Codd Rules:

Rule 0:
For any system to be called a RDBMS, it must
Be able to manage database entirely through
Its relation capabilities.
Rule 1:
All information in a rdbms is represented explicitly (at the logical level) in exactly one
way,
By values in table.
Rule 2:
Each and every datum (atomic value) is logically accessible through a combination of
table name, column name and primary key value.
Rule 3:
Inapplicable or missing
Information can be represented through null values.
Rule 4:
This rule states that table, view and authorization access definitions should be held in
exactly one manner, i.e.
As tables and views. These
Tables should be accessible
Like other tables.
Rule 5:
There must be atleast one language which is comprehensive in supporting data definition, view
definition, data manipulation, integrity constraints, authorization, and transaction control.
Rule 6:
All views that are theoretically updateable are updateable by the system.
Rule 7:
The capability of handling a base or a derived table as single operand applies not only to
The retrieval of data but also to the insertion, deletion of data.
All select, update, delete must be available and operate on sets of rows in any relation.
Rule 8:
Application programs and terminal activity remain logically unimpaired whenever any
changes are made in the storage representation or
Access method.
Rule 9:
When information preserving changes of any kind that theoretically permit unimpairment
are made to the base tables.

Rule 10:
All integrity constraints must be definable in the data sub language and storable in the
catalogue, not in the application program.
Rule 11:
The system must have data sub-language, which can support distributed databases
without impairing application programs terminal activities.
Rule 12:
If the system has a low-level language, this language can not be used bypass the integrity
rules and constraints expressed in the higher level relational language.

LAB RECORD:
1)

Create the following tables:

Student (roll_no, name, date_of_birth, course_id)

Course (course_id, name, fee, duration)
SQL>create table course (course_id number (2) primary key, name varchar2 (5), fee
number (6), duration number(2));
SQL>create table student1( roll_no number(7),name varchar2(25),date_of_birth date, course_id
Number(2), primary key(roll_no,course_id), foreign key )course_id) references course);
a) Create a program to accept the data from the user

Declare
cid course.course_id%type;
cname course.name%type;
cfee course.fee%type;
cduration course.fee%type;
begin
cid:= &course_id;
cname:=&name;
cfee:=&fee;
cduration:=&duration;

insert into course values(cid,cname,cfee,cduration);

end;
declare
rno student1.roll_no%type;
sname student1.name%type;
dob student1.date_of_birth%type;
cid student1.course_id%type;
begin
rno:=& roll_no;
sname:=& name;
dob:= &date_of_birth;
cid:= &course_id;
insert into student1 values(rno,sname,dob,cid);
end;

b) Generate queries to do the following.

i.

List all those students who are greater than 18 years of age and
have opted for MCA course.

SQL> select student1.name

From student1 s,course c
Where s.course_id=c.course_id and
18<to_char(sysdate,'yyyy')to_char(date_of_birth,'yyyy') and c.name like 'mca';
ii.

List all those courses whose fee is greater than that of MCA
course.

SQL> select name

from course
Where fee>(select fee from course where name like
'mca');
iii.

List all those students who are between 18-19 years of age and
have opted for MCA course.

SQL>

select s.name from student1 s,course c

where s.course_id=c.course_id and
to_char(sysdate,'yyyy')to_char(date_of_birth,'yyyy')
in (18 , 19) and c.name like
'mca'

iv)
10.

List all those courses in which number of students is less than

SQL>

select c.name from course c

where 10>(select count(roll_no) from student1 s
where c.course_id=s.course_id);

c) Create PL/SQL procedures to do the following.

i.

Set the status of the course to not offered in which the number
of candidates is less than 5.

SQL> alter table course add status varchar2 (15);

Declare
S varchar2(20);
Begin
S:=not offered;
Update course c set status=s
Where 5> (select count (roll_no) from student1 s
where c.course_id=s.course_id);
end;
2)

Create the following tables

Item(item_code, itm_name, qty_in_stock,reorder_level)
Supplier(supplier_code,supplier_name,address)
Can_supply(supplier_code,item_code)

SQL>Create table item(ITEM_CODE NUMBER(4)primary key,

ITEM_NAME
VARCHAR2(20), QTY_IN_STOCK NUMBER(3),
REORDER_LEVEL NUMBER(2));
SQL>Create table supplier(SUPPLIER_CODE NUMBER(3)primary
key, SUPPLIER_NAME VARCHAR2(25),ADDRESS VARCHAR2(15));
SQL>Create table can_supply(SUPPLIER_CODE NUMBER(3),
ITEM_CODE NUMBER(4),primary
key(SUPPLIER_CODE,ITEM_CODE),foreign
key(SUPPLIER_CODE)references SUPPLIER , foreign
key(ITEM_CODE)references item);
Create a program to accept the data from the user

begin
insert into item
values(&item_code,'&item_name',&qty_in_stock,&reorder_level);

end;

begin

insert into supplier values(&supplier_code,'&supplier_name','&address');

end;

 begin
insert into can_supply values(&supplier_code,&item_code);
end;
b)Generate queries to do the following
i.
list all those suppliers who can supply the given item

SQL> select supplier_name from item i,supplier s,can_supply c

where i.item_code=c.item_code and s.supplier_code=c.supplier_code
and item_name like '&item_name';
ii.

list all those items which cannot be supplied by given company.

select item_name
from item i,supplier s,can_supply c
where i.item_code=c.item_code and s.supplier_code=c.supplier_code and
supplier_name not like '&supplier_name'
c) Create PL/SQL procedures to do the following.
i.

Generate a report to list the items whose qty_in_stock is less than or

equal to their reorder_levels.

declare
item1 item.item_name%type;
cursor item_report is select item_name from item
where qty_in_stock<=reorder_level ;
begin
open item_report;
loop
fetch item_report into item1;
exit when item_report%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line('item :'||item1);
end loop;
close item_report;
end;
ii.

Set the status of supplier to important if the supplier can supply

more than five items.

SQL> alter table supplier add status varchar2(12);

begin
update supplier set status='important'
where supplier_code = (select supplier_code
from supplier s
where 5<=(select count(item_code) from can_supply
where s.supplier_code=supplier_code));
end;

iii.

Generate report of those items that are supplied by suppliers whose

status is important.

declare
item1 item.item_name%type;
cursor c2 is select item_name
from supplier s,item i,can_supply c
where s.supplier_code=c.supplier_code and
i.item_code=c.item_code and
status like 'important';
begin
open c2;
loop
fetch c2 into item1;
exit when c2%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(item1);
end loop;
close c2;
end;
1)

Create the following tables

Student (roll_no,name,category,district,state)
Student_rank(roll_no,marks, rank)

SQL> create table student2(roll_no number(9)primary key, name

varchar2(23),category varchar2(4), district varchar2(9),state
varchar2(15));
SQL>create table student_rank(roll_no number(9)primary key,marks
number(4),rank number(5),foreign key(roll_no)references student2)
a) Create a program to accept the data from the user

begin
insert into student2
values(&roll_no,'&name','&category','&distict','&state'
);
end;
begin
insert into student_rank
values(&roll_no,&marks,&rank);
end;
b) Generate the queries to do the following.

i) List all those students who come from Tamilnadu state and secured a rank
above 100.

SQL> select name from student2 s,student_rank r

where s.roll_no=r.roll_no and rank>100 and state like
'tamilnadu';
ii) List all those students who come from Andhrapradesh and belong given
category who have secured a rank above 100

select name
from student2 s,student_rank r
where s.roll_no=r.roll_no and rank>100 and state like
'andhrapradesh'
and category like '&category'
iii)
List names of students who are having same rank but they should reside in
different districts

SQL> select s.name from student2 s,student_rank r

where s.roll_no=r.roll_no and rank in (select rank
from student2 s1,student_rank r1
where s1.roll_no=r1.roll_no and s.state!=s1.state
and s.roll_no!=s1.roll_no);
iv)List details of students who belong to same category ,same rank.

select s.name
from student2 s,student_rank r
where s.roll_no=r.roll_no and rank in (select rank
from student2 s1,student_rank r1
where s1.roll_no=r1.roll_no and s.category=s1.category
and s.roll_no!=S1.roll_no)
c) Write a PL/SQL procedure to do the following
list of those districts from which the first 100 rankers come from.

declare
dist student2.district%type;
cursor c1 is select distinct(district)
from student2 s,student_rank r
where s.roll_no=r.roll_no and rank<=100;
begin
open c1;
loop
fetch c1 into dist;

exit when c1%notfound;

dbms_output.put_line('
end loop;
close c1;
end;
3)

'||dist);

Create the following tables

Branch(branch_id,baranch_name,branch_city)
Custormer(customer_id, customer_name,customer_city,branch_id)

SQL> create table branch(branch_id number(9)primary

key,branch_name varchar2(25),branch_city varchar2(15))

SQL> create table customer(customer_id number(7)primary

key,customer_name varchar2(25),customer_city
varchar2(15),branch_id number(9),foreign
key(branch_id)references branch on delete cascade);

a) Create a form to accept the data from the user with appropriate validation
checks.

begin
insert into
branch(&branch_id,'&branch_name','&branch_city);
end;

o begin
o insert into customer
values(&customer_id,'&customer_name','&customer_city',&b
ranch_id);
o end;

Generate queries to do the following

List all those all customers who live in the same city as
bthe branch in which they have account

SQL> select customer_name from branch b,customer c

where b.branch_id=c.branch_id and b
branch_city=customer_city;
List all those customers who have an account in a given a branch city

SQL> select customer_name

from branch b,customer c
where b.branch_id=c.branch_id and
branch_city='&branch_city';
List all those customers who have account in more than one branch

