+Verbal Behavior, Verbal

Behavior Milestone
Assessment and
Placement Program
(VB-MAPP) and the
Picture Exchange
Communication System
(PECS)
Shelly M. DeWitt
Superheroes social skills training, Rethink Autism internet interventions, parent training, EBP classroom training, functional
behavior assessment: An autism spectrum disorder, evidence-based practice (EBP) training track for school psychologists
US Office of Education Personnel Preparation Grant H325K12306

Principal Investigators: William Jenson & Elaine Clark

Grand Director: Julia Hood
University of Utah School Psychology

Objectives

Language Acquisition Theory Overview

B.F. Skinners Analysis of Verbal Behavior

Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement

Program (VB-MAPP)

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

Quiz

Language Theories
Language is the communication of an individuals thoughts and feelings
through a system of signals (sounds, gestures or written symbols) that is
understood by another individual.

Cognitive/Constructivist Theory

Jean Piaget

Stage Theory

Expressive and Recessive cognitive processes for language

Most dominate theory for language

Many interventions and behavioral applications for autism

Socio-cultural Theory

Lev Vygotsky

Culture is the primary factor for development

Social plane and psychological plane

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Scaffolding

Language Theories

Environmental Theory

Jerome Brunner

3 Modes of Representation

Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)

Scaffolding and Motherese

Linguistic/Nativist Theory

Noam Chomsky

Biologically basis for language acquisition

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Universal Grammar

Components of language

Language Theories

Behaviorist Theory

B.F. Skinner

Verbal Behavior are learned under appropriate conditions of

stimulation, response and reinforcements.

Listener and Speaker Roles in development

Form and Function

Unit of Analysis

Verbal Operants

Verbal Behavior

Verbal Operants

Mands

Speaker asks for (deMANDS) what he wants

First verbal operant learned by a child

Directly benefits the speaker

Tacts

Echoic

Speaker names things and actions (makes conTACT)

through senses
Repetition

Copy to Text

Repetition by written response

Verbal Behavior

Verbal Operants

Intraverbals

Speaker responds to the verbal behaviors of others

Answering questions, filling in the blanks

Textual

Understanding what is read

Transcription

Writing or spelling words that are spoken

Interventions focus on verbal operants and less on

expressive or receptive skills and reinforcements

Applications include language assessment and interventions

Verbal Behavior Milestone

Assessment & Placement Program

Created by Mark Sundberg

Criterion-referenced assessment tool

Guides goals and objectives for both benchmark and

development

Monitoring system

Assists in placing children in an appropriate educational

environment

Based on B.F. Skinners analysis of verbal behavior

Designed for individuals with developmental disabilities,

traumatic brain injuries and expressive or receptive delays

Verbal Behavior Milestone

Assessment & Placement Program

VB-MAPP

Conducting the Assessment

Testing Age (any language delayed individual regardless of age)

Administration Requirements

Basic Understanding of Verbal Behavior, Behavior Analysis and

the Components of the Linguistic Structure

Methods of Measurement

Formal Testing, Observation, Formal or Observation, and

Timed Observation

5 Components

Skills Assessment, Barriers Assessment, Transition Assessment,

Task Analysis and Skills Tracking, and IEP Goals

Administration Handout

VB-MAPP
(Materials for Assessment)

Materials: testing items (typically everyday items used/seen

in the natural environment), test booklet, timers, pencils

Information: data sheets, mastered target lists, goal/objective

progress reports

Reinforcers: appropriate for the student, easily consumable

and/or given up

Environments: classroom with peers, separate room,

playroom with & without peers, playground with peers

VB-MAPP
(Tips for Administration)

Administration Tips

Reinforcement assessment

Establish rapport pair yourself with fun activities

Keep materials and reinforcements out of students reach and

easily accessible to the tester

Reinforce student for correct responses and appropriate

behaviors

Use an appropriate level of enthusiasm

Allow time for breaks

During breaks do not play with highly reinforcing items

Intersperse known tasks with more challenging tasks

Give appropriate responding time (3-5) seconds

Do not repeat a task more than 3 times

Always end testing on a positive not and a correct reinforcement

VB-MAPP 5 Components
(Skills Assessment)

Skills Assessment

Assesses a representative sample of students current skills

170 verbal milestones across 9-13 skill areas across 3

developmental levels:

Level 1 = 0-18 months

Level 2 = 18-30 months

Level 3 = 30-48 months

Skills are measured through direct testing, timed & untimed

observations, & mastered target lists

Mand, tact, motor imitation, listener responding, independent

play, social behavior and social play, visual perceptual and
matching to sample, spontaneous vocal behavior, echoic,
intraverbal, linguistic structure, classroom routines and group
skills, reading, writing, listener responding by feature, function
and class, and math

VB-MAPP
(Skills Assessment Scoring)

Skills Assessment

5 items and 5 possible points for each skill area

Total for the 5 items is mark on the top of each skill area

Totals for each skill area are added for all three levels and placed
on scoring form

