Interview Questions on Java

What if the main method is declared as private?

The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give "Main method not publi
c." message.
What is meant by pass by reference and pass by value in Java?
Pass by reference means, passing the address itself rather than passing the valu
e. Pass by value means passing a copy of the value. If youre overriding the metho
d equals() of an object, which other method you might also consider? hashCode()
What is Byte Code? Or What gives java its write once and run anywhere nature? All J
ava programs are compiled into class files that contain bytecodes. These byte co
des can be run in any platform and hence java is said to be platform independent
. Expain the reason for each keyword of public static void main(String args[])?
public- main(..) is the first method called by java environment when a program i
s executed so it has to accessible from java environment. Hence the access speci
fier has to be public. static: Java environment should be able to call this meth
od without creating an instance of the class , so this method must be declared a
s static. void: main does not return anything so the return type must be void Th
e argument String indicates the argument type which is given at the command line
and arg is an array for string given during command line. What are the differen
ces between == and .equals() ? Or what is difference between == and equals Or Di
fference between == and equals method Or What would you use to compare two Strin
g variables - the operator == or the method equals()? Or How is it possible for
two String objects with identical values not to be equal

under the == operator? The == operator compares two objects to determine if they
are the same object in memory i.e. present in the same memory location. It is p
ossible for two String objects to have the same value, but located in different
areas of memory. == compares references while .equals compares contents. The met
hod public boolean equals(Object obj) is provided by the Object class and can be
overridden. The default implementation returns true only if the object is compa
red with itself, which is equivalent to the equality operator == being used to c
ompare aliases to the object. String, BitSet, Date, and File override the equals
() method. For two String objects, value equality means that they contain the sa
me character sequence. For the Wrapper classes, value equality means that the pr
imitive values are equal. public class EqualsTest { public static void main(Stri
ng[] args) { String s1 = "abc"; String s2 = s1; String s5 = "abc"; String s3 = n
ew String("abc"); String s4 = new String("abc"); System.out.println("== comparis
on : " + System.out.println("== comparison : " + System.out.println("Using equal
s method System.out.println("== comparison : " + System.out.println("Using equal
s method } }
(s1 == s5)); (s1 == s2)); : " + s1.equals(s2)); s3 == s4); : " + s3.equals(s4));
Output == comparison : true == comparison : true Using equals method : true fals
e Using equals method : true What if the static modifier is removed from the sig
nature of the main method? Or What if I do not provide the String array as the a
rgument to the method? Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchM
ethodError". Why oracle Type 4 driver is named as oracle thin driver? Oracle pro
vides a Type 4 JDBC driver, referred to as the Oracle thin driver. This driver inc
ludes its own implementation of a TCP/IP version of Oracles Net8 written entirely
in Java, so it is platform independent, can be downloaded to a browser at runti
me, and does not require any Oracle software on the client side. This driver req
uires a TCP/IP listener on the server side, and the client connection string use
s the TCP/IP port address, not the TNSNAMES entry for the database name.

What is the difference between final, finally and finalize? What do you understa
nd by the java final keyword? Or What is final, finalize() and finally? Or What
is finalize() method? Or What is the difference between final, finally and final
ize? Or What does it mean that a class or member is final? o final - declare con
stant o finally - handles exception o finalize - helps in garbage collection Var
iables defined in an interface are implicitly final. A final class can t be exte
nded i.e., final class may not be subclassed. This is done for security reasons
with basic classes like String and Integer. It also allows the compiler to make
some optimizations, and makes thread safety a little easier to achieve. A final
method can t be overridden when its class is inherited. You can t change value o
f a final variable (is a constant). finalize() method is used just before an obj
ect is destroyed and garbage collected. finally, a key word used in exception ha
ndling and will be executed whether or not an exception is thrown. For example,
closing of open connections is done in the finally method. What is the Java API?
The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provi
de many useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI) widgets. Wha
t is the GregorianCalendar class? The GregorianCalendar provides support for tra
ditional Western calendars. What is the ResourceBundle class? The ResourceBundle
class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be loaded by a progra
m to tailor the program s appearance to the particular locale in which it is bei
ng run. Why there are no global variables in Java? Global variables are globally
accessible. Java does not support globally accessible variables due to followin
g reasons: * The global variables breaks the referential transparency * Global v
ariables creates collisions in namespace. How to convert String to Number in jav
a program? The valueOf() function of Integer class is is used to convert string
to Number.

Here is the code example: String numString = "1000"; int id=Integer.valueOf(numS

tring).intValue(); What is the SimpleTimeZone class? The SimpleTimeZone class pr
ovides support for a Gregorian calendar. What is the difference between a while
statement and a do statement? A while statement (pre test) checks at the beginni
ng of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occur. A do while sta
tement (post test) checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration
of a loop should occur. The do statement will always execute the loop body at l
east once. What is the Locale class? The Locale class is used to tailor a progra
m output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural r
egion. Describe the principles of OOPS. There are three main principals of oops
which are called Polymorphism, Inheritance and Encapsulation. Explain the Inheri
tance principle. Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the pro
perties of another object. Inheritance allows well-tested procedures to be reuse
d and enables changes to make once and have effect in all relevant places What i
s implicit casting? Implicit casting is the process of simply assigning one enti
ty to another without any transformation guidance to the compiler. This type of
casting is not permitted in all kinds of transformations and may not work for al
l scenarios. Example int i = 1000; long j = i; //Implicit casting Is sizeof a ke
yword in java? The sizeof operator is not a keyword. What is a native method? A
native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. In
System.out.println(), what is System, out and println? System is a predefined fi
nal class, out is a PrintStream object and println is a built-in overloaded meth
od in the out object. What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism

Or Explain the Polymorphism principle. Explain the different forms of Polymorphi

sm. Polymorphism in simple terms means one name many forms. Polymorphism enables
one entity to be used as a general category for different types of actions. The
specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation. Polymorphis
m exists in three distinct forms in Java: Method overloading Method overriding t
hrough inheritance Method overriding through the Java interface What is explicit
casting? Explicit casting in the process in which the complier are specifically
informed to about transforming the object. Example long i = 700.20; int j = (in
t) i; //Explicit casting What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)? The Java Virtua
l Machine is software that can be ported onto various hardwarebased platforms Wh
at do you understand by downcasting? The process of Downcasting refers to the ca
sting from a general to a more specific type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy Wh
at are Java Access Specifiers? Or What is the difference between public, private
, protected and default Access Specifiers? Or What are different types of access
modifiers? Access specifiers are keywords that determine the type of access to
the member of a class. These keywords are for allowing privileges to parts of a
program such as functions and variables. These are: Public : accessible to all c
lasses Protected : accessible to the classes within the same package and any sub
classes. Private : accessible only to the class to which they belong Default : a
ccessible to the class to which they belong and to subclasses within the same pa
ckage Which class is the superclass of every class? Object.

Name primitive Java types. The 8 primitive types are byte, char, short, int, lon
g, float, double, and boolean. What is the difference between static and non-sta
tic variables? Or What are class variables? Or What is static in java? Or What i
s a static method? A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rat
her than with specific instances of a class. Each object will share a common cop
y of the static variables i.e. there is only one copy per class, no matter how m
any objects are created from it. Class variables or static variables are declare
d with the static keyword in a class. These are declared outside a class and sto
red in static memory. Class variables are mostly used for constants. Static vari
ables are always called by the class name. This variable is created when the pro
gram starts and gets destroyed when the programs stops. The scope of the class v
ariable is same an instance variable. Its initial value is same as instance vari
able and gets a default value when its not initialized corresponding to the data
type. Similarly, a static method is a method that belongs to the class rather t
han any object of the class and doesn t apply to an object or even require that
any objects of the class have been instantiated. Static methods are implicitly f
inal, because overriding is done based on the type of the object, and static met
hods are attached to a class, not an object. A static method in a superclass can
be shadowed by another static method in a subclass, as long as the original met
hod was not declared final. However, you can t override a static method with a n
on-static method. In other words, you can t change a static method into an insta
nce method in a subclass. Non-static variables take on unique values with each o
bject instance. What is the difference between the boolean & operator and the &&
operator? If an expression involving the boolean & operator is evaluated, both
operands are evaluated, whereas the && operator is a short cut operator. When an
expression involving the && operator is evaluated, the first operand is evaluat
ed. If the first operand returns a value of true then the second operand is eval
uated. If the first operand evaluates to false, the evaluation of the second ope
rand is skipped. How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows? It uses
those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allow
ed by the operation. What if I write static public void instead of public static
void? Program compiles and runs properly.

What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable? In

declaration we only mention the type of the variable and its name without initia
lizing it. Defining means declaration + initialization. E.g. String s; is just a
declaration while String s = new String ("bob"); Or String s = "bob"; are both
definitions. What type of parameter passing does Java support? In Java the argum
ents (primitives and objects) are always passed by value. With objects, the obje
ct reference itself is passed by value and so both the original reference and pa
rameter copy both refer to the same object. Explain the Encapsulation principle.
Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that o
perates on the data into a single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside
interface and misuse. Objects allow procedures to be encapsulated with their dat
a to reduce potential interference. One way to think about encapsulation is as a
protective wrapper that prevents code and data from being arbitrarily accessed
by other code defined outside the wrapper. What do you understand by a variable?
Variable is a named memory location that can be easily referred in the program.
The variable is used to hold the data and it can be changed during the course o
f the execution of the program. What do you understand by numeric promotion? The
Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger numer
ic type, so that integral and floating-point operations may take place. In the n
umerical promotion process the byte, char, and short values are converted to int
values. The int values are also converted to long values, if necessary. The lon
g and float values are converted to double values, as required. What do you unde
rstand by casting in java language? What are the types of casting? The process o
f converting one data type to another is called Casting. There are two types of
casting in Java; these are implicit casting and explicit casting. What is the fi
rst argument of the String array in main method? The String array is empty. It d
oes not have any element. This is unlike C/C++ where the first element by defaul
t is the program name. If we do not provide any arguments on the command line, t
hen the String array of main method will be empty but not null. How can one prov
e that the array is not null but empty? Print array.length. It will print 0. Tha
t means it is empty. But if it would have been null then it would have thrown a
NullPointerException on attempting to print array.length. Can an application hav
e multiple classes having main method? Yes. While starting the application we me
ntion the class name to be run. The JVM