SQL>select customer_name
from customer c,branch b
where b.branch_id=c.branch_id and 1<(select
count(branch_id)
from customer c1
where c.branch_id=c1.branch_id);
List all those branches who have more than 100 customers

select distinct(branch_name)
from customer c,branch b
where b.branch_id=c.branch_id and 100<(select
count(customer_id)
from customer c1
where c.branch_id=c1.branch_id);

1. CREATE SB_ACCOUNT TABLE:

Create table sb_account (account_no number (5) primary key,customer_name

varchar2(20),balance_amount number(6));
TO INSERT VALUES INTO SB_ACCOUNT TABLE:

Insert into sb_account values (&account_no,&customer_name, &balance_amount);

PL/SQL PROCEDURE FOR WITHDRAW AN AMOUNT:

Declare
Ano sb_account.account_no%type;
Balance sb_account.balance_amount%type;
Withdraw number(5);
Begin
Withdraw:=&withdraw;
Ano:=&account_no;
select balance_amount into balance from sb_account where account_no=ano;
dbms_output.put_line(balance=||balance);
if(balance<1000) then
Dbms_output.put_line(withdraw fails);
End if;
If(withdraw>balance) then
Dbms_output..put_line(withdraw fails);
Else
Update sb_account set balance_amount=balance_amount withdraw where account_no=ano;
End if;
End;
PL/SQL BLOCK FOR DEPOSIT SOME AMOUNT:
Declare
Deposit number(5);
Ano sb_account.account_no%type;
Begin
Deposit:=&deposit;
Ano:=&account_no;
Update sb_account set balance_amount=balance_amount + deposit where account_no=ano;
End;
CREATION OF COLLEGE_INFO TABLE:

Create table college_info(college_code number(10)primary key, college_name

varchar2(20),address varchar2(20));
INSERTING VALUES INTO COLLEGE_INFO TABLE:

Insert into college_info values (&college_code,&college_name,&address);

CREATION OF FACULTY_INFO TABLE:

Create table faculty_info(college_code number(10),faculty_code number(10),faculty_name

varchar2(20),exp_in_years number(4),address varchar2(20),qualification varchar2(20),primary
key(college_code,faculty_code),foreign key(college_code)references college_info);
INSERTING VALUES INTO FACULTY_INFO:

Insert into faculty_info values (&college_code, &faculty_code, &faculty_name,

&exp_in_years, &address, &qualification);
i)
List all those faculty members whose experience is greater than or equal to 10
years and have M.Tech degree.
Ans. Select faculty_name from faculty_info where exp_in_years>=10 and qualification like
M.Tech;
ii)
List all those faculty members, who have atleast 10 years of experience but do
not have M.Tech degree.
Ans. Select faculty_name from faculty_info where exp_in_years>10 and qualification not
like M>Tech;
CREATION OF BOOK TABLE:

Create table book (acc_no number (6) primary key, publisher varchar2 (20),author
varchar2(20),status varchar2(20),d_o_p date);
INSERT SOME VALUES INTO BOOK TABLE:

Insert into book values (&acc_no,&publisher,&author,&status,&d_o_p);

i)

List all those books which are new arrivals the books which are acquired during the last 6
months are categorized as new arrivals.

Select publisher from book where months_between(sysdate,d_o_p)<=6;

ii)

List all those books that cannot be issued and purchased 20 years age

select publisher from book where (to_char(sysdate,yyyy)to_char(d_o_p,yyyy))>=20;

TRIGGER ON BOOK WHICH SET STATUS TO CANNOT BE ISSUED IF IT IS
PUBLISHED 20 YEARS BACK.
Create or replace trigger update_book before insert on book for each row
begin
if inserting then
update book set status=cannot be issued where (to_char
(sysdate,yyyy)-to_char (d_o_p,yyyy))>=20;
end if;
end;
CREATE FACULTY TABLE:
Create table faculty (faculty_code number (6) primary key, faculty_name varchar2 (20),
specialization varchar2 (20));
INSERTING VALUES:

Insert into faculty values (&faculty_code, &faculty_name,&specialzation);

CREATE SUBJECT TABLE:
Create table subject (subject_code number (10), subject_name varchar2 (20), faculty_code
number (10), primary key (subject_code, faculty_code), foreign key (faculty_code)
references faculty);

INSERTING VALUES:

Insert into subject values (&subject_code, &subject_name, &faculty_code);

CREATE STUDENT TABLE:

Create table student (roll_no number (5), name varchar2 (20), subject_opted number
(5), primary key (roll_no, subject_opted), foreign key (subject_opted) references
subject;
INSERTING VALUES:

Insert into student values (&roll_no,&name,&subject);

i)

Find the number of students who have enrolled for the subject DBMS

select name from student, subject where subject_opted=subject_code and

subject_name like DBMS;
ii)

Find all those faculty members who have not offered any subject.

Select faculty_name from faculty f, subject s where f.faculty_code!

=s.faculty_code;
PL/SQL PROCEDURE TO SET STATUS OF THE SUBJECT TO NOT OFFEREDIF
THE SUBJECT IS NOT OPTED BY ATLEAST 5 STUDENTS.
ALTER STUDENT TABLE:

Alter table subject add status varchar2 (20);

PL/SQL PROCEDURE:
Declare
no number (2);
begin
select count(roll_no) into no from student s1, student s2 where
s1.subject_opted=s2.subject_code and subject_name like &subject;
then update subject set status=not offered;
else
update subject set status=offered;
end if;

if(no<5)

end;
PL/SQL PROCEDURE SET STATUS OF SUBJECT TO NOT OFFERED IF THE
SUBJECT IS NOT OFFERED BY ANY OF THE FACULTY MEMEBRS.
Declare
no number(2);
begin
select count(faculty_code) into no from faculty f, subject s where
f.faculty_code=s.faculty_code and subject_name like &subject
if(no==0) then update subject set status=not offered;
else
update subject set
status=offered;
end if;
end;

INDEX
Sl.No

Program Name

1.

Implementation of DDL Commands

2.

Implementation of DML Commands

3.

SQL Program to display the data of a table

4.

Implementation of Clauses

5.

SQL Program by using Relational Predicates

6.

SQL Program by using Aggregate Functions

7.

SQL Program by using Mathematical Functions

8.

PL/SQL Procedures for results of students records

9.

Function to implement the Arithmetic Operations

10.

Create a Factorial Function

11.

Illustration of Triggers on a Student Table

12.

Cursor to display the alternate rows in a table

13.

SQL Report on student table

14.

Create a Form to accept a data on a Table

15.

Form for data validations

16.

Suggested Readings

17.

Web Site if any

18.

Commands.

Page No

`1) Creation of database using DDL Commands

Aim: To create the database using the DDL commands.
Implementation: The following operations are used:
a) CREATE
b) ALTER
c) DROP
These operations are explained below:
a) CREATE: This command is used to create a table. The syntax is as follows:
CREATE TABLE table-name(Column name1 data type(n),
Column name2 data type(n),.. .);
Where Column name is name of the field, data type is the type of the field.
b) ALTER: This command is used to alter a column from a table. The syntax is as follows:
Alter table table-name add foreign key ( ) references;
c) DROP: This command is used to drop the table. The syntax is as follows:
DROP TABLE table-name;

Problem : Create a database using DDL commands.

Observations :

Record your results.

2) Creation of database using DDL Commands

Aim: To create the database using the DML commands.
Implementation: The following operations are used:
a)
b)
c)
d)

SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE

a) SELECT: This command is used to select the table. The syntax is as follows:
SELECT *TABLE from table-name.
b) INSERT: This command is used to insert the values into an existing table. The syntax is as
follows:
INSERT INTO table-name (Column name1, Column name2,..) VALUES
(value1, value2,);
c) UPDATE: This command is used to modify the table field values. The syntax is as follows:
UPDATE table-name SET column=value [WHERE condition];
d) DELETE: This command is used to delete the column from a table. The syntax is as follows:
DELETE [FROM] table-name [WHERE condition];
Problem : Create a database using DML commands.
Observations :

Record your results.

3) SQL Program to display the data of a table.

Aim: SQL Program to display the data of a table.
Implementation : The following are used:
Select
These operations are explained below:

SELECT: This command is used to select the table. The syntax is as follows:
SELECT *TABLE from table-name.
Problem : Write a SQL Program to display the data of a table.
Observations : Record your results.
4) Simple to complex condition query creation using clauses
Aim: Simple to complex condition query creation using clauses
Implementation : The following operations are used:
a) WHERE CLAUSE
b) GROUP BY CLAUSE
c) ORDER BY CLAUSE
These operations are explained below:
a) WHERE CLAUSE: It instructs Oracle to search the data in a table and return only those
rows. The syntax is as follows:
Select (Column name1, Column name2,) from table-name where VALUES
(value1,value2.);
b) GROUP BY CLAUSE: It is used to divide the rows in a table into groups and then use the
group functions to return summary information for each group. The syntax us as follows:
Select column, group_function(column) FROM table [WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression] [ORDER BY column];
c) ORDER BY CLAUSE: It is used to sort the rows in either ascending or descending order
or multilevel sort. The syntax is as follows:
SELECT column, group_function(column) FROM table [WHERE
condition]
[ORDER BY column];
Problem : Write a simple to complex condition query creation using where clause, group by
clause, order clause.
Observations : Record your results.

5) Simple to complex condition query creation using relational predicates

Aim: Simple to complex condition query creation using relational predicates
Implementation: The following operations are to be used.

Greater Than
Less Than or Equal To
Test for inequality
Between and And Is Null
Is Not Null
IN
AND
OR

Problem : Write a simple query to implement relational predicates.

Observations : Record your results.

6) Simple to complex condition query creation using aggregate functions

Aim: Simple to complex condition query creation using aggregate functions
Implementation : The following operations are used.

