The Poor man’s Super Computer

Contents

Abstract

Introduction 1

How It Works 1

Distributed Computing Management Server 2

Comparisons and Other Trends 3

Distributed vs. Grid Computing 3

Other Trends at a Glance 4

Application Characteristics 5

Types of Distributed Computing Applications 6

Security and Standards Challenges 7

Conclusion 8

Bibliography
 Abstract

Increasing desktop CPU power and communications bandwidth have lead to the

discovery of a new computation environment, which helped to make, distributed

computing a more practical idea. The advantages of this type of architecture for the right

kinds of applications are impressive. The most obvious is the ability to provide access to

supercomputer level processing power or better for a fraction of the cost of a typical

supercomputer. For this reasons this technology can be termed as the “Poor mans Super

Computer”.

In this paper we discuss “How Distributed Computing Works”, The

Application Characteristics that make it special from other networking technologies.

When going for a new technology it’s a must for us to the competing technologies and

compares it with the new trends. We also discuss the areas where this computational

technology can be applied. We also discuss the level of security and the standards behind

this Technology.

Finally coming to the conclusion, however, the specific promise of distributed

computing lies mostly in harnessing the system resources that lies within the firewall. It
will take years before the systems on the Net will be sharing compute resources as
effortlessly as they can share information.

Introduction

The numbers of real applications are still somewhat limited, and the challenges--
particularly standardization--are still significant. But there's a new energy in the market,
as well as some actual paying customers, so it's about time to take a look at where
distributed processing fits and how it works.

Increasing desktop CPU power and communications bandwidth has also helped to
make distributed computing a more practical idea. Various vendors have developed
numerous initiatives and architectures to permit distributed processing of data and objects
across a network of connected systems.

One area of distributed computing has received a lot of attention, and it will be a
primary focus of this paper--an environment where you can harness idle CPU cycles and
storage space of hundreds or thousands of networked systems to work together on a
processing-intensive problem. The growth of such processing models has been limited,
however, due to a lack of compelling applications and by bandwidth bottlenecks,
combined with significant security, management, and standardization challenges.

How It Works

A distributed computing architecture consists of very lightweight software agents

installed on a number of client systems, and one or more dedicated distributed computing
management servers. There may also be requesting clients with software that allows them
to submit jobs along with lists of their required resources.

An agent running on a processing client detects when the system is idle, notifies
the management server that the system is available for processing, and usually requests an
application package. The client then receives an application package from the server and
runs the software when it has spare CPU cycles, and sends the results back to the server.
If the user of the client system needs to run his own applications at any time, control is
immediately returned, and processing of the distributed application package ends.

A Typical Distributed System

Distributed Computing Management Server

The servers have several roles. They take distributed computing requests and
divide their large processing tasks into smaller tasks that can run on individual desktop
systems (though sometimes this is done by a requesting system). They send application
packages and some client management software to the idle client machines that request
them. They monitor the status of the jobs being run by the clients. After the client
machines run those packages, they assemble the results sent back by the client and
structure them for presentation, usually with the help of a database.
 The server is also likely to manage any security, policy, or other management
functions as necessary, including handling dialup users whose connections and IP
addresses are inconsistent. Obviously the complexity of a distributed computing
architecture increases with the size and type of environment. A larger environment that
includes multiple departments, partners, or participants across the Web requires complex
resource identification, policy management, authentication, encryption, and secure
sandboxing functionality.

Administrators or others with rights can define which jobs and users get access to
which systems, and who gets priority in various situations based on rank, deadlines, and
the perceived importance of each project. Obviously, robust authentication, encryption,
and sandboxing are necessary to prevent unauthorized access to systems and data within
distributed systems that are meant to be inaccessible.

If you take the ideal of a distributed worldwide grid to the extreme, it requires standards
and protocols for dynamic discovery and interaction of resources in diverse network
environments and among different distributed computing architectures. Most distributed
computing solutions also include toolkits, libraries, and API's for porting third party
applications to work with their platform, or for creating distributed computing
applications from scratch.

Comparisons and Other Trends

Distributed vs. Grid Computing

There are actually two similar trends moving in tandem--distributed computing

and grid computing. Depending on how you look at the market, the two either overlap, or
distributed computing is a subset of grid computing. Grid Computing got its name
because it strives for an ideal scenario in which the CPU cycles and storage of millions of
systems across a worldwide network function as a flexible, readily accessible pool that
could be harnessed by anyone who needs it.
 Sun defines a computational grid as "a hardware and software infrastructure that
provides dependable, consistent, pervasive, and inexpensive access to computational
capabilities." Grid computing can encompass desktop PCs, but more often than not its
focus is on more powerful workstations, servers, and even mainframes and
supercomputers working on problems involving huge datasets that can run for days. And
grid computing leans more to dedicated systems, than systems primarily used for other
tasks.

Large-scale distributed computing of the variety we are covering usually refers to

a similar concept, but is more geared to pooling the resources of hundreds or thousands of
networked end-user PCs, which individually are more limited in their memory and
processing power, and whose primary purpose is not distributed computing, but rather
serving their user.

