Table of Contents

Question 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
Question 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Question 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Question 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 16
Question 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 21
References .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Appendix. .................................................................................................................................................... 25
Appendix question 4 ............................................................................................................................... 25

Table of figures
Table 2 1 Filtrate volume over time .............................................................................................................. 7
Table 2 2 Basic data for calculation used in question 2 ................................................................................ 7
Table 2 3 Calculated values for the plotting of B vs t/B ................................................................................ 9
Table 4 1 Time and interface height for tank thickener 16
Table 4 2 Tabulated and calculated values for height vs time.................................................................... 18
Table 4 3 Tangent lines generated with Matlab 2nd m-file (Martina and Delli 2009) ............................... 20
Graph 2 1 t/b vs b to find alpha and betta for resistance calculation ........................................................ 13
Graph 4 1 H vs T graph ................................................................................................................................ 19

CURTIN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2015

ASSIGNMENT 2 CHEN3009 FLUID AND PARTICLE PROCESSES MIRI

05/25/2015

Question 1
Oxygen is supplied to an astronaut through an umbilical hose that is 7 m long. The pressure in
the oxygen tank is 200 kPa at a temperature of 10 C, and the pressure in the space suit is 20 kPa. If
the umbilical hose has an equivalent roughness of 0.01 mm, what should the hose diameter be to supply
oxygen at a rate of 0.05 kg/s?
The general assumptions:
o
o
o

The flow is taken to be under isothermal condition

Behaviour of oxygen as an ideal gas.
Pipe length is assumed long, hence average density is taken for calculation

First, calculate the upstream ( 1) and downstream (2) density:

Upstream pressure: 200 kPa 200 103

Molecular weight of oxygen, Mw: 32 g/mol
The ideal gas law is used to calculate the density:
=

1.1

32
200 103 (1000)

1 =
=
= . /

8.314(10 + 273.15)

32
20 103 (1000)

2 =
=
= . /

8.314(10 + 273.15)

1 + 2 2.7187 + 0.2719
=
= . /
2
2

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As velocity is not given, it needs to be substituted.

1.2

0.0234
2

The isothermal equation is:

(1 2 2 2 ) = 1 2

1.3

Substituting value in, we will obtain:

0.0234 2
1
(2000002 200002 ) = 2.72 (
) 7 200000
2

= 0.035()1/5

Where D = diameter of pipe, X = length of pipe and f = friction factor.

Reynolds number equation is:

3230.9
=

The viscosity of oxygen , = 1.995 105 . (The Engineering Toolbox n.d).

CURTIN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2015

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Iteration 1: By assuming f= 0.01:

Substitute the variables inside to find diameter first:

= 0.035(0.01)1/5 = 0.0139

Then, use the calculated D to find the Reynolds number:

3230.9
= 232438.8
0.0139

= 0.000719

= 0.0198

Iteration 2: f=0.0198:

= 0.035(0.0198)1/5 = 0.01597

3230.9
= 202265.8
0.01597

= 0.0005

= 0.0189

Iteration 3: f=0.0189:
= 0.035(0.0189)1/5 = 0.0158
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3230.9
= 204156.5
0.0158

= 0.00053

= 0.0189

Since the difference between the friction factor is insignificant, f = 0.0189 is acceptable.
Thus, the diameter of the umbilical hose = 0.0158m.

Checking the magnitudes of the terms:

= 255 /

Term 1:
1
2.72
2 ( ) = 2552 (
) = 199725
2
0.272
Term 2:
(2 1 ) = 1.496 (20,000 200,000) = 269280
Term 3:
2 0.0189 2552 7
=
= 272240.7
2
2 0.158
Term 1 (kinetic energy term) is not negligible; therefore it needed to be considered in calculating the
diameter of the umbilical hose.

CURTIN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2015

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The general equation for isothermal flow is shown as:

1
2
(
)
( ) + 2 1 +
=0
2
2
2

It is known that 2 = 2:
1

2
2 ( ) +
=0
(2 2 1 2 ) +
2
2
2
1

2
()2 ( ) +
=0
(2 2 1 2 ) +
2
2
2
After substituting value:
(9.33 103 ) (269289 5 ) + 0.014175 = 0

1st iteration, f = 0.0189

(9.33 103 ) (269289 5 ) + 0.000268 = 0

After using try and error method, we obtain:
= 0.0174
=

3230.9
= 185683.9
0.0174

= 0.000575

= 0.01932

2nd iteration, f = 0.01932

(9.33 103 ) (269289 5 ) + 0.000274 = 0

= 0.0174
=

3230.9
= 185684
0.0174
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= 0.00055

= 0.0193

Since the difference between f is insignificant, D = 0.0174 m.

