Unix Commands
Unix Commands
Note: not all of these are actually part of UNIX itself, and you may not find them on all UNIX
machines. But they can all be used on turing in essentially the same way, by typing the command
and hitting return. Note that some of these commands are different on nonSolaris machines see
SunOS differences.
If you've made a typo, the easiest thing to do is hit CTRLu to cancel the whole line. But you can
also edit the command line (see the guide to More UNIX).
UNIX is casesensitive.
Files
• ls lists your files
ls l lists your files in 'long format', which contains lots of useful information, e.g. the
exact size of the file, who owns the file and who has the right to look at it, and when it was
last modified.
ls a lists all files, including the ones whose filenames begin in a dot, which you do not
always want to see.
There are many more options, for example to list files by size, by date, recursively etc.
• more filename shows the first part of a file, just as much as will fit on one screen. Just hit
the space bar to see more or q to quit. You can use /pattern to search for a pattern.
• emacs filename is an editor that lets you create and edit a file. See the emacs page.
• mv filename1 filename2 moves a file (i.e. gives it a different name, or moves it into a
different directory (see below)
• cp filename1 filename2 copies a file
• rm filename removes a file. It is wise to use the option rm i, which will ask you for
confirmation before actually deleting anything. You can make this your default by making an
alias in your .cshrc file.
• diff filename1 filename2 compares files, and shows where they differ
• wc filename tells you how many lines, words, and characters there are in a file
• chmod options filename lets you change the read, write, and execute permissions on your
files. The default is that only you can look at them and change them, but you may sometimes
want to change these permissions. For example, chmod o+r filename will make the file
readable for everyone, and chmod or filename will make it unreadable for others again.
Note that for someone to be able to actually look at the file the directories it is in need to be
at least executable. See help protection for more details.
• File Compression
• gzip filename compresses files, so that they take up much less space. Usually text
files compress to about half their original size, but it depends very much on the size
of the file and the nature of the contents. There are other tools for this purpose, too
(e.g. compress), but gzip usually gives the highest compression rate. Gzip produces
files with the ending '.gz' appended to the original filename.
• gunzip filename uncompresses files compressed by gzip.
• gzcat filename lets you look at a gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it
(same as gunzip c). You can even print it directly, using gzcat filename | lpr
• printing
• lpr filename print. Use the P option to specify the printer name if you want to
use a printer other than your default printer. For example, if you want to print double
sided, use 'lpr Pvalkyrd', or if you're at CSLI, you may want to use 'lpr Pcord115d'.
See 'help printers' for more information about printers and their locations.
• lpq check out the printer queue, e.g. to get the number needed for removal, or to
see how many other files will be printed before yours will come out
• lprm jobnumber remove something from the printer queue. You can find the job
number by using lpq. Theoretically you also have to specify a printer name, but this
isn't necessary as long as you use your default printer in the department.
• genscript converts plain text files into postscript for printing, and gives you some
options for formatting. Consider making an alias like alias ecop 'genscript 2 r \!* |
lpr h Pvalkyr' to print two pages on one piece of paper.
• dvips filename print .dvi files (i.e. files produced by LaTeX). You can use
dviselect to print only selected pages. See the LaTeX page for more information
about how to save paper when printing drafts.
Directories
Directories, like folders on a Macintosh, are used to group files together in a hierarchical structure.
• mkdir dirname make a new directory
• cd dirname change directory. You basically 'go' to another directory, and you will see the
files in that directory when you do 'ls'. You always start out in your 'home directory', and you
can get back there by typing 'cd' without arguments. 'cd ..' will get you one level up from
your current position. You don't have to walk along step by step you can make big leaps or
avoid walking around by specifying pathnames.
• pwd tells you where you currently are.
Finding things
• ff find files anywhere on the system. This can be extremely useful if you've forgotten in
which directory you put a file, but do remember the name. In fact, if you use ff p you don't
even need the full name, just the beginning. This can also be useful for finding other things
on the system, e.g. documentation.
• grep string filename(s) looks for the string in the files. This can be useful a lot of
purposes, e.g. finding the right file among many, figuring out which is the right version of
something, and even doing serious corpus work. grep comes in several varieties (grep,
egrep, and fgrep) and has a lot of very flexible options. Check out the man pages if this
sounds good to you.
About other people
• w tells you who's logged in, and what they're doing. Especially useful: the 'idle' part. This
allows you to see whether they're actually sitting there typing away at their keyboards right at
the moment.
• who tells you who's logged on, and where they're coming from. Useful if you're looking
for someone who's actually physically in the same building as you, or in some other
particular location.
