Lecture 26

Lecture 26
Dielectric Slab Waveguides
In this lecture you will learn:
Dielectric slab waveguides

TE and TM guided modes in dielectric slab waveguides
ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University
TE Guided Modes in Parallel-Plate Metal Waveguides

r r
E (r )
x >0
= y Eo sin(k x x ) e j k z z
x
Ei
Hi
r
ki
r
kr
Er
Hr
r
k i = k x x + k z z
Ei
Hi
r
ki
Ey
r
k r = k x x + k z z
Guided TE modes are TE-waves bouncing back and fourth between two metal
plates and propagating in the z-direction !
The x-component of the wavevector can have only discrete values its quantized
kx =
m
d
where : m = 1, 2, 3, KK
Dielectric Waveguides - I
Consider TE-wave undergoing total internal reflection:
Ei
r
ki
i i
r i
k i = k x x + k z z
r
kr
Er
r
k r = k x x + k z z
Hr
Evanescent wave
r r
E (r )
x >0
= y E i e j ( k x
x + kz z )
+ y E i e j (k x
2 o
1 > 2
x +kz z )
k z2 + k x2 = 2 o 1
= 1 when i > c
When
r r
E (r )
i > c :
x <0
= y T E i e
j kz z
k x = j x
x x
k z2 x2 = 2 o 2
Dielectric Waveguides - II
x
cladding
Evanescent wave
Ei
Hi
r
ki
i i
r
kr
Er
Ei
Hi
Hr
r
ki
o
core
1 > 2
cladding
Evanescent wave
One can have a guided wave that is bouncing between two dielectric interfaces
due to total internal reflection and moving in the z-direction

W
2d
Assumption: W >> d
x
cladding
core
cladding
z
Dielectric Vs Metal Waveguides
Ey
m=1
m=2
o
z
Ey
Metal Waveguides
(modes are tightly confined)
cladding
Ey
Ey
core
cladding

(modes are loosely confined)
Dielectric Slab Waveguides TE Modes: Formal Solution

x
cladding
Ey
2d
core
Ey
cladding
symmetric
antisymmetric
The TE solutions are of the form:
r r
E (r )
r r
E (r )
r r
E (r )
x <d
x >d
cos(k x x ) j k z z
= y Eo
e
sin(k x x )
= y E1 e
x < d
x ( x d )
The sine and cosine represent

the symmetric and antisymmetric
solutions w.r.t. the z-axis
j kz z
+
= y E1 e + x ( x + d ) e j k z z

Where:
k z2 + k x2 = 2 o 1
k z2
x2
Given a frequency , the values of kz , kx ,

and x are still not known
= o 2
TE Modes: Boundary Conditions

x
cladding
2d
Ey
Ey
core
cladding
Boundary conditions:
(1) At x = d the component of E-field parallel to the interface (i.e. the y-component)
is continuous for all z
cos(k x d )
Eo
= E1
sin(k x d )
(1)
(2) At x = d the component of H-field parallel to the interface (i.e. the z-component)
k x sin(k x d )
Eo
= x E1
k x cos(k x d )
(2)
TE Modes: Transcendental Equation

x
cladding
2d
Ey
core
Ey
cladding
Dividing (2) by (1) on the previous slide gives:
tan(k x d ) x
=
cot (k x d ) k x
But:
k z2 + k x2 = 2 o 1
k z2
x2
x2 + k x2 = 2 o ( 1 2 )
= o 2
So we finally get:
tan(k x d )
2 o ( 1 2 )
1
=
k x2
cot (k x d )
Transcendental equation that can

be used to solve for kx in terms of
the frequency
TE Modes: Graphical Solution

x
cladding
2d
Ey
core
Ey
cladding
Graphic solution of the transcendental

equation
Different red curves for Increasing values
tan(k x d )
2 o ( 1 2 ) d 2
1
=
(k x d )2
cot (k x d )
LHS
RHS
For the m-th TE mode (TEm mode)

the value of kx is in the range
(depending on the frequency ):
(m 1) k x d m
3
2
5
2
k xd
m = 1, 2, 3,KK
TE Modes: Cut-off Frequencies

x
cladding
Ey
2d
core
Ey
cladding
tan(k x d )
2 o ( 1 2 ) d 2
1
=
(k x d )2
cot (k x d )
LHS
RHS
Cut-off frequency of the m-th TE

mode can be obtained by setting the
RHS equal to zero for kx d = (m-1)/2
m =
3
2
(m 1)
5
2
k xd
o ( 1 2 )
2d
m = 1, 2, 3,KK
Dielectric
Waveguides What is Cut-off ?
x
2
cladding
Ei
2d
r
ki
Hi
r
kr
Er
Ei
Hi
r
ki
kz
o
core
z
Hr
cladding
i k x
o 1
1 > 2
2
o
So what does cut-off really mean? It means that the wave is no longer being
guided through total internal reflection since i < c
A wave will not be guided if:
i < c
kz
o 1
sin( i ) < sin(c ) = 2 1

< 2 1
For the m-th TE mode (TEm mode)

the smallest value of kx is:
(m 1)
So TEm mode will not be guided if:
k z < o 2
<
2 o 1 k x2 < o 2
<
kx
o ( 1 2 )
2d
m =
kx
o ( 1 2 ) k
(m 1)
2d
x=
(m 1)
2d
o ( 1 2 )
TE Modes: Near Cut-off Behavior

2
cladding
Ey
core
Different red curves for

increasing values
cladding
>> 2 (TE2 mode well confined in the core)

2
cladding
Ey
core
3
2
2
1
k xd
cladding
> 2 (TE2 mode near cut-off mode not well confined in the core)
TE Modes: Dispersion Curves

x
cladding
2d
Ey
core
Ey
cladding
How does one obtain dispersion curves?

