SQL Query Interview Questions and Answers with

Examples
Interview Questions on SQL are based on following two tables, Employee Table
and Employee Incentive Table.
Table Name : Employee
EMPLOYEE_ID

FIRST_NAME

LAST_NAME

SALARY

JOINING_DATE

DEPARTMENT

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

John
Michael
Roy
Tom
Jerry
Philip
TestName1
TestName2

Abraham
Clarke
Thomas
Jose
Pinto
Mathew
123
Lname%

1000000
800000
700000
600000
650000
750000
650000
600000

01-JAN-13 12.00.00 AM
01-JAN-13 12.00.00 AM
01-FEB-13 12.00.00 AM
01-FEB-13 12.00.00 AM
01-FEB-13 12.00.00 AM
01-JAN-13 12.00.00 AM
01-JAN-13 12.00.00 AM
01-FEB-13 12.00.00 AM

Banking
Insurance
Banking
Insurance
Insurance
Services
Services
Insurance

Table Name : Incentives

EMPLOYEE_REF_ID
1
2
3
1
2

INCENTIVE_DATE
01-FEB-13
01-FEB-13
01-FEB-13
01-JAN-13
01-JAN-13

INCENTIVE_AMOUNT
5000
3000
4000
4500
3500

SQL Queries Interview Questions and Answers on "SQL

Select" - Examples
1. Get all employee details from the employee table
Select * from employee

2. Get First_Name,Last_Name from employee table

Select first_name, Last_Name from employee

3. Get First_Name from employee table using alias name Employee Name
Select first_name Employee Name from employee

4. Get First_Name from employee table in upper case

Select upper(FIRST_NAME) from EMPLOYEE

5. Get First_Name from employee table in lower case

Select lower(FIRST_NAME) from EMPLOYEE

6. Get unique DEPARTMENT from employee table

select distinct DEPARTMENT from EMPLOYEE

7. Select first 3 characters of FIRST_NAME from EMPLOYEE

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Oracle Equivalent of
substr(FIRST_NAME,0,3)

SQL

Server

SUBSTRING is
from

SUBSTR,

Query

select
employee

SQL Server Equivalent of

substring(FIRST_NAME,0,3)

Oracle

SUBSTR

is SUBSTRING,
from

Query

select
employee

MySQL Server Equivalent of Oracle SUBSTR is SUBSTRING. In MySQL start position

is
1,
Query
:
select
substring(FIRST_NAME,1,3)
from
employee

8. Get position of 'o' in name 'John' from employee table

Oracle Equivalent of
instr(FIRST_NAME,'o')

SQL Server CHARINDEX is

from
employee
where

INSTR, Query :
first_name
=

Select
'John'

is CHARINDEX, Query:
where
first_name
=

Select
'John'

MySQL
Server
Equivalent
of
Oracle
INSTR
is
LOCATE,
Query:
LOCATE('o',FIRST_NAME) from employee where first_name = 'John'

Select

SQL Server Equivalent of Oracle INSTR

CHARINDEX('o',FIRST_NAME,0)
from
employee

9. Get FIRST_NAME from employee table after removing white spaces from right side
select RTRIM(FIRST_NAME) from employee

10. Get FIRST_NAME from employee table after removing white spaces from left side
select LTRIM(FIRST_NAME) from employee

11. Get length of FIRST_NAME from employee table

Oracle,MYSQL Equivalent
length(FIRST_NAME)

of

SQL

Server

Len
from

SQL Server Equivalent of Oracle,MYSQL

len(FIRST_NAME) from employee

is

Length

Length
is

Query

:select
employee

Len,

Query

:select

12. Get First_Name from employee table after replacing 'o' with '$'
select REPLACE(FIRST_NAME,'o','$') from employee

13. Get First_Name and Last_Name as single column from employee table separated by a
'_'
Oracle Equivalent of MySQL concat is '||', Query : Select FIRST_NAME|| '_' ||
LAST_NAME
from
EMPLOYEE
SQL Server Equivalent of MySQL concat is '+', Query : Select FIRST_NAME + '_'
+LAST_NAME
from
EMPLOYEE
MySQL
Equivalent
of
Oracle
'||'
is
concat(FIRST_NAME,'_',LAST_NAME) from EMPLOYEE