• finger username gives you lots of information about that user, e.g. when they last read
their mail and whether they're logged in. Often people put other practical information, such
as phone numbers and addresses, in a file called .plan. This information is also displayed by
'finger'.
• last 1 username tells you when the user last logged on and off and from where. Without
any options, last will give you a list of everyone's logins.
• talk username lets you have a (typed) conversation with another user
• write username lets you exchange oneline messages with another user
• elm lets you send email messages to people around the world (and, of course, read
them). It's not the only mailer you can use, but the one we recommend. See the elm page,
and find out about the departmental mailing lists (which you can also find in
/user/linguistics/helpfile).
About your (electronic) self
• whoami returns your username. Sounds useless, but isn't. You may need to find out who
it is who forgot to log out somewhere, and make sure *you* have logged out.
• finger & .plan files
of course you can finger yourself, too. That can be useful e.g. as a quick check whether you
got new mail. Try to create a useful .plan file soon. Look at other people's .plan files for
ideas. The file needs to be readable for everyone in order to be visible through 'finger'. Do
'chmod a+r .plan' if necessary. You should realize that this information is accessible from
anywhere in the world, not just to other people on turing.
• passwd lets you change your password, which you should do regularly (at least once a
year). See the LRB guide and/or look at help password.
• ps u yourusername lists your processes. Contains lots of information about them,
including the process ID, which you need if you have to kill a process. Normally, when you
have been kicked out of a dialin session or have otherwise managed to get yourself
disconnected abruptly, this list will contain the processes you need to kill. Those may
include the shell (tcsh or whatever you're using), and anything you were running, for
example emacs or elm. Be careful not to kill your current shell the one with the number
closer to the one of the ps command you're currently running. But if it happens, don't panic.
Just try again :) If you're using an Xdisplay you may have to kill some X processes before
you can start them again. These will show only when you use ps efl, because they're root
processes.
• kill PID kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave. This works only for your own
processes, of course. Get the ID by using ps. If the process doesn't 'die' properly, use the
option 9. But attempt without that option first, because it doesn't give the process a chance
to finish possibly important business before dying. You may need to kill processes for
example if your modem connection was interrupted and you didn't get logged out properly,
which sometimes happens.
• quota v show what your disk quota is (i.e. how much space you have to store files), how
much you're actually using, and in case you've exceeded your quota (which you'll be given an
automatic warning about by the system) how much time you have left to sort them out (by
deleting or gzipping some, or moving them to your own computer).
• du filename shows the disk usage of the files and directories in filename (without
argument the current directory is used). du s gives only a total.
• last yourusername lists your last logins. Can be a useful memory aid for when you were
where, how long you've been working for, and keeping track of your phonebill if you're
making a nonlocal phonecall for dialling in.
Connecting to the outside world
• nn allows you to read news. It will first let you read the news local to turing, and then the
remote news. If you want to read only the local or remote news, you can use nnl or nnr,
respectively. To learn more about nn type nn, then \tty{:man}, then \tty{=.*}, then \tty{Z},
then hit the space bar to step through the manual. Or look at the man page. Or check out the
hypertext nn FAQ probably the easiest and most fun way to go.
• rlogin hostname lets you connect to a remote host
• telnet hostname also lets you connect to a remote host. Use rlogin whenever possible.
• ftp hostname lets you download files from a remote host which is set up as an ftpserver.
This is a common method for exchanging academic papers and drafts. If you need to make a
paper of yours available in this way, you can (temporarily) put a copy in /user/ftp/pub/TMP.
For more permanent solutions, ask Emma. The most important commands within ftp are get
for getting files from the remote machine, and put for putting them there (mget and mput let
you specify more than one file at once). Sounds straightforward, but be sure not to confuse
the two, especially when your physical location doesn't correspond to the direction of the ftp
connection you're making. ftp just overwrites files with the same filename. If you're
transferring anything other than ASCII text, use binary mode.
• lynx lets you browse the web from an ordinary terminal. Of course you can see only the
text, not the pictures. You can type any URL as an argument to the G command. When
you're doing this from any Stanford host you can leave out the .stanford.edu part of the
URL when connecting to Stanford URLs. Type H at any time to learn more about lynx, and
Q to exit.
Miscellaneous tools
• webster word looks up the word in an electronic version of Webster's dictionary and
returns the definition(s)
• date shows the current date and time.
• cal shows a calendar of the current month. Use e.g., 'cal 10 1995' to get that for October
95, or 'cal 1995' to get the whole year.
You can find out more about these commands by looking up their manpages:
man commandname shows you the manual page for the command
For further ways of obtaining help, look at the pages with electronic sources of information and
nonelectronic sources.
More UNIX commands
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