COUNT
AVG
MAX
MIN
SUM

Problem : Write a simple query to implement aggregate functions..

Observations : Record your results.
7) Simple to complex condition query creation using mathematical functions
Aim: Simple to complex condition query creation using mathematical functions
Implementation : The following operations are used.

Ceil: Nearer whole integer greater than or equal to number.

Floor: Largest integer equal to or less than n.
Mod(m,n): Remainder of m divided by n. If n=0, then m is returned.
Power(m,n): Number m raised to the power of n.
Round(n,m): Result rounded to m places to the right of the decimal point.

 Sign(n): If n=0, returns 0; if n>0, returns 1; if n<0, returns -1.

Sqrt(n): Square toot of n.
Problem : Write a simple query to implement mathematical functions..
Observations : Record your results.

8) PL/SQL procedures for results of student records

Aim: PL/SQL procedures for results of student records
Implementation: The following operations are used:
IF-THEN-ENDIF
IF-THEN-ENDIF: The sequence of statements is executed only if the condition is true. If the
condition is false or null, the IF statement does nothing. In either case, control passes to the next
statement. The syntax is as follows:
If condition then
Sequence of statements;
End if;
Problem : Write a PL/SQL procedure for results of students records.
Observations : Record your results.

9) Function to implement the arithmetic operations

Aim: Function to implement the arithmetic operations.
Implementation : The following operations are used.
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
IF-THEN-ELSIF: Sometimes you want to select an action from several mutually exclusive
alternatives. The third form of If statement uses the keywords ELSIF (not ELSEIF) to introduce
additional conditions. The syntax is as follows:

IF condition1 THEN
Sequence of statements1
ELSIF condition2 THEN
Sequence of statemetns2
ELSE
Sequence of statements3
END IF;
Problem: Write a function to implement the arithmetic operations.
Observations : Record your results.
10) Create a factorial function
Aim: Create a factorial function.
Implementation : The following operations are used.
FOR LOOP: The number of iterations through a FOR loops is known before the loop is
entered. FOR loops iterate over a specified range of integers. The range is part of an iteration
scheme, which is enclosed by the key words FOR and LOOPS. A double dot (..) serves as the
range operator. The syntax is as follows:
FOR counter IN [REVERSE] lower_bound..higher_bound LOOP
Sequence_of_statements END LOOP;
Problem: Write a program to create a factorial function.
Observations : Record your results.
11) Illustration of triggers on a student table
Aim: Illustration of triggers on a student table
Implementation : The following operations are used:
Triggers
Triggers: A Trigger defines an action the database should take when some database related event
occurs. The code within a trigger, called trigger body is made up of PL/SQL blocks. Triggers are
executed by the database when specified types of data manipulation commands are performed on
specific tables. Triggers can be used for automatic data generation, audit data modifications,
enforce complex Integrity constraints, and customize complex security authorizations.
The syntax is as follows:

Create [or replace] trigger [schema . ] trigger { before | after | instead of }

{dml_event_clause | { ddl_event [or ddl_event] | database_event [or database_event]
} on { [schema .] schema | database } } [when (condition) ] {pl/sql_block |
call_procedure_statement ).
Problem: Write a program to illustrate trigger on a student table.
Observations: Record your results.

12) Cursor to display the alternate rows in a table.

Aim: Cursor to display the alternate rows in a table.
Implementation : The following are the operations used:
Cursors: To execute a multi-row query, Oracle opens an unnamed work area that stores
processing information. A cursor lets you name the work area, access the information, and
process the rows individually.
OPEN: We initialize the cursor with the OPEN statement, which identifies the result set.
FETCH: We use the FETCH statement to retrieve the first row. We can execute the FETCH
repeatedly until all rows have been retrieved.
CLOSE: When the last row has been processed, we release the cursor with the CLOSE
statement.
The syntax is as follows:
CURSOR cursor_name [ (parameter [, parameter])]
[RETURN return_type] IS select_statement;
Where return_type must represent a record or a row in a database table.
Problem: Write a program to display the alternate rows in a table using cursors.
Observations : Record your results.
13) SQL report on student table.
Aim: SQL report on student table.
Implementation : The following operations are used:
Reports: Oracle report is the Developer/2000 tool that has been provided to produce reports of
data in the Oracle database.
Create : This command is used to create a table. The syntax is as follows:
CREATE TABLE table-name(Column name1 data type(n),
Column name2 data type(n),.. .);
Where Column name is name of the field, data type is the type of the field.
Insert: This command is used to insert the values into an existing table. The syntax is as follows:
INSERT INTO table-name (Column name1, Column name2,..) VALUES
(value1, value2,);

Problem: Write a program to create a SQL report on student table.

Observations: Record your results.
14) Create a form to accept data on a table.
Aim: Create a form to accept data on a table.
Implementation : The following are the operations used.
Create: This command is used to create a table. The syntax is as follows:
CREATE TABLE table-name(Column name1 data type(n),
Column name2 data type(n),.. .);
Where Column name is name of the field, data type is the type of the field.
Form: Oracle forms are a feature-rich application building tool that produces production-quality
screens utilizing data stored in a database.
Problem : Write a program to create a form to accept data on a table.
Observation: Record your results.
15) Form for data validations
Aim : Form for data validations.
Implementation : The following are the operations used.
Triggers: A Trigger defines an action the database should take when some database related event
occurs.
Create [or replace] trigger [schema . ] trigger { before | after | instead of }
{dml_event_clause | { ddl_event [or ddl_event] | database_event [or database_event]
} on { [schema .] schema | database } } [when (condition) ] {pl/sql_block |
call_procedure_statement ).
ElsIf: Sometimes you want to select an action from several mutually exclusive alternatives. The
third form of If statement uses the keywords ELSIF (not ELSEIF) to introduce additional
conditions. The syntax is as follows:
IF condition1 THEN
Sequence of statements1
ELSIF condition2 THEN
Sequence of statemetns2
ELSE
Sequence of statements3

END IF;
Form: Oracle forms are a feature-rich application building tool that produces production-quality
screens utilizing data stored in a database.]
Problem : Write a form for student data validations.
Observations: Record your results.
16) Suggested Readings

SLNO.
1

TITLE
Oracle
Beginners
Guide

Oracle
Hand Book

Oracle 7.3

Oracle 8
PL/SQL
Programming
Oracle
Developer2000

AUTHOR
Michael
Abbey
Michael
J.Corey
Bruce
Kolste
David
Peterson
Lave
Singh
Kelly
Leigh
Scott
Uman

PUBLICATION EDITION
Tata Mc Graw
Oracle
Hill
Press

Paul
Hispley

17) Web Site if any

Oracle.org

CHAPTERS
1,2

Tata Mc Graw
Hill

Oracle
Press

1,2

Tech Media

SAMS

Tata Mc Graw
Hill

Oracle
Press

Tech Media

SAMS

DDL Commands
Creation of Table:
This command is used to create a table. The syntax is as follows:
CREATE TABLE table-name(Column name1 data type(n),
Column name2 data type(n),.. .);
Where Column name is name of the field, data type is the type of the field.
Data Types:
Number: We can store only numeric data values in this data type.
Char:
This is the alphanumeric data type with fixed size.
Varchar2: This is also alphanumeric data type with variable character length.
Date:
This data type can accept only date.
Blob:
In this data type we can store large no. of data(files).
Example:
CREATE TABLE student (roll no number (5), name varchar2(20),
course char(5), doj date);
Inserting Values into a Table:
This command is used to Insert values into an existing table. The syntax of Insert
command is as follows:
INSERT INTO table-name (Column name1, Column name2,..) VALUES (value1,
value2,);
Example:
INSERT INTO student (rollno, name, course, doj) VALUES
(101,Anil,MCA,01/11/06);
Updating a Table:
This command is used to modify the table field values. The syntax is as follows:
UPDATE table-name SET column=value [WHERE condition];
Example:
UPDATE student SET sname=Rajesh WHERE sno=1001;
Deleting a Table:
This command is used to delete the column from table. The syntax is as follows:
DELETE [FROM] table-name [WHERE condition];
Example:
DELETE FROM student WHERE sname=Rajesh;

SQL Queries:
a) WHERE CLAUSE: It instructs Oracle to search the data in a table and return only those
rows.The syntax is as follows:
Select (Column name1, Column name2,) from table-name where VALUES
(value1,value2.);
Example:
Select ename from emp where job = clerk and sal>3000;
GROUP BY CLAUSE: It is used to divide the rows in a table into groups and then use the
group functions to return summary information for each group. The syntax us as follows:
SELECT column, group_function(column) FROM table [WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression] [ORDER BY column];
Example:
SELECT city, count(sname) from Salesperson GROUP BY city;
ORDER BY CLAUSE: It is used to sort the rows in either ascending or descending order or
multilevel sort. The syntax is as follows:
SELECT column, group_function(column) FROM table [WHERE condition]
[ORDER BY column];
Example:
SELECT * from cheques order by amt desc;
SQL: It is Structured Query Language, used to manipulate information in a relational database
and used in ORACLE and IBM DB2 relational database management systems. SQL is formally
pronounced as sequel, although common usage also pronounces it S.Q.L.. SQL is a set of
commands that all programmers must use to access data within the tables of Database.
SQL statements are divided into the following categories:
Data Definition Language (DDL) statements.
Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements.
Language (DDL) statements.
Relational Predicates: We use these when it comes to restricting the rows retrieved along with
the where clause.
Greater Than: Select dname, deptno from Dept where deptno>20;
Less Than or Equal To: select ename from emp where sal<= 2000;
Test for Inequality: select ename, sal, Dname from emp E, Dept D where
E.deptno = D.deptno and D.Loc != LONDON;
Between and And: select sname from Salesperson where Comm between 0.10 and 0.12;
Is Null: select * from Customer where City is NULL;
Is Not Null: select * from Dept where dname is NOTNULL;
IN: select ename, city from Customer where city IN (LONDON, ROME, BERLIN);
AND: select firstname from friends where first name = AL and lastname = BULHER;
OR: select names from team where hits <0.35 OR ab<0.35;