concat,

Query

Select

14. Get FIRST_NAME ,Joining year,Joining Month and Joining Date from employee table
SQL Queries in Oracle, Select FIRST_NAME, to_char(joining_date,'YYYY')
JoinYear , to_char(joining_date,'Mon'), to_char(joining_date,'dd') from
EMPLOYEE
SQL Queries in SQL Server, select SUBSTRING
(convert(varchar,joining_date,103),7,4) , SUBSTRING
(convert(varchar,joining_date,100),1,3) , SUBSTRING
(convert(varchar,joining_date,100),5,2) from EMPLOYEE
SQL Queries in MySQL, select year(joining_date),month(joining_date),
DAY(joining_date) from EMPLOYEE

15. Get all employee details from the employee table order by First_Name Ascending

Select * from employee order by FIRST_NAME asc

16. Get all employee details from the employee table order by First_Name descending

Select * from employee order by FIRST_NAME desc

17. Get all employee details from the employee table order by First_Name Ascending and
Salary descending
Select * from employee order by FIRST_NAME asc,SALARY desc

SQL Queries Interview Questions and Answers on "SQL

Where Condition" - Examples
18. Get employee details from employee table whose employee name is John
Select * from EMPLOYEE where FIRST_NAME = 'John'

19. Get employee details from employee table whose employee name are John and Roy
Select * from EMPLOYEE where FIRST_NAME in ('John','Roy')

20. Get employee details from employee table whose employee name are not John and
Roy
Select * from EMPLOYEE where FIRST_NAME not in ('John','Roy')

SQL Queries Interview Questions and Answers on "SQL

Wild Card Search" - Examples
21. Get employee details from employee table whose first name starts with 'J'
Select * from EMPLOYEE where FIRST_NAME like 'J%'

22. Get employee details from employee table whose first name contains 'o'
Select * from EMPLOYEE where FIRST_NAME like '%o%'

23. Get employee details from employee table whose first name ends with 'n'
Select * from EMPLOYEE where FIRST_NAME like '%n'

SQL Queries Interview Questions and Answers on "SQL

Pattern Matching" - Examples
24. Get employee details from employee table whose first name ends with 'n' and name
contains 4 letters
Select * from EMPLOYEE where FIRST_NAME like '___n' (Underscores)

25. Get employee details from employee table whose first name starts with 'J' and name
contains 4 letters
Select * from EMPLOYEE where FIRST_NAME like 'J___' (Underscores)

26. Get employee details from employee table whose Salary greater than 600000
Select * from EMPLOYEE where Salary > 600000

27. Get employee details from employee table whose Salary less than 800000
Select * from EMPLOYEE where Salary < 800000

28. Get employee details from employee table whose Salary between 500000 and 800000
Select * from EMPLOYEE where Salary between 500000 and 800000

29. Get employee details from employee table whose name is 'John' and 'Michael'
Select * from EMPLOYEE where FIRST_NAME in ('John','Michael')

30. Get employee details from employee table whose joining year is 2013
SQL Queries in Oracle, Select * from EMPLOYEE where to_char(joining_date,'YYYY') =
'2013'
SQL
Queries
in
SQL
Server,
Select
SUBSTRING(convert(varchar,joining_date,103),7,4)

from

EMPLOYEE
=

where
'2013'

SQL Queries in MySQL, Select * from EMPLOYEE where year(joining_date) = '2013'

31. Get employee details from employee table whose joining month is January
SQL Queries in Oracle, Select * from EMPLOYEE where to_char(joining_date,'MM')
= '01' or Select * from EMPLOYEE where to_char(joining_date,'Mon') = 'Jan'
SQL
Queries
in
SQL
Server,
Select
*
from
SUBSTRING(convert(varchar,joining_date,100),1,3) = 'Jan'