CURTIN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2015

ASSIGNMENT 2 CHEN3009 FLUID AND PARTICLE PROCESSES MIRI

05/25/2015

Question 2
A filter press with a plate area of 1.5 m2 operates at a constant differential pressure of 330 kPa is
fed with a slurry of 16.5 mass percent CaCO3 in water.
Filtrate volume x103
Time(min)

6.1

7.7

9.65

11.47

13.6

15.5

10

20

30

45

60

80

100

Table 2 1 Filtrate volume over time

i)

Estimate the individual resistance of the cake and filter medium and also the total combined
specific resistance of the filtration equipment.

Data Given:

Solid density
Feed solid loading
Filtrate viscosity
Sphericity
Average particle size
Porosity

CaCO3 slurry feed

2700 kg/m3
50 kg/m3
10 cP
0.9
3.33mm
0.25

Filter aid
0.7
1mm
0.75

Table 2 2 Basic data for calculation used in question 2

Question:
-

Resistance of the cake and the combine resistance of the filter medium and equipment

Assumptions:
Initial filtrate volume, = 0
Initial time, = 0
Answer:
Area=1.5m2
Constant pressure: 330 103 = 330000
Filter aid=medium
Slurry feed=cake
CURTIN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2015

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Slurry of 16.5% kg CaCO3 in water.

1
= (30| 100 20) = 6

Step 1: Volume fraction of solids

=

4.1

4.2

50
= 0.0185 1
2700
For filter aid, specific surface

6
= 80002 3
0.75 1 103
Since constant ; the values of the resistance can be found from a t/B vs. B graph. The
graph is plotted from the values in table 2.3. Graph 2.2 shows the plotted values. A line if best fit
is drawn. The equation for the linear line was determined to be:
4.3

= 22.8 + 57.9

The following equation is to be used to solve this problem:

( 0 ) =

2
(

)
+
( 0 )
0
22

4.4

Since 0 and 0 are both equal to zero, the equation can be simplified as follow:
=

2
+
22

CURTIN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2015

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= 2 +

Filtrate volume x103 dm3

3

Filtrate volume m (B)

Time(min)
Time(s)

6.1

7.7

9.65

11.47

13.6

15.5

6.1

7.7

9.65

11.47

13.6

15.5

10
20
30
45
60
80
100
600
1200
1800
2700
3600
4800
6000
150 196.7213 233.7662 279.7927 313.8622 352.9412 387.0968

t/B (s/m3)

Table 2 3 Calculated values for the plotting of B vs t/B

From the graph, it is obtained that the gradient of the line, m = 22.8 and the intercept = 57.9.
(i)

Resistance of cake

= 22.8
22
=

(ii)

(22.8)(22 ) 22.8 2 1.52 330 103

=

0.001 50

= .

Resistance of medium

= 57.9

(57.9)() 57.9 330 103 1.5

=
=

0.001
= .

iii)Specific resistance of cake :

=

4.5

423.18 106
= .
6

CURTIN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2015

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iv)Specific resistance of cake,

= (1 )

4.6

= 2700(1 0.25)(299.26 103 ) = .

Total specific resistance:

+ = 70.53 106 2 + 606.0 106 2 = .

2) For 75% slurry

Filtrate volume 11.47 103 3 at 60 minutes.
1 3 = 1000 3
{

1 3
|11.47 103 3 } = 11.473
1000 3

Total volume of cake is:

11.47
= 15.293
0.75
The volume of the filtrate is 11.473 and a filter aid with the area of 3.82 2 are used.

Total surface area in cake:

(11.47 2002) + (3.82 8000) = 53522.942

, =

53522.94
= 3500.522 /3
15.29

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Average porosity= (0.75 0.25) + (0.25 0.7) = 0.3625

Total cake resistance:

(1 )2 2
3

4.7

(1 0.3625)2 3500.522
= 104.54 106
0.36253

Change of resistance:
15.29 104.54 106 = 1.69 109

The factor for original resistance:

Equation 4.7 is reused
=

(1 0.25)2 20022
0.253

= 144.3 106
Relative resistance:
.
= .
.

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Graph 2 1 t/b vs b to find alpha and betta for resistance calculation

CURTIN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2015

ASSIGNMENT 2 CHEN3009 FLUID AND PARTICLE PROCESSES MIRI

05/25/2015

Question 3
Water percolates downwards through a san filter of thickness 15 mm, consisting of sand grains of
effective diameter 0.3 mm and void fraction 0.42. The depth of the effectively stagnant clear water above
the filter is 20 mm and the pressure at the base of the sand filter is atmospheric. Calculate the volumetric
flow rate per m2 of packed bed. Given fluid density and viscosity are 0.89x10-3 N s/m2 and 997 kg/m3
respectively.

