ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to The Dept. of Electrical Engg., for giving me the opportunity to

execute this project
I would also like to take this opportunity to express heartfelt gratitude for my project
guide Ismayil C, who provided me with valuable inputs at the critical stages of this
project execution.
I would like to acknowledge the support of every individual who assisted me in
making this project a success and I would like to thank Prof. P.A. Mercy, H.O.D
Electrical Dept. for his guidance, support and direction without which project would
not have taken shape.
I would also like to thank Prof .Dr B Jayanad, without whom this project will no be
a success.
I am also very thankful to my parents for providing continuous guidance and
wholehearted support throughout the project.
I am also thankful to the staff of Electrical Engg. Dept for cooperating with me during
the course of my project.

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CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Certificate
Contents
List of Figures
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology and procedure identification
3. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
3.1 Advantages & disadvantages of IGBT
3.1.1 Advantages
3.1.2 Disadvantages
3.3 Working Principle
3.2 Latch-up in IGBT
3.4 IGBT characteristics
3.4.1 Static I-V characteristics
3.4.2 Transfer characteristics
3.4.3 Switching characteristics
4. PWM
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Objective
4.3 PWM methods
4.4 Sine PWM
4.5 Three phase PWM

Page
1
2
3
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6
7
8
9
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11
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12
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5. Simulation
5.1 Introduction
5.2SIMULINK as a tool for system simulation
5.3Simulation setup
5.4Simulation Results
6. PCI 1710
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Main features
6.3 Specification
6.3.1 Analog input
6.3.2 Analog output
6.3.3 Digital input
6.4 Image
6.5 Pin diagram
7. IR 2110
7.1Introduction
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7.2Features
7.3Pin diagram
7.4Typical connection
6. Experimental setup
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Inverter design
6.3 Power circuit
6.4 Driver circuit
6.5 Power supply
6.6 Conclusion and future scope
6.7 Experimental setup picture

Conclusion 38
References 40

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure

Page

Figure 3.1 Structure of IGBT

Figure 3.2 Static I-V characteristics of IGBT
Figure 3.3 IGBT Transfer Characteristics
Figure 3.4 Switching Characteristics of IGBT
Figure 4.1 Output voltage produced by the VSI
Figure 4.2: Three-phase VSI topology
Figure 4.3 Valid switch states for a three-phase VSI
Figure 5.1 Principle of PWM generation
Figure 5.2 Wave form of Sine PWM
Figure 5.3 Pulse-width modulations
Figure 5.4 Waveforms of three-phase sine PWM inverter
Figure 5.5 Three phase inverter
Figure 5.6 Switching states of IGBT
Figure 6.1 PWM generation subsystem
Figure 6.2 Complete simulation model in Matlab Simulink
Figure 7.1 Overall block diagram of the project
Figure 8.1 PCI 1710
Figure 8.2 Pin diagram of PCI 1710
Figure 9.1 Pin diagram of IR2110
Figure 9.2 Circuit of IR 2110
Figure 10.1 Overall block diagram of the project
Figure 10.2 Power circuit of inverter
Figure 10.3
35
Figure 10.4 Generated PWM on DSO
Figure 10.5 Hardware of driver circuit
Figure 10.6 Experimental Setup

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ABSTRACT
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is proven to be an effective way of
controlling speed of induction motor. This paper presents the development of the
algorithm to perform the PWM operation using Matlab Simulink, which then was
interfaced with the actual induction motor using the Matlab/Real time workshop. The
speed of induction motor was controlled through the I/O interface circuit and
Simulink; hence allowing the real time control. The control algorithm was also
developed to enable the rotational direction switching. These functions are
successfully carried out in Matlab simulation and in actual model. This method
provides a means to control speed of induction motor remotely using a host PC,
which may be connected through local area network or wireless network.