EMPLOYEE

where

SQL Queries in MySQL, Select * from EMPLOYEE where month(joining_date) = '01'

32. Get employee details from employee table who joined before January 1st 2013
SQL Queries in Oracle, Select
to_date('01/01/2013','dd/mm/yyyy')

from

EMPLOYEE

where

JOINING_DATE

<

SQL Queries in SQL Server (Format - MM/DD/YYYY), Select * from EMPLOYEE

where
joining_date
<
'01/01/2013'
SQL Queries in MySQL (Format - YYYY-DD-MM), Select * from EMPLOYEE where
joining_date
<
'2013-01-01'

33. Get employee details from employee table who joined after January 31st
SQL Queries in Oracle, Select
to_date('31/01/2013','dd/mm/yyyy')

from

EMPLOYEE

where

JOINING_DATE

>

SQL Queries in SQL Server and MySQL (Format - MM/DD/YYYY), Select * from
EMPLOYEE
where
joining_date
>'01/31/2013'
SQL Queries in MySQL (Format - YYYY-DD-MM), Select * from EMPLOYEE where
joining_date
>
'2013-01-31'

35. Get Joining Date and Time from employee table

SQL Queries in Oracle, select to_char(JOINING_DATE,'dd/mm/yyyy hh:mi:ss') from
EMPLOYEE
SQL Queries in SQL Server, Select convert(varchar(19),joining_date,121) from
EMPLOYEE
SQL Queries in MySQL, Select CONVERT(DATE_FORMAT(joining_date,'%Y-%m-%d-%H:
%i:00'),DATETIME)
from
EMPLOYEE

36. Get Joining Date,Time including milliseconds from employee table

SQL Queries in Oracle, select to_char(JOINING_DATE,'dd/mm/yyyy HH:mi:ss.ff')
from
EMPLOYEE
.
Column
Data
Type
should
be
TimeStamp
SQL Queries
EMPLOYEE
SQL

Queries

in

SQL

in

Server,

MySQL,

select

Select

convert(varchar,joining_date,121)

MICROSECOND(joining_date)

from

from

EMPLOYEE

37. Get difference between JOINING_DATE and INCENTIVE_DATE from employee and
incentives table
Select FIRST_NAME,INCENTIVE_DATE - JOINING_DATE from employee a inner join
incentives B on A.EMPLOYEE_ID = B.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID

38. Get database date

SQL

Queries

in

Oracle,

select

sysdate

from

dual

SQL
SQL

Queries
Query

in

SQL
in

Server,
MySQL,

select

getdate()

select

now()

39. Get names of employees from employee table who has '%' in Last_Name. Tip : Escape
character for special characters in a query.

SQL Queries in Oracle, Select FIRST_NAME from employee where Last_Name like '%?%%'
SQL Queries in SQL Server, Select FIRST_NAME from employee where Last_Name like '%[%]
%'
SQL Queries in MySQL,Select FIRST_NAME from employee where Last_Name like '%\%%'
40. Get Last Name from employee table after replacing special character with white space
SQL Queries in Oracle, Select translate(LAST_NAME,'%',' ') from employee
SQL Queries in SQL Server and MySQL, Select REPLACE(LAST_NAME,'%',' ') from
employee

SQL Queries Interview Questions and Answers on "SQL

Group By Functions" - Examples
41. Get department,total salary with respect to a department from employee table.
Select DEPARTMENT,sum(SALARY) Total_Salary from employee group by department

42. Get department,total salary with respect to a department from employee table order by
total salary descending
Select DEPARTMENT,sum(SALARY) Total_Salary from employee group by DEPARTMENT
order by Total_Salary descending

SQL Queries Interview Questions and Answers on "SQL

Mathematical Operations using Group By" - Examples
43. Get department,no of employees in a department,total salary with respect to a
department from employee table order by total salary descending
Select DEPARTMENT,count(FIRST_NAME),sum(SALARY) Total_Salary
group by DEPARTMENT order by Total_Salary descending

from

employee

44. Get department wise average salary from employee table order by salary ascending

select DEPARTMENT,avg(SALARY)
order by AvgSalary asc

AvgSalary

from

employee

group

by

DEPARTMENT

45. Get department wise maximum salary from employee table order by salary ascending
select DEPARTMENT,max(SALARY)
order by MaxSalary asc

