Lecture Notes

Integrating by Parts

page 1

Sample Problems
Compute each of the following integrals. Please note that arcsin x is the same as sin
as tan 1 x

1.

xex

dx

2.

x cos x dx

3.

4.

xe

4x

dx

ln x dx

5.

arcsin x dx

6.

arctan x dx

7.

ex sin x dx

8.

sin x dx

x and arctan x is the same

9.

cos2 x dx

10.

x2 e

11.

11.

x sin 10x dx

12.

Z9

ln x
p dx
x

Z1

ln x
dx
x7

Z=4

x sin 2x dx

3x

dx

x3
(x2 + 2)2

dx

Practice Problems
1.

xe2x

2.

xe

3.

ln
Z2

xe

dx

3x

dx

3x

dx

6.

x2 2x

7.

x cos x dx

8.

4.

Z1

xe

3x

dx

5.

x2x dx

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

x2 cos x dx
13.

9.

x ln x dx

10.

x5 ln x dx

dx

14.

Last revised: December 10, 2013

Integrating by Parts

Lecture Notes

page 2

Sample Problems - Answers

1.) xex

ex + C

5.) x arcsin x +

8.)

11.)

2.) x sin x + cos x + C

x2 + C

1
( sin x cos x + x) + C
2

1
e
16

3.)

4x

1
xe
4

4x

+C

1
ln x2 + 1 + C
2

6.)

x arctan x

9.)

1
(x + sin x cos x) + C
2

10.)

4.) x ln x
1 x
e (sin x
2

7.)

3x

x+C

cos x) + C

1 2 2
2
x + x+
3
9
27

1
1
ln x2 + 2 + 2
+C
2
x +2

Practice Problems - Answers

1.)

1 2x
xe
2

5.)

2x
ln 2

1 2x
e +C
4

1
ln 2

+C

8.) x2 sin x + 2x cos x

11.)

1
sin 10x
100

2.)

6.)

2 sin x + C

1
x cos 10x + C
10

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

1
e
9

1
xe
3

3x

2x
ln 2

3x

+C

3.)

2x
2
+ 2
ln 2 ln 2

x2

9.)

1 2
x ln x
2

12.) 6 ln 9

7
72

+C

4.)

1
9

7.) x sin x + cos x + C

1 2
x +C
4

1
ln 2
24

10.)

13.)

1
36

1 6
x ln x
6

14)

1 6
x +C
36

1
4

Last revised: December 10, 2013

Integrating by Parts

Lecture Notes

page 3

Sample Problems - Solutions

Please note that arcsin x is the same as sin

1.

x and arctan x is the same as tan

1 x.

xex dx

Solution: We will integrate this by parts, using the formula

Z
Z
0
f g = fg
f g0
Let g (x) = x and f 0 (x) = ex Then we obtain g 0 and f by dierentiation and integration.
f (x) = ex
f 0 (x) = ex

g (x) = x
g 0 (x) = 1

f g = fg

xex dx = xex

f g0

becomes

ex dx = xex

ex + C

We should check our result by dierentiating the answer. Indeed,

(xex

ex + C)0 = ex + xex

ex = xex

and so our answer is correct.

2.

x cos x dx

Solution: Let g (x) = x and f 0 (x) = cos x Then we obtain g 0 and f by dierentiation and integration.
f (x) = sin x
f 0 (x) = cos x

g (x) = x
g 0 (x) = 1
Z

f 0g = f g

x cos x dx = x sin x

f g0
Z

becomes
sin x dx = x sin x

( cos x) = x sin x + cos x + C

We should check our result by dierentiating the answer. Indeed,

(x sin x + cos x + C)0 = sin x + x cos x

sin x = x cos x

and so our answer is correct.

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

Last revised: December 10, 2013

Integrating by Parts

Lecture Notes
3.

xe

4x

page 4

dx

Solution: Let g (x) = x and f 0 (x) = e

4x

Then we obtain g 0 and f by dierentiation and integration. To

du
compute f (x) ; we will use substitution. Let u = 4x then du = 4dx and so dx =
:
4
Z
Z
Z
1
1 u
1 4x
4x
u du
f (x) = e
dx = e
=
eu du =
e +C =
e
+C
4
4
4
4

We will choose C = 0 and so f (x) =

1
e
4

f (x) =
f 0 (x)

xe

1
e
4

4x

4x .

g (x) = x

4x

=e
g 0 (x) = 1
Z
Z
0
f g = fg
f g0
4x

1
xe
4

dx =

1
xe
4

4x

4x

becomes
Z

1
e
4

1
e
16

4x

4x

dx =

1
xe
4

4x

1
+
4

4x

dx =

1
xe
4

4x

1
4

1
e
4

4x

+C

+C

We check our result by dierentiating the answer.