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1. INTRODUCTION
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is an effective way of
controlling the speed of induction motor, and thus allowing the motor to be applied in
the area requiring speed control. Available techniques to control the speed of
induction motor are: varying the slip by changing rotor resistance or terminal voltage
and varying synchronous speed by changing number of poles or supply frequency.
Changing rotor resistance requires wound-rotor induction motor and any resistances
inserted to the rotor circuit will reduce the efficiency of the machines. Changing
terminal voltage has limited range of speed control. Changing the number of poles
requires a motor with special stator windings. The best method is to change the
electrical frequency because it is applicable to any types of induction motor. The
speed of induction motor depends on the rate of rotation of its magnetic fields or the
synchronous speed, which is directly proportional to any change of electrical
frequency . PWM technique is used to control the electrical frequency of the 3-phase
voltage supplied to the motor from the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
inverter circuit, hence allowing the speed to be varied with respect to the frequency of
the reference signal, input to the PWM signal generator. The Real time workshop
from Math Works is an industrial PC for use in performing real-time analysis,
simulation, and testing of control systems and digital signal processing (DSP)
systems. The box works with Real time workshop software, a host-target environment
that lets users connect models created in Math Works design tools such as Simulink,
Matlab, and Real-Time Workshop, to physical systems, and execute them in real
time . The Matlab/Real time workshop was used in some application other than
induction motor speed control .This paper presents the development of the algorithm
to perform the PWM operation using Matlab Simulink. Then the Matlab/Real time
workshop was used to interface with the actual induction motor, finally through the
I/O interface circuit and simulink slider gain, the speed of induction motor was
controlled. The control algorithm also developed to switch the rotational direction of
the motor, i.e. forward or reverse direction.

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2. METHODOLGY AND PROCEDURE IDENTIFICATION

The first stage was to develop the algorithm to perform the PWM and
to execute simulation in Matlab Simulink environment. The process started with
developing the PWM signal generator. The set point value was represented by Signal
block. The fundamental principle of AC machine operation is that if a balanced threephase set of voltages, each with equal magnitude and shifted in phase by 0, -120 and
120 respectively, the magnetic field produced inside the stator winding will rotate in
the same direction of the phase rotation. If any two of the three-phase voltages are
swapped, the magnetic field will reverse its rotational direction . If the phase input
signal for three-phase PWM generator is in order of 0, -120, 120, the rotational
direction can be switched by changing the phase sequence order to 0, 120, and
-120. In the PWM generator block, the phase block was divided into two blocks,
which are Forward and Reverse. The Forward block has the value of [0 -2*pi/3
2*pi/3], while the Reverse has the value of [0 2*pi/3 -2*pi/3], where the sequence for
phase B and C was swapped Then, the PWM signal generator was connected to the
IGBTs model and induction motors model in Matlab Simulink. The simulation
proved that the developed algorithm could control the speed of induction motor. The
second stage was to implement the PWM inverter model on actual IGBT module and
actual induction motor. Using the control algorithm in the Matlab Simulink was
linked through Real-Time Workshop to the hardware. After the connection was
established, PWM signal was connected in real time to the IGBTs module. The IGBT
module consists of six IGBTs. The module also contains electronics circuit that
isolates the gate of IGBTs and protects the IGBTs against overheating, overvoltage,
and over current. The controllable DC voltage was supplied to the IGBT module.
There is a capacitor in the module, which is used to maintain a smooth DC voltage in
spite of the current pulsation produce by the IGBTs .The Real time workshop was
used to interface between the host PC and the IGBT inverter circuit. Communication
link uploaded the data from the host PC to the Real time workshop. I/O card at the
target PC executed the control algorithm by providing the necessary signal to the
IGBT inverter circuit. The switching sequence of the IGBTs followed the necessary
signal of PWM technique that has been set in the control algorithm, thus converted
the DC source to the PWM voltage output for the induction motor. There were two
options to provide the input frequency to the control signal.. The input/output blocks
were included into the Matlab Simulink model to enable the connection of the actual
motor, IGBTs and keypad to the host PC.