Assumptions:
o
o
o
o

Sand particles are taken as spherical in shape and hence the sphericity is 1.
Kozeny constant is taken as 4.2 because the sand particles are assumed to be spherical in shape.
Atmospheric pressure acts on the water surface.
Flow of water through the sand filter is laminar.

Given Data:
Diameter
pressure
Height
Porosity
Density
viscosity
Ac

Sand
0.3 mm
101325 Pa
15mm
0.42
-

Feed (water)
20 mm
997 kg/m3
0.89 x 10-3 Ns/m2

Solution:
Calculating the specific surface,
S=

= 1 0.3 103 = 20000 m2/m3

P1 = Pw+ PA is taken as the pressure at the bottom of the water level. The pressure equals to the
atmospheric pressure acting on the water surface and the pressure due to the water depth (pressure
head)
P2 = 101325 Pa is the pressure at the bottom of the sand filter.
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Pw = .g.h = 997 x 9.81 x 20 x 10-3 = 195.6114

P = P1 P2 = (195.6114 + 101325) 101325 = 195.6114 Pa (change in pressure is the pressure head)
Assuming the flow of water is laminar through the sand medium,
Application of Kozeny equation (K = 4.2),

P
X

(12 ) 2
3

4.2 ..(10.422 )200002

0.423

(where X = 15 103 )

195.6114 0.423
4.2 0.89 103 (1 0.42)2 200002 15 103
= 0.00192 m/s (superficial fluid velocity)

Recheck the flow type using Reynolds number with the velocity value,
Calculating modified Reynolds number for porous flow through sand medium,
Re =

Actual velocity of fluid through the interstices vp,

vp = v/ = 0.00192/0.42 = 0.00457 m/s
Hydraulic diameter DH =

(1)

0.42
=
20000

= (10.42)

3.6207 x 10-5 m

Hence, the modified Reynolds number calculation is performed,

Re =

997 0.00457 3.6207 x 105

0.89 103

Re = 0.1853
This confirms the assumption of laminar flow since the modified Reynolds number is less than 2.
(Note: Turbulent flow for porous flow is for a modified Reynolds number value above 2)
Hence, the volumetric flowrate per m2 is taken from the superficial velocity v,
Q (volumetric flowrate m3/s)= vA
Q (volumetric flowrate per m2 = m/s) = v = 0.00192 m/s

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Question 4
A continuous cylindrical-tank thickener is to be designed to handle 5.5 x103 pounds of solids per
hour. The feed contains 0.035 mass fraction of limestone; the required underflow concentration is 0.21
mass fraction. Solid SG: 2.71 and solid size 5 m. Estimate the minimum area of the thickener required
(base on 10 points plot). Data: batch settling test result collect is as follow:

Time(min) interface height(cm)

0
102.8
5
91.2
10
80.9
15
71.7
20
63.6
25
56.4
30
50.1
40
39.4
50
30.9
70
19.2
90
13.88
110
10.2
130
9.6
150
9.2
Table 4 1 Time and interface height for tank thickener

Given data:
Data

Values

Mass of solid

=5.5 103

Mass fraction of limestone

=0.035

Underflow mass fraction

=0.21

Mass fraction 3

=0.0291

Solid S.G.

=2.71

Solid size(diameter)

= 5 m

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Method :
1. Convert all the mass fraction to volume fraction
2. Tabulate the table in order to get the
3. Get the area at

Assumptions:
1. Water and 3 is assumed to be one solution.
2. The minimum area is determined using
3. The specific gravity of the water is 1.

Convert all the mass fraction to volume fraction

0.0291
= 0.010738
2.71
(1 0.0291)
=
= 0.9709
1
3 =

Volume fraction of C0 :
0.010738
= 0.0109389
0.010738 + 0.9709

= 0.0109389 102.8 = 1.1245

For underflow system

0.21
= 0.0775
2.71
(1 0.21)
=
= 0.79
1
3 =

Volume fraction of 3 :
0.0775
= 0.0893
0.0775 + 0.79
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The results and the graph were obtained by using MATLAB. Two m.files were used to plot the graph. The
procedure is outlined below

1) Graph of H vs T is plotted. The first m-file (h_vs_t.m) is utilized for these. Only the curve line is obtained.
2) The tangent of the lines to the time values are determined using a separate m-file (getthetangent.m)
(Martina and Delli 2009). The slope of the lines and the gradients are recorded as shown in Table 4.3. The
gradient and the intersections are converted to y=mx+c form.12 tangent lines are taken.
3) Modifications were done to the first m-file to display the tangent lines.

