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A Selection of Useful Numpy Core Functions: Greg Von Winckel

This document summarizes core NumPy functions including array, reshape, transpose, any, all, mean, std, histogram, dot products, polynomials, and indexing/extraction functions. It provides examples of functions such as array, reshape, mean, std, dot, and histogram. The document is a tutorial for useful NumPy functions presented at an Albuquerque Python meetup.

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Fredrick Mutunga
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72 views14 pages

A Selection of Useful Numpy Core Functions: Greg Von Winckel

This document summarizes core NumPy functions including array, reshape, transpose, any, all, mean, std, histogram, dot products, polynomials, and indexing/extraction functions. It provides examples of functions such as array, reshape, mean, std, dot, and histogram. The document is a tutorial for useful NumPy functions presented at an Albuquerque Python meetup.

Uploaded by

Fredrick Mutunga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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A selection of useful NumPy core functions

Greg von Winckel


Albuquerque Python Meetup

April 2, 2014

Greg von Winckel

Core NumPy Functions

array
array is the basic data type handled by all NumPy functions.
array(object, dtype=None, copy=True, order=None,
subok=False, ndmin=0)
Usually constructed from list or tuple.
All elements have the same type (e.g. bool, int, complex,
float, or str.)

ipython interactive shell


In [1]: import numpy as np
In [2]: np.array(((1,2),(3,4)))
Out[2]: array([[1, 2],
..............[3, 4]])
Greg von Winckel

Core NumPy Functions

reshape and transpose


reshape(a, newshape, order=C)
transpose(a,axes=None)
reshape changes the shape of an array and transpose can either
transpose a 2D array or permute the elements.
ipython interactive shell
In [1]: a=range(6)
In [2]: A=np.reshape(a,(2,3))
In [3]: print(A)
[[0 1 2]
[3 4 5]]
In [4]: A=np.reshape(a,(2,3),F)
In [5]: print(A)
[[0 2 4]
[1 3 5]]
Greg von Winckel

In [6]: np.transpose(A)
Out[6]:
array([[0, 1],
.......[2, 3],
.......[4, 5]])
In [7]: print(A.T)
[[0, 1],
[2, 3],
[4, 5]]

Core NumPy Functions

any and all


The NumPy functions any and all determine whether any or all
of the elements in an array are True or False.

ipython interactive shell


In [1]: A=np.array(((0,1),(0,0)),dtype=bool)
In [2]: np.any(A,axis=0)
Out[2]: array([False, True], dtype=bool)
In [3]: np.any(A,axis=1)
Out[3]: array([True, False], dtype=bool)
In [4]: A.any()
Out[4]: True
In [5]: A.all()
Out[5]: False

Greg von Winckel

Core NumPy Functions

ceil, floor, trunc, and rint


ceil and floor will round up or down an array of floating point
numbers to the nearest integer value, but will not convert the type.
trunc truncates to the integer closest to zero and rint rounds to
the nearest integer
ipython interactive shell
In [1]: np.floor(np.arange(-2,2,0.5))
Out[1]: array([ -2., -2., -1., -1., 0., 0., 1., 1.])
In [2]: np.ceil(np.arange(-2,2,0.5))
Out[2]: array([ -2., -1., -1., 0., 0., 1., 1., 2.])
In [3]: np.trunc(np.arange(-2,2,0.5))
Out[3]: array([-2., -1., -1., -0., 0., 0., 1., 1.])
In [4]: np.rint(np.linspace(0,1,6))
Out[4]: array([ 0., 0., 0., 1., 1., 1.])

Greg von Winckel

Core NumPy Functions

diag and diagonal


These two functions are useful for working with 2D arrays. diag
extracts a particular diagonal band from a 2D array. diagonal
creates a 2D array from a 1D array.
ipython interactive shell
In [1]: a=np.arange(9)
In [2]: A=a.reshape(3,3)
In [3]: print(A)
[[0 1 2]
[3 4 5]
[6 7 8]]
In [4]: np.diag(A)
Out[4]: array([0, 4, 8])
In [5]: np.diag(A,1)
Out[5]: array([1, 5])
In [6]: np.diag(A,-1)
Out[6]: array([3, 7])
Greg von Winckel

In [7]: np.diagonal([1,2])
Out[7]:
array([[1, 0],
.......[0, 2]])
In [8]: np.diagonal([1,2],1)
Out[8]:
array([[0, 1, 0],
.......[0, 0, 2],
.......[0, 0, 0]])

Core NumPy Functions

cumsum and diff


cumsum computes the cumulative sum of an array and diff
performs finite differencing.
cumsum(a, axis=None, dtype=keywNone, out=None)
diff(a, n=1, axis=-1)
ipython interactive shell
In [1]: A=np.diag([1,2,3])
In [2]: print(A)
[[1 0 0]
.[0 2 0]
.[0 0 3]]
In [3]: np.cumsum(A,0)
Out[3]:
array([[1, 0, 0],
.......[1, 2, 0],
.......[1, 2, 3]])
Greg von Winckel