will look for the main method only in the class whose name you have mentioned. H
ence there is not conflict amongst the multiple classes having main method. When
is static variable loaded? Is it at compile time or runtime? When exactly a sta
tic block is loaded in Java? Static variable are loaded when classloader brings
the class to the JVM. It is not necessary that an object has to be created. Stat
ic variables will be allocated memory space when they have been loaded. The code
in a static block is loaded/executed only once i.e. when the class is first ini
tialized. A class can have any number of static blocks. Static block is not memb
er of a class, they do not have a return statement and they cannot be called dir
ectly. Cannot contain this or super. They are primarily used to initialize stati
c fields. Can I have multiple main methods in the same class? We can have multip
le overloaded main methods but there can be only one main method with the follow
ing signature : public static void main(String[] args) {} No the program fails t
o compile. The compiler says that the main method is already defined in the clas
s. Explain working of Java Virtual Machine (JVM)? JVM is an abstract computing m
achine like any other real computing machine which first converts .java file int
o .class file by using Compiler (.class is nothing but byte code file.) and Inte
rpreter reads byte codes. How can I swap two variables without using a third var
iable? Add two variables and assign the value into First variable. Subtract the
Second value with the result Value. and assign to Second variable. Subtract the
Result of First Variable With Result of Second Variable and Assign to First Vari
able. Example: int a=5,b=10;a=a+b; b=a-b; a=a-b; An other approach to the same q
uestion You use an XOR swap. for example: int a = b = a = a a a a = ^ ^ ^ 5; int
b = 10; b; b; b;
What is data encapsulation? Encapsulation may be used by creating get and set
methods in a class (JAVABEAN) which are used to access the fields of the objec
t. Typically the fields are made private while the get and set methods are publi
c. Encapsulation can be used to validate the data that is to be stored, to do ca
lculations on data that is stored in a field or fields, or for use in introspect
ion (often the case when using javabeans in Struts, for instance). Wrapping of d
ata and function into a

single unit is called as data encapsulation. Encapsulation is nothing but wrappi

ng up the data and associated methods into a single unit in such a way that data
can be accessed with the help of associated methods. Encapsulation provides dat
a security. It is nothing but data hiding. What is reflection API? How are they
implemented? Reflection is the process of introspecting the features and state o
f a class at runtime and dynamically manipulate at run time. This is supported u
sing Reflection API with built-in classes like Class, Method, Fields, Constructo
rs etc. Example: Using Java Reflection API we can get the class name, by using t
he getName method. Does JVM maintain a cache by itself? Does the JVM allocate ob
jects in heap? Is this the OS heap or the heap maintained by the JVM? Why Yes, t
he JVM maintains a cache by itself. It creates the Objects on the HEAP, but refe
rences to those objects are on the STACK. What is phantom memory? Phantom memory
is false memory. Memory that does not exist in reality. Can a method be static
and synchronized? A static method can be synchronized. If you do so, the JVM wil
l obtain a lock on the java.lang. Class instance associated with the object. It
is similar to saying: synchronized(XYZ.class) { } What is difference between Str
ing and StringTokenizer? A StringTokenizer is utility class used to break up str
ing. Example: StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("Hello World"); while (st
.hasMoreTokens()) { System.out.println(st.nextToken()); } Output: Hello World Ge
neral Java 1.What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented progr
ams?- a) In procedural program, programming logic follows certain procedures and
the instructions are executed one after another. In OOP program, unit of progra
m is object, which is nothing but combination of data and code. b) In procedural
program, data is exposed to the whole program whereas in OOPs program, it is ac
cessible with in the object and which in turn assures the security of the code.

2.What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism?- Encapsulation is the me

chanism that binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps both safe fro
m outside interference and misuse. Inheritance is the process by which one objec
t acquires the properties of another object. Polymorphism is the feature that al
lows one interface to be used for general class actions. 3.What is the differenc
e between Assignment and Initialization?- Assignment can be done as many times a
s desired whereas initialization can be done only once. 4.What is OOPs?- Object
oriented programming organizes a program around its data, i. e. , objects and a
set of well defined interfaces to that data. An objectoriented program can be ch
aracterized as data controlling access to code. 5.What are Class, Constructor an
d Primitive data types?- Class is a template for multiple objects with similar f
eatures and it is a blue print for objects. It defines a type of object accordin
g to the data the object can hold and the operations the object can perform. Con
structor is a special kind of method that determines how an object is initialize
d when created. Primitive data types are 8 types and they are: byte, short, int,
long, float, double, boolean, char. 6.What is an Object and how do you allocate
memory to it?- Object is an instance of a class and it is a software unit that
combines a structured set of data with a set of operations for inspecting and ma
nipulating that data. When an object is created using new operator, memory is al
located to it. 7.What is the difference between constructor and method?- Constru
ctor will be automatically invoked when an object is created whereas method has
to be called explicitly. 8.What are methods and how are they defined?- Methods a
re functions that operate on instances of classes in which they are defined. Obj
ects can communicate with each other using methods and can call methods in other
classes. Method definition has four parts. They are name of the method, type of
object or primitive type the method returns, a list of parameters and the body
of the method. A methods signature is a combination of the first three parts ment
ioned above. 9.What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?- Bin contains all tools su
ch as javac, appletviewer, awt tool, etc., whereas lib contains API and all pack
ages. 10.What is casting?- Casting is used to convert the value of one type to a
nother. 11.How many ways can an argument be passed to a subroutine and explain t
hem?- An argument can be passed in two ways. They are passing by value and passi
ng by reference. Passing by value: This method copies the value of an argument i
nto the formal parameter of the subroutine. Passing by reference: In this method
, a reference to an argument (not the value of the argument) is passed to the pa
rameter. 12.What is the difference between an argument and a parameter?- While d
efining method, variables passed in the method are called parameters. While usin
g those methods, values passed to those variables are called arguments. 13.What
are different types of access modifiers?- public: Any thing declared as public c
an be accessed from anywhere. private: Any thing declared as private cant be seen
outside of its class. protected: Any thing declared as protected can be accesse
d by classes in the same package and subclasses in the other packages. default m
odifier : Can be accessed only to classes in the same package. 14.What is final,
finalize() and finally?- final : final keyword can be used for class, method an
d variables. A final class cannot be subclassed and it prevents other programmer
s from subclassing a secure class to invoke insecure methods. A final method cant
be overridden. A final variable cant change from its initialized value. finalize
() : finalize() method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be cal
led just prior to garbage collection. finally : finally, a key word used in exce
ption handling, creates a block of code that will be executed after a try/catch
block has completed and before the code following the try/catch block. The final
ly block will execute whether or not an exception is thrown. For example, if a m
ethod opens a file upon exit, then you will not want the code that closes the fi
le to be bypassed by the exception-handling mechanism. This finally keyword is d
esigned to address this contingency.

15.What is UNICODE?- Unicode is used for internal representation of characters a

nd strings and it uses 16 bits to represent each other. 16.What is Garbage Colle
ction and how to call it explicitly?- When an object is no longer referred to by
any variable, java automatically reclaims memory used by that object. This is k
nown as garbage collection. System. gc() method may be used to call it explicitl
y. 17.What is finalize() method?- finalize () method is used just before an obje
ct is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection. 18.What are
Transient and Volatile Modifiers?- Transient: The transient modifier applies to
variables only and it is not stored as part of its objects Persistent state. Tran
sient variables are not serialized. Volatile: Volatile modifier applies to varia
bles only and it tells the compiler that the variable modified by volatile can b
e changed unexpectedly by other parts of the program. 19.What is method overload
ing and method overriding?- Method overloading: When a method in a class having
the same method name with different arguments is said to be method overloading.
Method overriding : When a method in a class having the same method name with sa
me arguments is said to be method overriding. 20.What is difference between over
loading and overriding?- a) In overloading, there is a relationship between meth
ods available in the same class whereas in overriding, there is relationship bet
ween a superclass method and subclass method. b) Overloading does not block inhe
ritance from the superclass whereas overriding blocks inheritance from the super
class. c) In overloading, separate methods share the same name whereas in overri
ding, subclass method replaces the superclass. d) Overloading must have differen
t method signatures whereas overriding must have same signature. 21.What is mean
t by Inheritance and what are its advantages?- Inheritance is the process of inh
eriting all the features from a class. The advantages of inheritance are reusabi
lity of code and accessibility of variables and methods of the super class by su
bclasses. 22.What is the difference between this() and super()?- this() can be u
sed to invoke a constructor of the same class whereas super() can be used to inv
oke a super class constructor. 23.What is the difference between superclass and
subclass?- A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a cla
ss that does the inheriting. 24.What modifiers may be used with top-level class?
- public, abstract and final can be used for top-level class. 25.What are inner
class and anonymous class?- Inner class : classes defined in other classes, incl
uding those defined in methods are called inner classes. An inner class can have
any accessibility including private. Anonymous class : Anonymous class is a cla
ss defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and declared in th
e same place and cannot have explicit constructors. 26.What is a package?- A pac
kage is a collection of classes and interfaces that provides a high-level layer
of access protection and name space management. 27.What is a reflection package?
- java. lang. reflect package has the ability to analyze itself in runtime. 28.W
hat is interface and its use?- Interface is similar to a class which may contain
methods signature only but not bodies and it is a formal set of method and const
ant declarations that must be defined by the class that implements it. Interface
s are useful for: a)Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to i
mplement b)Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a cl
ass relationship. c)Determining an objects programming interface without revealin
g the actual body of the class. 29.What is an abstract class?- An abstract class
is a class designed with implementation gaps for subclasses to fill in and is d
eliberately incomplete. 30.What is the difference between Integer and int?- a) I
nteger is a class defined in the java. lang package, whereas int is a primitive
data type defined in the Java language itself. Java does not automatically conve
rt from one to the other.