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3. INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR

TRANSISTOR (IGBT)
We are using Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) for conversion of AC to
controlled DC in our work. IGBT has been developed by combining into it the best
qualities of both BJT and MOSFET. IGBT is also called Metal Oxide Insulated Gate
Transistor (MOSIGT), Conductively Modulated Field Effect Transistor (COMFET)
or Gain Modulated FET (GEMFET).
3.1 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF IGBT OVER OTHER
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
3.1.1

ADVANTAGES

IGBT possesses high input impedance like a MOSFET.

IGBT possesses low on-state power loss as in a BJT.

IGBT is free from the secondary breakdown problem that is present in BJT.
IGBT possesses lower gate drive requirements.
IGBT has smaller snubber circuit requirements.
IGBT converters are more efficient with less size as well as cost, as compared to
converters based on BJTs.
Switching losses in IGBTs are lesser.
Device rise and fall time switching capability is 5-10 times faster, resulting in
lower device switching loss and a more efficient drive.
The IGBT being a voltage rather than current controlled gate device has a lower
base drive circuit cost that also results in lower drive package cost.
Higher switching frequencies of IGBT drives produce less peak current ripple,
thus producing less current harmonic motor heating and allowing rated motor
torque with lower peak current than BJT drives.
3.1.2

DISADVANTAGES

For a similar motor cable length as the BJT drive, the faster output voltage rise
time of the IGBT drive may increase the dielectric voltage stress on the motor and
cable due to a phenomenon called reflected wave.
Faster output dV/dt transitions of IGBT drives also increase the possibility for
phenomenon such as increased common mode electrical noise.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems and increased capacitive cable
charging current problems.
Any pulse width modulated (PWM) drive with a steep fronted output voltage
wave form may increase motor shaft voltage and lead to a bearing current
phenomenon known as fluting.

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An IGBT is constructed in basically the same manner as a power MOSFET. There is

however a major difference in the substrate. In IGBT there is a p power MOSFET, an
IGBT has also thousands of basic structure cells connected a single chip of silicon

Figure 3.1 Structure of IGBT

3.2

WORKING PRINCIPLE

When collector is made positive with respect to emitter, IGBT gets forward biased.
With no voltage between gate and emitter, the two junctions J 2 between n- and p is
reverse biased. So noncurrent flows from collector to emitter. When gate is made
positive with respect to emitter by a voltage more than the threshold voltage of IGBT,
an n-channel or inversion layer is formed in upper part of p-region just below the
gate. This n-channel short-circuits the n- and n+ regions. So electrons from n+ region
flow into n- region. p+ is already injecting holes into n- region. So the conductivity of
n- region increases considerably. IGBT gets turned on and starts conducting forward
current IC .
3.3

LATCH-UP IN IGBT

When IGBT is on, hole current flows through transistor p+n-p and p-body resistance
Rby. If load current is large, then drop through resistance Rby will be large. This drop
will forward bias npn+ transistor. This further facilitates the turn on of p+n-p transistor.
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This can be a regenerative process. With parasitic thyristor on, IGBT latches up and
after this collector current is no longer under the control of gate terminal. The only
way now to turn off the latched-up IGBT is by forced commutation of current. If this
latch-up isnt aborted quickly, excessive power dissipation may destroy the IGBT.
Hence to avoid this latch-up, collector current mustnt exceed a certain critical value
which must be specified by the manufacturer.
3.4

IGBT CHARACTERISTICS

3.5.1 STATIC I-V CHARACTERISTICS

Static I-V or output characteristics of an IGBT (n-channel type) show the plot of
collector current IC versus collector-emitter voltage VCE for various values of gateemitter voltages VGE1, VGE2, etc. In the forward direction, the shape of the output
characteristics is similar to that of BJT. But here the controlling parameter is VGE as
IGBT is a voltage-controlled device. When the device is off, junction J 2 blocks
forward voltage and in case reverse voltage appears across collector and emitter, J 1
blocks it

