Lesson3.

CONDUCT TEST ON THE INSTALLED COMPUTER SYSTEM

In the previous lesson, you were introduced with all the necessary knowledge and skills on
installation of computer devices and operating system. Now, after executing the correct
procedures I am sure that installation is a very easy task for you. Those skills will be very
essential for the next lesson. In the next phase of your learning it will focus in conducting test
on the installed computer components. After reading all the required topics and performing
the essential skills you must be able to:
Follow OHS policies and procedures in conducting tests;
Check circuits and systems being isolated using specified testing procedures;
Test devices, systems and/or installation to determine its conformity with the
requirements;
Undertake final inspections on the installed devices, systems to ensure conformity
with the requirements;
Accomplish technical reports on the tests conducted; and
Follow procedures in forwarding documentation to appropriate personnel and/or
authority on the test conducted.
Testing Installed Equipment / Devices (Components)
As computer technician you will need a good understanding of the health and safety
regulations from early on in your career, so that you understand the good practices
demanded by law. In particular, you need to:
report any accidents
take reasonable care of your own health and safety when moving heavy components
not cause any electrical hazards
make sure that workstations meet safety requirements.
You need to adhere to health and safety regulations as they will help to protect you
and others and will avoid any unnecessary legal action for reckless and unsafe working
practices. If you identify any health and safety problems, you should tell your line manager
or the health and safety representative immediately.
The most basic test is to switch the system on to check it starts without errors. ICT
professionals are also likely to use tools and utilities to check that all is well with the system
after an installation.
The Use of Diagnostic Tools in testing installed hardware components and other peripherals
Diagnostic tools are used to test and diagnose equipment. Diagnostic tools
include the following:
Digital multimeter is a device that can take many types of measurements. It tests
the integrity of circuits and the quality of electricity in computer components. A
digital multimeter displays the information on an LCD or LED.
A loopback adapter, also called a loopback plug, tests the basic functionality of
computer ports. The adapter is specific to the port that you want to test.
The toner probe, is a two-part tool. The toner part is connected to a cable at one
end using specific adapters, such as an RJ-45, coaxial, or metal clips. The toner
generates a tone that travels the length of the cable. The probe part traces the
cable. When the probe is in near proximity to the cable to which the toner is
attached, the tone can be heard through a speaker in the probe.

Figure 114. Diagnostic Tools

Software Tools
Like hardware tools, there are a variety of software tools that can be used to help technicians
pinpoint and troubleshoot problems. Many of these tools are free and several come with the
Windows operating system.
Disk Management Tools
Software tools help diagnose computer and network problems and determine which
computer device is not functioning correctly. A technician must be able to use a range of
software tools to diagnose problems, maintain hardware, and protect the data stored on a
computer.
You must be able to identify which software to use in different situations. Disk management
tools help detect and correct disk errors, prepare a disk for data storage, and remove
unwanted files.
The following are some disk management tools:
FDISK: A command-line tool that creates and deletes partitions on a hard drive. The
FDISK tool is not available in Windows XP, Vista, or 7. It has been replaced with the
Disk Management tool.
Disk Management Tool: Initializes disks, creates partitions, and formats partitions.
Format: Prepares a hard drive to store information.
ScanDisk or CHKDSK: Checks the integrity of files and folders on a hard drive by
scanning the file system. These tools might also check the disk surface for
physical errors.
Defrag: Optimizes space on a hard drive to allow faster access to programs and
data.
Disk Cleanup: Clears space on a hard drive by searching for files that can be safely
deleted.
System File Checker (SFC): A command-line tool that scans the operating system
critical files and replaces files that are corrupted.
Use the Windows 7 boot disk for troubleshooting and repairing corrupted files. The Windows
7 boot disk repairs Windows system files, restores damaged or lost files, and reinstalls the
operating system.
Test procedures
A test procedure is a set of steps to guide you through what needs to be done to thoroughly
test the installation. It is designed to help you work more effectively and to make sure you
test everything that needs testing.
Test procedures are created in-house and could include these steps:
1. Gathering test information. The first step is to run the tests required by the procedure and
find out what happens. You should record all the results of your tests in a log so that you
know which pass and which fail, thereby requiring further action.
2. Validating the test information. The next step is to check the data you gathered from the
tests to make sure it is correct. This is usually done by running the tests again.
3. Responding to test information. This step is important because you need to be able to
recognize when a test shows problems or is successful. For example, if ping is used to
test a network connection then Request timed out shows the test was not successful.
4. Checking specification. The final step is an important end to testing. You need to check the
specification for the installation to make sure that it has been met. For example, if a user
requested an upgrade to make their display run at 1920 x 1200, then the ICT professional
should check that the graphics card and screen can do this.
External Visual Inspection
The external visual inspection consists of a quick inspection of the exterior of the computer,
the monitor, the keyboard, any peripherals, and cables. While performing the visual
inspection, make any necessary corrections. To perform the external visual inspection,
perform the following steps:
1. Turn off the computer, the monitor, and all peripherals.
2. Verify that all power cables are properly connected to the computer, the monitor and