4) Results after tabulation in order to get the

V (cm/min)

H1 (cm)
102
100
97.7
94.2
90.2
86
77.8
69
49
34.1
22
12.9

2.19
1.95
1.73
1.53
1.35
1.2
0.96
0.762
0.426
0.225
0.107
0.025

Co

0.010939
0.010939
0.010939
0.010939
0.010939
0.010939
0.010939
0.010939
0.010939
0.010939
0.010939
0.010939

Ho (cm)

C=(CoHo)/H1

102.8
102.8
102.8
102.8
102.8
102.8
102.8
102.8
102.8
102.8
102.8
102.8

0.011025
0.011245
0.01151
0.011938
0.012467
0.013076
0.014454
0.016297
0.022949
0.032977
0.051114
0.087172

0.024144
0.021928
0.019912
0.018264
0.01683
0.015691
0.013876
0.012419
0.009776
0.00742
0.005469
0.002179

0.0893
0.0893
0.0893
0.0893
0.0893
0.0893
0.0893
0.0893
0.0893
0.0893
0.0893
0.0893

1.140845
1.144068
1.147961
1.154307
1.16226
1.171544
1.193116
1.223244
1.34588
1.585501
2.338584
41.96447

(kg/m2s)
0.027545
0.025087
0.022858
0.021083
0.019561
0.018383
0.016555
0.015191
0.013158
0.011764
0.01279
0.091453

Table 4 2 Tabulated and calculated values for height vs time

The formulas below were used to calculate the values above.

=

4.1

4.2

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Graph 4 1 H vs T graph

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Tangent lines from MATLAB

-2.19x+102
y1
-1.95x+100
y2
-1.73x+97.7
y3
-1.53x+94.2
y4
-1.35x+90.2
y5
-1.2x+86
y6
-0.96x+77.8
y7
-0.762x+69
y8
-0.426x+49
y9
-0.225x+34.1
y10
-0.107x+22
y11
-0.0s5x+12.9
y12
Table 4 3 Tangent lines generated with Matlab 2nd m-file (Martina and Delli 2009)

The is calculated by first converting the mass flow rate to volumetric flow rate. The
calculation is then continued.

5.5 103 1 0.453592

|
|
= 41.58 /
1
60 1

41.58 /
3
3
= =
= 0.0153
= 1.53

2710 3

The minimum area is then determined:

4.3

= .

3
= = .
=
. /
1.53 104

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Question 5
150 kg of uniform spherical particles with a diameter of 60 m and particle density 2000
kg/m3 are fluidized by water (density 1000 kg/m3, viscosity 0.001 Pa s) in a circular bed of crosssectional area 0.5 m2. The voidage at incipient fluidization is known to be 0.47. Calculate:
a. the minimum fluidized velocity (m/min) and the bed height at incipient fluidization
b. the mean fluidized bed voidage and height when the liquid flow rate is 2.25x10-5 m3/s.

Slow flow is assumed.

=

5.1

6
60 106

= 105
=

( ) 3
. . (1 ) 2

5.2

(2000 1000) 9.81 0.473

4.2 0.001 (1 0.47)(105 )2

= 4.575 105 /
=

5.3

2000 4.575 10 60 106

0.001

= 5.49 103
. < .

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Assumption confirmed. Flow is slow

Bed height
= (1 ). . .

5.4

150 = (1 0.47). (2000). (0.5).

= .

Voidage;

5.5

3
2.25 105

= 4.5 105
2
0.5

Find Vo
2 ( )
18
(60 106 )2 (2000 1000)(9.81)
=
18(0.001)

= 1.962 103
=

Find the voidage

Since Re< 0.3, The Richardson Zaki equation is used, n=4.65
=

5.6

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4.65

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4.5 105
1.962 103

= .

a. Find the Bed height. Reusing equation 5.4;

= (1 ). . .
130 = (1 . ). (2000). (0.5).
= .

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References
Martina, Sandra, and Jean Luc Delli. 2009. Matlab License Universe Picarde Jules Verne. April. Accessed
May 23, 2015. https://www.u-picardie.fr/~dellis/Matlab_Licence/getthetangent.m.
Rhodes, Martin. 2008. Introduction to Particle Technology Second edition. England: John Wiley and Sons,
Ltd.
RICHARDSON, J. F., J. H. HARKER, and J. R. BACKHURST. 2002. "Chapter 16 Motions of Particle in a fluid."
In CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Volume 2 5th edition Particle technology and Separation Process,
146-187. Great Britian: Butterworth Heinemann.
Wischnewski, Berndt , and Bernhard Spang. n.d. CalcSteam.
http://www.peacesoftware.de/einigewerte/wasser_dampf_e.html.

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Appendix.
Appendix question 4

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