b) Integer can be used as an argument for a method that requires an object, wher
eas int can be used for calculations. 31.What is a cloneable interface and how m
any methods does it contain?- It is not having any method because it is a TAGGED
or MARKER interface. 32.What is the difference between abstract class and inter
face?- a) All the methods declared inside an interface are abstract whereas abst
ract class must have at least one abstract method and others may be concrete or
abstract. b) In abstract class, key word abstract must be used for the methods w
hereas interface we need not use that keyword for the methods. c) Abstract class
must have subclasses whereas interface cant have subclasses. 33.Can you have an
inner class inside a method and what variables can you access?Yes, we can have a
n inner class inside a method and final variables can be accessed. 34.What is th
e difference between String and String Buffer?- a) String objects are constants
and immutable whereas StringBuffer objects are not. b) String class supports con
stant strings whereas StringBuffer class supports growable and modifiable string
s. 35.What is the difference between Array and vector?- Array is a set of relate
d data type and static whereas vector is a growable array of objects and dynamic
. 36.What is the difference between exception and error?- The exception class de
fines mild error conditions that your program encounters. Exceptions can occur w
hen trying to open the file, which does not exist, the network connection is dis
rupted, operands being manipulated are out of prescribed ranges, the class file
you are interested in loading is missing. The error class defines serious error
conditions that you should not attempt to recover from. In most cases it is advi
sable to let the program terminate when such an error is encountered. 37.What is
the difference between process and thread?- Process is a program in execution w
hereas thread is a separate path of execution in a program. 38.What is multithre
ading and what are the methods for inter-thread communication and what is the cl
ass in which these methods are defined?- Multithreading is the mechanism in whic
h more than one thread run independent of each other within the process. wait ()
, notify () and notifyAll() methods can be used for inter-thread communication a
nd these methods are in Object class. wait() : When a thread executes a call to
wait() method, it surrenders the object lock and enters into a waiting state. no
tify() or notifyAll() : To remove a thread from the waiting state, some other th
read must make a call to notify() or notifyAll() method on the same object. 39.W
hat is the class and interface in java to create thread and which is the most ad
vantageous method?- Thread class and Runnable interface can be used to create th
reads and using Runnable interface is the most advantageous method to create thr
eads because we need not extend thread class here. 40.What are the states associ
ated in the thread?- Thread contains ready, running, waiting and dead states. 41
.What is synchronization?- Synchronization is the mechanism that ensures that on
ly one thread is accessed the resources at a time. 42.When you will synchronize
a piece of your code?- When you expect your code will be accessed by different t
hreads and these threads may change a particular data causing data corruption. 4
3.What is deadlock?- When two threads are waiting each other and cant precede the
program is said to be deadlock. 44.What is daemon thread and which method is us
ed to create the daemon thread?Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs
intermittently in the back ground doing the garbage collection operation for th
e java runtime system. setDaemon method is used to create a daemon thread. 45.Ar
e there any global variables in Java, which can be accessed by other part of you
r program?- No, it is not the main method in which you define variables. Global
variables is not possible because concept of encapsulation is eliminated here. 4
6.What is an applet?- Applet is a dynamic and interactive program that runs

inside a web page displayed by a java capable browser. 47.What is the difference
between applications and applets?- a)Application must be run on local machine w
hereas applet needs no explicit installation on local machine. b)Application mus
t be run explicitly within a java-compatible virtual machine whereas applet load
s and runs itself automatically in a java-enabled browser. d)Application starts
execution with its main method whereas applet starts execution with its init met
hod. e)Application can run with or without graphical user interface whereas appl
et must run within a graphical user interface. 48.How does applet recognize the
height and width?- Using getParameters() method. 49.When do you use codebase in
applet?- When the applet class file is not in the same directory, codebase is us
ed. 50.What is the lifecycle of an applet?- init() method - Can be called when a
n applet is first loaded start() method - Can be called each time an applet is s
tarted. paint() method - Can be called when the applet is minimized or maximized
. stop() method - Can be used when the browser moves off the applets page. destro
y() method - Can be called when the browser is finished with the applet. 51.How
do you set security in applets?- using setSecurityManager() method 52.What is an
event and what are the models available for event handling?- An event is an eve
nt object that describes a state of change in a source. In other words, event oc
curs when an action is generated, like pressing button, clicking mouse, selectin
g a list, etc. There are two types of models for handling events and they are: a
) event-inheritance model and b) event-delegation model 53.What are the advantag
es of the model over the event-inheritance model?- The event-delegation model ha
s two advantages over the event-inheritance model. They are: a)It enables event
handling by objects other than the ones that generate the events. This allows a
clean separation between a components design and its use. b)It performs much bett
er in applications where many events are generated. This performance improvement
is due to the fact that the event-delegation model does not have to be repeated
ly process unhandled events as is the case of the eventinheritance. 54.What is s
ource and listener?- source : A source is an object that generates an event. Thi
s occurs when the internal state of that object changes in some way. listener :
A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs. It has two major
requirements. First, it must have been registered with one or more sources to re
ceive notifications about specific types of events. Second, it must implement me
thods to receive and process these notifications. 55.What is adapter class?- An
adapter class provides an empty implementation of all methods in an event listen
er interface. Adapter classes are useful when you want to receive and process on
ly some of the events that are handled by a particular event listener interface.
You can define a new class to act listener by extending one of the adapter clas
ses and implementing only those events in which you are interested. For example,
the MouseMotionAdapter class has two methods, mouseDragged()and mouseMoved(). T
he signatures of these empty are exactly as defined in the MouseMotionListener i
nterface. If you are interested in only mouse drag events, then you could simply
extend MouseMotionAdapter and implement mouseDragged() . 56.What is meant by co
ntrols and what are different types of controls in AWT?Controls are components t
hat allow a user to interact with your application and the AWT supports the foll
owing types of controls: Labels, Push Buttons, Check Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists,
Scrollbars, Text Components. These controls are subclasses of Component. 57.Wha
t is the difference between choice and list?- A Choice is displayed in a compact
form that requires you to pull it down to see the list of available choices and
only one item may be selected from a choice. A List may be displayed in such a
way that several list items are visible and it supports the selection of one or
more list items. 58.What is the difference between scrollbar and scrollpane?- A
Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container whereas Scrollpane is a Conatiner
and handles its

own events and perform its own scrolling. 59.What is a layout manager and what a
re different types of layout managers available in java AWT?- A layout manager i
s an object that is used to organize components in a container. The different la
youts are available are FlowLayout, BorderLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout and Gri
dBagLayout. 60.How are the elements of different layouts organized?- FlowLayout:
The elements of a FlowLayout are organized in a top to bottom, left to right fa
shion. BorderLayout: The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the borders
(North, South, East and West) and the center of a container. CardLayout: The el
ements of a CardLayout are stacked, on top of the other, like a deck of cards. G
ridLayout: The elements of a GridLayout are of equal size and are laid out using
the square of a grid. GridBagLayout: The elements of a GridBagLayout are organi
zed according to a grid. However, the elements are of different size and may occ
upy more than one row or column of the grid. In addition, the rows and columns m
ay have different sizes. 61.Which containers use a Border layout as their defaul
t layout?- Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a BorderLayout as their layout.
62.Which containers use a Flow layout as their default layout?- Panel and Applet
classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout. 63.What are wrapper classes
?- Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as obje
cts. 64.What are Vector, Hashtable, LinkedList and Enumeration?- Vector : The Ve
ctor class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects. Has
htable : The Hashtable class implements a Hashtable data structure. A Hashtable
indexes and stores objects in a dictionary using hash codes as the objects keys.
Hash codes are integer values that identify objects. LinkedList: Removing or ins
erting elements in the middle of an array can be done using LinkedList. A Linked
List stores each object in a separate link whereas an array stores object refere
nces in consecutive locations. Enumeration: An object that implements the Enumer
ation interface generates a series of elements, one at a time. It has two method
s, namely hasMoreElements() and nextElement(). HasMoreElemnts() tests if this en
umeration has more elements and nextElement method returns successive elements o
f the series. 65.What is the difference between set and list?- Set stores elemen
ts in an unordered way but does not contain duplicate elements, whereas list sto
res elements in an ordered way but may contain duplicate elements. 66.What is a
stream and what are the types of Streams and classes of the Streams?A Stream is
an abstraction that either produces or consumes information. There are two types
of Streams and they are: Byte Streams: Provide a convenient means for handling
input and output of bytes. Character Streams: Provide a convenient means for han
dling input & output of characters. Byte Streams classes: Are defined by using t
wo abstract classes, namely InputStream and OutputStream. Character Streams clas
ses: Are defined by using two abstract classes, namely Reader and Writer. 67.Wha
t is the difference between Reader/Writer and InputStream/Output Stream?The Read
er/Writer class is character-oriented and the InputStream/OutputStream class is
byte-oriented. 68.What is an I/O filter?- An I/O filter is an object that reads
from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as
it is passed from one stream to another. 69.What is serialization and deserializ
ation?- Serialization is the process of writing the state of an object to a byte
stream. Deserialization is the process of restoring these objects. 70.What is J
DBC?- JDBC is a set of Java API for executing SQL statements. This API consists
of a set of classes and interfaces to enable programs to write pure Java Databas
e applications. 71.What are drivers available?- a) JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver b) Na
tive API PartlyJava driver c) JDBC-Net Pure Java driver d) Native-Protocol Pure
Java driver 72.What is the difference between JDBC and ODBC?- a) OBDC is for Mic
rosoft and