1
xe
4

=
=

4x

1
e
16

4x

+C

1
1
1
0
0
xe 4x
e 4x =
e
4
16
4
1 4x
1
e
+ xe 4x + e 4x = xe 4x
4
4

4x

+x

4e

4x

1
16

4e

4x

and so our answer is correct.

4.

ln x dx

Solution: Let g (x) = ln x and f 0 (x) = 1 Then we obtain g 0 and f by dierentiation and integration.
f (x) = x g (x) = ln x
1
f 0 (x) = 1 g 0 (x) =
x
Z
Z
f 0g = f g
f g 0 becomes
Z
Z
Z
1
ln x dx = x ln x
x
dx = x ln x
1 dx = x ln x x + C
x
We check our result by dierentiating the answer.
(x ln x

x + C)0 = ln x + x

1
x

1 = ln x

and so our answer is correct.

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

Last revised: December 10, 2013

Integrating by Parts

Lecture Notes
5.

page 5

arcsin x dx

Solution: Let g (x) = arcsin x and f 0 (x) = 1 Then we obtain g 0 and f by dierentiation and integration.
f (x) = x

g (x) = arcsin x
1
f 0 (x) = 1 g 0 (x) = p
1 x2
Z
Z
0
f g = fg
f g 0 becomes
Z
Z
Z
1
x
p
arcsin x dx = x arcsin x
x p
dx = x arcsin x
dx
2
1 x
1 x2
Z
x
p
dx by substitution. Let u = 1 x2 : Then du = 2xdx and so
We compute the integral
1 x2
du
dx =
.
2x
Z
Z
Z
Z
x
x du
1
1
1
p
p
p du =
dx =
=
u 1=2 du
2
2x
2
2
u
u
1 x
p
p
1 u1=2
=
+C =
u+C =
1 x2 + C
2 1
2
Thus the entire integral is
Z
arcsin x dx = x arcsin x

x2 + C = x arcsin x +

x2 + C

We check our result by dierentiating the answer.

x arcsin x +

x2 + C

= (x arcsin x)0 +
= arcsin x + p

1
x

x2

x2
p

1=2 0

= arcsin x + x p

x
1

x2

1
1

x2

1
1
2

x2

1=2

( 2x)

= arcsin x

and so our answer is correct.

Z
6.
arctan x dx

Solution: Let g (x) = arctan x and f 0 (x) = 1 Then we obtain g 0 and f by dierentiation and integration.
f (x) = x
f 0 (x) = 1

g (x) = arctan x
1
g 0 (x) = 2
x +1
Z
Z
0
f g = fg
f g 0 becomes
Z
Z
1
arctan x dx = x arctan x
x 2
dx = x arctan x
x +1

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

x2

x
dx
+1

Last revised: December 10, 2013

Integrating by Parts

Lecture Notes

page 6

x
du
dx by substitution. Let u = x2 + 1: Then du = 2xdx and so dx =
.
x2 + 1
2x
Z
Z
Z
x
x du
1
1
1
1
dx =
=
du = ln juj + C = ln x2 + 1 + C
x2 + 1
u 2x
2
u
2
2

We compute the integral

Thus the entire integral is

Z

arctan x dx = x arctan x

1
ln x2 + 1 + C
2

We check our result by dierentiating the answer.

1
ln x2 + 1 + C
2

x arctan x

1
1
0
ln x2 + 1 = arctan x + x 2
2
x +1
x
x
= arctan x + 2
= arctan x
x + 1 x2 + 1

= (x arctan x)0

1 1
(2x)
2 x2 + 1

so our answer is correct.

