is in operation. The current waveform before and after the STATCOM
operation is analyzed. The Fourier analysis of this waveform is expressed and the THD of
this source current at PCC without STATCOM is 4.71%, as shown in Fig. 10.

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The power quality improvement is observed at point of common coupling, when

the controller is in ON condition. The STATCOM is placed in the operation at 0.7 s and
source current waveform is shown in Fig. 11 with its FFT. It is shown that the THD has
been improved considerably and within the norms of the standard.

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The above tests with proposed scheme has not only power quality improvement
feature but it also has sustain capability to support the load with the energy storage through
the batteries.

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10. CONCLUSION

The paper presents the STATCOM-based control scheme for power

quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system and with
non linear load. The power quality issues and its consequences on the
consumer and electric utility are presented. The operation of the control
system developed for the STATCOM-BESS in MATLAB/SIMULINK for
maintaining the power quality is simulated. It has a capability to cancel
out the harmonic parts of the load current. It maintains the source
voltage and current in-phase and support the reactive power demand
for the wind generator and load at PCC in the grid system, thus it gives
an opportunity to enhance the utilization factor of transmission line. The
integrated wind generation and STATCOM with BESS have shown the
outstanding performance.

Thus the proposed scheme in the grid

connected system fulfills the power quality norms as per the IEC
standard 61400-21.

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