Each item scored as a 0, , or 1 based on criteria in protocol

Quick score option

Three boxes in all section for multiple administrations

Total score on the echoic sub-test is converted to a milestone

score on the scoring form

VB-MAPP 5 Components
(Barriers Assessment)

Barriers Assessment

Designed to identify barriers to learning and language acquisition

Looks at 24 common learning and language barriers

Barriers identified may require intervention prior to incorporating

other goals

A more detailed descriptive and/or functional analysis of the

challenging behavior is required

Negative behaviors, instructional control, defective mand, defective

tact, defective motor imitation, defective echoic, defective matching to
sample, defective listener repertoires, reinforcement dependent,
obsessive-compulsive behavior, hyperactivity, defective intraverbals,
defective social skills, prompt dependent, scrolling responses,
defective scanning skills, failure to make conditional discriminations,
failure to generalize, weak or atypical motivators, self-stimulation,
articulation problems, failure to make eye contact, sensory
defensiveness

VB-MAPP
(Barriers Assessment Scoring)

Barriers Scoring

Rate student on a scale of 1 to 5

1-2 = no significant barriers

Formal intervention plan may not be required

3-5 = there is a barrier

Should be addressed prior to or as a part of the intervention

program

For some students immediate focus on the intervention may

be the removal of a barrier rather than language instruction

Most common barriers to remove include instructional

control problems or behavioral problems

VB-MAPP
(Transition Assessment)

Transition Assessment

Provides quantifiable information that can be used to determine

appropriate educational placement

Looks at 18 skill areas across 3 categories

Overall VB-MAPP Milestone score, overall barrier score, barriers

score on negative behaviors and instructional control, milestone
scores on classroom routines and group skills, milestone scores
on social behavior and social play, range of reinforcers, rate of
skill acquisition, independent academic work, generalization,
retention of new skills, natural environment learning, transfer
without training, adaptability to change, spontaneous behaviors,
self-directed leisure time, general self-help, toileting skills, eating
skills

VB-MAPP
(Transition Assessment Scoring)

Transition Scoring

Rate student on a scale of 1 to 5

1-2 = needs maximum support

Likely self-contained with constant support

3-4 = needs moderate support

Likely in some mainstreamed classes with support available

as needed

Support should begin to be faded out

5 = minimal additional supports needed

Likely in most all classes with typically developing peers

Student should be closely monitored to ensure new academic

and social skills are developed at appropriate rates

VB-MAPP
(Task Analysis and Skill Tracking)

Task Analysis and Skill Tracking Assessment

Breaks down the individual milestone skills into measurable

prerequisites

Over 1000 steps/skills supporting 170 milestones

Also allows for more detailed skills tracking

VB-MAPP
(Placement and IEP Assessment)

Placement and IEP Assessment

Provides general guidelines for how to interpret assessment

results

Overall focus of goals for each scoring level

Types of teaching strategies that should be used for each scoring

level

Specific IEP goals are provided for each milestone and barrier

The assessment corresponds with the verbal behavior

intervention program

VB-MAPP
(Using the Assessment Results)

How to use the Assessment

At this point 3 component assessments have been completed

Milestones, Barriers to Learning and Transitions

Each of the component assessments provides information that can

be used in multiple sections of a students IEP

Milestones Assessment + Task Analysis & Skill Tracking

Barriers Assessment

Identifies IEP goals , related services needed and allows for

progress monitoring
Identifies if a BIP is needed, IEP goals , identifies if
accommodations are needed and allows for progress
monitoring

Transition Assessment

Provides measureable criteria for LRE placement, identify

performance level, identifies accommodations and allows for
progress monitoring

VB-MAPP
(Practice Case)

Practice Case Anne

Using the VB-Mapp Practical Exercise

Practice Case - Adam

Interpreting the results

Practice Case Handout

VB-MAPP
(National Standards Report)

The VB-Mapp was not critiqued in the National Standards

Report

It was included in the studies under the Behavioral Package

The Behavioral Package was rated as an established treatment

More research is needed

National Autism Center (2009). The National Standards Project Addressing the Need for Evidence Based
Practice Guidelines for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Retrieved March 27, 2013, from
http://www.nationalautismcenter.org/pdf/NAC%20Standards%20Report.pdf

VB-MAPP
(Research)

Intraverbal Behavior and Verbal Conditional Discriminations in

Typically Developing Children and Children with Autism

This study included 39 typically developing children (23-61 mo old) and 71 children
with autism (35 mo to 15 yrs)

They were assed used using the VB-Mapp intraverbal scales.

Approximately 8,500 intraverbal responses were collected from the 110 participants.

The older the child the higher the score received.

Considerable variability among same aged children.

Children with autism vs. typically developing children results were:

2-year olds mean of 12 correct vs. mean of 32 correct

3 year olds mean of 18 correct vs. mean of 42 correct

4 year olds mean of 24 correct vs 58 correct

5 year olds mean of 38 correct vs. 80 correct

Interverbal skills are an advanced skill and should only be taught after the child has
a strong grasp on echoics, manding, and tacting.

Sundberg, M. & Sundberg C.A. (2011) Intraverbal Behavior and Verbal Conditional Discriminations in Typically
Developing Children and Children with Autism. Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 27, 23-43.