peripherals, and their power sources.

3. Verify that the keyboard and mouse interface cables are firmly attached to the proper
connectors on the back of the computer.
For a PS/2-compatible mouse, the keyboard and mouse interface cable connectors
are identical except for their labels.
For a serial mouse, the mouse interface cable must be firmly attached to one of the
serial port connectors, and its captive screws must be secure enough to ensure a firm
connection.
4. Verify that network cables (if present) are properly attached.
5. Verify that any devices attached to the serial and parallel port connectors are properly
connected. Each of the serial and parallel port interface cables must be firmly attached to
an appropriate connector on the back of the computer as well as to the interface
connector on the device. The captive screws that secure these connectors at each end of
the interface cable must be secure enough to ensure a firm connection.
6. Verify that the video interface cable is firmly attached to the video connector on the back
panel or to a video expansion card, and also to the connector on the back of the monitor.
For proper connection of the video monitor, see the documentation for the monitor.
7. Inspect all external monitor controls for any obvious damage or improper settings. For
proper settings of the video monitor controls, see the documentation for the monitor.
8. Inspect the keyboard to ensure that no keys are sticking. If one or more keys are sticking,
it may be necessary to replace the keyboard.
9. Inspect the exterior of the computer, including all controls and indicators, and all useraccessible data storage devices for any signs of physical damage.
Does the inspection reveal any problems?
Yes. Proceed to the appropriate procedure in "Removing and Replacing Parts."
No. Proceed to "Observing the Boot Routine."
Observing the Boot Routine
After you have performed an external visual inspection as described in the previous section,
you should boot the system and, while the boot routine is running, observe the system for
any indications of problems.
NOTE: Most of the steps in this procedure require observation of system functions and indications,
some of which can occur simultaneously. It may be necessary to reboot the system several times to
complete all of these steps.

To observe problem indications during the boot routine, perform the following
steps:
1. If the system is off, turn on all peripherals and the computer.
2. Check the power supply fan.

Does the fan run normally?

o Yes. Proceed to step 3.

o No. Troubleshoot the system power supply.
3. Watch the <Num Lock>, <Caps Lock>, and <Scroll Lock> indicators on the upper-right
corner of the keyboard. After all three indicators flash momentarily, and following a long
pause (approximately 30 seconds), the Num Lock
indicator should light up and remain on (unless the Num Lock option is set to Off in the
System Setup program).
Do these indicators flash on and off within approximately 10 seconds after the boot routine
starts?
o Yes. Proceed to step 4.
o No. Troubleshoot the system power supply. If the troubleshooting procedure indicates
that the system power supply is operational, troubleshoot the memory.
4. During the boot routine, observe the system for any of the following indications:
o Beep codes A beep code is a series of beeps that indicates an error condition.
o System error messages these messages can indicate problems or provide status
information.
o Diskette-drive and hard-disk drive access indicators These indicators light up in
response to data being transferred to or from the drives. If either of these indicators fails to

light up during the boot routine, troubleshoot the diskette drive or hard-disk drive subsystem,
as appropriate.
5. Observe the monitor screen for the Diagnostics menu.
Internal Visual Inspection
NOTICE: Before you proceed with the internal visual inspection described in this section, ensure that
the user has saved all open files and exited all open application programs if possible.

A simple visual inspection of a computers interior hardware can often lead to the source of a
problem, such as a loose expansion card, cable connector, or mounting screw. To perform the
internal visual inspection, perform the following steps:
1. Turn off the system, including any attached peripherals, and disconnect all the AC power
cables from electrical outlets.
CAUTION: Before beginning to work inside the computer, disconnect the power supply from
the power source and the power supply cables from the power supply.
2. Remove the computers right side cover.
CAUTION: The heat sink assembly can get extremely hot during system operations. Be sure
that it has had sufficient time to cool before touching it.