Figure 3.2 Static I-V characteristics of IGBT

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3.5.2 TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

The transfer characteristics of an IGBT is a plot of collector current V C versus gateemitter voltage VGE. This characteristic is identical to that of power MOSFET. When
VGE is less than threshold voltage (VGET), the IGBT is in off-state

Figure 3.3 IGBT Transfer Characteristics

3.5.3 SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS

The turn-on time is defined as the time between the instants of forward blocking to
forward on-state. Turn-on time is composed of delay time tdn and rise time tr, i.e.
ton=tdn+tr. The delay time is defined as the time for V CE to fall from VCE to 90% of
initial VCE. Time tdn may also be defined as the time for I C to rise from its initial
leakage current to 10% of final value of collector current. The rise time t r is the time
during which VCE falls from 0.9 VCE to 0.1 VCE. It is also defined as the time for IC to
rise from 0.1 IC to its final value IC. After time ton, collector current is IC, and VCE falls
to small value called conduction drop=V CES, where subscript S denotes saturated
value.
The turn-off time comprises three intervals:
Delay time: Time during which gate voltage falls from VGE to threshold voltage
VGET. The collector current falls from IC to 0.9 IC. At the end of delay time, VCE
begins to rise.
Initial fall time: Time during which collector current falls from 0.9 to 0.2 of its
initial value IC.
Final fall time: Time during which collector current falls from 0.2 to 0.1 of IC.

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Figure 3.4 Switching Characteristics of IGBT

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4. VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTERS (VSI)

The main objective of static power converters is to produce an ac output waveform from
a dc power supply. These are the types of waveforms required in adjustable speed drives
(ASDs), uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), static var compensators, active filters,
flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), and voltage compensators, which are only a
few applications. For sinusoidal ac outputs, the magnitude, frequency, and phase should
be controllable.
According to the type of ac output waveform, these topologies can be considered as
voltage source inverters (VSIs), where the independently controlled ac output is a voltage
waveform. These structures are the most widely used because they naturally behave as
voltage sources as required by many industrial applications, such as adjustable speed
drives (ASDs), which are the most popular application of inverters. Similarly, these
topologies can be found as current source inverters (CSIs), where the independently
controlled ac output is a current waveform. These structures are still widely used in
medium-voltage industrial applications, where high-quality voltage waveforms are
required. Static power converters, specifically inverters, are constructed from power
switches and the ac output waveforms are therefore made up of discrete values. This
leads to the generation of waveforms that feature fast transitions rather than smooth ones.
For instance, the ac output voltage produced by the VSI of a standard ASD is a threelevel waveform (Fig. 4.1c). Although this waveform is not sinusoidal as expected (Fig.
4.1b), its fundamental component behaves as such. This behavior should be ensured by a
modulating technique that controls the amount of time and the sequence used to switch
the power valves on and off. The modulating techniques most used are the carrier-based
technique (e.g., sinusoidal pulse width modulation, SPWM), the space-vector (SV)
technique, and the selective-harmonic-elimination (SHE) technique.

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a)

b)

c)

Fig. 4.1: The ac output voltage produced by the VSI of a standard ASD
a) The electrical power conversion topology;
b) The ideal input (ac mains) and output (load) waveforms; and
c) The actual input (ac mains) and output (load) waveforms.
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Three Phase Voltage Source Inverters