JDBC is for Java applications. b) ODBC cant be directly used with Java because it
uses a C interface. c) ODBC makes use of pointers which have been removed total
ly from Java. d) ODBC mixes simple and advanced features together and has comple
x options for simple queries. But JDBC is designed to keep things simple while a
llowing advanced capabilities when required. e) ODBC requires manual installatio
n of the ODBC driver manager and driver on all client machines. JDBC drivers are
written in Java and JDBC code is automatically installable, secure, and portabl
e on all platforms. f) JDBC API is a natural Java interface and is built on ODBC
. JDBC retains some of the basic features of ODBC. 73.What are the types of JDBC
Driver Models and explain them?- There are two types of JDBC Driver Models and
they are: a) Two tier model and b) Three tier model Two tier model: In this mode
l, Java applications interact directly with the database. A JDBC driver is requi
red to communicate with the particular database management system that is being
accessed. SQL statements are sent to the database and the results are given to u
ser. This model is referred to as client/server configuration where user is the
client and the machine that has the database is called as the server. Three tier
model: A middle tier is introduced in this model. The functions of this model a
re: a) Collection of SQL statements from the client and handing it over to the d
atabase, b) Receiving results from database to the client and c) Maintaining con
trol over accessing and updating of the above. 74.What are the steps involved fo
r making a connection with a database or how do you connect to a database?a) Loa
ding the driver : To load the driver, Class. forName() method is used. Class. fo
rName(sun. jdbc. odbc. JdbcOdbcDriver); When the driver is loaded, it registers it
self with the java. sql. DriverManager class as an available database driver. b)
Making a connection with database: To open a connection to a given database, Dr
iverManager. getConnection() method is used. Connection con = DriverManager. get
Connection (jdbc:odbc:somedb, user, password); c) Executing SQL statements : To execu
e a SQL query, java. sql. statements class is used. createStatement() method of
Connection to obtain a new Statement object. Statement stmt = con. createStateme
nt(); A query that returns data can be executed using the executeQuery() method
of Statement. This method executes the statement and returns a java. sql. Result
Set that encapsulates the retrieved data: ResultSet rs = stmt. executeQuery(SELEC
T * FROM some table); d) Process the results : ResultSet returns one row at a tim
e. Next() method of ResultSet object can be called to move to the next row. The
getString() and getObject() methods are used for retrieving column values: while
(rs. next()) { String event = rs. getString(event); Object count = (Integer) rs. g
etObject(count); 75.What type of driver did you use in project?- JDBC-ODBC Bridge
driver (is a driver that uses native(C language) libraries and makes calls to an
existing ODBC driver to access a database engine). 76.What are the types of sta
tements in JDBC?- Statement: to be used createStatement() method for executing s
ingle SQL statement PreparedStatement To be used preparedStatement() method for
executing same SQL statement over and over. CallableStatement To be used prepare
Call() method for multiple SQL statements over and over. General Java 1 Q Why th
reads block or enters to waiting state on I/O? A Threads enters to waiting state
or block on I/O because other threads can execute while the I/O operations are
performed. 2 Q What are transient variables in java? A Transient variables are v
ariable that cannot be serialized. 3 Q How Observer and Observable are used? A S
ubclass of Observable class maintain a list of observers. Whenever an Observable
object is updated, it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to n
otify the observers that it has a changed state. An observer isany object that i
mplements the interface Observer.

4 Q What is synchronization A Synchronization is the ability to control the acce

ss of multiple threads to shared resources. Synchronization stops multithreading
. With synchronization , ata time only one thread will be able to access a share
d resource. 5 Q What is List interface ? A List is an ordered collection of obje
cts. 6 Q What is a Vector A Vector is a grow able array of objects. 7 Q What is
the difference between yield() and sleep()? A When a object invokes yield() it r
eturns to ready state. But when an object invokes sleep() method enters to not r
eady state. 8 Q What are Wrapper Classes ? A They are wrappers to primitive data
types. They allow us to access primitives as objects. 9 Q Can we call finalize(
) method ? A Yes.Nobody will stop us to call any method , if it is accessible in
our class. But a garbage collector cannot call an object s finalize method if t
hat object is reachable. 10 Q What is the difference betweentime slicing andpree
mptive scheduling ?A In preemptive scheduling, highest priority task continues e
xecution till it enters a not running state or a higher priority task comes into
existence. In time slicing, the task continues its execution for a predefined p
eriod of time and reenters the pool of ready tasks. 11 Q What is the initial sta
te of a thread when it is created and started? A The thread is in ready state. 1
2 Q Can we declare an anonymous class as both extending a class and implementing
an interface? A No. An anonymous class can extend a class or implement an inter
face, but it cannot be declared to do both 13 Q What are the differences between
boolean & operator and& operator A When an expression containing the & operator
is evaluated, both operands are evaluated. And the & operator is applied to the
operand. When an expression containing && operator is evaluated, the first oper
and is evaluated. If the first operand returns a value of true then only the sec
ond operand is evaluated otherwise the second part will not get executed.&& is a
lso called short cut and. 14 Q What is the use of the finally block? A Finally i
s the block of code that executes always. The code in finally block will execute
even if an exception is occurred. finally will not execute when the user calls
System.exit(). 15 Q What is an abstract method ? A An abstract method is a metho
d that don t have a body. It is declared with modifier abstract. 16 Q what is a
the difference between System.err and System.out A We can redirect System.out to
another file but we cannot redirect System.err stream 17 Q What arethe differen
ces between an abstract class and an interface? A An abstract class can have con
crete method, which is not allowed in an interface. Abstract class can have priv
ate or protected methods and variables and only public methods and variables are
allowed in interface. We can implement more than one interface , but we can ext
end only one abstract class. Interfaces provides loose coupling where as abstrac
t class provides tight coupling. 18 Q What is the difference between synchronize
d block and synchronized method ? A Synchronized blocks place locks for the spec
ified block where as synchronized methods place locks for the entire method. 19
Q How can you force garbage collection in java? A You cannot force Garbage Colle
ction, but you can request for it by calling the method System.gc().But it doesn
t mean that Garbage Collection will start immediately. The garbage collection i
s a low priority thread of JVM. 20 Q How can you call a constructor from another
constructor ? A By using this() reference. 21 Q How can you call the constructo
r of super class ? A By using super() syntax. 22 Q What s the difference between
normal methods and constructors? A Constructors must have the same name of the
class and can not have a return type.

They are called only once,while regular methods can be called whenever required.
We cannot explicitly call a constructor. 23 Q What is the use of packages in ja
va ? A Packages are a way to organize files in java when a project consists of m
ore than one module. It helps in resolving name conflicts when different modules
have classes with the same names. 24 Q What must be the order of catch blocks w
hen catching more than one exception? A The sub classes must come first. Otherwi
se it will give a compile time error. 25 Q How can we call a method or variable
of the super class from child class ?A We can use super.method() or super.variab
le syntax for this purpose. 26 Q If you are overriding equals() method of a clas
s, what other methods you might need to override ? A hashCode 27 Q How can you c
reate your own exception ? A Our class must extend either Exception or its sub c
lass 28 Q What is serialization ? A Serialization is the process of saving the s
tate of an object. 29 Q What is de-serialization? A De-serialization is the proc
ess of restoring the state of an object. 30 Q What is externalizable ? A It is a
n interface that extends Serializable. It is having two different methods writeE
xternal() and readExternal. This interface allows us to customize the output. 31
Q Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory?
A Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memor
y. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to ga
rbage collection. And there is no guarantee that Garbage Collection thread will
be executed. 32 Q What is a native method? A A native method is a method that is
implemented in a language other than Java. 33 Q What are different type of exce
ptions in Java? A There are two types of exceptions in java. Checked exceptions
and Unchecked exceptions. Any exception that is is derived from Throwable and Ex
ception is called checked exception except RuntimeException and its sub classes.
The compiler will check whether the exception is caught or not at compile time.
We need to catch the checked exception or declare in the throws clause.Any exce
ption that is derived from Error and RuntimeException is called unchecked except
ion. We don t need to explicitly catch a unchecked exception. 34 Q Can we catch
an error in our java program ? A Yes. We can . We can catch anything that is der
ived from Throwable. Since Error is a sub class of Throwable we can catch an err
or also. 35 Q What is thread priority? A Thread Priority is an integer value tha
t identifies the relative order in which it should be executed with respect to o
thers. The thread priority values ranging from 1- 10 and the default value is 5.
But if a thread have higher priority doesn t means that it will execute first.
The thread scheduling depends on the OS. 36 Q How many times may an object s fin
alize() method be invoked by the garbage collector? A Only once. 37 Q What is th
e difference between a continue statement and a break statement? A Break stateme
nt results in the immediate termination of the statement to which it applies (sw
itch, for, do, or while). A continue statement is used to end the current loop i
teration and return control to the loop statement. 38 Q What must a class do to
implement an interface? A It must identify the interface in its implements claus
e. Also it must provide definition for all the methods in the interface otherwis
e it must be declared abstract. 39 Q What is an abstract class? A

An abstract class is an incomplete class. It is declared with the modifier abstr

act. We cannot create objects of the abstract class. It is used to specify a com
mon behavioral protocol for all its child classes. 40 Q What is the difference b
etween notify and notifyAll method ? A notify wakes up a single thread that is w
aiting for object s monitor. If any threads are waiting on this object, one of t
hem is chosen to be awakened. The choice is arbitrary and occurs at the discreti
on of the implementation. notifyAll Wakes up all threads that are waiting on thi
s object s monitor. A thread waits on an object s monitor by calling one of the
wait methods. 41 Q What does wait method do ? A It causes current thread to wait
until either another thread invokes notify or notifyAll method of the current o
bject, or a specified amount of time has elapsed. 42 Q What are the different st
ates of a thread ? A The different thread states are ready, running, waiting and
dead. 43 Q What is the difference between static and non static inner class ? A
A non-static inner class can have an object instances that are associated with
instances of the class s outer class. A static inner class can not have any obje
ct instances. 44 Q What is the difference between String and StringBuffer class
? A Strings are immutable (constant), their values cannot be changed after they
are created. StringBuffer supports mutable objects. 45 Q Which is the base class
for all classes ? A java.lang.Object. 46 Q What is the difference between reade
rs and streams? A Readers are character oriented where streams are byte oriented
.The readers are having full support for Unicode data. 47 Q What is constructor
chaining ? A When a constructor of a class is executed it will automatically cal
l the default constructor of the super class (if no explicit call to any of the
super class constructor) till the root of the hierarchy. 48 Q What are the diffe
rent primitive data type in java ? A There are 8 primitive types in java. boolea
n , char, byte, short, int long, float, double. 49 Q What is static ? A static m
eans one per class.static variables are created when the class loads. They are a
ssociated with the class.In order to access a static we don t need objects. We c
an directly access static methods and variable by calling classname.variablename
. 50 Q Why we cannot override static methods? A Static means they are associated
with a class. In static methods , the binding mechanism is static binding. So i
t must be available at the compile time. 51 Q What is the difference between sta
tic and non static variables ? A A static variable is associated with the class
as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. There will be only on
e value for static variable for all instances of that class.Non-static variables
take on unique values with each object instance. 52 Q When does a compiler supp
lies a default constructor for a class? A If there is no other constructor exist
in a class, the compiler will supply a default constructor. 53 Q What are the r
estrictions placed on overriding a method ? A The overridden method have the exa
ct signature of the super class method, including the return type. The access sp
ecified cannot be less restrictive than the super class method. We cannot throw
any new exceptions in overridden method. 54 Q What are the restrictions placed o
n overloading a method ? A Overloading methods must differ in their parameter li
st, or number of parameters. 55 Q What is casting ? A Casting means converting o
ne type to another. There are mainly two types of casting. Casting between primi
tive types and casting between object references. Casting between primitive nume
ric types is used to convert larger data types to