CAUTION: When handling the heat sink assembly, take care to avoid sharp edges on
the heat sink.
3. Verify that the chips, expansion cards, and SEC cartridge and heat sink assembly or
assemblies are fully seated in their sockets or connectors.
4. To ensure that the chips are fully seated in their sockets, press firmly on the top of each
chip.
5. Verify that all jumpers are set correctly.
6. Check all cable connectors inside the computer to verify that they are firmly attached to
their appropriate connectors.
7. Reinstall the computer cover.
8. Reconnect the computer and any attached peripherals to their power sources, and turn
them on.
1. Defrag: Optimizes space on a hard drive to allow faster access to programs and data.
2. System error messages these messages can indicate problems or provide status
information.
3. For a PS/2-compatible mouse, the keyboard and mouse interface cable connectors are
identical except for their labels.
4. Validating the test information. The next step is to check the data you gathered from
the tests to make sure it is correct. This is usually done by running the tests again.
5. Disk Management Tool: Initializes disks, creates partitions, and formats partitions.
6. Format: Prepares a hard drive to store information.
7. Disk Cleanup: Clears space on a hard drive by searching for files that can be safely
deleted
8. A loopback adapter, also called a loopback plug, tests the basic functionality of
computer ports. The adapter is specific to the port that you want to test.
9. A test procedure is a set of steps to guide you through what needs to be done to
thoroughly test the installation. It is designed to help you work more effectively and to
make sure you test everything that needs testing.
10.Beep codes A beep code is a series of beeps that indicates an error condition.

Internet Protocols
A protocol is a set of rules. A letter sent through the postal system also uses protocols. Part
of the protocol specifies where on the envelope the delivery address needs to be written. If
the delivery address is written in the wrong place, the letter cannot be delivered. Internet
protocol works in a similar way. Internet protocols are sets of rules governing communication
within and between computers on a network. Protocol specifications define the format of the
messages to be exchanged. Timing is crucial to network operation. Protocols require
messages to arrive within a certain amount of time so that computers do not wait indefinitely
for messages that may have been lost. Therefore, systems maintain one or more times
during transmission of data. Protocols also initiate alternative actions if the network does not
meet the timing rules. Many protocols consist of a suite of other protocols that are stacked in
layers. These layers depend on the operation of the other layers in the suite to function
properly.
The main functions of protocols are:

Identifying errors

Compressing the data

Deciding how the data should be sent

Addressing the data

Deciding how to announce sent and received data

To understand how networks and the Internet work, you must be familiar with the commonly
used protocols. These protocols are used to browse the web, send and receive e-mail, and
transfer data files. You will encounter other protocols as your experience in IT grows, but they
are not used as often as the common protocols described here:

TCP/IP: The Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of

protocols has become
the
dominant
standard
for internetworking.
TCP/IP represents a set of public standards that specify how packets of
information are exchanged between computers over one or more networks.

IPX/SPX: Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange is the

protocol suite originally employed by Novell Corporations network operating
system, NetWare. It delivers functions similar to those included in TCP/IP. Novell
in its current releases supports the TCP/IP suite. A large installed base of
NetWare networks continues to use IPX/SPX.

NetBEUI: NetBIOS Extended User Interface is a protocol used primarily on small

Windows NT networks. NetBEUI cannot be routed or used by routers to talk to
each other on a large network. NetBEUI is suitable for small peer-to-peer
networks, involving a few computers directly connected to each other. It can be
used in conjunction with another routable protocol such as TCP/IP. This gives the
network administrator the advantages of the high performance of NetBEUI
within the local network and the ability to communicate beyond the LAN over
TCP/IP.

Figure 50. Commonly Used Internet Protocol

AppleTalk: AppleTalk is a protocol suite used to network Macintosh computers. It is

composed of a comprehensive set of protocols that span the seven layers of the
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The AppleTalk protocol
was designed to run over LocalTalk, which is the Apple LAN physical topology.
This protocol is also designed to run over major LAN types, notably Ethernet and
Token Ring.

HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol governs how files such as text, graphics, sound, and
video are exchanged on the World Wide Web (WWW). The Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) developed the standards for HTTP.