(1) For a given frequency find kx using:
kz
kz =
TE3 mode
dispersion relation
o 1
tan(k x d )
2 o ( 1 2 ) d 2
1
=
(k x d )2
cot (k x d )
TE2 mode
dispersion relation
kz =
(2) Then find kz using:
k z = 2 o 1 k x2
TE1 mode
dispersion relation
o 2
TM Modes: Formal Solution

x
cladding
Hy
2d
core
Hy
cladding
The TM solutions are of the form:
r r
H (r )
r r
H (r )
r r
H (r )
x <d
x >d
The sine and cosine represent

the symmetric and antisymmetric
solutions w.r.t. the z-axis
= y H1 e x ( x d ) e j k z z
x < d
Where:
cos(k x x ) j k z z
= y Ho
e
sin(k x x )
+
= y H1 e + x ( x + d ) e j k z z

k z2 + k x2 = 2 o 1
Given a frequency , the values of kz , kx ,

and x are still not known
k z2 x2 = 2 o 2
TM Modes: Boundary Conditions

x
cladding
2d
Hy
Hy
core
cladding
Boundary conditions:
(1) At x = d the component of H-field parallel to the interface (i.e. the y-component)
cos(k x d )
Ho
= H1
sin(k x d )
(1)
(2) At x = d the component of E-field parallel to the interface (i.e. the z-component)
kx
sin(k x d )
x
H
Ho 1
=
kx
2 1
cos(k x d )
1
(2)
TM Modes: Transcendental Equation

x
cladding
2d
Hy
core
Hy
cladding
Dividing (2) by (1) on the previous slide gives:
tan(k x d ) x 1
=
cot (k x d ) k x 2
But:
k z2 + k x2 = 2 o 1
k z2
x2
x2 + k x2 = 2 o ( 1 2 )
= o 2
So we finally get:
tan(k x d ) 1 2 o ( 1 2 )d 2
1
=
(k x d )2
cot (k x d ) 2
Transcendental equation that can

be used to solve for kx in terms of
the frequency
TM Modes: Graphical Solution

x
cladding
2d
Hy
core
Hy
cladding
Graphic solution of the transcendental

equation
tan(k x d ) 1 2 o ( 1 2 ) d 2
1
=
(k x d )2
cot (k x d ) 2
LHS
RHS
For the m-th TM mode (TMm mode)

the value of kx is in the range
(depending on the frequency ):
(m 1) k x d m
3
2
5
2
k xd
m = 1, 2, 3,KK
Fiber Optical Communications: Optical Fibers

cladding
9.0 m
core
125 m
cladding
cladding
core
z
Silica (SiO2) core and cladding materials
Integrated Optics
2 um
An optical micro-ring filter (separates out

light of a particular color) SEM
An optical micro-splitter (splits light two

ways) SEM
Slab Waveguide
Si
Si
SiO2
SiO2
Si
Si
10
Integrated Optics: Semiconductor Quantum Well Lasers
top metal
InP/InGaAsP
Waveguide
1 .0 m thick
polyimide layer
3 .0 m
The dielectric waveguide for a

semiconductor quantum well laser
with metal on top (for electrical
connection) is shown
A microchip containing several

semiconductor laser stripes running in
parallel is shown.
11

Lecture 26

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Lecture 26

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Lecture 26

Dielectric Slab Waveguides

In this lecture you will learn:

Dielectric slab waveguides

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

TE Guided Modes in Parallel-Plate Metal Waveguides

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

Dielectric Slab Waveguides

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

Dielectric Vs Metal Waveguides

Dielectric Slab Waveguides

Dielectric Slab Waveguides TE Modes: Formal Solution

The TE solutions are of the form:

The sine and cosine represent

Given a frequency , the values of kz , kx ,

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

TE Modes: Boundary Conditions

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

TE Modes: Transcendental Equation

Dividing (2) by (1) on the previous slide gives:

Transcendental equation that can

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

TE Modes: Graphical Solution

Graphic solution of the transcendental

Different red curves for Increasing values

For the m-th TE mode (TEm mode)

TE Modes: Cut-off Frequencies

Different red curves for Increasing values

Cut-off frequency of the m-th TE

sin( i ) < sin(c ) = 2 1

For the m-th TE mode (TEm mode)

So TEm mode will not be guided if:

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

TE Modes: Near Cut-off Behavior

Different red curves for

>> 2 (TE2 mode well confined in the core)

TE Modes: Dispersion Curves

How does one obtain dispersion curves?

(2) Then find kz using:

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

TM Modes: Formal Solution

The TM solutions are of the form:

The sine and cosine represent

Given a frequency , the values of kz , kx ,

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

TM Modes: Boundary Conditions

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

TM Modes: Transcendental Equation

Dividing (2) by (1) on the previous slide gives:

Transcendental equation that can

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

TM Modes: Graphical Solution

Graphic solution of the transcendental

Different red curves for Increasing values

For the m-th TM mode (TMm mode)

Fiber Optical Communications: Optical Fibers

An optical micro-ring filter (separates out

An optical micro-splitter (splits light two

Integrated Optics: Semiconductor Quantum Well Lasers

The dielectric waveguide for a

A microchip containing several

ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University

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