Q. Explane micro processor 8085 with its block diagram?

Architechture of 8085
This

is

the

functional

block

This
is
al Block Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor.

diagram

of

the

the

8085

Microprocessor.

function

Acumulator:-It is a 8-bit register which is used to perform airthmetical and logical

operation. It stores the output of any operation. It also works as registers for i/o accesses.
Temporary Register:-It is a 8-bit register which is used to hold the data on which the
acumulator is computing operation. It is also called as operand register because it provides
operands to ALU.
Registers:-These are general purposes registers. Microprocessor consists 6 general
purpose registers of 8-bit each named as B,C,D,E,H and L. Generally theses registers are

not used for storing the data permanently. It carries the 8-bits data. These are used only
during the execution of the instructions.
These registers can also be used to carry the 16 bits data by making the pair of 2 registers.
The valid register pairs available are BC,DE HL. We can not use other pairs except
BC,DEand HL. These registers are programmed by user.

ALU:-ALU performs the airthmetic operations and logical operation.

Flag Registers:-It consists of 5 flip flop which changes its status according to the result
stored in an accumulator. It is also known as status registers. It is connected to the ALU.
There are five flip-flops in the flag register are as follows:
1.Sign(S)
2.zero(z)
3.Auxiliary carry(AC)
4.Parity(P)
5.Carry(C)
The bit position of the flip flop in flag register is:

All of the three flip flop set and reset according to the stored result in the accumulator.
1.Sign- If D7 of the result is 1 then sign flag is set otherwise reset. As we know that a
number on the D7 always desides the sign of the number.
if D7 is 1: the number is negative.
if D7 is 0: the number is positive.
2.Zeros(Z)-If the result stored in an accumulator is zero then this flip flop is set otherwise it
is reset.
3.Auxiliary carry(AC)-If any carry goes from D3 to D4 in the output then it is set otherwise
it is reset.
4.Parity(P)-If the no of 1's is even in the output stored in the accumulator then it is set
otherwise it is reset for the odd.

5.Carry(C)-If the result stored in an accumulator generates a carry in its final output then it
is set otherwise it is reset.
Instruction registers(IR):-It is a 8-bit register. When an instruction is fetched from memory
then it is stored in this register.
Instruction Decoder:- Instruction decoder identifies the instructions. It takes the
informations from instruction register and decodes the instruction to be performed.
Program Counter:-It is a 16 bit register used as memory pointer. It stores the memory
address of the next instruction to be executed. So we can say that this register is used to
sequencing the program. Generally the memory have 16 bit addresses so that it has 16 bit
memory.
The program counter is set to 0000H.
Stack Pointer:-It is also a 16 bit register used as memory pointer. It points to the memory
location called stack. Generally stack is a reserved portion of memory where information
can be stores or taken back together.
Timing and Control Unit:-It provides timing and control signal to the microprocessor to
perform the various operation.It has three control signal. It controls all external and internal
circuits. It operates with reference to clock signal.It synchronizes all the data transfers.
There are three control signal:
1.ALE-Airthmetic Latch Enable, It provides control signal to synchronize the components of
microprocessor.
2.RD- This is active low used for reading operation.
3.WR-This is active low used for writing operation.
There are three status signal used in microprocessor S0, S1 and IO/M. It changes its status
according the provided input to these pins.

Serial Input Output Control-There are two pins in this unit. This unit is used for serial data
communication.

Interrupt Unit-There are 6 interrupt pins in this unit. Generally an external hardware is
connected to these pins. These pins provide interrupt signal sent by external hardware to
microprocessor and microprocessor sends acknowledgement for receiving the interrupt
signal.
Generally
INTA
is
used
for
acknowledgement.
Register

Section:-Many

registers

has

been

It consists of PIPO(Parallel Input Parallel Output) register.

used

in

microprocessor.

8085 Bus Structure

There are three buses in Microprocessor:
1.Address Bus
2.Data Bus
3.Control

Bus

1.Address Bus:-Genearlly, Microprocessor has 16 bit address bus. The bus over which the
CPU sends out the address of the memory location is known as Address bus. The address
bus carries the address of memory location to be written or to be read from.
The address bus is unidirectional. It means bits flowing occurs only in one direction, only
from microprocessor to peripheral devices.
We can find that how much memory location it can using the formula 2^N. where N is the
number of bits used for address lines.
here, 2^16 = 65536bytes or 64Kb
So we can say that it can access upto 64 kb memory location.
Q.>If a processor has 4 GB memory then how many address lines are required to access
this memory?
Ans: 4GB= 4 * 1GB
4 = 2^2
1GB = 2^30
4GB = 2^2 * 2^30 = 2^32
So 32 address lines are required to access the 4 GB memory.
2.Data Bus:-8085 Microprocessor has 8 bit data bus. So it can be used to carry the 8 bit
data starting from 00000000H(00H) to 11111111H(FFH). Here 'H' tells the Hexadecimal

Number. It is bidirectional. These lines are used for data flowing in both direction means
data can be transferred or can be received through these lines. The data bus also connects
the I/O ports and CPU. The largest number that can appear on the data bus is 11111111.
It has 8 parallel lines of data bus. So it can access upto 2^8 = 256 data bus lines.
3.Control Bus:-The control bus is used for sending control signals to the memory and I/O
devices. The CPU sends control signal on the control bus to enable the outputs of
addressed memory devices or I/O port devices.
Some of the control bus signals are as follows:
1.Memory read
2.Memory write
3.I/O read
4.I/O write.