smaller data types. Casting between object references is used to refer to an obj
ect by a compatible class, interface, or array type reference. 56 Q What is the
difference between == and equals ? A The equals method can be considered to perf
orm a deep comparison of the value of an object, whereas the == operator perform
s a shallow comparison.If we are not overriding the equals method both will give
the same result. == will is used to compare the object references. It is used t
o check whether two objects are points to the same reference. 57 Q What is a voi
d return type ? A A void indicates that the method will not return anything. 58
Q What will happen if an exception is not caught ? A An uncaught exception resul
ts in the uncaughtException() method of the thread s ThreadGroup, which results
in the termination of the program. 59 Q What are the different ways in which a t
hread can enter into waiting state? A There are three ways for a thread to enter
into waiting state. By invoking its sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by unsu
ccessfully attempting to acquire an object s lock, or by invoking an object s wa
it() method. 60 Q What is a ResourceBundle class? A The ResourceBundle class is
used to store locale-specific resources that can be loaded by a program to creat
e the program s appearance to the particular locale in which it is being run. 61
Q What is numeric promotion? A Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller
numeric type to a larger numeric type. In numerical promotion, byte, char, and
short values are converted to intvalues. The int, long and float values are conv
erted to the desired types if required. 62 Q What is the difference between the
prefix and postfix forms of the ++ operator? A The prefix form first performs th
e increment operation and then returns the value of the increment operation. The
postfix form first returns the current value of the expression and then perform
s the increment operation on that value. 63 Q What are synchronized methods and
synchronized statements? A Synchronized methods are methods that are declared wi
th the keyword synchronized. A thread executes a synchronized method only after
it has acquired the lock for the method s object or class. Synchronized statemen
ts are similar to synchronized methods. It is a block of code declared with sync
hronized keyword. A synchronized statement can be executed only after a thread h
as acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized stat
ement. 64 Q How can we create a thread? A A thread can be created by extending T
hread class or by implementing Runnable interface. Then we need to override the
method public void run(). 65 Q What is the difference between a switch statement
and an if statement? A If statement is used to select from two alternatives. It
uses a boolean expression to decide which alternative should be executed. The e
xpression in if must be a boolean value.The switch statement is used to select f
rom multiple alternatives.The case values must be promoted to anto int value. 66
Q What is hashCode? A The hashcode of a Java Object is simply a number (32-bit
signed int) that allows an object to be managed by a hash-based data structure.
A hashcode should be, equal for equal object (this is mandatory!) ,fast to compu
te based on all or most of the internal state of an object, use all or most of t
he space of 32-bit integers in a fairly uniform way , and likely to be different
even for objects that are very similar. If you are overriding hashCode you need
to override equals method also. 67 Q What is an I/O filter? A An I/O filter is
an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the
data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.

68 Q What is the difference between RandomAccessFile and File? A The File class
contains informationthe files and directories of the local file system. The Rand
omAccessFile class containsthe methods needed to directly access data contained
in any part of a file. 69 Q What is final ? A A final is a keyword in java. If f
inal keyword is applied to a variable, then the variable will become a constant.
If it applied to method, sub classes cannot override the method. If final keywo
rd is applied to a class we cannot extend from that class. 70 Q What is the diff
erence among JVM Spec, JVM Implementation, JVM Runtime ? A The JVM spec is the b
lueprint for the JVM generated and owned by Sun. The JVM implementation is the a
ctual implementation of the spec by a vendor and the JVM runtime is the actual r
unning instance of a JVM implementation 71 Q How is the difference between threa
d and process? A A process runs in its own address space. No two processes share
their address space. Threads will run in the same address space of the process
that owns them. 72 Q What is the difference between Vector and ArrayList ? A Vec
tor is synchronized, ArrayList is not. Vector is having a constructor to specify
the incremental capacity. But ArrayList don t have. By default Vector grows by
100% but ArrayList grows by 50% only. 73 Q What is the difference between Hashta
ble and HashMap ? A Hashtable is synchronized . but HashMap is not synchronized.
Hashtable does not allow null values , but HashMap allows null values. 74 Q What
are the access modifiers available in Java. A Access modifier specify where a m
ethod or attribute can be used. Public is accessible from anywhere. Protected is
accessible from the same class and its subclasses. Package/Default are accessib
le from the same package. Private is only accessible from within the class. 75 Q
Why java is said to be pass-by-value ? A When assigning an object to a variable
, we are actually assigning the memory address of that object to the variable. S
o the value passed is actually the memory location of the object. This results i
n object aliasing, meaning you can have many variables referring to the same obj
ect on the heap. 76 Q What do you mean by immutable ? How to create an immutable
object ? A Immutability means an object cannot be modified after it has been in
itialized.There will not be any setter methods in an immutable class. And normal
ly these classes will be final. 77 Q What is class loader in java ? A A class lo
ader is a class that is responsible for loading the class. All JVM contains one
class loader called primordial class loader. 78 Q What is a weak reference ? A A
weak reference is the one that does nor prevent the referenced object from bein
g garbage collected. The weak reference will not keep the object that it refers
to alive. A weak reference is not counted as a reference in garbage collection.
This will make the memory use more effective. 79 Q What is object cloning? A It
is the process of duplicating an object so that two identical objects will exist
in the memory at the same time. 80 Q What is object pooling? A Creating a large
number of identical short lived objects is called object pooling. This helps to
minimize the need of garbage collection and makes the memory use more effective
. 81 Q What is garbage collection? A Garbage collection is the process of releas
ing memory used by unreferenced objects. It relieves the programmer from the pro
cess of manually releasing the memory used by objects . 82 Q What is the disadva
ntage of garbage collection? A It adds an overhead that can affect performance.
Additionally there is no

guarantee that the object will be garbage collected. 83 Q What is a Dictionary?

A Dictionary is a parent class for any class that maps keys to values., In a dic
tionary every key is associated with at most one value. 84 Q What is JAR file ?
A JAR stands for Java Archive. This is a file format that enables you to bundle
multiple files into a single archive file.A jar file will contains a manifest.mf
file inside META-INF folder that describes the version and other features of ja
r file. 85 Q Why Java is not fully objective oriented ? A Due to the use of prim
itives in java, which are not objects. 86 Q What is a marker interface ? A An in
terface that contains no methods. Eg: Serializable, Cloneable, SingleThreadModel
etc. It is used to just mark java classes that support certain capability. 87 Q
What are tag interfaces? A Tag interface is an alternate name for marker interf
ace. 88 Q What are the restrictions placed on static method ? A We cannot overri
de static methods. We cannot access any object variables inside static method. A
lso the this reference also not available in static methods. 89 Q What is JVM? A
JVM stands for Java Virtual Machine. It is the run time for java programs. All
are java programs are running inside this JVM only. It converts java byte code t
o OS specific commands. In addition to governing the execution of an application
s byte codes, the virtual machine handles related tasks such as managing the sy
stem s memory, providing security against malicious code, and managing multiple
threads of program execution. 90 Q What is JIT? A JIT stands for Just In Time co
mpiler. It compiles java byte code to native code. 91 Q What is java byte code?
A Byte code is an sort of intermediate code. The byte code is processed by virtu
al machine. 92 Q What is method overloading? A Method overloading is the process
of creating a new method with the same name and different signature. 93 Q What
is method overriding? A Method overriding is the process of giving a new definit
ion for an existing method in its child class. 94 Q What is finalize() ? A Final
ize is a protected method in java. When the garbage collector is executes , it w
ill first call finalize( ), andon the next garbage-collection it reclaim the obj
ects memory. So finalize( ), gives you the chance to perform some cleanup operat
ion at the time of garbage collection. 95 Q What is multi-threading? A Multi-thr
eading is the scenario where more than one threads are running. 96 Q What is dea
dlock? A Deadlock is a situation when two threads are waiting on each other to r
elease a resource. Each thread waiting for a resource which is held by the other
waiting thread. 97 Q What is the difference between Iterator and Enumeration? A
Iterator differ from enumeration in two ways Iterator allow the caller to remov
e elements from the underlying collection during the iteration with well-defined
semantics. And , method names have been improved. 98 Q What is the Locale class
? A A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural r
egion 99 Q What is internationalization? A Internationalization is the process o
f designing an application so that it can be adapted to various languages and re
gions without changes. 100 Q What is anonymous class ? A An anonymous class is a
type of inner class that don t have any name. 101 Q What is the difference betw
een URL and URLConnection? A