SQL Group Functions: These functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per group.
These sets may be the whole table or the table split into pages.
Types of Group Functions are COUNT, AVG, MAX, MIN, SUM.
COUNT: select count (ename), count (deptno) from emp;
AVG: select avg (comm.) from salesperson;
MAX: select max (sal) from emp;
MIN: select min (comm.) from salesperson;
SUM: select sum (amt) from orders
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS: These accept character input and can return both character
and number values. These are as follows;
Ceil: Nearer whole integer greater than or equal to number.
Example: select ceil(10.6) from dual;
Floor: Largest integer equal to or less than n.
Example: select floor(10.6) from dual;
Mod(m,n): Remainder of m divided by n. If n=0, then m is returned.
Example: select mod(7,5) from dual;
Power(m,n): Number m raised to the power of n.
Example: select power(3,2) from dual;
Round(n,m): Result rounded to m places to the right of the decimal point.
Example: select round(1234.5678,2) from dual;
Sign(n): If n=0, returns 0; if n>0, returns 1; if n<0, returns -1.
Example: select sign(12) from dual;
Sqrt(n): Square toot of n.
Example: select sqrt(25) from dual;
PL/SQL Procedure: It is Oracles procedural language extension to SQL. It combines the ease
and flexibility of SQL with the procedural functionality of a structured programming language,
such as IF..THEN, WHILE and LOOP.
As PL/SQL code can be stored centrally in a database, network traffic between
applications and the database is reduced, so application and system performance increases. Data
access can be controlled by stored PL/SQL can access data only as intended by the application
developer (unless another access route is granted). PL/SQL blocks can be sent by an application
to a database, executing complex operations without excessive network traffic.
Even when PL/SQL is not stored in the database, applications can send blocks of PL/SQL to the
database rather than individual SQL statements, thereby again reducing network traffic.

The syntax of PL/SQL statement is as follows:

Declare
<declarations section>
Begin
<executable commands>
Exception
<exception handling>
End;
Example:
declare
a number (2);
b number (2);
begin
a:=&a;
b:=&b;
if(a>b) then
dbms output. put line(hello|| a);
else if (b>a) then
dbms output. put line(hello|| b);
else if (a=b) then
dbms output. put line(hello|| a);
end if;
end;
IF-THEN-ENDIF: The sequence of statements is executed only if the condition is true. If the
condition is false or null, the IF statement does nothing. In either case, control passes to the next
statement. The syntax is as follows:
If condition then
Sequence of statements;
End if;
Example:
IF sales > quota THEN
Sequence bonus (empid);
UPDATE payroll Set pay = pay + bonus WHERE empno = emp id;
END IF;
Arithmetic Operations: These contain only numeric data. The following are the arithmetic
operators.
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication

 Division
IF-THEN-ELSIF: Sometimes you want to select an action from several mutually exclusive
alternatives. The third form of If statement uses the keywords ELSIF (not ELSEIF) to introduce
additional conditions. The syntax is as follows:
IF condition1 THEN
Sequence of statements1
ELSIF condition2 THEN
Sequence of statemetns2
ELSE
Sequence of statements3
END IF;
If the first condition is false or null, the ELSIF clause tests another condition. An IF statement
can have any number of ELSIF clauses, the final ELS clause is optional. Conditions are
evaluated one by one from top to bottom. If any condition is true, its associated sequence of
statements is executed and control passes to the next statement.
If all conditions are false or null, the sequence in the ELS clause is executed.
Example:
BEGIN
IF sales > 50000 THEN
Bonus: = 1500;
ELSIF sales > 35000 THEN
Bonus: = 500;
ELSE
Bonus: = 100;
END IF;
INSERT INTO payroll VALUES (emp id, bonus);
END;

FOR LOOP: The numbers of iterations through a FOR loop is known before the loop is
entered. FOR loops iterate over a specified range of integers. The range is part of an iteration
scheme, which is enclosed by the key words FOR and LOOPS. A double dot (..) serves as the
range operator. The syntax is as follows:
FOR counter IN [REVERSE] lower_bound..higher_bound LOOP
Sequence_of_statements END LOOP;
Example:
FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP assign the values 1,2,3 to i

Sequence _of _statements executes three times

END LOOP;
Triggers: A Trigger defines an action the database should take when some database related event
occurs. The code within a trigger, called trigger body is made up of PL/SQL blocks. Triggers are
executed by the database when specified types of data manipulation commands are performed on
specific tables. Triggers can be used for automatic data generation, audit data modifications,
enforce complex Integrity constraints, and customize complex security authorizations.
The syntax is as follows:
Create [or replace] trigger [schema . ] trigger { before | after | instead of }
{dml_event_clause | { ddl_event [or ddl_event] | database_event [or database_event]
} on { [schema .] schema | database } } [when (condition) ] {pl/sql_block |
call_procedure_statement ).
Example:
Begin
If updating then
Insert into uptest1
values(:new.int,:new.name,:new.dt);
else
values(:old.int,:old.name,:old.dt);
end if;
end;
Cursor: To execute a multi-row query, Oracle opens an unnamed work area that stores
processing information. A cursor lets you name the work area, access the information, and
process the rows individually.
PL/SQL uses two types of cursors: implicit and explicit. PL/SQL declares a cursor
implicitly for all SQL data manipulation statements, including queries that return only one row.
For queries that return more than one row, you must declare an explicit cursor or use a cursor
FOR loop.
Implicit Cursors: Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not associated
with an explicitly declared cursor. PL/SQL lets you refer to the most recent implicit cursor as the
SQL cursor. You cannot use the OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE statements to control the SQL
cursor. But you can use cursor attributes to get information about the most recently executed
SQL statement.
Explicit Cursors: The set of rows returned by a query can consist of zero, one , or multiple
rows, depending on how multiple rows, you can explicitly declare a cursor to process the rows.
You can declare a cursor in the declarative part of any PL/SQL block, subprogram, or package.
We use three commands to control a cursor : OPEN, FETCH and CLOSE. First, we initialize the
cursor with the OPEN statement, which identifies the result set. Then we use the FETCH
statement to retrieve the first row. We can execute the FETCH repeatedly until all rows have

been retrieved. When the last row has been processed, we release the cursor with the CLOSE
statement. We can process several queries in parallel by declaring and opening multiple cursors.
The syntax is as follows:
CURSOR cursor_name [ (parameter [, parameter])]
[RETURN return_ type] IS select_statement;
Where return_type must represent a record or a row in a database table.
Example:
Declare
Cursor depcur is select * from dept, emp where dept.deptno=emp.deptno;
Deprec dept%rowtype;
Begin
Open depcur
For deprec in depcur
Loop
Exit when depcur%not found;
Deprec:=depcur;
Dbms_output.put_line(deprec);
End loop;
Close depcur;
End;

Reports: Oracle report is the Developer/2000 tool that has been provided to produce reports of
data in the Oracle database. These reports can be previewed on the user screen before being
printed or can be printed directly. The report output may also be saved in a file to be used at a
later date. Oracle reports operate in a Graphical user Interface (GUI) environment such as
Microsoft Windows. Functions may be performed by clicking iconic buttons or via menu picks.
The menus used by reports dynamically change based on the current context of the tool and are
fairly intuitive as to their specific purpose.
Example:
SET HEADSEP !
TTITLE EMPLOYEE REPORT! **********
BTITLE ****** ! END OF REPORT! *****
COLUMN SAL FORMAT $ 99,999.99
BREAK ON DEPTNO SKIP 1
COMPUTE SUM OF SAL ON DEPTNO
BREAK ON REPORT
COMPUTE SUM OF SAL COMM ON REPORT

SET PAGESIZE 30
SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO FROM EMP;
CLEAR BREAKS
CLEAR COMPUTES
Forms: Oracle forms are a feature-rich application building tool that produces productionquality screens utilizing data stored in a database. We can embed graphics, sound, video, wora
processing documents and spreadsheets through the use of OLE2. We can embed objects from
Excel or 1-2-3 for windows in our Oracle forms screens. These can also share data with other
Developer 2000 tools through a special module.
Example:
DECLARE
Dummy_Define CHAR(1);
CURSOR EEMP_cur IS
SELECT 1 FROM EEMP
WHERE :EEMP.DEPT_NO = :DEPT.DEPT_NO;
BEGIN
OPEN EEMP_cur;
FETCH EEMP_cur INTO Dummy_Define;
IF ( EEMP_cur%found ) THEN
Message (Cannot delete master record when matching detail records exist.)
CLOSE EEMP_cur;
RAISE Form_Trigger_Failure;
END IF;
CLOSE EEMP_cur;
END;

Oracle
1.

Important Questions

Difference between group functions and single row functions.

Group Function

Single Row Function

A group function operates

A single row function

on many rows returns one and

result for one row.

returns single result.

Not allowed in Pl/sql procedural

Allowed in Pl/Sql
Procedural statements
Statements.

e.g. SUM(),AVG,MIN,MAX etc

2.

e.g. UPPER,LOWER,CHR...

Difference between DECODE and TRANSLATE

DECODE is value by value

TRANSLATE is character by

character replacement.

replacement.

Ex SELECT DECODE('ABC','A',1,'B',2,'ABC',3)

eg

from dual; o/p

TRANSLATE('ABCGH',

SELECT

'ABCDEFGHIJ', 1234567899)
FROM DUAL; o/p 12378

(DECODE command is used to bring IF,THEN,ELSE logic to SQL.It tests for the IF values(s) and then aplies
THEN value(s) when true, the ELSE value(s) if not.)
3.