*******************************************************************
8085

8085 is a general purpose microprocessor having 40 pins and works

on .single power supply. To study the pin diagram we group
the signals into 5 categories:
1.Power Supply
2.Clock Signals
3.Interrupt Signals
4.Address and Data bus
5.Control and Status signals
6.Serial I/O Port
7.DMA Request Signals

Power Supply Signal and clock signal:

VCC:-Vcc is to be connected to +5V power supply.
Vss:-Ground reference
X1 and X2:- This pin is used for providing the clock frequency to the
microprocessor. Generally Crystal oscillator or LC oscillator is used to
generate the frequency. The frequency generated here is internally
divided into two.As we know that the basic operating timing frequency of
the microprocessor is 3 MHz so
6 MHz frquency is applied.

Serial Input Output port:-

SID and SOD:-These pins are used for serial data communication.

Interrupt Signal:Pin 6 to 11:- These pins are used for interrupt signals. Generally and
external devices are connected here which requests the microprocessor
to perform a particular task.
There are 5 pins for hardware interruptsTRAP, RST7.5, RST 6.5, RST5.5 and INTR
INTA is used for acknowledgement. Microprocessor sends the
acknowledgement to external devices through the INTA pin.

Address Bus and DATA Buses:AD0-AD7:-These are multiplexed address and data bus. So it can be
used to carry the lower order 8 bit address as well as the data. Generally
these lines are demultiplexed using the Latch.
During the opcode fetch operation, in the first clock cycle the lines
deliever the lower order address bus A0-A7.
In the subsequent IO/M read or write it is used as data bus D0-D7. CPU
can read or write data through these lines.
A8-A15:- These are address bus used to address the memory location.

Control And Status Signal:S0 and S1:-It is used for the status signal in microprocessor.
ALE(Airthmetic Latch Enable):-This signal is used to capture the lower
address presented on multiplexed address and data bus.
RD:-This is active low input generally
used for reading operation.

WR:-This is active low input used for writing operation.

IO/M:-This pin is used to select the memory or input-output through
which we want to communicate the data.

READY:-As we know that memory and input -output have slower

response than microprocessor. So a microprocessor may now be able to
handle further data till it completes the present job. So it is in waiting
state. As it completes the present job it sets the READY pin.
Microprocessor enters into wait state while READY pin is disabled.
RESET IN:-This is active low input. This pin is used to reset the
microprocessor. An active low signal applied to this pin reset the
program counter inside the microprocessor. The busses are tristated.
RESETOUT:-If we want to reset the external devices connected to the
microprocessor then a signal applied to this pin resets the external
devices.

DMA Request Signal:

HOLD and HLDA:-HOLD is an active high input signal used by the other
controller to request microprocessor about use of address, data and
control signal. The HOLD and HLDA signal are used for direct memory
access(DMA). DMA controller receives a requests from a device and in
turn issues the HOLD signal to the microprocessor.
The processor releases the system bus and then acknowledges
the HOLD signal with HLDA signal. The DMA transfer thus begins.

Generally, 74LS373 Latch IC is used for latching the address issued by

Microprocessor.
It has 8-latches(D-flip flop).

Address will
appear on AD0-AD7 lines.
ALE will go high and forcing enable G pin of Latch. This will make the
latch transparent. It means whatever will be input, will be output.
Presently input address is A0-A7.Therefore output is A0-A7.
When ALE=0, then AD0-AD7 will now be used as data bus.

Microcomputer:- Microcomputers

are much smaller

computer. They operate still more slowly and they work
with still smaller data words (typically 4 bits, 8 bits, 16
bits or 32 bits).
They
can
address
few
thousands
to

few million memory location. One of the important

feature of microcompter is that the CPU is usually a
single IC called as a microprocessor.

Difference b/w Microprocessor and microcomputer:

1. A microprocessor has a CPU to which we have to add

ROM, RAM and ports to make a microcomputer.
2.Application of microcomputer are from sewing
machine, washing machine and other domestic
appliances to computer added design system.
3.Intel 8051 is a microcomputer which is actually a single
chip computer.

Active-Low and Active-High

When working with ICs and microcontrollers, youll likely encounter pins that are
active-low and pins that are active-high. Simply put, this just describes how the
pin is activated. If its an active-low pin, you must pull that pin LOW by
connecting it to ground. For an active high pin, you connect it to your HIGH
voltage (usually 3.3V/5V).
For example, lets say you have a shift register that has a chip enable pin, CE. If
you see the CE pin anywhere in the datasheet with a line over it like this, CE,
then that pin is active-low. The CE pin would need to be pulled to GND in order
for the chip to become enabled. If, however, the CE pin doesnt have a line over
it, then it is active high, and it needs to be pulled HIGH in order to enable the pin.
Many ICs will have both active-low and active-high pins intermingled. Just be
sure to double check for pin names that have a line over them. The line is used to
represent NOT (also known as bar). When something is NOTTED, it changes to
the opposite state. So if an active-high input is NOTTED, then it is now active-low.
Simple as that!