Z
7.
ex sin x dx
Solution: This is an interesting application of integration by parts. Let M denote the integral

ex sin x dx:

Solution: Let g (x) = sin x and f 0 (x) = ex (Notice that because of the symmetry, g (x) = ex and f 0 (x) =
sin x would also work.) We obtain g 0 and f by dierentiation and integration.
f (x) = ex
f 0 (x) = ex

g (x) = sin x
g 0 (x) = cos x

f g = fg

ex sin x dx = ex sin x

It looks like our method produced a new integral,

proceed: let g (x) = cos x and f 0 (x) = ex .
f (x) = ex
f 0 (x) = ex

f g0
Z

becomes
ex cos x dx

ex cos x dx that also requires integration by parts. We

We obtain g 0 and f by dierentiation and integration.

g (x) = cos x
g 0 (x) = sin x
Z

f 0g = f g

f g 0 becomes
Z
Z
Z
ex cos x dx = ex cos x
ex ( sin x) dx = ex cos x + ex sin x dx
Thus

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

ex cos x dx = ex cos x +

ex sin x dx

Last revised: December 10, 2013

Integrating by Parts

Lecture Notes

page 7

ex sin x. At this point, it looks like we are getting nowhere

Z
because we are going in circles. However, this is not the case. Recall that we denote ex sin x by M . Let
Now the result contains the original integral,

us review the computation again:

Z
ex sin x dx = ex sin x
Z
ex sin x dx = ex sin x
Z
ex sin x dx = ex sin x

ex cos x dx
Z
x
e cos x + ex sin x dx
Z
ex cos x
ex sin x dx

This is the same as

M = ex sin x

ex cos x

This is an equation that we can solve for M .

2M
M
Thus the answer is
1 x
e (sin x
2

1 x
e (sin x
2
cos x)

= ex sin x ex cos x
1 x
=
e (sin x cos x)
2

cos x) + C . We check our result by dierentiation.

1 x 0
1
1
1
(e ) (sin x cos x) + ex (sin x cos x)0 = ex (sin x cos x) + ex (cos x + sin x)
2
2
2
2
1 x
1 x
x
=
e (sin x cos x + sin x + cos x) = e (2 sin x) = e sin x
2
2
so our answer is correct.
Z
8.
sin2 x dx
=

Solution:

Note that this integral can be easily solved using substitution. This is because of the double
1 cos 2x
angle formula for cosine, cos 2x = 1 2 sin2 x
=)
sin2 x =
. This solution can be found
2
on our substitution handout. But at the moment, we will use this interesting application of integration by
parts as seen in the previous problem.
Z
Let M denote the integral
sin2 x dx: Let g (x) = sin x and f 0 (x) = sin x Then we obtain g 0 and f by
dierentiation and integration.
f (x) = cos x
f 0 (x) = sin x

g (x) = sin x
g 0 (x) = cos x
Z

f 0g = f g

sin2 x dx =
=
=

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

f g0

becomes
Z
Z
sin x cos x
( cos x) cos x dx = sin x cos x + cos2 x dx
Z
Z
Z
sin x cos x + 1 sin2 x dx = sin x cos x + 1 dx
sin2 x dx
Z
sin x cos x + x
sin2 x dx
Last revised: December 10, 2013

Integrating by Parts

Lecture Notes

page 8

We obtained
Z

So our answer is

sin x dx =
M

2M

sin x cos x + x

sin2 x dx or

we solve for M

sin x cos x + x
1
( sin x cos x + x) + C
2

1
( sin x cos x + x) + C . We check our result by dierentiating the answer.
2

1
( sin x cos x + x) + C
2

sin x cos x + x

1
( sin x cos x + x) + C
2
1
sin2 x
2

so our answer is correct.

Z
9.
cos2 x dx

1
= ( sin x ( sin x) + ( cos x) (cos x) + 1)
2
0
1
1
1
cos2 x + 1 = @sin2 x + 1| {z
cos2 x}A =
2 sin2 x = sin2 x
2
2
sin2 x

Solution: We do not need to integrate by parts (although it is good practice)

Z
Z
Z
Z
1
2
2
cos x dx =
1 sin x dx = 1 dx
sin2 x dx = x
( sin x cos x + x) + C
2
1
1
1
=
sin x cos x + x + C = (x + sin x cos x) + C
2
2
2

We check our result by dierentiating the answer.

1
(x + sin x cos x) + C
2
so our answer is correct.

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

1
1 + cos2 x
2

sin2 x =

1@
1
2 |

1
sin2 x} + cos2 xA =
2 cos2 x = cos2 x
{z
2

cos2 x

Last revised: December 10, 2013

Integrating by Parts

Lecture Notes
10.