Single-phase VSIs cover low-range power applications and three-phase VSIs cover the
medium- to high-power applications. The main purpose of these topologies is to provide
a three-phase voltage source, where the amplitude, phase, and frequency of the voltages
should always be controllable. Although most of the applications require sinusoidal
voltage waveforms (e.g., ASDs, UPSs, FACTS, VAR compensators), arbitrary voltages
are also required in some emerging applications (e.g., active filters, voltage
compensators).
The standard three-phase VSI topology is shown in Fig. 4.2 and the e valid switch states
are given in fig 4.3. As in single-phase VSIs, the switches of any leg of the inverter (S1
and S4, S3 and S6, or S5 and S2) cannot be switched on simultaneously because this
would result in a short circuit across the dc link voltage supply. Similarly, in order to
avoid undefined states in the VSI, and thus undefined ac output line voltages, the
switches of any leg of the inverter cannot be switched off simultaneously as this will
result in voltages that will depend upon the respective line current polarity. In order to
generate a given voltage waveform, the inverter moves from one state to another. Thus
the resulting ac output line voltages consist of discrete values of voltages that are Vi, 0,
and -Vi for the topology shown in Fig. 4.2. The selection of the states in order to generate
the given waveform is done by the modulating technique that should ensure the use of
only the valid states.

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Fig. 4.2: Three-phase VSI topology.

Fig 4.3: Valid switch states for a three-phase VSI

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5. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION IN INVERTERS

5.1 INTRODUCTION
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a very efficient way of providing intermediate
amounts of electrical power between fully on and fully off. A simple power switch
with a typical power source provides full power only when switched on. PWM is a
comparatively recent technique, made practical by modern electronic power switches.
PWM can be used to reduce the total amount of power delivered to a load without
losses normally incurred when a power source is limited by resistive means. This is
because the average power delivered is proportional to the modulation duty cycle.
With a sufficiently high modulation rate, passive electronic filters can be used to
smooth the pulse train and recover an average analog waveform.
5.2 OBJECTIVE OF PWM
Control of inverter output voltage
Reduction of harmonics
Disadvantages of PWM
Increase of switching losses due to high PWM frequency
Reduction of available voltage
EMI problems due to high-order harmonics
5.3 PWM METHODS
1) Sine PWM
2) Hysteresis (Bang-bang)
3) Space Vector PWM

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5.4 SINE PWM

The pulses are generated by comparing a triangular carrier waveform to a reference
modulating signal. The amplitude (modulation), phase, and frequency of the
reference signals are set to control the output voltage (on the AC terminals) of the
bridge connected to the PWM Generator block.

Fig 5.1 Principle of PWM generation

Fig 5.2 Wave form of Sine PWM

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5.5. PULSE-WIDTH MODULATED VSI

Fig. 5.3 Pulse-width modulation.

INVERTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE
When vcontrol > vtri, VA0 = Vdc/2
When vcontrol < vtri, VA0 = -Vdc/2
CONTROL OF INVERTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE

PWM frequency is the same as the frequency of vtri

Amplitude is controlled by the peak value of vcontrol
Fundamental frequency is controlled by the frequency of vcontrol
Modulation Index (m)
vcontrol peak of (V A0 )1
m

,
vtri
Vdc / 2
where,

(VA0 )1 : fundamenta l frequecny

component

of

VA0

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5.6. THREE-PHASE SINE PWM WAVEFORMS

Frequency of vtri and vcontrol
Frequency of vtri = fs
Frequency of vcontrol = f1
where, fs = PWM frequency
f1 = Fundamental frequency
Inverter output voltage
When vcontrol > vtri, VA0 = Vdc/2
When vcontrol < vtri, VA0 = -Vdc/2
where, VAB = VA0 VB0
VBC = VB0 VC0
VCA = VC0 VA0

Fig. 5.4 Waveforms of three-phase sine PWM inverter.

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5.7. THREE PHASE INVERTER

Fig 5.5 Three phase inverter

Fig 5.6 Switching states of IGBT

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6. SIMULATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Use of simulation studies as a valid tool for testing new ideas and schemes has now
come of age. Simulation studies offer a number of other advantages. They help on
determining optimal parameters. Destructive tests that could not have been done in
the laboratory can be easily simulated and responses to fault and abnormal conditions
can be analyzed. Simulated waveforms at different places, not really accessible from
outside can be easily monitored. Component ratings are not needed before hand
during simulation.
A number of simulation packages are available which enable us to develop simulation
programs for electric drive system. Basically there are two types of simulators,
namely, circuit based simulators and equation based simulators. In the former case of
simulators power electronics circuits can be simulated, taking into account, the real
dynamics of switching processes the disadvantage with such simulators is that they
need machines also to be represented by their equivalent circuits. The accuracy of
simulation in this case may not be to desired level. On the other hand , the latter type
of simulators are basically equation solvers. semiconductor devices can either be
represented as ideal switches or can be represented using the corresponding dynamic
equations during switching. Machines can be accurately represented as a number of
differential equation in the state space form. MATLAB/SIMULINK is such a
powerful equation based simulator which can meet the requirements of simulation of
electric drive system.