Difference between TRUNCATE and DELETE

TRUNCATE deletes much faster than DELETE

Truncate

Delete

It is a DDL statement

It is a DML statement

It is a one way trip, cannot

One can Rollback

ROLLBACK
Doesn't have selective features (where clause)

Has

Doesn't fire database triggers

It requires disabling of referential

Does
Does not require

constraints.
4.

What is a CO-RELATED SUBQUERY

A CO-RELATED SUBQUERY is one that has a correlation

name as table or view designator in the FROM clause of the outer
query and the same correlation name as a qualifier of a search
condition in the WHERE clause of the sub query.

eg
SELECT field1 from table1 X
WHERE field2>(select avg(field2) from table1 Y
where
field1=X.field1);

(The subquery in a correlated subquery is revaluated

for every row of the table or view named in the outer query.)
5.

What are various joins used while writing SUBQUERIES

Self join-Its a join foreign key of a table references the same table.

Outer Join--Its a join condition used where One can query all the rows of one of the
tables in the join condition even though they don't satisfy the join condition.

Equi-join--Its a join condition that retrieves rows from one or more tables in which one
or more columns in one table are equal to one or more columns in the second table.

6.

What are various constraints used in SQL

NULL
NOT NULL
CHECK
DEFAULT

7.

What are different Oracle database objects

TABLES
VIEWS

INDEXES
SYNONYMS
SEQUENCES
TABLESPACES etc
8.

What is difference between Rename and Alias

Rename is a permanent name given to a table or column whereas Alias is a temporary

name given to a table or column which do not exist once the SQL statement is
executed.

9.

What is a view
A view is stored procedure based on one or more tables, its a virtual table.

What are various privileges that a user can grant to another user

SELECT
CONNECT
RESOURCES
10. What is difference between UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints

A table can have only one PRIMARY KEY whereas there can be any number of UNIQUE keys.
The columns that compose PK are automatically define NOT NULL, whereas a column that compose
a UNIQUE is not automatically defined to be mandatory must also specify the column is NOT NULL.

11. Can a primary key contain more than one columns

Yes

12. How you will avoid duplicating records in a query

By using DISTINCT

13. What is difference between SQL and SQL*PLUS

SQL*PLUS is a command line tool where as SQL and PL/SQL language interface and
Reporting tool. Its a command line tool that allows user to type SQL commands to be
Executed directly against an Oracle database. SQL is a language used to query the
Relational database (DML, DCL, DDL). SQL*PLUS commands are used to format query
result, Set options, Edit SQL commands and PL/SQL.

14. Which datatype is used for storing graphics and images

LONG RAW data type is used for storing BLOB's (binary large objects).
15. How will you delete duplicating rows from a base table
DELETE
FROM table_name A
WHERE rowid>(SELECT min(rowid) from table_name B where
B.table_no=A.table_no);

CREATE TABLE new_table AS SELECT DISTINCT * FROM old_table;

DROP old_table
RENAME new_table TO old_table
DELETE FROM table_name A
WHERE rowid NOT IN (SELECT MAX(ROWID) FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name)
16. What is difference between SUBSTR and INSTR

SUBSTR returns a specified portion of a string

eg SUBSTR('BCDEF',4)

output BCDE

INSTR provides character position in which a pattern

is found in a string.

eg INSTR('ABC-DC-F','-',2)

output

7 (2nd occurence of '-')

17. There is a string '120000 12 0 .125' ,how you will find the
position of the decimal place

INSTR('120000 12 0 .125',1,'.')
output

13

18. There is a '%' sign in one field of a column. What will be

the query to find it.

'\' Should be used before '%'.

19. When you use WHERE clause and when you use HAVING clause

HAVING clause is used when you want to specify a condition for a group function and it
is written after GROUP BY clause

The WHERE clause is used when you want to specify a condition for columns, single
row functions except group functions and it is written before GROUP BY clause if it is
used.

20. Which is more faster - IN or EXISTS

EXISTS is more faster than IN because EXISTS returns

a Boolean value whereas IN returns a value.

21. What is a OUTER JOIN

Outer Join--Its a join condition used where you can query all the rows of one of the
tables in the join condition even though they dont satisfy the join condition.

22. How you will avoid your query from using indexes

SELECT * FROM emp

Where emp_no+' '=12345;

i.e you have to concatenate the column name with

space within codes in the where condition.

SELECT

/*+ FULL(a) */ ename, emp_no from emp

where emp_no=1234;
i.e using HINTS

23. What is a pseudo column. Give some examples

It is a column that is not an actual column in the

table.

eg USER, UID, SYSDATE, ROWNUM, ROWID, NULL, AND LEVEL.

24. Suppose customer table is there having different columns

like customer no, payments.What will be the query to select top three max payments.

SELECT customer_no, payments from customer C1

WHERE 3<=(SELECT COUNT(*) from customer C2

WHERE C1.payment <= C2.payment)
25. What is the purpose of a cluster.
Oracle does not allow a user to specifically locate tables, since that is a part of the
function of the RDBMS. However, for the purpose of increasing performance, oracle
developer to create a CLUSTER. A CLUSTER provides a means for storing

allows a

data from different tables together for faster retrieval than if the table placement were
left to the RDBMS.
26. What is a cursor.

Oracle uses work area to execute SQL statements and store processing information
PL/SQL construct called a cursor lets you name a work area and access its stored
information A cursor is a mechanism used to fetch more than one row in a Pl/SQl
block.

27. Difference between an implicit & an explicit cursor.

PL/SQL declares a cursor implicitly for all SQL data manipulation statements, including
quries that return only one row. However,queries that return more than one row you
must declare an explicit cursor or use a cursor FOR loop.

Explicit cursor is a cursor in which the cursor name is explicitly assigned to a SELECT
statement via the CURSOR...IS statement. An implicit cursor is used for all SQL statements
Declare, Open, Fetch, Close. An explicit cursors are used to process multirow SELECT statements

An implicit cursor is used to process INSERT, UPDATE,

DELETE and single row SELECT. .INTO statements.

28. What are cursor attributes

%ROWCOUNT
%NOTFOUND
%FOUND
%ISOPEN

29. What is a cursor for loop.

Cursor For Loop is a loop where oracle implicitly declares a loop variable, the loop index that of the
same record type as the cursor's record.

30. Difference between NO DATA FOUND and %NOTFOUND

NO DATA FOUND is an exception raised only for the SELECT....INTO statements

when the where clause of the querydoes not match any rows. When the where clause
of the explicit cursor does not match any rows the %NOTFOUND attribute is set to
TRUE instead.

31.

What a SELECT FOR UPDATE cursor represent.

SELECT......FROM......FOR......UPDATE[OF column-reference][NOWAIT] The

processing done in a fetch loop modifies the rows that have been retrieved by the
cursor.

A convenient way of modifying the rows is done by a method with two parts: the FOR
UPDATE clause in the cursor declaration, WHERE CURRENT OF CLAUSE in an
UPDATE or declaration statement.

32.

What 'WHERE CURRENT OF ' clause does in a cursor.

LOOP
SELECT num_credits INTO v_numcredits FROM classes
WHERE dept=123 and course=101;
UPDATE students
SET current_credits=current_credits+v_numcredits
WHERE CURRENT OF X;
END LOOP
COMMIT;
END;

33.

What is use of a cursor variable? How it is defined.

A cursor variable is associated with different statements at run time, which can hold
different values at run time. Static cursors can only be associated with one run time
query. A cursor variable is reference type(like a pointer in C).

Declaring a cursor variable:

TYPE type_name IS REF CURSOR RETURN return_type type_name is the name of
the reference type,return_type is a record type indicating the types of the select list
that will eventually be returned by the cursor variable.

34.

What should be the return type for a cursor variable.Can we use a scalar data type as return type.
The return type for a cursor must be a record type.It can be declared explicitly as a
user-defined or %ROWTYPE can be used. eg TYPE t_studentsref IS REF
CURSOR RETURN students%ROWTYPE

35.

How you open and close a cursor variable.Why it is required.

OPEN cursor variable FOR SELECT...Statement

CLOSE cursor variable In order to associate a cursor variable with a particular
SELECT statement OPEN syntax is used.In order to free the resources used
for the query CLOSE
statement is used.

36.

How you were passing cursor variables in PL/SQL 2.2.

In PL/SQL 2.2 cursor variables cannot be declared in a package.This is because the storage for a

cursor variable has to be allocated using Pro*C or OCI with version 2.2,the only means of passing
a cursor variable to a PL/SQL block is via bind variable or a procedure parameter.

37.

Can cursor variables be stored in PL/SQL tables.If yes how.If not why.

No, a cursor variable points a row which cannot be stored in a two-dimensional PL/SQL table.

38.

Difference between procedure and function.

Functions are named PL/SQL blocks that return a value and can be called with arguments
procedure a named block that can be called with parameter. A procedure all is a PL/SQL statement
by itself, while a Function call is called as part of an expression.

39.

What are different modes of parameters used in functions and procedures.

IN
OUT
INOUT

40.

What is difference between a formal and an actual parameter

The variables declared in the procedure and which are passed as arguments are called
actual, the parameters in the procedure declaration. Actual parameters contain the
values that are passed to a procedure and receive results. Formal parameters are the
placeholders for the values of actual parameters

41.

Can the default values be assigned to actual parameters.

Yes

42.

Can a function take OUT parameters.If not why.

No.A function has to return a value,an OUT parameter cannot return a value.

43.

What is syntax
possible.

for dropping a procedure

and

a function .Are

these operations

Drop Procedure procedure_name

Drop Function function_name

44.

What are ORACLE PRECOMPILERS.