A URL represents the location of a resource, and a URLConnection represents a li

nk for accessing or communicating with the resource at the location. 102 Q What
are the two important TCP Socket classes? A ServerSocket and Socket. ServerSocke
t is useful for two-way socket communication. Socket class help us to read and w
rite through the sockets. getInputStream() and getOutputStream() are the two met
hods available in Socket class. 103 Q Strings are immutable. But String s="Hello
"; String s1=s+"World" returns HelloWorld how ? A Here actually a new object is
created with the value of HelloWorld 104 Q What is classpath? A Classpath is the
path where Java looks for loading class at run time and compile time. 105 Q Wha
t is path? A It is an the location where the OS will look for finding out the ex
ecutable files and commands. 106 Q What is java collections? A Java collections
is a set of classes, that allows operations on a collection of classes. 107 Q Ca
n we compile a java program without main? A Yes, we can. In order to compile a j
ava program, we don t require any main method. But to execute a java program we
must have a main in it (unless it is an applet or servlet). Because main is the
starting point of a java program. 108 Q What is a java compilation unit. A A com
pilation unit is a java source file. 109 Q What are the restrictions when overri
ding a method ? A Overridden methods must have the same name, argument list, and
return type (i.e., they must have the exact signature of the method we are goin
g to override, including return type.) The overriding method cannot be less visi
ble than the method it overrides( i.e., a public method cannot be override to pr
ivate). The overriding method may not throw any exceptions that may not be throw
n by the overridden method 110 Q What is static initializer block? What is its u
se? A A static initializer block is a block of code that declares with the stati
c keyword. It normally contains the block of code that must execute at the time
of class loading. The static initializer block will execute only once at the tim
e of loading the class only. 111 Q How does a try statement determine which catc
h clause should be used to handle an exception? A When an exception is thrown ,
the catch block of the try statement are examined in the order in which they app
ear. The first catch block that is capable of handling the exception is executed
. The remaining catch blocks are ignored 112 Q How parameters are passed to meth
ods in java program ? A All java method parameters in java are passed by value o
nly. Obviously primitives are passed by value. In case of objects a copy of the
reference is passed and so all the changes made in the method will persist. 113
Q If a class doesn t have any constructors, what will happen? A If a class doesn
t have a constructor, the JVM will provide a default constructor for the class.
114 Q What will happen if a thread cannot acquire a lock on an object? A It ent
ers to the waiting state until lock becomes available. 115 Q How does multithrea
ding occurring on a computer with a single CPU? A The task scheduler of OS alloc
ates an execution time for multiple tasks. By switching between different execut
ing tasks, it creates the impression that tasks execute sequentially. But actual
ly there is only one task is executed at a time. 116 Q What will happen if you a
re invoking a thread s interrupt method while the thread iswaiting or sleeping?
A When the task enters to the running state, it will throw an InterruptedExcepti
on. 117 Q What are the different ways in which a thread can enter into waiting s
tate? A There are three ways for a thread to enter into waiting state. By invoki
ng its sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by unsuccessfully attempting to acqui
re an object s lock, or by invoking an object s wait() method.

118 Q What are the the different ways for creating a thread? A A thread can be c
reated by subclassing Thread, or by implementing the Runnable interface. 119 Q W
hat is the difference between creating a thread by extending Thread class and by
implementing Runnable interface? Which one should prefer? A When creating a thr
ead by extending the Thread class, it is not mandatory to override the run metho
d (If we are not overriding the run method , it is useless), because Thread clas
s have already given a default implementation for run method. But if we are impl
ementing Runnable , it is mandatory to override the run method. The preferred wa
y to create a thread is by implementing Runnable interface, because it give loos
e coupling. 120 Q What is coupling? A Coupling is the dependency between differe
nt components of a system 121 Q How is an interface? A An interface is a collect
ion of method declarations and constants. In java interfaces are used to achieve
multiple inheritance. It sets a behavioral protocol to all implementing classes
. 122 Q What is an abstract class? A An abstract class is an incomplete class. A
n abstract class is defined with the keyword abstract . We cannot create an obje
ct of the abstract class because it is not complete. It sets a behavioral protoc
ol for all its child classes. 123 Q How will you define an interface? A An inter
face is defined with the keyword interface. Eg: public interface MyInterface { }
124 Q How will you define an abstract class? A An abstract class is defined wit
h the keyword abstract Eg: public abstract class MyClass { } 125 Q What is any a
n anonymous class? A An anonymous class is a local class with no name. 126 Q Wha
t is a JVM heap? A The heap is the runtime data area from which memory for all c
lass instances and arrays is allocated. The heap may be of a fixed size or may b
e expanded. The heap is created on virtual machine start-up. 127 Q What is diffe
rence between string and StringTokenizer? A StringTokenizer as its name suggests
tokenizes a String supplied to it as an argument to its constructor and the cha
racter based on which tokens of that string are to be made. The default tokenizi
ng character is space " ". 128 Q What is the difference between array and ArrayL
ist ? A Array is collection of same data type. Array size is fixed, It cannot be
expanded. But ArrayList is a growable collection of objects. ArrayList is a par
t of Collections Framework and can work with only objects. 129 Q What is differe
nce between java.lang .Class and java.lang.ClassLoader? What is the hierarchy of
ClassLoader ? A Class java.lang.Class represent classes and interfaces in a ru
nning Java application. JVM construct Class object when class in loaded. Where
as a ClassLoader is also a class which loads the class files into memory in ord
er for the Java programs to execute properly. The hierarchy of ClassLoaders is:
Bootstrap ClassLoaders Extensive ClassLoaders System Classpath ClassLoaders Appl
ication ClassLoaders 130 Q What is daemon thread? A Theards which are running on
the background are called deamon threads. daemon thread is a thread which doesn
t give any chance to run other threads once it enters into the run state it doe
sn t give any chance to run other threads. Normally it will run forever, but whe
n all other non-daemon threads are dead, daemon thread will be killed by JVM 131
Q What is a green thread? A Native threads can switch between threads preemptiv
ely. Green threads switch only

when control is explicitly given up by a thread ( Thread.yield(), Object.wait(),

etc.) or a thread performs a blocking operation (read(), etc.). On multi-CPU ma
chines, native threads can run more than one thread simultaneously by assigning
different threads to different CPUs. Green threads run on only one CPU. Native t
hreads create the appearance that many Java processes are running: each thread t
akes up its own entry in the process table. One clue that these are all threads
of the same process is that the memory size is identical for all the threads the
y are all using the same memory. The process table is not infinitely large, and
processes can only create a limited number of threads before running out of syst
em resources or hitting configured limits. 132 Q What is volatile variable? A A
volatile variable is not allowed to have a local copy of a variable that is diff
erent from the value currently held in "main" memory. Volatile modifier requests
the JVM to always access the shared copy of the variable so the its most curren
t value is always read. 133 Q Why java does not support multiple inheritance? A
Because the multiple inheritance causes the redundancy. Also we cannot solve dia
mond problem. 134 Q What is diamond problem? A The diamond problem is an ambigui
ty that can occur when a class multiply inherits from two classes that both desc
end from a common super class 135 Q How many JVM s we can run in a system? A Any
number of JVMs can run in a system. Whenever we issue the command java a new
JVM will start. 136 Q Why Java is not 100% pure object oriented language? A Beca
use java uses primitives. 137 Q Why ArrayList is faster than Vector? A Because V
ector is synchronized. Synchronization reduces the performance. 138 Q What is th
e security mechnaism used in java? A Java uses sand box security model. 139 Q Wh
at is sandbox? A A sandbox is a security mechanism for safely running programs.
The sandbox typically provides a tightly-controlled set of resources for guest p
rograms to run in, such as scratch space on disk and memory. 140 Q What is phant
om memory? A Phantom memory is the memory that does not exist in reality. 141 Q
What is reflection? A Reflection is the process of finding out the different fea
tures of a class dynamically. 142 Q What are the differences between JIT and Hot
Spot? A The Hotspot VM is a collection of techniques, the most important of whic
h is called adaptive optimization. The original JVMs interpreted byte codes one
at a time. Second-generation JVMs added a JIT compiler, which compiles each meth
od to native code upon first execution, then executes the native code. Thereafte
r, whenever the method is called, the native code is executed. The adaptive opti
mization technique used by Hotspot is a hybrid approach, one that combines byte
code interpretation and run-time compilation to native code. Hotspot, unlike a r
egular JIT compiling VM, doesn t do "premature optimization" 143 Q What are the
advantages and disadvantages of reference counting in garbage collection?A An ad
vantage of this scheme is that it can run in small chunks of time closely linked
with the execution of the program. These characteristic makes it particularly s
uitable for real-time environments where the program can t be interrupted for ve
ry long time. A disadvantage of reference counting is that it does not detect cy
cles. A cycle is two or more objects that refer to one another. Another disadvan
tage is the overhead of incrementing and decrementing the reference count each t
ime. Because of these disadvantages, reference counting currently is out of favo
r.