MaxSalary

from

employee

group

by

DEPARTMENT

46. Get department wise minimum salary from employee table order by salary ascending
select DEPARTMENT,min(SALARY)
order by MinSalary asc

MinSalary

from

employee

group

by

DEPARTMENT

47. Select no of employees joined with respect to year and month from employee table
SQL Queries in Oracle, select to_char (JOINING_DATE,'YYYY') Join_Year,to_char
(JOINING_DATE,'MM') Join_Month,count(*) Total_Emp from employee group by
to_char
(JOINING_DATE,'YYYY'),to_char(JOINING_DATE,'MM')
SQL
Queries
in
SQL
Server,
select
datepart
(YYYY,JOINING_DATE)
Join_Year,datepart
(MM,JOINING_DATE)
Join_Month,count(*)
Total_Emp
from
employee group by datepart(YYYY,JOINING_DATE), datepart(MM,JOINING_DATE)
SQL
Queries
in
MySQL,
select
(JOINING_DATE)
Join_Month,count(*)
year(JOINING_DATE),

year
(JOINING_DATE)
Join_Year,month
Total_Emp
from
employee
group
by
month(JOINING_DATE)

48. Select department,total salary with respect to a department from employee table where
total salary greater than 800000 order by Total_Salary descending
Select DEPARTMENT,sum(SALARY) Total_Salary from employee group by DEPARTMENT
having sum(SALARY) > 800000 order by Total_Salary desc

49. Select first_name, incentive amount from employee and incentives table for those
employees who have incentives

Select FIRST_NAME,INCENTIVE_AMOUNT from employee a inner join incentives B on

A.EMPLOYEE_ID = B.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID
50. Select first_name, incentive amount from employee and incentives table for those
employees who have incentives and incentive amount greater than 3000
Select FIRST_NAME,INCENTIVE_AMOUNT from employee a inner join incentives B on
A.EMPLOYEE_ID = B.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID and INCENTIVE_AMOUNT > 3000

51. Select first_name, incentive amount from employee and incentives table for all
employes even if they didn't get incentives
Select FIRST_NAME,INCENTIVE_AMOUNT from employee a left join incentives B on
A.EMPLOYEE_ID = B.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID

52. Select first_name, incentive amount from employee and incentives table for all
employees even if they didn't get incentives and set incentive amount as 0 for those
employees who didn't get incentives.
SQL Queries in Oracle, Select FIRST_NAME,nvl(INCENTIVE_AMOUNT,0) from employee
a
left
join
incentives
B
on
A.EMPLOYEE_ID
=
B.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID
SQL Queries in SQL Server, Select FIRST_NAME, ISNULL(INCENTIVE_AMOUNT,0) from
employee a left join incentives B on A.EMPLOYEE_ID = B.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID
SQL Queries in MySQL, Select FIRST_NAME, IFNULL(INCENTIVE_AMOUNT,0) from
employee a left join incentives B on A.EMPLOYEE_ID = B.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID

53. Select first_name, incentive amount from employee and incentives table for all
employees who got incentives using left join
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SQL Queries in Oracle, Select FIRST_NAME,nvl(INCENTIVE_AMOUNT,0) from employee

a
right
join
incentives
B
on
A.EMPLOYEE_ID
=
B.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID
SQL Queries in SQL Server, Select FIRST_NAME, isnull(INCENTIVE_AMOUNT,0) from
employee a right join incentives B on A.EMPLOYEE_ID = B.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID
SQL Queries in MySQL, Select FIRST_NAME, IFNULL(INCENTIVE_AMOUNT,0) from
employee a right join incentives B on A.EMPLOYEE_ID = B.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID

54. Select max incentive with respect to employee from employee and incentives table using
sub query
SQL Queries in Oracle, select DEPARTMENT,(select nvl(max(INCENTIVE_AMOUNT),0)
from INCENTIVES where EMPLOYEE_REF_ID = EMPLOYEE_ID) Max_incentive from
EMPLOYEE
SQL
Queries
in
SQL
Server,
select
ISNULL(max(INCENTIVE_AMOUNT),0) from INCENTIVES where
EMPLOYEE_ID)
Max_incentive
from

DEPARTMENT,(select
EMPLOYEE_REF_ID =
EMPLOYEE

SQL
Queries
in
SQL
Server,
select
DEPARTMENT,(select
IFNULL
(max(INCENTIVE_AMOUNT),0) from INCENTIVES where EMPLOYEE_REF_ID = EMPLOYEE_ID)
Max_incentive
from
EMPLOYEE

Advanced SQL Queries Interview Questions and Answers on

"Top N Salary" - Examples
55. Select TOP 2 salary from employee table
SQL Queries in Oracle, select * from (select * from employee order by SALARY
desc)
where
rownum
<
3
SQL Queries in SQL Server, select top 2 * from employee order by salary desc
SQL Queries in MySQL, select * from employee order by salary desc limit 2

56. Select TOP N salary from employee table

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SQL Queries in Oracle, select * from (select * from employee order by SALARY
desc)
where
rownum
<
N
+
1
SQL

Queries

in

SQL

Server,

select

top

from

employee

SQL Queries in MySQL, select * from employee order by salary desc limit N

57. Select 2nd Highest salary from employee table

SQL Queries in Oracle, select min(salary) from (select * from (select * from
employee
order
by
SALARY
desc)
where
rownum
<
3)
SQL Queries in SQL Server, select min(SALARY) from (select top 2 * from
employee)
a
SQL Queries in MySQL, select min(SALARY) from (select * from employee order by
salary
desc
limit
2)
a

58. Select Nth Highest salary from employee table

SQL Queries in Oracle, select min(salary) from (select * from (select * from
employee
order
by
SALARY
desc)
where
rownum
<
N
+
1)
SQL Queries in SQL Server, select min(SALARY) from (select top N * from
employee)
a
SQL Queries in MySQL, select min(SALARY) from (select * from employee order by
salary
desc
limit
N)
a

SQL Queries Interview Questions and Answers on "SQL

Union" - Examples

59. Select First_Name,LAST_NAME from employee table as separate rows

select FIRST_NAME from EMPLOYEE union select LAST_NAME from EMPLOYEE

60. What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL ?

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Both UNION and UNION ALL is used to select information from structurally
similar tables. That means corresponding columns specified in the union should
have same data type. For example, in the above query, if FIRST_NAME is DOUBLE
and LAST_NAME is STRING above query wont work. Since the data type of both the
columns are VARCHAR, union is made possible. Difference between UNION and
UNION ALL is that , UNION query return only distinct values.

61. Select employee details from employee table if data exists in incentive table ?

select * from EMPLOYEE where exists (select * from INCENTIVES)

Explanation : Here exists statement helps us to do the job of If statement. Main query will get
executed if the sub query returns at least one row. So we can consider the sub query as "If
condition" and the main query as "code block" inside the If condition. We can use any SQL
commands (Joins, Group By , having etc) in sub query. This command will be useful in queries
which need to detect an event and do some activity.
62. How to fetch data that are common in two query results ?
select * from EMPLOYEE where EMPLOYEE_ID INTERSECT select * from EMPLOYEE
where
EMPLOYEE_ID
<
4
Explanation : Here INTERSECT command is used to fetch data that are common in
2 queries. In this example, we had taken EMPLOYEE table in both the queries.We
can apply INTERSECT command on different tables. The result of the above query
will return employee details of "ROY" because, employee id of ROY is 3, and
both query results have the information about ROY.