Using ORACLE PRECOMPILERS, SQL statements and PL/SQL blocks can be contained
inside 3GL programs written in C, C++, COBOL, PASCAL, FORTRON,PL/1 AND ADA.

The Pre-compilers are known as Pro*C, Pro*Cobol,...

This form of PL/SQL is known as embedded pl/sql,the language in which pl/sql is
embedded is known as the host language.

The pre-compiler translates the embedded SQL and pl/sql statements into calls to the
Pre-compiler runtime library. The output must be compiled and linked with this library to
creator an executable.

45.

What is OCI. What are its uses.

Oracle Call Interface is a method of accessing database

from a 3GL program. Uses--No pre-compiler is required, PL/SQL blocks are executed like
other DML
statements.
The OCI library provides
-functions to parse SQL statements
-bind input variables
-bind output variables
-execute statements
-fetch the results

46.

a)

Difference between database triggers and form triggers.

Data base trigger(DBT) fires when a DML operation is performed on a data base table. Form trigger(FT)
Fires when user presses a key or navigates between fields on the screen

b) Can be row level or statement level No distinction between row level and statement level.

c) Can manipulate data stored in Oracle tables via SQL Can manipulate data in Oracle tables as well as
variables in forms.

d)

Can be fired from any session executing the triggering DML statements. Can be fired only from the form
that define the trigger.

e)

Can cause other database triggers to fire. Can cause other database triggers to fire, but not other form
triggers.

47.

What
with it.

is

an

UTL_FILE.

What

are

different

procedures

and

functions

associated

UTL_FILE is a package that adds the ability to read and write to operating system files
Procedures associated with it are FCLOSE, FCLOSE_ALL and 5 procedures to output
data to a file PUT, PUT_LINE, NEW_LINE, PUTF, FFLUSH.PUT, FFLUSH.PUT_LINE,FFLUSH.NEW_LINE.
Functions associated with it are FOPEN, ISOPEN.

48. Can you use a commit statement within a database trigger.

No
49. What is the maximum buffer size that can be specified using the DBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE
function?
1,000,000

Important Questions in Oracle, Developer /2000(Form 4.5 and

Reports 2.5)

Oracle
1) What are the Back ground processes in Oracle and what are they.?
There are basically 9 Processes but in a general system we need to mention the first five
background processes.They do the house keeping activities for the Oracle and are common in
any system.The various background processes in oracle are
a) Data Base Writer(DBWR) :: Data Base Writer Writes Modified blocks from Database buffer
cache to Data Files.This is required since the data is not written whenever a transaction is
commited.
b)LogWriter(LGWR) :: LogWriter writes the redo log entries to disk. Redo Log data is
generated in redo log buffer of SGA. As transaction commits and log buffer fills, LGWR writes
log entries into a online redo log file.
c) System Monitor(SMON) :: The System Monitor performs instance recovery at instance
startup.This is useful for recovery from system failure
d)Process Monitor(PMON) :: The Process Monitor peforms process recovery when user Process
fails. Pmon Clears and Frees resources that process was using.
e) CheckPoint(CKPT) :: At Specified times, all modified database buffers in SGA are written to
data files by DBWR at Checkpoints and Updating all data files and control files of database to
indicate the most recent checkpoint

f)Archieves(ARCH) :: The Archiver copies online redo log files to archival storal when they are
busy.
g) Recoveror (RECO) :: The Recoveror is used to resolve the distributed transaction in network
h) Dispatcher (Dnnn) :: The Dispatcher is useful in Multi Threaded Architecture
i) Lckn :: We can have upto 10 lock processes for inter instance locking in parallel sql.
2) How many types of Sql Statements are there in Oracle?
There are basically 6 types of sql statments.They are
a) Data Defination Language(DDL) :: The DDL statments define and maintain objects and drop
objects.
b) Data Manipulation Language(DML) :: The DML statments manipulate database data.
c) Transaction Control Statements
:: Manage change by DML
d) Session Control Statements :: Used to control the properties of current session enabling and
disabling roles and changing .e.g :: Alter Statements,Set Role
e) System Control Statements :: Change Properties of Oracle Instance .e.g:: Alter System
f) Embedded Sql
:: Incorporate DDL,DML and T.C.S in Programming Language.e.g:: Using
the Sql Statements in languages such as 'C', Open,Fetch, execute and close
3) What is a Transaction in Oracle?
A transaction is a Logical unit of work that compromises one or more SQL Statements executed
by a single User. According to ANSI, a transaction begins with first executable statment and ends
when it is explicitly commited or rolled back.
4) Key Words Used in Oracle?
The Key words that are used in Oracle are ::
a) Commiting :: A transaction is said to be committed when the transaction makes permanent
changes resulting from the SQL statements.
b) Rollback
:: A transaction that retracts any of the changes resulting from SQL statements
in Transaction.
c) Save Point :: For long transactions that contain many SQL statements, intermediate
markers or savepoints are declared. Savepoints can be used to divide a transactino into smaller
points.
d) Rolling Forward :: Process of applying redo log during recovery is called rolling forward.
e) Cursor
:: A cursor is a handle ( name or a pointer) for the memory associated with a
specific stament. A cursor is basically an area allocated by Oracle for executing the Sql
Statement. Oracle uses an implicit cursor statement for Single row query and Uses Explcit cursor
for a multi row query.
f) System Global Area(SGA) :: The SGA is a shared memory region allocated by the Oracle that
contains Data and control information for one Oracle Instance.It consists of Database Buffer
Cache and Redo log Buffer.
g) Program Global Area (PGA) :: The PGA is a memory buffer that contains data and control
information for server process.
g) Database Buffer Cache :: Databese Buffer of SGA stores the most recently used blocks of
datatbase data.The set of database buffers in an instance is called Database Buffer Cache.
h) Redo log Buffer :: Redo log Buffer of SGA stores all the redo log entries.

i) Redo Log Files

:: Redo log files are set of files that protect altered database data in memory
that has not been written to Data Files. They are basically used for backup when a database
crashes.
j) Process
:: A Process is a 'thread of control' or mechansim in Operating System that
executes series of steps.
5) What are Procedure,functions and Packages?
Procedures and functions consist of set of PL/SQL statements that are grouped together as a
unit to solve a specific problem or perform set of related tasks.
Procedures do not Return values while Functions return One Value
Packages
:: Packages Provide a method of encapsulating and storing related procedures,
functions, variables and other Package Contents
6) What are Database Triggers and Stored Procedures?
Database Triggers(DT) :: Database Triggers are Procedures that are automatically executed as a
result of insert in, update to, or delete from table. DT have the values old and new to denote the
old value in the table before it is deleted and the new indicated the new value that will be used.
DT are useful for implementing complex business rules which cannot be enforced using the
integrity rules.We can have the trigger as Before trigger or After Trigger and at Statement or Row
level.e.g:: operations insert,update ,delete 3 before ,after 3*2 A total of 6 combinatons At
statment level(once for the trigger) or row level( for every execution )
6 * 2 A total of 12.
Thus a total of 12 combinations are there and the restriction of usage of 12 triggers has been
lifted from Oracle 7.3 Onwards.
Stored Procedures :: Stored Procedures are Procedures that are stored in Compiled form in the
database.The advantage of using the stored procedures is that many users can use the same
procedure in compiled and ready to use format.
7) How many Integrity Rules are there and what are they?
There are Three Integrity Rules. They are as follows ::
a) Entity Integrity Rule :: The Entity Integrity Rule enforces that the Primary key cannot be Null
b) Foreign Key Integrity Rule :: The FKIR denotes that the relationship between the foreign key
and the primary key has to be enforced.When there is data in Child Tables the Master tables
cannot be deleted.
c) Business Integrity Rules :: The Third Intigrity rule is about the complex business processes
which cannot be implemented by the above 2 rules.
8) What are the Various Master and Detail Relation ships.?
The various Master and Detail Relationship are
a) NonIsolated :: The Master cannot be deleted when a child is exisiting
b) Isolated:: The Master can be deleted when the child is exisiting
c) Cascading :: The child gets deleted when the Master is deleted.
9) What are the Various Block Coordination Properties?
The various Block Coordination Properties are
a) Immediate : Default Setting. The Detail records are shown when the Master Record are
shown.

b) Deffered with Auto Query : Oracle Forms defer fetching the detail records until the operator
navigates to the detail block.
c) Deffered with No Auto Query : The operator must navigate to the detail block and explicitly
execute a query
10) What are the Different Optimisation Techniques?
The Various Optimisation techniques are :
a) Execute Plan :: we can see the plan of the query and change it accordingly based on the
indexes
b) Optimizer_hint ::
set_item_property('DeptBlock',OPTIMIZER_HINT,'FIRST_ROWS');
Select /*+ First_Rows */ Deptno,Dname,Loc,Rowid from dept
where (Deptno > 25)
c) Optimize_Sql ::
By setting the Optimize_Sql = No, Oracle Forms assigns a single cursor for all SQL
statements.This slow downs the processing because for evertime the SQL must be parsed
whenver they are executed.
f45run module = my_firstform userid = scott/tiger optimize_sql = No
d) Optimize_Tp ::
By setting the Optimize_Tp= No, Oracle Forms assigns seperate cursor only for each query
SELECT statement. All other SQL statements reuse the cursor.
f45run module = my_firstform userid = scott/tiger optimize_Tp = No
11) How do u implement the If statement in the Select Statement
11) We can implement the if statement in the select statement by using the Decode statement.
e.g select DECODE (EMP_CAT,'1','First','2','Second'Null);
Here the Null is the else statement where null is done .
12)How many types of Exceptions are there
12) There are 2 types of exceptions. They are
a) System Exceptions
e.g. When no_data_found, When too_many_rows
b) User Defined Exceptions
e.g. My_exception exception
When My_exception then
13) What are the inline and the precompiler directives
13) The inline and precompiler directives detect the values directly
14) How do you use the same lov for 2 columns
14) We can use the same lov for 2 columns by passing the return values in global values and
using the global values in the code
15) How many minimum groups are required for a matrix report
15) The minimum number of groups in matrix report are 4