6.2 SIMULINK AS A TOOL FOR SYSTEM SIMULATION

SIMULINK is an extension of MATLAB and is a program for simulating dynamic
systems. It helps in representing systems in a block diagram fashion. There are a lot
of built in blocks available in its library. It is also possible to create new function
using the S-function facility. Normally one goes about the simulation procedure by
bringing in fundamental blocks from the library and suitably inter connecting them to
perform the task of a subsystem. It is possible to use this subsystem obtained by
grouping the fundamental blocks as a single block where ever such a subsystem is to
be connected. Various subsystems blocks so generated are interconnected to simulate
the entire system. in SIMULINK , a number of simulation algorithm are available at
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the users disposal e.g. integration algorithm like Runge-kutta, Dormand Prince, and
Euler. The appropriate choice of method and careful selection of simulation
parameters are important considerations for obtaining accurate results.

6.3 SIMULATION SETUP

Fig shows the entire simulation set up. the main blocks involved are motor block,
inverter block and controller block

Fig 6.1 PWM generation subsystem

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Fig 6.2 Complete simulation model in Matlab Simulink

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7. Implementation

DC Bus
Voltage

FET Hex
Bridge

Induction
Motor

Gate Drive

Speed
Command

Switching
Signals

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Fig7.1Overall block diagram of the project

8. PCI 1710
8.1INTRODUCTION
The Advantech PCI-1710is a powerful data acquisition (DAS) card for the PCI bus. It
features a unique circuit design and complete functions for data acquisition and
control, including A/D conversion, D/A conversion, digital input, digital output, and
counter/timer. The PCI-1710 is a multi-function data acquisition card for the PCI bus.
This card provides multiple measurement and control functions.
Model PCI-1710 offers 16 12-bit single ended channels of A/D input, 16 channels of
digital inputs, 16 channels of digital outputs, two 12-bit channels of analog output,

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and one 16-bit timer/counter with a time base of 10 MHz. Model PCI-1710 also
allows the user to configure the A/D inputs as differential analog inputs.
This card provides an on-board FIFO (First In First Out) memory buffer that can store
up to 4K A/D samples.
The card provides a programmable counter for generating a pacer trigger for the A/D
conversion. The counter chip is an 82C54 or equivalent, which includes three 16-bit
counters on a 10 MHz clock. One counter is used as an event counter for counting
events coming from the input channels. The other two are cascaded together to make
a 32-bit timer for a pacer trigger.

8.2MAIN FEATURES

16-ch single-ended or 8-ch differential or a combination of analog input

12-bit A/D converter, with up to 100 kHz sampling rate

Programmable gain

Automatic channel/gain scanning

Onboard FIFO memory (4,096 samples)

Two 12-bit analog output channels

16-ch digital input and 16-ch digital output

Onboard programmable counter

BoardID switch

8.3SPECIFICATION
8.3.1ANALOG INPUT

Channels 16 single-ended or 8 differential (software programmable)

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Resolution 12-bit

On-board FIFO 4 K samples

Conversion Time 8 ms

Maximum Input 30 V Overvoltage

Input Range (V, software programmable)

Accuracy (depends on gain) * S.E.: Single-ended D: Differential

Linearity Error 1 LSB

Input Impedance 1 G

Trigger Mode Software, onboard programmable pacer or external

8.3.2ANALOG OUTPUT

Channels 2

Resolution 12-bitRelative Accuracy 1/2 LSB

Gain Error 1 LSB

Throughput 38 KS/s (min.)