Distributed vs. Other Trends

Application Characteristics

Obviously not all applications are suitable for distributed computing. The closer
an application gets to running in real time, the less appropriate it is. Even processing tasks
that normally take an hour are two may not derive much benefit if the communications
among distributed systems and the constantly changing availability of processing clients
becomes a bottleneck. Instead you should think in terms of tasks that take hours, days,
weeks, and months. Generally the most appropriate applications consist of "loosely
coupled, non-sequential tasks in batch processes with a high compute-to-data ratio." The
high compute to data ratio goes hand-in-hand with a high compute-to-communications
ratio, as you don't want to bog down the network by sending large amounts of data to
each client, though in some cases you can do so during off hours. Programs with large
databases that can be easily parsed for distribution are very appropriate.

Clearly, any application with individual tasks that need access to huge data sets
will be more appropriate for larger systems than individual PCs. If terabytes of data are
involved, a supercomputer makes sense as communications can take place across the
system's very high speed backplane without bogging down the network. Server and other
dedicated system clusters will be more appropriate for other slightly less data intensive
applications. For a distributed application using numerous PCs, the required data should
fit very comfortably in the PC's memory, with lots of room to spare.

Taking this further, it is recommended that the application should have the
capability to fully exploit "coarse-grained parallelism," meaning it should be possible to
partition the application into independent tasks or processes that can be computed
concurrently. For most solutions there should not be any need for communication
between the tasks except at task boundaries, though Data Synapse allows some
interprocess communications. The tasks and small blocks of data should be such that they
can be processed effectively on a modern PC and report results that, when combined with
other PC's results, produce coherent output. And the individual tasks should be small
enough to produce a result on these systems within a few hours to a few days

Types of Distributed Computing Applications

The following scenarios are examples of types of application tasks that can be set up
to take advantage of distributed computing.

• A query search against a huge database that can be split across lots of desktops,
with the submitted query running concurrently against each fragment on each
desktop.
• Complex modeling and simulation techniques that increase the accuracy of results
by increasing the number of random trials would also be appropriate, as trials
could be run concurrently on many desktops, and combined to achieve greater
statistical significance (this is a common method used in various types of financial
risk analysis).

• Exhaustive search techniques that require searching through a huge number of

results to find solutions to a problem also make sense. Drug screening is a prime
example.

• Complex financial modeling, weather forecasting, and geophysical exploration are

on the radar screens of the vendors, as well as car crash and other complex
simulations.
• Many of today's vendors are aiming squarely at the life sciences market, which has
a sudden need for massive computing power. Pharmaceutical firms have
repositories of millions of different molecules and compounds, some of which
may have characteristics that make them appropriate for inhibiting newly found
proteins. The process of matching all these ligands to their appropriate targets is
an ideal task for distributed computing, and the quicker it's done, the quicker and
greater the benefits will be.
Security and Standards Challenges

The major challenges come with increasing scale. As soon as you move outside of
a corporate firewall, security and standardization challenges become quite significant.
Most of today's vendors currently specialize in applications that stop at the corporate
firewall, though Avaki, in particular, is staking out the global grid territory. Beyond
spanning firewalls with a single platform, lies the challenge of spanning multiple firewalls
and platforms, which means standards.

Most of the current platforms offer high level encryption such as Triple DES. The
application packages that are sent to PCs are digitally signed, to make sure a rogue
application does not infiltrate a system. Avaki comes with its own PKI (public key
infrastructure). Identical application packages are typically sent to multiple PCs and the
results of each are compared. Any set of results that differs from the rest becomes security
suspect. Even with encryption, data can still be snooped when the process is running in
the client's memory, so most platforms create application data chunks that are so small,
that it is unlikely snooping them will provide useful information. Avaki claims that it
integrates easily with different existing security infrastructures and can facilitate the
communications among them, but this is obviously a challenge for global distributed
computing.

Working out standards for communications among platforms is part of the typical
chaos that occurs early in any relatively new technology. In the generalized peer-to-peer
realm lies the Peer-to-Peer Working Group, started by Intel, which is looking to devise
standards for communications among many different types of peer-to-peer platforms,
including those that are used for edge services and collaboration.

The Global Grid Forum is a collection of about 200 companies looking to devise
grid computing standards. Then you have vendor-specific efforts such as Sun's Open
Source JXTA platform, which provides a collection of protocols and services that allows
peers to advertise themselves to and communicate with each other securely. JXTA has a
lot in common with JINI, but is not Java specific (thought the first version is Java based).

Intel recently released its own peer-to-peer middleware, the Intel Peer-to-Peer
Accelerator Kit for Microsoft .Net, also designed for discovery, and based on the
Microsoft.Net platform.

Conclusion

The advantages of this type of architecture for the right kinds of applications are
impressive. The most obvious is the ability to provide access to supercomputer level
processing power or better for a fraction of the cost of a typical supercomputer.
 Scalability is also a great advantage of distributed computing. Though they
provide massive processing power, super computers are typically not very scalable once
they're installed. A distributed computing installation is infinitely scalable--simply add
more systems to the environment. In a corporate distributed computing setting, systems
might be added within or beyond the corporate firewall.

For today, however, the specific promise of distributed computing lies mostly in
harnessing the system resources that lies within the firewall. It will take years before the
systems on the Net will be sharing compute resources as effortlessly as they can share
information.
 Bibliography

 www.google.com
 http://www.extremetech.com/
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M.Paul
 Distributed Systems, Methods and tools for Specification – An Advanced
Course, Springer-Verlag.
 Operating Systems - Tennanbaman