16) What is the difference between static and dynamic lov

16) The static lov contains the predetermined values while the dynamic lov contains values that
come at run time
17) What are snap shots and views
17) Snapshots are mirror or replicas of tables. Views are built using the columns from one or
more tables. The Single Table View can be updated but the view with multi table cannot be
updated
18) What are the OOPS concepts in Oracle.
18) Oracle does implement the OOPS concepts. The best example is the Property Classes. We
can categorise the properties by setting the visual attributes and then attach the property classes
for the
objects. OOPS supports the concepts of objects and classes and we can consider the peroperty
classes as classes and the items as objects
19) What is the difference between candidate key, unique key and primary key
19) Candidate keys are the columns in the table that could be the primary keys and the primary
key
is the key that has been selected to identify the rows. Unique key is also useful for identifying the
distinct rows in the table.
20)What is concurrency
20) Cuncurrency is allowing simultaneous access of same data by different users. Locks useful
for accesing the database are
a) Exclusive
The exclusive lock is useful for locking the row when an insert,update or delete is being
done.This lock should not be applied when we do only select from the row.
b) Share lock
We can do the table as Share_Lock as many share_locks can be put on the same resource.
21) Previleges and Grants
21) Previleges are the right to execute a particulare type of SQL statements.
e.g :: Right to Connect, Right to create, Right to resource
Grants are given to the objects so that the object might be accessed accordingly.The grant has to
be
given by the owner of the object.
22)Table Space,Data Files,Parameter File, Control Files
22)Table Space :: The table space is useful for storing the data in the database.When a database
is created two table spaces are created.
a) System Table space :: This data file stores all the tables related to the system and dba tables
b) User Table space
:: This data file stores all the user related tables
We should have seperate table spaces for storing the tables and indexes so that the access is fast.
Data Files :: Every Oracle Data Base has one or more physical data files.They store the data for
the database.Every datafile is associated with only one database.Once the Data file is created the

size cannot change.To increase the size of the database to store more data we have to add data
file.
Parameter Files :: Parameter file is needed to start an instance.A parameter file contains the list
of instance configuration parameters e.g.::
db_block_buffers = 500
db_name = ORA7
db_domain = u.s.acme lang
Control Files :: Control files record the physical structure of the data files and redo log files
They contain the Db name, name and location of dbs, data files ,redo log files and time stamp.
23) Physical Storage of the Data
23) The finest level of granularity of the data base are the data blocks.
Data Block :: One Data Block correspond to specific number of physical database space
Extent
:: Extent is the number of specific number of contigious data blocks.
Segments :: Set of Extents allocated for Extents. There are three types of Segments
a) Data Segment :: Non Clustered Table has data segment data of every table is stored in
cluster data segment
b) Index Segment :: Each Index has index segment that stores data
c) Roll Back Segment :: Temporarily store 'undo' information
24) What are the Pct Free and Pct Used
24) Pct Free is used to denote the percentage of the free space that is to be left when creating a
table. Similarly Pct Used is used to denote the percentage of the used space that is to be used
when creating a table
eg.:: Pctfree 20, Pctused 40
25) What is Row Chaining
25) The data of a row in a table may not be able to fit the same data block.Data for row is stored
in a chain of data blocks .
26) What is a 2 Phase Commit
26) Two Phase commit is used in distributed data base systems. This is useful to maintain the
integrity of the database so that all the users see the same values. It contains DML statements or
Remote Procedural calls that reference a remote object. There are basically 2 phases in a 2 phase
commit.
a) Prepare Phase :: Global coordinator asks participants to prepare
b) Commit Phase :: Commit all participants to coordinator to Prepared, Read only or abort
Reply
27) What is the difference between deleting and truncating of tables
27) Deleting a table will not remove the rows from the table but entry is there in the database
dictionary and it can be retrieved But truncating a table deletes it completely and it cannot be
retrieved.
28) What are mutating tables

28) When a table is in state of transition it is said to be mutating. eg :: If a row has been deleted
then the table is said to be mutating and no operations can be done on the table except select.
29) What are Codd Rules
29) Codd Rules describe the ideal nature of a RDBMS. No RDBMS satisfies all the 12 codd
rules and Oracle Satisfies 11 of the 12 rules and is the only Rdbms to satisfy the maximum
number of rules.
30) What is Normalisation
30) Normalisation is the process of organising the tables to remove the redundancy.There are
mainly 5 Normalisation rules.
a) 1 Normal Form :: A table is said to be in 1st Normal Form when the attributes are atomic
b) 2 Normal Form :: A table is said to be in 2nd Normal Form when all the candidate keys are
dependant on the primary key
c) 3rd Normal Form :: A table is said to be third Normal form when it is not dependant
transitively
31) What is the Difference between a post query and a pre query
31) A post query will fire for every row that is fetched but the pre query will fire only once.
32) Deleting the Duplicate rows in the table
32) We can delete the duplicate rows in the table by using the Rowid
33) Can U disable database trigger? How?
33) Yes. With respect to table
ALTER TABLE TABLE
[ DISABLE all_trigger ]
34) What is pseudo columns ? Name them?
34) A pseudocolumn behaves like a table column, but is not actually
stored in the table. You can select from pseudocolumns, but you
cannot insert, update, or delete their values. This section
describes these pseudocolumns:
* CURRVAL
* NEXTVAL
* LEVEL
* ROWID
* ROWNUM
35) How many columns can table have?
The number of columns in a table can range from 1 to 254.
36) Is space acquired in blocks or extents ?
In extents .

37) what is clustered index?

In an indexed cluster, rows are stored together based on their cluster key values .
Can not applied for HASH.
38) what are the datatypes supported By oracle (INTERNAL)?
Varchar2, Number,Char , MLSLABEL.
39 ) What are attributes of cursor?
%FOUND , %NOTFOUND , %ISOPEN,%ROWCOUNT
40) Can you use select in FROM clause of SQL select ?
Yes.

Forms 4.5 Questions

1) Which trigger are created when master -detail rela?
1) master delete property
* NON-ISOLATED (default)
a) on check delete master
b) on clear details
c) on populate details
* ISOLATED
a) on clear details
b) on populate details
* CASCADE
a) per-delete
b) on clear details
c) on populate details
2) which system variables can be set by users?
2)
SYSTEM.MESSAGE_LEVEL

SYSTEM.DATE_THRESHOLD
SYSTEM.EFFECTIVE_DATE
SYSTEM.SUPPRESS_WORKING
3) What are object group?
3)
An object group is a container for a group of objects. You define an object group when you want to
package related objects so you can copy or reference them in another module.
4) What are referenced objects?
4)
Referencing allows you to create objects that inherit their functionality and appearance from other
objects.
Referencing an object is similar to copying an object, except that the resulting reference object maintains
a
link to its source object. A reference object automatically inherits any changes that have been made to
the
source object when you open or regenerate the module that contains the reference object.
5) Can you store objects in library?
5)
Referencing allows you to create objects that inherit their functionality and appearance from other
objects. Referencing an object is similar to copying an object, except that the resulting reference
object maintains a link to its source object. A reference object automatically inherits any changes that
have been made to the source object when you open or regenerate the module that contains the
reference object.

6) Is forms 4.5 object oriented tool ? why?

6)
yes , partially. 1) PROPERTY CLASS - inheritance property
2) OVERLOADING : procedures and functions.
7) Can you issue DDL in forms?
7)
yes, but you have to use FORMS_DDL.
Referencing allows you to create objects that inherit their functionality and appearance from other
objects. Referencing an object is similar to copying an object, except that the resulting reference object
maintains a link to its source object. A reference object automatically inherits any changes that have
been made to the source object when you open or regenerate the module that contains the reference
object.
Any string expression up to 32K:
a literal

an expression or a variable representing the text of a block of dynamically created PL/SQL code

a DML statement or
a DDL statement

Restrictions:
The statement you pass to FORMS_DDL may not contain bind variable references in the string, but the
values of bind variables can be concatenated into the string before passing the result to FORMS_DDL.
8) What is SECURE property?
8)- Hides characters that the operator types into the text item. This setting is typically used for
password protection.
9 ) What are the types of triggers and how the sequence of firing in text item
9)
Triggers can be classified as Key Triggers, Mouse Triggers ,Navigational Triggers.
Key Triggers :: Key Triggers are fired as a result of Key action.e.g :: Key-next-field, Key-up,Key-Down
Mouse Triggers :: Mouse Triggers are fired as a result of the mouse navigation.e.g. When-mouse-buttonpresed,when-mouse-doubleclicked,etc
Navigational Triggers :: These Triggers are fired as a result of Navigation. E.g : Post-Text-item,Pre-textitem.
We also have event triggers like when new-form-instance and when-new-block-instance.
We cannot call restricted procedures like go_to(my_block.first_item) in the Navigational triggers
But can use them in the Key-next-item.
The Difference between Key-next and Post-Text is an very important question. The key-next is fired as a
result of the key action while the post text is fired as a result of the mouse movement. Key next will not
fire unless there is a key event.
The sequence of firing in a text item are as follows ::
a) pre - text
b) when new item
c) key-next
d) when validate
e) post text
10 ) Can you store pictures in database? How?
10)Yes , in long Raw datatype.
11) What are property classes ? Can property classes have trigger?
11) Property class inheritance is a powerful feature that allows you to quickly define objects that
conform to
your own interface and functionality standards. Property classes also allow you to make global changes
to
applications quickly. By simply changing the definition of a property class, you can change the
definition
of all objects that inherit properties from that class.
Yes . All type of triggers .