144 Q How would you implement a thread pool? A The ThreadPool class is a generic
implementation of a thread pool, which takes the following input Size of the po
ol to be constructed and name of the class which implements Runnable (which has
a visible default constructor) and constructs a thread pool with active threads
that are waiting for activation. once the threads have finished processing they
come back and wait once again in the pool. 145 Q What is the difference between
throw and throws clause? A throw is used to throw an exception manually, where a
s throws is used in the case of checked exceptions, to tell the compiler that we
haven t handled the exception, so that the exception will be handled by the cal
ling function. 156 Q What is JAR file? A A JAR file (short for Java Archive) is
a ZIP file used to distribute a set of Java classes. It is used to store compile
d Java classes and associated metadata that can constitute a program 147 Q What
is a classloader? A A class loader is an object that is responsible for loading
classes. 148 Q What is the difference between Comparable and Comparator ? A The
Comparable is for natural ordering and Comparator is for custom ordering. But we
can override the compareTo method of comparable interface to give a custom orde
ring. 149 Q What is the difference between List, Set and Map? A A Set is a colle
ction that has no duplicate elements. A List is a collection that has an order a
ssociated with its elements. A map is a way of storing key/value pairs. The way
of storing a Map is similar to two-column table. 150 Q What is the difference be
tween Exception and Error ? A Error is unrecoverable. 151 Q What is meant by Ope
n Source ? A In general, open source refers to any program whose source code is
made available for use or modification as users or other developers see fit. Ope
n source software is usually developed as a public collaboration and made freely
available. 152 Q How do you send data from an applet to Servlet ? What are the
steps involved in it ?A You can use the java.net.URLConnection and java.net.URL
classes to open a standard HTTP connection to the web server. The server then pa
sses this information to the servlet in the normal way. Basically, the applet pr
etends to be a web browser, and the servlet doesn t know the difference. As far
as the servlet is concerned, the applet is just another HTTP client. 153 Q What
is polymorphism? A It is the ability of an object to behave differently on diffe
rent situations for the same message. 154 Q What is a class, member and local va
riable? A Variables declared within a method are local variables. Variables decl
ared within the class are member variables. Variables declared within the class
with static modifier are class variables 155 Q How do I convert a numeric IP add
ress like 66.29.36.130 into a hostname like www.javacertificate.net? A A String
hostname = InetAddress.getByName("66.29.36.130").getHostName(); 156 Q What is th
e difference between a constructor and a method? A A constructor is a member fun
ction of a class that is used to create objects of that class. It has the same n
ame as the class itself, has no return type, and is invoked using the new operat
or. We cannot invoke a constructor directly. A method is an ordinary member func
tion of a class. It has its own name, a return type (which may be void), and is
invoked using the dot operator. 157 Q What are the different inner classes types
? A There are mainly four types available. They are Member classes, Nested top-l
evel classes, Local classes,Anonymous classes 158 Q What is Nested top-level cla
sses? A A class declared within a class with static modifier is called nested to
p level

class. Any class outside the declaring class can access the nested top level cla
ss with the declaring class dot nested top level class. Top-level inner classes
have access to static variables only . 159 Q What is Member classes? A A class d
eclared inside a class without static modifier is called member class. Member cl
asses are just like any other member methods or member variables. 160 Q What is
Local inner classes ? A Local inner classes are class declared inside a block of
code. They are visible only within the block of their declaration. 161 Q Can a
top level class be private or protected? A No. A top level class can not be priv
ate or protected. It can have either "public" or no modifier. 162 Q How will you
invoke any external process in Java? A By using Runtime.getRuntime().exec(.) 163
Q What is a package? A To group set of classes into a single unit is known as p
ackaging. Packages provides wide namespace visibility. 164 Q What is the use of
assert keyword A Assert keyword validates certain expressions. It replaces the i
f block effectively and throws an AssertionError on failure. The assert keyword
should be used only for critical arguments (means without that the method does n
othing). 165 Q What is composition? A Holding the reference of the other class w
ithin some other class is known as composition. 166 Q What is aggregation? A It
is a special type of composition. If you expose all the methods of a composite c
lass and route the method call to the composite method through its reference, th
en it is called aggregation 167 Q What are the methods in Object? A clone, equal
s, wait, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString 168 Q What is
the relationship between synchronized and volatile keyword? A The JVM is guaran
teed to treat reads and writes of data of 32 bits or less as atomic. For long or
double variable, programmers should take care in multithreading environment. Ei
ther put these variables in a synchronized method or block, or declare them vola
tile. 169 Q What factors are used to decide using synchronized or volatile? A Yo
u can make a variable synchronized or volatile under the following cases: 1) if
you are not updating many variables often in a multithread environment, consider
using volatile. 2) If you are updating many variables, consider using synchroni
zed, because using volatile might be slower. 170 Q What are the drawbacks of inh
eritance? A Since inheritance inherits everything from the super class and inter
face, it may make the subclass too clustering and sometimes error-prone when dyn
amic overriding or dynamic overloading in some situation. In addition, the inher
itance may make peers hardly understand your code if they don t know how your su
per-class acts. 171 Q What is the difference between static synchronized and syn
chronized methods? A Both are synchronized methods. One is instance method, the
other is class method. Method with static modifier is a class method. That means
the method belongs to class itself and can be accessed directly with class name
and is also called Singleton design. The method without static modifier is an i
nstance method. That means the instance method belongs to its object. Every inst
ance of the class gets its own copy of its instance method. 172 Q What is the pu
rpose of the Runtime class? A The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide acc
ess to the Java runtime system. 173 Q What is the purpose of the System class? A
The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources. 174 Q
Does the code in finally block get executed if there is an exception and a retu
rn statement in a catch block? A If an exception occurs and there is a return st
atement in catch block, the finally

block is still executed. The finally block will not be executed when the System.
exit(1) statement is executed earlier or the system shut down earlier or the mem
ory is used up earlier before the thread goes to finally block. 175 Q Considerin
g notepad/IE or any other thing as process, What will happen if you start notepa
d or IE 3 times? Where 3 processes are started or 3 threads are started ? A 3 pr
ocesses will start. 176 Q What are the restrictions placed on the values of each
case of a switch statement? At compile time, each case values of switch stateme
nt must evaluate to a an int value. 177 Q If aaaa is an array then why aaaa.leng
th why not aaaa.length()? A Because length is a property not a method. 178 Q Wha
t is dynamic typing? A Dynamic typing means type errors are detected at run time
by checking the actual data types of the values against the required data types
179 Q What is static typig? A Static typing means type errors are detected at c
ompile time by checking the inferred data type is a subtype of the required type
180 Q What is HashMap and Map? A Map is Interface and HashMap is class that imp
lements that. 181 Q What is an Object and how do you allocate memory to it? A Ob
ject is an instance of a class and it is a software unit that combines a structu
red set of data with a set of operations for inspecting and manipulating that da
ta. When an object is created using new operator, memory is allocated to it. 182
Q What is UNICODE? A Unicode is used for internal representation of characters
and strings and it uses 16 bits to represent each other. 183 Q What is adapter c
lass? A An adapter class provides a default implementation of all methods in an
event listener interface. Adapter classes are useful when you want to process on
ly some of the events that are handled by a particular event listener interface.
You can define a new class by extending one of the adapter classes and implemen
ting only those events relevant to us. 184 Q What is a stream and what are the t
ypes of Streams and classes of the Streams?A A stream is a flow of data from one
direction to another. . There are two types of Streams Byte Streams: Provide a
convenient means for handling input and output of bytes. And Character Streams:
Provide a convenient means for handling input & output of characters. 185 Q What
is the difference between TCP/IP and UDP? A TCP/IP is a two-way communication b
etween the client and the server and it is a reliable and there is a confirmatio
n regarding reaching the message to the destination. UDP is a one-way communicat
ion only between the client and the server and it is not a reliable and there is
no confirmation regarding reaching the message to the destination. 186 Q What i
s Inter-Thread communication? A Exchange of information between two threads. 187
Q What is a policy? A It s an abstract class for representing the system securi
ty policy for a Java application environment (specifying which permissions are a
vailable for code from various sources). Java security properties file resides i
n <JAVAHOME>/lib/security/java.security directory. 188 Q What is a thread group?
A A thread group is a data structure that controls the state of collection of t
hread as a whole managed by the particular runtime environment. 189 Q Why is UTF
DataFormatException thrown by DataOutputStream.writeUTF() when serializing a Str
ing? A

DataOutputStream.writeUTF() does not support writing out strings larger than 64K
. The first two bytes of a UTF string in the stream are the length of the string
. If a java.lang.String is larger than 64K, it needs to be stored in the stream
by an alternative method rather than depending on the default method of storing
a String in the stream, writeUTF. 190 Q Why is OutOfMemoryError thrown after wri
ting a large number of objects into an ObjectOutputStream? A The ObjectOutputStr
eam maintains a table mapping objects written into the stream to a handle. The f
irst time an object is written to a stream, its contents are written into the st
ream; subsequent writes of the object result in a handle to the object being wri
tten into the stream. This table maintains references to objects that might othe
rwise be unreachable by an application, thus, resulting in an unexpected situati
on of running out of memory. A call to the ObjectOutputStream.reset() method res
ets the object/handle table to its initial state, allowing all previously writte
n objects to be eligible for garbage collection. 191 Q How can I get the serialV
ersionUID of a class? A By running the serialver tool with the name of the class
as the command line argumet, as shown in the example that follows:serialver jav
a.lang.String 192 Q What is serialVersionUID ? A The serialVersionUID is a unive
rsal version identifier for a Serializable class. Deserialization uses this iden
tifier number to ensure that a loaded class corresponds to a serialized object.
193 Q What is abstraction? A An abstraction is an idea, concept, or word which d
efines the phenomena which make up the concrete events or things which the abstr
action refers to, the referents. 194 Q What is encapsulation? A Encapsulation de
scribes the ability of an object to hide its data and methods from the rest of t
he world 195 Q What is inheritance? A Inheritance is the ability to create new c
lasses based on existing classes. It is useful to reuse existing code. SWING/AWT
interview questions. 1 Q What is JFC? A JFC stands for Java Foundation Classes.
The Java Foundation Classes (JFC) are a set of Java class libraries provided as
part of Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE) to support building graphics u
ser interface (GUI) and graphics functionality for client applications that will
run on popular platforms such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX. 2 Q Wha
t is AWT? A AWT stands for Abstract Window Toolkit. AWT enables programmers to d
evelop Java applications with GUI components, such as windows, and buttons. The
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is responsible for translating the AWT calls into the
appropriate calls to the host operating system. 3 Q What are the differences be
tween Swing and AWT? A AWT is heavy-weight components, but Swing is light-weight
components. AWT is OS dependent because it uses native components, But Swing co
mponents are OS independent. We can change the look and feel in Swing which is n
ot possible in AWT. Swing takes less memory compared to AWT. For drawing AWT use
s screen rendering where Swing uses double buffering. 4 Q What are heavyweight c
omponents ? A A heavyweight component is one that is associated with its own nat
ive screen resource (commonly known as a peer). 5 Q What is lightweight componen
t? A A lightweight component is one that "borrows" the screen resource of an anc
estor (which means it has no native resource of its own -- so it s "lighter").