x2 e

3x

page 9

dx

Solution: We will need to integrate by parts twice. First, let f 0 (x) = e

1 3x
f (x) =
e
g (x) = x2
3
f 0 (x) = e 3x
g 0 (x) = 2x

Z
2

x e

3x

and we can compute

f (x) =
f 0 (x) = e

1
e
3

3x

3x

f 0g = f g
1
e
3

dx =

3x dx

xe

f g0

3x

becomes
Z

1
e
3

3x

f g = fg

to this we substitute our result

3x

1 2
x e
3
1 2
x e
3

dx =
=

3x

2
+
3

3x

xe

dx

and g (x) = x. Then

f g0

x e
xe

3x

3x

2
1 2 2
x + x+
3
9
27

+ C or

1
xe
3

dx =

Z
2
+
xe
3
2
3x
xe 3x
9

3x

1
e
27

1 2
x e
3

dx =

Our result might look nicer if we factor out

e

3x

3x

g (x) = x

x e

2xdx =

by integrating by parts. Let f 0 (x) = e

becomes
Z
1 3x
1
3x
xe
dx =
e
(x)
e
3
3
1
1
1 3x
=
xe 3x +
e
3
3
3
Z
This is the result we need to compute the integral x2 e

1 2
x e
3

and g (x) = x2 . Then

g 0 (x) = 1

3x

3x

3x

3x

1
1
dx =
xe 3x +
3
3
1
1
+C =
xe 3x
e
3
9

3x

3x

3x

2
+
3

3x

1 2
x e
3

dx =
2
e
27

3x

or

1
e
27

3x

3x

dx

+C

dx. So far we had this much:

1
e
9

3x

3x

xe

dx

+ C:
3x

2
3

1
xe
3

3x

1
e
9

3x

+ C1

+C
3x .

Then the nal answer is

9x2 + 6x + 2 + C .

We check via dierentiation:

0

f (x) =
=
=

0
1
1 3x
2
e
9x + 6x + 2
=
3e 3x 9x2 + 6x + 2 + e
27
27
1
e 3x 27x2 18x 6 + e 3x (18x + 6)
27
1 3x
27x2 18x 6 + 18x + 6 = x2 e 3x
e
27

3x

(18x + 6)

and so our solution is correct.

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

Last revised: December 10, 2013

Integrating by Parts

Lecture Notes

11.

x3
(x2 + 2)2

page 10

dx

Solution: this integral can be computed using at least three dierent methods: substitution (try u = x2 + 2)
or partial fractions or integration by parts. We will present integration by parts here.
x
x
2
First, let f 0 (x) =
. We can do
2 and g (x) = x . To compute f , we need to integrate
2
2
(x + 2)
(x + 2)2
du
that by using substitution: Let u = x2 + 2. Then du = 2xdx and so dx =
. So
2x
Z
Z
Z
x
x du
1
1
1
1
1
=
du =
+C =
+C
2 dx =
2
2
2
2
u 2x
2
u
2
u
2 (x + 2)
(x + 2)
Thus if f 0 (x) =
f (x) =
f 0 (x) =

x
(x2

2,

+ 2)

1
2 (x2 + 2)
x
(x2 + 2)2

1
. Proceeding with the integration by parts, we write
2 (x2 + 2)

then f (x) =

g (x) = x2
g 0 (x) = 2x
Z

x
2

(x2 + 2)

x2

f 0g = f g

f g0

1
+ 2)

dx =

2 (x2

becomes
Z
x2

x2
+
2 (x2 + 2)

x2

1
(2x) dx
+ 2)

2 (x2

x
dx
+2

and this second integral can be computed using the same substitution:
dw
Let w = x2 + 2. Then dw = 2xdx and so dx =
2x
Z
Z
Z
x
x dw
1
1
1
1
dx =
=
dw = ln jwj + C = ln x2 + 2 + C
x2 + 2
w 2dx
2
w
2
2
and so the entire integral is then
Z

x3
(x2 + 2)2

dx =

x2
+
2 (x2 + 2)

x
dx =
2
x +2

1
x2
+ ln x2 + 2 + C
2
2 (x + 2) 2

We check via dierentiation:

f 0 (x) =
=
=
=

1
x2
+ ln x2 + 2 + C
2 (x2 + 2) 2
!
x2 (2x)
1 2x x2 + 2
1 1
+
(2x)
2
2
2
2 x2 + 2
(x + 2)
!
x x2 + 2
x3
x
x3 + 2x x3
+
=
x2 + 2
(x2 + 2)2
(x2 + 2)2
2x
(x2 + 2)2

x x2 + 2
(x2 + 2)2

2x + x3 + 2x
(x2 + 2)2

x2

x
+2

x3
(x2 + 2)2

and so our solution is correct.

For more documents like this, visit our page at http://www.teaching.martahidegkuti.com and click on Lecture
Notes. E-mail questions or comments to mhidegkuti@ccc.edu.
c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009

Last revised: December 10, 2013