63. Get Employee ID's of those employees who didn't receive incentives without using sub
query ?
select

EMPLOYEE_ID

from

EMPLOYEE

EMPLOYEE_REF_ID

from

INCENTIVES

MINUS
select

Explanation : To filter out certain information we use MINUS command. What

MINUS Command odes is that, it returns all the results from the first query,
that are not part of the second query. In our example, first three employees
received the incentives. So query will return employee id's 4 to 8.

64. Select 20 % of salary from John , 10% of Salary for Roy and for other 15 % of salary
from employee table
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SELECT FIRST_NAME, CASE FIRST_NAME WHEN 'John' THEN SALARY * .2 WHEN 'Roy'
THEN SALARY * .10 ELSE SALARY * .15 END "Deduced_Amount" FROM EMPLOYEE
Explanation : Here we are using SQL CASE statement to achieve the desired
results. After case statement, we had to specify the column on which filtering
is applied. In our case it is "FIRST_NAME". And in then condition, specify the
name of filter like John, Roy etc. To handle conditions outside our filter,
use else block where every one other than John and Roy enters.

65. Select Banking as 'Bank Dept', Insurance as 'Insurance Dept' and Services as 'Services
Dept' from employee table
SQL Queries in Oracle, SELECT distinct DECODE (DEPARTMENT, 'Banking', 'Bank
Dept', 'Insurance', 'Insurance Dept', 'Services', 'Services Dept') FROM
EMPLOYEE
SQL Queries in SQL Server and MySQL, SELECT case DEPARTMENT when 'Banking'
then 'Bank Dept' when 'Insurance' then 'Insurance Dept' when 'Services' then
'Services
Dept'
end
FROM
EMPLOYEE
Explanation : Here DECODE keyword is used to specify the alias name. In
oracle we had specify, Column Name followed by Actual Name and Alias Name as
arguments. In SQL Server and MySQL, we can use the earlier switch case
statements for alias names.

66. Delete employee data from employee table who got incentives in incentive table
delete from
INCENTIVES)

EMPLOYEE

where

EMPLOYEE_ID

in

(select

EMPLOYEE_REF_ID

from

Explanation : Trick about this question is that we can't delete data from a
table based on some condition in another table by joining them. Here to delete
multiple entries from EMPLOYEE table, we need to use Subquery. Entries will
get deleted based on the result of Subquery.

67. Insert into employee table Last Name with " ' " (Single Quote - Special Character)
Tip

Use

another

single

quote

before

special

character

Insert into employee (LAST_NAME) values ('Test''')

68. Select Last Name from employee table which contain only numbers
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Select * from EMPLOYEE where lower(LAST_NAME) = upper(LAST_NAME)

Explanation : Here in order to achieve the desired result, we use ASCII

property of the database. If we get results for a column using Lower and Upper
commands, ASCII of both results will be same for numbers. If there is any
alphabets in the column, results will differ.

69. Write a query to rank employees based on their incentives for a month
select
FIRST_NAME,INCENTIVE_AMOUNT,DENSE_RANK()
OVER
(PARTITION
BY
INCENTIVE_DATE ORDER BY
INCENTIVE_AMOUNT DESC) AS Rank from EMPLOYEE a,
INCENTIVES b where a.EMPLOYEE_ID = b.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID
Explanation : Here in order to rank employees
month, DENSE_RANK keyword is used. Here partition
the column with which filtering is done. Rank
specified in the order by statement. The above
respect to their incentives for a given month.

based on their rank for a

by keyword helps us to sort
is provided to the column
query ranks employees with

70. Update incentive table where employee name is 'John'

Explanation : Here we need to join Employee and Incentive Table for updating
the incentive amount. But for update statement joining query wont work. We
need to use sub query to update the data in the incentive table. SQL Query is
as shown below.
update INCENTIVES set INCENTIVE_AMOUNT = '9000' where EMPLOYEE_REF_ID =(select
EMPLOYEE_ID from EMPLOYEE where FIRST_NAME = 'John' )
SQL Queries Interview Questions and Answers on "SQL Table Scripts" - Examples