* 12 a) If you have property class attached to an item and you have same trigger written for the item .
Which will fire first?
12)Item level trigger fires , If item level trigger fires, property level trigger won't fire. Triggers at the
lowest level are always given the first preference. The item level trigger fires first and then the block and
then the Form level trigger.
13) What are record groups ? * Can record groups created at run-time?
13)A record group is an internal Oracle Forms data structure that has a column/row framework similar to
a
database table. However, unlike database tables, record groups are separate objects that belong to the
form module in which they are defined. A record group can have an unlimited number of columns of
type
CHAR, LONG, NUMBER, or DATE provided that the total number of columns does not exceed 64K.
Record group column names cannot exceed 30 characters.
Programmatically, record groups can be used whenever the functionality offered by a two-dimensional
array of multiple data types is desirable.
TYPES OF RECORD GROUP:
Query Record Group A query record group is a record group that has an associated SELECT statement.
The columns in a query record group derive their default names, data types, and lengths from the
database columns referenced in the SELECT statement. The records in a query record group are the
rows retrieved by the query associated with that record group.
Non-query Record Group
A non-query record group is a group that does not have an associated
query, but whose structure and values can be modified programmatically at runtime.
Static Record Group A static record group is not associated with a query; rather, you define its
structure and row values at design time, and they remain fixed at runtime.
14) What are ALERT?
14)An ALERT is a modal window that displays a message notifiying operator of some application
condition.
15) Can a button have icon and lable at the same time ?
15)
-NO
16) What is mouse navigate property of button?
16)
When Mouse Navigate is True (the default), Oracle Forms performs standard navigation to move the
focus
to the item when the operator activates the item with the mouse.
When Mouse Navigate is set to False, Oracle Forms does not perform navigation (and the resulting
validation) to move to the item when an operator activates the item with the mouse.
17) What is FORMS_MDI_WINDOW?
17) forms run inside the MDI application window. This property is useful for calling a form from
another one.

18) What are timers ? when when-timer-expired does not fire?

18) The When-Timer-Expired trigger can not fire during trigger, navigation, or transaction processing.
19 ) Can object group have a block?
19)Yes , object group can have block as well as program units.
20) How many types of canvases are there.
20)There are 2 types of canvases called as Content and Stack Canvas. Content canvas is the default and
the one that is used mostly for giving the base effect. Its like a plate on which we add items and stacked
canvas is used for giving 3 dimensional effect.
The following questions might not be asked in an Average Interview and could be asked when
the Interviewer wants to trouble u and go deepppppppppppppHe cannot go further..
1) What are user-exits?
1) It invokes 3GL programs.
2) Can you pass values to-and-fro from foreign function ? how ?
2) Yes . You obtain a return value from a foreign function by assigning the return value to an Oracle
Forms
variable or item. Make sure that the Oracle Forms variable or item is the same data type as the return
value
from the foreign function.
After assigning an Oracle Forms variable or item value to a PL/SQL variable, pass the PL/SQL variable
as
a parameter value in the PL/SQL interface of the foreign function. The PL/SQL variable that is passed
as
a parameter must be a valid PL/SQL data type; it must also be the appropriate parameter type as defined
in the PL/SQL interface.
3) What is IAPXTB structure ?
3) The entries of Pro * C and user exits and the form which simulate the proc or user_exit are stored in
IAPXTB table in d/b.
4) Can you call WIN-SDK thruo' user exits?
4) YES.
5) Does user exits supports DLL on MSWINDOWS ?
5) YES .
6) What is path setting for DLL?

6) Make sure you include the name of the DLL in the FORMS45_USEREXIT variable of the
ORACLE.INI file, or rename the DLL to F45XTB.DLL. If you rename the DLL to F45XTB.DLL,
replace the existing F45XTB.DLL in the \ORAWIN\BIN directory with the new F45XTB.DLL.
7) How is mapping of name of DLL and function done?
7) The dll can be created using the Visual C++ / Visual Basic Tools and then the dll is put in the
path that is defined the registery.
8) what is precompiler?
8) It is similar to C precompiler directives.
9) Can you connect to non - oracle datasource ? How?
9) Yes .
10 ) what are key-mode and locking mode properties? level ?
10) Key Mode : Specifies how oracle forms uniquely identifies rows in the database.This is property
includes
for application that will run against NON-ORACLE datasources .
Key setting
unique (default.)
dateable
n-updateable.
Locking mode :
Specifies when Oracle Forms should attempt to obtain database locks on rows that correspond to queried
records in the form.
a) immediate b) delayed
11) What are savepoint mode and cursor mode properties ? level?
11) Specifies whether Oracle Forms should issue savepoints during a session. This property is included
primarily for applications that will run against non-ORACLE data sources. For applications that will
run against ORACLE, use the default setting.
Cursor mode - define cursur state across transaction
Open/close.
12) Can you replace default form processing ? How ?
13) What is transactional trigger property?
13) Identifies a block as transactional control block. i.e. non - database block that oracle forms should
manage as transactional block.(NON-ORACLE datasource) default - FALSE.
14) What is OLE automation ?
14) OLE automation allows an OLE server application to expose a set of commands and functions that
can be
invoked from an OLE container application. OLE automation provides a way for an OLE container
application to use the features of an OLE server application to manipulate an OLE object from the OLE
container environment. (FORMS_OLE)

15) What does invoke built-in do?

15) This procedure invokes a method.
Syntax:
PROCEDURE OLE2.INVOKE
(object obj_type,
method VARCHAR2,
list list_type := 0);
Parameters:
object Is an OLE2 Automation Object.
method
Is a method (procedure) of the OLE2 object.
list
Is the name of an argument list assigned to the OLE2.CREATE_ARGLIST function.
16) What are OPEN_FORM,CALL_FORM,NEW_FORM? diff?
16) CALL_FORM : It calls the other form. but parent remains active, when called form completes the
operation , it releases lock and control goes back to the calling form.
When you call a form, Oracle Forms issues a savepoint for the called form. If the CLEAR_FORM
function
causes a rollback when the called form is current, Oracle Forms rolls back uncommitted changes to this
savepoint.
OPEN_FORM : When you call a form, Oracle Forms issues a savepoint for the called form. If the
CLEAR_FORM function causes a rollback when the called form is current, Oracle Forms rolls back
uncommitted changes to this savepoint.
NEW_FORM : Exits the current form and enters the indicated form. The calling form is terminated as
the parent form. If the calling form had been called by a higher form, Oracle Forms keeps the higher
call
active and treats it as a call to the new form. Oracle Forms releases memory (such as database cursors)
that the terminated form was using.
Oracle Forms runs the new form with the same Runform options as the parent form. If the parent form
was
a called form, Oracle Forms runs the new form with the same options as the parent form.

17 ) What is call form stack?

17) When successive forms are loaded via the CALL_FORM procedure, the resulting module hierarchy
is known as the call form stack.
18) Can u port applictions across the platforms? how?
18) Yes we can port applications across platforms.Consider the form developed in a windows
system.The form would be generated in unix system by using f45gen my_form.fmb scott/tiger
GUI
1) What is a visual attribute?

1) Visual attributes are the font, color, and pattern properties that you set for form and menu objects that
appear in your application's interface.
2) Diff. between VAT and Property Class? imp
2)Named visual attributes define only font, color, and pattern attributes; property classes can contain
these and any other properties.
You can change the appearance of objects at runtime by changing the named visual attribute
programmatically; property class assignment cannot be changed programmatically.
When an object is inheriting from both a property class and a named visual attribute, the named visual
attribute settings take precedence, and any visual attribute properties in the class are ignored.
3 ) Which trigger related to mouse?
3) When-Mouse-Click
When-Mouse-DoubleClick
When-Mouse-Down
When-Mouse-Enter
When-Mouse-Leave
When-Mouse-Move
When-Mouse-Up
4) What is Current record attribute property?
4) Specifies the named visual attribute used when an item is part of the current record.
Current Record Attribute is frequently used at the block level to display the current row in a multi-record
If you define an item-level Current Record Attribute, you can display a pre-determined item in a special
color
when it is part of the current record, but you cannot dynamically highlight the current item, as the input
focus changes.
5) Can u change VAT at run time?
5) Yes. You can programmatically change an object's named visual attribute setting to change the font,
color,
and pattern of the object at runtime.
6) Can u set default font in forms?
6) Yes. Change windows registry(regedit). Set form45_font to the desired font.
7) Can u have OLE objects in forms?
7) Yes.
8) Can u have VBX and OCX controls in forms ?
8) Yes.
9) What r the types of windows (Window style)?
9) Specifies whether the window is a Document window or a Dialog window.
10) What is OLE Activation style property?
10) Specifies the event that will activate the OLE containing item.

11) Can u change the mouse pointer ? How?

11) Yes. Specifies the mouse cursor style. Use this property to dynamically change the shape of the
cursor.
Reports 2.5
1) How many types of columns are there and what are they
1) Formula columns :: For doing mathematical calculations and returning one value
Summary Columns :: For doing summary calculations such as summations etc.
Place holder Columns :: These columns are useful for storing the value in a variable
2) Can u have more than one layout in report
2) It is possible to have more than one layout in a report by using the additional layout option
in the layout editor.
3) Can u run the report with out a parameter form
3) Yes it is possible to run the report without parameter form by setting the PARAM value to
Null
4) What is the lock option in reports layout
4) By using the lock option we cannot move the fields in the layout editor outside the frame.
This is useful for maintaining the fields .
5) What is Flex
5) Flex is the property of moving the related fields together by setting the flex property on
6) What are the minimum number of groups required for a matrix report
6) The minimum of groups required for a matrix report are 4