Slow Rate 10 V/ms

Output Range Internal reference: 0 ~ +5 V @ -5 V, (software programmable) 0

~ +10 V @ -10 V External reference: 0 ~ +x V @ -x V (-10 x 10)

Driving Capability 10 mA

8.3.3DIGITAL INPUT

Channels 16

Input Voltage Low: 0.4 V max. High: 2.4 V min.

Input Load: Low: -0.2 mA @ 0.4 V

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8.4 IMAGE OF PCI 1710

Fig 8.1 PCI 1710

8.5 PIN DIAGRAM

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Fig 8.2 Pin diagram of PCI 1710

9. IR2110

9.1INTRODUCTION
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The IR2110/IR2113 are high voltage, high speed power MOSFET and IGBT drivers
with independent high and low side referenced output channels. Proprietary HVIC
and latch immune CMOS technologies enable ruggedized monolithic construction.
Logic inputs are compatible with standard CMOS or LSTTL output, down to 3.3V
logic. The output drivers feature a high pulse current buffer stage designed for
minimum driver cross-conduction. Propagation delays are matched to simplify use in
high frequency applications. The floating channel can be used to drive an N-channel
power MOSFET or IGBT in the high side configuration which operates up to 500 or
600 volts.

9.2FEATURES
Floating channel designed for bootstrap operation
Fully operational to +500V or +600V
Tolerant to negative transient voltage dV/dt immune
Gate drive supply range from 10 to 20V
Under voltage lockout for both channels
3.3V logic compatible
Separate logic supply range from 3.3V to 20V
Logic and power ground 5V offset
CMOS Schmitt-triggered inputs with pull-down
Cycle by cycle edge-triggered shutdown logic
Matched propagation delay for both channels
Outputs in phase with inputs

9.3PIN DIAGRAM

Fig 9.1 Pin diagram of IR2110

9.4 TYPICAL CONNECTION

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Fig 9.2 Circuit of IR 2110

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10. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

10.1Introduction
This section of the chapter presents the design of the experimental setup.
In the laboratory a prototype of the drive is being built. The primary
purpose of the prototype is to verify the analytical and control algorithm
developed inn the project. The prototype built is flexible and robust
enough to conduct the experiments. The block diagram of experimental
setup is shown in Fig 10.1
DC Bus
Voltage

FET Hex
Bridge

Induction
Motor

Gate Drive

Speed
Command

Switching
Signals

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Fig 10.1 Overall block diagram of the project

There are several steps involved in implementing the hardware.

The Simulink file is remodeled with input as slider gain and output
as gate pulses to inverter
Converting the Simulink file to C code.
Inverter design
Gate design
10.2 INVERTER DESIGN
The important task in the implementation of the inverter are building the power
circuit, building driving circuit board, and to build the power supplies for the driver
circuits. Selection of power devices is also an important criterion. it is inferred that
for this particular case, short circuit protection and over load protection are not
mandatory. The control signals for this inverter are generated from computer using
MATLAB.
10.3 SPECIFICATION OF THE INVERTER
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Since the voltage that is impressed in the present case is around 400 V and
considering a factor of 2 , the voltage rating of the device is selected as 900 V. the
allowable current that must handle is around 5 A and hence considering a factor of 3,
the device with a current rating of 15 A is selected. Due to unavailability of the device
with this current rating, a device with 60 A is considered. Switching frequency of
inverter is taken as 5 KHz.

10.4 POWER CIRCUIT

The switching device considered in building the power stage is FAIRCHILD made N
channel IGBT (FGA15N120ANT). Fig 10.2 shows hardware of IGBT Inverter

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Fig 10.2 Power circuit of inverter

10.6 PWM GENERATOR

PWM signals needed for the inverter is generated using MATLAB and is interfaced to
hardware using PCI 1710 card. Fig 10.3 shows Interfacing of PCI 1710 with PC. Fig
10.4 shows the generated waveform in DSO.