71. Write create table syntax for employee table

Oracle CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (
EMPLOYEE_ID NUMBER,
FIRST_NAME VARCHAR2(20 BYTE),
LAST_NAME VARCHAR2(20 BYTE),
SALARY FLOAT(126),
JOINING_DATE TIMESTAMP (6) DEFAULT sysdate,
DEPARTMENT VARCHAR2(30 BYTE) )
SQL Server CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(

EMPLOYEE_ID int NOT NULL,

FIRST_NAME varchar(50) NULL,
LAST_NAME varchar(50) NULL,
SALARY decimal(18, 0) NULL,
JOINING_DATE datetime2(7) default getdate(),
DEPARTMENT varchar(50) NULL)

72. Write syntax to delete table employee

DROP table employee;

73. Write syntax to set EMPLOYEE_ID as primary key in employee table

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE add CONSTRAINT EMPLOYEE_PK PRIMARY KEY(EMPLOYEE_ID)

74. Write syntax to set 2 fields(EMPLOYEE_ID,FIRST_NAME) as primary key in

employee table
ALTER
TABLE
EMPLOYEE
KEY(EMPLOYEE_ID,FIRST_NAME)

add

CONSTRAINT

EMPLOYEE_PK

PRIMARY

75. Write syntax to drop primary key on employee table

Alter TABLE EMPLOYEE drop CONSTRAINT EMPLOYEE_PK;

76. Write Sql Syntax to create EMPLOYEE_REF_ID in INCENTIVES table as foreign key
with respect to EMPLOYEE_ID in employee table
ALTER
TABLE
INCENTIVES
ADD
CONSTRAINT
INCENTIVES_FK
(EMPLOYEE_REF_ID) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(EMPLOYEE_ID)

FOREIGN

KEY

77. Write SQL to drop foreign key on employee table

ALTER TABLE INCENTIVES drop CONSTRAINT INCENTIVES_FK;

78. Write SQL to create Orcale Sequence

CREATE SEQUENCE EMPLOYEE_ID_SEQ START WITH 0 NOMAXVALUE MINVALUE 0 NOCYCLE
NOCACHE NOORDER;

79. Write Sql syntax to create Oracle Trigger before insert of each row in employee table

CREATE

OR

BEFORE

REPLACE

INSERT

TRIGGER

ON

EMPLOYEE_ROW_ID_TRIGGER

EMPLOYEE

FOR

EACH

ROW

DECLARE
seq_no

number(12);

BEGIN
select

EMPLOYEE_ID_SEQ.nextval

:new

into

seq_no

EMPLOYEE_ID

from

:=

dual

seq_no;

END;
SHOW ERRORS;

80. Oracle Procedure 81. Oracle View

An

example

oracle

view

script

is

given

below

create view Employee_Incentive as select FIRST_NAME,max(INCENTIVE_AMOUNT)

INCENTIVE_AMOUNT from EMPLOYEE a, INCENTIVES b where a.EMPLOYEE_ID =
b.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID group by FIRST_NAME

82. Oracle materialized view - Daily Auto Refresh

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CREATE

MATERIALIZED

VIEW

Employee_Incentive

REFRESH

COMPLETE

START
NEXT

WITH
SYSDATE

SYSDATE
+

AS

select FIRST_NAME,INCENTIVE_DATE,INCENTIVE_AMOUNT from EMPLOYEE a, INCENTIVES

b
where a.EMPLOYEE_ID = b.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID

83. Oracle materialized view - Fast Refresh on Commit

Create materialized view log for fast refresh. Following materialized view
script wont get executed if materialized view log doesn't exists

CREATE

MATERIALIZED

VIEW

MAT_Employee_Incentive_Refresh

BUILD
REFRESH

IMMEDIATE
FAST

ON

COMMIT

AS

select

FIRST_NAME,max(INCENTIVE_AMOUNT)

from

EMPLOYEE

a,

INCENTIVES

where a.EMPLOYEE_ID = b.EMPLOYEE_REF_ID group by FIRST_NAME

84. What is SQL Injection ?

SQL Injection is one of the the techniques uses by hackers to hack a website
by injecting SQL commands in data fields.