6
Q What is double buffering ? A Double buffering is the process of use of two buf
fers rather than one to temporarily hold data being moved to and from an I/O dev
ice. Double buffering increases data transfer speed because one buffer can be fi
lled while the other is being emptied. 7 Q What is an event? A Changing the stat
e of an object is called an event. 8 Q What is an event handler ? A An event han
dler is a part of a computer program created to tell the program how to act in r
esponse to a specific event. 9 Q What is a layout manager? A A layout manager is
an object that is used to organize components in a container. 10 Q What is clip
ping? A Clipping is the process of confining paint operations to a limited area
or shape. 11 Q Which containers use a border Layout as their default layout? A T
he window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.
12 Q What is the preferred size of a component? A The preferred size of a compo
nent is the minimum component size that will allow the component to display norm
ally. 13 Q What method is used to specify a container s layout? A The setLayout(
) method is used to specify a container s layout. 14 Q Which containers use a Fl
owLayout as their default layout? A The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLay
out as their default layout. 15 Q Which method of the Component class is used to
set the position and size of a component? A setBounds 16 Q What is the differen
ce between invokeAndWait() and invokeLater()? A invokeAndWait is synchronous. It
blocks until Runnable task is complete. InvokeLater is asynchronous. It posts a
n action event to the event queue and returns immediately. It will not wait for
the task to complete 17 Q Why should any swing call back implementation execute
quickly? A Callbacks are invoked by the event dispatch thread. Event dispatch th
read blocks processing of other events as long as call back method executes. 18
Q What is an applet? A Applet is a java program that runs inside a web browser.
19 Q What is the difference between applications and applets? A Application must
be run explicitly within Java Virtual Machine whereas applet loads and runs its
elf automatically in a java-enabled browser. Application starts execution with i
ts main method whereas applet starts execution with its init method. Application
can run with or without graphical user interface whereas applet must run within
a graphical user interface. In order to run an applet we need a java enabled we
b browser or an appletviewer. 20 Q Which method is used by the applet to recogni
ze the height and width? A getParameters(). 21 Q When we should go for codebase
in applet? A If the applet class is not in the same directory, codebase is used.
22 Q A What is the lifecycle of an applet? init( ) method - called when an appl
et is first loaded start( ) method - called each time an applet is started paint
( ) method - called when the applet is minimized or maximized stop( ) method - c
alled when the browser moves off the applet s page

destroy( ) method - called when the browser is finished with the applet 23 Q Whi
ch method is used for setting security in applets? A setSecurityManager 24 Q Wha
t is an event and what are the models available for event handling? A Changing t
he state of an object is called an event. An event is an event object that descr
ibes a state of change. In other words, event occurs when an action is generated
, like pressing a key on keyboard, clicking mouse, etc. There different types of
models for handling events are event-inheritance model and event-delegation mod
el 25 Q What are the advantages of the event-delegation model over the eventinhe
ritance model? A Event-delegation model has two advantages over event-inheritanc
e model. a)Event delegation model enables event handling by objects other than t
he ones that generate the events. This allows a clean separation between a compo
nent s design and its use. b)It performs much better in applications where many
events are generated. This performance improvement is due to event-delegation mo
del does not have to be repeatedly process unhandled events as is the case of th
e eventinheritance. 26 Q What is source and listener ? A A source is an object t
hat generates an event. This occurs when the internal state of that object chang
es in some way. A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs. I
t has two major requirements. First, it must have been registered with a source
to receive notifications about specific event. Second, it must implement necessa
ry methods to receive and process these notifications. 27 Q What is controls and
what are different types of controls in AWT? A Controls are components that all
ow a user to interact with your application. AWT supports the following types of
controls: Labels, Push Buttons, Check Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists, Scrollbars, T
ext Components. These controls are subclasses of Component. 28 Q What is the dif
ference between choice and list? A A Choice is displayed in a compact form that
requires you to pull it down to see the list of available choices and only one i
tem may be selected from a choice. A List may be displayed in such a way that se
veral list items are visible and it supports the selection of one or more list i
tems. 29 Q What is the difference between scrollbar and scrollpane? A A Scrollba
r is a Component, but not a Container whereas Scrollpane is a Container and hand
les its own events and perform its own scrolling. 30 Q What is a layout manager
and what are different types of layout managers available? A A layout manager is
an object that is used to organize components in a container. The different lay
outs are available are FlowLayout, BorderLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout , GridBa
gLayout, Boxlayout and SpringLayout 31 Q How are the elements of different layou
ts organized? A The elements of a FlowLayout are organized in a top to bottom, l
eft to right fashion. The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the border
s (North, South, East and West) and the center of a container. The elements of a
CardLayout are stacked, on top of the other, like a deck of cards. The elements
of a GridLayout are of equal size and are laid out using the square of a grid.
The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a grid. However, the
elements are of different size and may occupy more than one row or column of the
grid. In addition, the rows and columns may have different sizes. It is the mos
t flexible layout. 32 Q What are types of applets? A There are two different typ
es of applets. Trusted Applets and Untrusted applets. Trusted Applets are applet
s with predefined security and Untrusted Applets are applets without any securit
y.

33
Q What are the restrictions imposed by a Security Manager on Applets? A Applets
cannot read or write files on the client machine that s executing it. They canno
t load libraries or access native libraries. They cannot make network connection
s except to the host that it came from. They cannot start any program on the cli
ent machine. They cannot read certain system properties. Windows that an applet
brings up look different than windows that an application brings up. 34 Q What i
s the difference between the Font and FontMetrics classes? A The FontMetrics cla
ss is used to define implementation-specific properties, such as ascent and desc
ent, of a Font object. 35 Q What is the relationship between an event-listener i
nterface and an event-adapter class? A An event-listener interface defines the m
ethods that must be implemented by an event handler for a particular kind of eve
nt. An event adapter provides a default implementation of an event-listener inte
rface. 36 Q How can a GUI component handle its own events? A A component can han
dle its own events by implementing the required event-listener interface and add
ing itself as its own event listener. 37 Q What is the difference between the pa
int() and repaint() methods? A The paint() method supports painting via a Graphi
cs object. The repaint() method is used to cause paint() to be invoked by the AW
T painting thread. 38 Q What interface is extended by AWT event listeners? A All
AWT event listeners extend the java.util.EventListener interface. 39 Q What is
Canvas ? A Canvas is a Component subclass which is used for drawing and painting
. Canvas is a rectangular area where the application can draw or trap input even
ts. 40 Q What is default Look-and-Feel of a Swing Component? A Java Look-and-Fee
l. 41 Q What are the features of JFC? A Pluggable Look-and-Feel, Accessibility A
PI, Java 2D API, Drag and Drop Support 42 Q What does x mean in javax.swing? A E
xtension of java. 43 Q What are invisible components? A They are light weight co
mponents that perform no painting, but can take space in the GUI. This is mainly
used for layout management. 44 Q What is the default layout for a ContentPane i
n JFC? A BorderLayout. 45 Q What does Realized mean? A Realized mean that the co
mponent has been painted on screen or that is ready to be painted. Realization c
an take place by invoking any of these methods. setVisible(true), show() or pack
(). 46 Q What is difference between Swing and JSF? A The key difference is that
JSF runs on server. It needs a server like Tomcat or WebLogic or WebSphere. It d
isplays HTML to the client. But Swing program is a stand alone application. 47 Q
Why does JComponent class have add() and remove() methods but Component class d
oes not? A JComponent is a subclass of Container and can contain other component
s and JComponents. 48 Q What method is used to specify a container s layout? A T
he setLayout() method is used to specify a container s layout. 49 Q A What is th
e difference between AWT and SWT? SWT (Standard Widget Toolkit) is a completely
independent Graphical

User Interface (GUI) toolkit from IBM. They created it for the creation of Eclip
se Integrated Development Environment (IDE). AWT is from Sun Microsystems. 50 Q
What is the difference between JFC & WFC? A JFC supports robust and portable use
r interfaces. The Swing classes are robust, compatible with AWT, and provide you
with a great deal of control over a user interface. Since source code is availa
ble, it is relatively easy to extend the JFC to do exactly what you need it to d
o. But the number of third-party controls written for Swing is still relatively
small. WFC runs only on the Windows (32-bit) user interface, and uses Microsoft
extensions to Java for event handling and ActiveX integration. Because ActiveX c
omponents are available to WFC programs, there are theoretically more controls a
vailable for WFC than for JFC. In practice, however, most ActiveX vendors do not
actively support WFC, so the number of controls available for WFC is probably s
maller than for JFC. The WFC programming model is closely aligned with the Windo
ws platform. 51 Q What is a convertor? A Converter is an application that conver
ts distance measurements between metric and U.S units. 52 Q What is the differen
ce between a Canvas and a Scroll Pane? A Canvas is a component. ScrollPane is a
container. Canvas is a rectangular area where the application can draw or trap i
nput events. ScrollPane implements horizontal and vertical scrolling. 53 Q What
is the purpose of the enableEvents() method? A The enableEvents() method is used
to enable an event for a particular object. Normally, an event is enabled when
a listener is added to an object for a particular event. The enableEvents() meth
od is used by objects that handle events by overriding their event-dispatch meth
ods. 54 Q What is the difference between a MenuItem and a CheckboxMenuItem? A Th
e CheckboxMenuItem class extends the MenuItem class to support a menu item that
may be checked or unchecked. 55 Q Which is the super class of all event classes?
A The java.awt.AWTEvent class is the highest-level class in the AWT event-class
hierarchy. 56 Q How the Canvas class and the Graphics class are related? A A Ca
nvas object provides access to a Graphics object via its paint() method. 57 Q Wh
at is the difference between a Window and a Frame? A The Frame class extends Win
dow to define a main application window that can have a menu bar. A window can b
e modal. 58 Q What is the relationship between clipping and repainting? A When a
window is repainted by the AWT painting thread, it sets the clipping regions to
the area of the window that requires repainting. 59 Q What advantage do Java s
layout managers provide over traditional windowing systems? A Java uses layout m
anagers to lay out components in a consistent manner across all windowing platfo
rms. Since Java s layout managers aren t tied to absolute sizing and positioning
, they are able to accommodate platform-specific differences among windowing sys
tems. 60 Q When should the method invokeLater() be used? A This method is used t
o ensure that Swing components are updated through the event-dispatching thread.