VB-MAPP
(Research)

Contriving Establishing Operants to Teach Mands for Information

This study examined the ability of autistic children to mand appropriately for information by
asking questions appropriately.

2 different experiments in this study

Kevin a 5 year old boy and Billy a 6 year old boy both with autism

2 items were selected for each participant, one that had a high rate of reinforcement and
then one that had no history as a reinforcement

When told go get (item) the child was expected to mand where

If the whole word where was elicited the reinforcement was played with for 30 minutes

Baseline for both boys was 0 after 4 trials the preferred item went up to 60% correct and
for non-preferred item increased to 40% for Kevin and after 7 attempts it went up 60%
for preferred item and 0% for non-preferred item for Billy.

Manding for where at 100% for Kevin was obtained at 11 trials for preferred item and
12 trials for non-preferred item. For Billy 100% occurred at 14 trials and only reached
80% by end of trial 18.

Children with autism can learn to mand relatively quickly if using EOs for mand training.

Sundberg, M., Loeb, M., Hale, L., & Eigenheer, P. (2002). Contriving establishing operations to teach mands for information.
The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 18, 15-29.

Picture Exchange Communication

System (PECS)

PECS is used to help the student to spontaneously initiate

communicative exchanges.

PECS can be used with children or adults who are not yet
initiating requests, comments, or any type of communication.

People using PECS are taught to approach and give a picture

of a desired item to a communicative partner in exchange for
that item.

While advancing through the phases of PECS, the student

learns to sequence words to create sentences.

Using PECS, students learn to gain the attention of the

communication partner in order to make a request.

There are six phases to learning PECS.

Picture Exchange Communication

System (PECS) - Outcomes

Spontaneous communication exchanges initiated by child

Learning of sequence, words to create sentences

Facilitates speech

2/3 of children who use PECS develop speech

The communication partner is verbalizing in conjunction

with showing the picture communication symbols

All attempts at speech are encouraged

PECS
(Phases)

Phase 1 How to Communicate

Plan to teach with a variety of reinforcers

One picture at a time

2-Person prompting strategy

Physical prompter says NOTHING

Prompter only assists student with movement

Pick-up, Reach, Release Picture

First reinforcer is free

Open hand from communicative partner

Symbol modifications

Phase 2 Distance and Persistence

Go get picture, find the listener, take picture to listener

PECS
(Phases)

Phase 3 Discrimination

Preferred vs. non-preferred

Colors vs. black & white

Use simple sentence to request spontaneously

Phase 5 Answering, What do you want?

Physically rearrange pictures

Phase 4 Sentence Structure

Choose from among many symbols in their communication book

Plan to teach a variety of forms requesting /unstructured

Phase 6 Commenting

Student is able to communicate with anyone, anywhere

PECS
(National Standards Report)

An emerging intervention strategy

13 studies were included in the assessment of effectiveness

Although one or more studies suggest that a treatment produces

beneficial treatment effects for individuals with ASM, additional
high quality studies must consistently show this outcome before
we can draw firm conclusions about the treatment effectiveness
NAC, 2009

National Autism Center (2009). The National Standards Project Addressing the Need for Evidence Based
Practice Guidelines for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Retrieved March 27, 2013, from
http://www.nationalautismcenter.org/pdf/NAC%20Standards%20Report.pdf

PECS
(Research)

Effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System

(PECS) on Communication and Speech for Children With Autism
Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis

This meta-analysis reviewed the current empirical evidence for PECS in affecting
communication and speech outcomes for children with ASD (Flippin, Recska, &
Watson, 2010).

A systematic review of the literature on PECS w between 1994 and June 2009 was
conducted.

Eight single-subject experiments - (18 participants) and 3 group studies (95 PECS
participants, 65 in other intervention/control) were included.

Results indicated that PECS is a promising but not yet established evidence-based
intervention for facilitating communication in children with ASD ages 111 years.
Small to moderate gains in communication were demonstrated following training.
Gains in speech were small to negative

Flippin, M., Reszka, S. & Watson, L. (2010). Effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
on communication and speech for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-analysis. American Journal of
Speech-language Pathology, 19, 178-195.

PECS
(Research)

A Communication-Based Intervention for Nonverbal Children

With Autism: What Changes? Who Benefits?

This study examined the form and function of spontaneous communication and
outcome predictors in nonverbal children with autism using PECS.

Eighty-four children from 15 schools participated in a randomized controlled trial of

PECS. They were aged 410 years (73 boys).

Spontaneous communication using picture cards, speech, or both increased

significantly following training.

Spontaneous communication to request objects significantly increased, but

spontaneous requesting for social purposes did not.

Less severe baseline autism symptomatology was associated with greater increase
in spontaneous speech and less severe baseline expressive language impairment ,
with larger increases in spontaneous use of speech and pictures together.

Gordon, K., Pasco, G., McElduff, F., Wade, A., Howlin, P. & Charman, T. (2011). A communication-based
intervention for nonverbal children with autism: What changes? Who benefits? Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 79, 447-457.

Discussion

Questions?

Comments?

Quiz