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Fig 10.3 Interfacing of PCI 1710 with PC

Fig 10.4 Generated PWM on DSO

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10.5 DRIVER CIRCUIT

The threshold gate voltage of IGBT is around 6V, but to ensure switching ON and
OFF of the device at higher frequencies, the gate voltage range is between +12 V and
-12 V. In order avoid short circuit of DC bus bar a delay time is introduced between
signals. This ensures that upper switch is turned off before the lower one turns on. An
IC made by INTERNATIONAL RECTIFIER (IR 2110) serves the purpose. Three
such ICs are use to turn ON and OFF six IGBTs. The supply voltage for the IC is +12
V. The hardware implementation driver circuit is shown in Fig 10.5

Fig 10.5 Hardware of driver circuit

10.6 WORKING
The SIMULINK file is converted into C code using Real Time Workshop. The
simulation mode is changed to external. The simulation stop time is made infinite.
After successful completion of Real-Time Workshop build procedure for model, the
SIMULINK model is connected to the target. By varying the slider gain the speed can
be controlled by keeping V/F ratio constant.

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10.7 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Fig 10.6: Experimental setup

11. RESULTS
11.1Matlab Simulink Simulation Results
Referring to Figure 5, the speed increased gradually until it reached required speed
with respect to the input frequency. For instance, when the input frequency was set to
30Hz, the speed increased gradually until it reached and maintained constant at 900
rpm. When the input frequency was changed to a higher value, 70Hz, the speed
increased steadily to 2100rpm. The speed decreased from 2900 rpm to 1500 rpm
when the frequency was reduced to 50 Hz from 100 Hz. If the acceleration and
deceleration ramp function were not included the speed of the motor will increases
very rapidly, which will destroy the motor. Figure 6 shows that the motor was
operated in reverse direction and the motor speed can also be varied with respect to
the input frequency supplied. In the figure RPM positive indicates rotation in forward
direction and RPM negative indicates rotation in reversed direction while frequency
positive indicates the phase sequence is [0o, 120o, -120o] and frequency negative
indicates the phase sequence is [0o, -120o, -120o]. The frequency itself is not
negative.

11.2Implementation to the Actual Model Results

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When the PWM algorithm was applied to the actual IGBT module and actual
induction motor, it was observed that the motor started to rotate slowly to its desired
speed depending on the reference frequency provided. The speed of the motor
increased steadily based on the frequency supplied by the control signal until it
reached the desired speed and remained constant at the speed. The speed of the motor
was captured using a small tachogenerator attached to the rotor. A speed sensor or
tachometer was connected to the tachogenerator to observe the speed of the motor.
Table 1 shows the speed of the motor for each frequency input, based on the
measured voltage. It was also discovered that the speed of the motor with respect to
the input frequency in the real application was lower than that in the Matlab Simulink
model simulation. This was due to the friction and windage losses in the actual model
that was ignored in the Simulink model.

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12. CONCLUSION
The development of the algorithm to perform the PWM operation using Matlab
Simulink, and implementation to actual model using the Matlab/Real time
workshopto control the speed of induction motor was successfully discussed. The
acceleration and deceleration ramps as well as rotational direction switching functions
were also functioning, proven by both Matlab simulation and implementation to the
actual model. This method provides a means to control speed of induction motor
remotely using a host PC, which may be connected through local area network or
wireless network connection of the actual motor, IGBTs and keypad to the host PC.

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III. REFERENCES
[1] N. Mohan, W. P. Robbin, and T. Undeland, Power Electronics: Converters,
Applications, and Design, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1995.
[2] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives: Technology
and Applications. IEEE Press, 1997.
[3] H.W. van der Broeck, H.-C. Skudelny, and G.V. Stanke, Analysis and
realization of a pulse width modulator based on voltage space vectors,
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol.24, pp. 142-150, 1988.

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