In [4]: np.diff(A,1,0)
Out[4]:
array([[-1, 2, 0],
.......[0, -2, 3]])
In [5]: np.diff(A,2,1)
Out[5]:
array([[ 1],
.......[-4],
.......[ 3]]
Core NumPy Functions

dot, inner, and outer


dot and inner compute the dot product when given two 1D
arrays. outer computes the dyadic product 1D arrays.
ipython interactive shell
In [1]: a=np.array((1,2))
In [2]: np.dot(a,a)
Out[2]: 5
In [3]: np.inner(a,a)
Out[3]: 5
In [4]: np.outer(a,a)
Out[4]:
array([[1, 2],
.......[2, 4]])

In [5]: A=np.array(((1,2),(1,2)))
In [6]: np.dot(A,A)
Out[6]:
array([[3, 6],
.......[3, 6]])
In [7]: np.inner(A,A)
Out[7]:
array([[5, 5],
.......[5, 5]])
np.dot(A,A.T) produces the same
output as as np.inner(A,A).

Greg von Winckel

Core NumPy Functions

eye and identity


eye and identity both create 2D arrays with ones along a
diagonal and zeros elsewhere, however, eye is more general.
eye(N, M=None, k=0, dtype=<type float>)
identity(n, dtype=None)

ipython interactive shell


In [1]: np.identity(3))
Out[1]:
array([[ 1., 0., 0.],
.......[ 0., 1., 0.]
.......[ 0., 0., 1.]
In [2]: np.eye(3,2)
Out[2]:
array([[ 1., 0., 0.],
.......[ 0., 1., 0.]

In [3]: np.eye(2,2,-1,dtype=bool)
Out[3]:
array([[False, False],
.......[ True, False]], dtype=bool)
In [4]: np.eye(3,2,dtype=int)
Out[4]:
array([[1, 0],
.......[0, 1],
.......[0, 0]])

Greg von Winckel

Core NumPy Functions

histogram
This function compartmentalizes an array of data into bins

histogram(a, bins=10, range=None, normed=False,


weights=None, density=None)
Two arrays are returned: The value of each bin and the limits of
each bin
ipython interactive shell
In [1]: a = np.arange(10)
In [2]: np.histogram(a,3)
Out[2]: (array([3, 3, 4]), array([ 0., 3., 6., 9.]))

Greg von Winckel

Core NumPy Functions

polyfit, polyval, and roots


polyfit(x,y,deg,rcond=None,full=False,w=None,cov=False)

polyval(p,x)
roots(p)
The three core polynomial functions fit data with polynomials,
evaluate polynomials on a grid, and compute roots of polynomials
In [1]: x=np.linspace(-1,1,5)
In [2]: f=1-np.exp(-x)
In [3]: p=np.polyfit(x,f,3)
In [4]: np.set printoptions(precision=4,linewidth=80)
In [5]: print(f)
[-1.7183 -0.6487 0. 0.3935 0.6321]
In [6]: print(np.polyval(p,x))
[-1.7174 -0.6524 0.0056 0.3897 0.6331]
In [7]: print(np.roots(p))
[ 1.5470+1.8029j 1.5470-1.8029j -0.0056+0.j ]
Greg von Winckel

Core NumPy Functions

repeat and tile


repeat(a, repeats, axis=None)
tile(A,reps)
repeat and tile provide ways to repeat parts or all of an array

In [1]: np.repeat([0,1,2,3],[3,2,1,0])
Out[1]: array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2])
In [2]: np.tile([1,0],(2,2,3))
Out[2]:
array([[[1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
.........[1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]],
blank
.........[[1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0],
.........[1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]]])

Greg von Winckel

Core NumPy Functions

mean and std


The mean and standard deviation of NumPy arrays can be
computed with these two functions.
mean(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None)
std(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0)
ipython interactive shell
In [1]: a=np.arange(8)
In [2]: print(a)
[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
In [2]: np.mean(a)
Out[2]: 3.5
In [3]: np.std(a)
Out[3]: 2.29128784747792

In [4]: A=np.tile([1,2,3],(3,1))
In [5]: np.mean(A,0)
Out[5]: array([ 1., 2., 3.])
In [6]: np.mean(A,1)
Out[6]: array([ 2., 2., 2.])
In [7]: np.std(A,0)
Out[7]: array([ 0., 0., 0.])

numpy.average generalizes on mean to compute weighted


averages.
Greg von Winckel

Core NumPy Functions

nonzero and where

Given an array of numerical values, nonzero returns the indices


where the data contained is not zero. where extends this idea to
any condition you impose.

ipython interactive shell


In [1]: np.nonzero([1,2,0,9,5])
Out[1]: (array([0, 1, 3, 4]),)
In [2]: np.nonzero(np.eye(3))
Out[2]: (array([0, 1, 2]), array([0, 1, 2]))
In [3]: x=np.linspace(0,1,10)
In [4]: np.where(x>0.7)
Out[4]: (array([7, 8, 9]),)

Greg von Winckel

Core NumPy Functions

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