FTP: File Transfer Protocol provides services for file transfer and manipulation. FTP
allows multiple simultaneous connections to remote file systems.

SSH: Secure Shell is used to securely connect to a remote computer.

Telnet: It is an application used to connect to a remote computer that lacks security

features.

POP3: Post Office Protocol is used to download e-mail from a remote mail server.

IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol is also used to download e-mail from a remote
mail server.

SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to send e-mail to a remote e-mail server.

The more you understand about each of these protocols, the more you will understand
how networks and the Internet work.
IP Addressing
An IP address is a number that is used to identify a device on the network. Each device
on a network must have a unique IP address to communicate with other network devices.
Network devices are those that move data across the network, including hubs, switches, and
routers. On a LAN, each host (device that sends or receives information on the network) and
network device must have an IP address within the same network to be able to communicate
with each other.
A persons name and fingerprints usually do not change. They provide a label or
address for the persons physical aspectthe body. A persons mailing address, on the other
hand, relates to where the person lives or picks up mail. This address can change. On a host,
the Media Access Control
(MAC) address is assigned to the host Network Interface Card (NIC) and is known as
the physical address. The physical address remains the same regardless of where the host is
placed on the network in the same way that fingerprints remain with someone regardless of
where he or she goes. An IP address consists of a series of 32 binary bits (1s and 0s). It is
very difficult for humans to read a binary IP address. For this reason, the 32 bits are grouped
into four 8-bit bytes called octets. An IP address, even in this grouped format, is hard for
humans to read, write, and remember. Therefore, each octet is presented as its decimal
value, separated by a decimal point or period. This format is called dotted-decimal notation.
When a host is configured with an IP address, it is entered as a dotted-decimal number, such
as 192.168.1.5.
Imagine if you had to enter the 32-bit binary equivalent of this:
11000000101010000000000100000101. If you mistyped just 1 bit, the address
would be different, and the host may not be able to communicate on the
network. The logical 32-bit IP address is hierarchical and is composed of two
parts. The first part identifies the network, and the second part identifies a host
on that network. Both parts are required in an IP address. For example, if a host
has an IP address of 192.168.18.57, the first three octets, 192.168.18, identify
the network portion of the address, and the last octet, 57, identifies the host.
This is called hierarchical addressing, because the network portion indicates the
network on which each unique host address is located. Routers only need to
know how to reach each network, not the location of each individual host.
IP Classes
Class A

Purpose
Used for large networks, implemented by large companies and some

Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E

countries
Used for medium-sized networks, implemented by universities
Used for small networks, implemented by ISPs for customer
subscriptions
Used for special use for multicasting
Used for experimental testing

Table 6. Five Classes of IP Address

Subnet Mask
The subnet mask indicates the network portion of an IP address. Like the IP address,
the subnet mask is a dotted-decimal number. Usually all hosts within a LAN use the same
subnet mask. Table 3 shows default subnet masks for usable IP addresses that are mapped to
the first three classes of IP addresses:

255.0.0.0: Class A, which indicates that the first octet of the IP address is the network
portion

255.255.0.0: Class B, which indicates that the first two octets of the IP address are the
network portion

255.255.255.0: Class C, which indicates that the first three octets of the IP address are
the network portion
Class A
Octet

Network
1

Class B
Octet

Network
1

Class C
Octet

Network
1

Host
2

Host
Host
4

Table 7. Default Subnet Masks for Usable IP Addresses

Class D addresses are used for multicast groups. There is no need to allocate octet or bits to
separate network and host addresses. Class E addresses are reserved for research use only.
IpConfig
Ipconfig is a command used to find out the IP address of a certain network you are connected
to.
How to use the ipconfig command?
1) Click on Start Button, then type cmd (command prompt) on the search box.
2) A black screen will appear as shown in the figure below.

Figure 51. Command Prompt Window

3) Type ipconfig and press enter. The figure below shows the IP configuration window using
the ipconfig command. The information from this window will be useful because it shows the
IP address, subnet mask and default gateway of a network you are connected to.

Figure 52. IP Configuration in CMD Window

Assigning a static IP Address

In a home network with several computers and devices, it is ideal to assign each of them a
specific address. This is for the purpose of avoiding problems when you do troubleshooting
which requires figuring out the IP address of each of them. It is also a means to prevent
address conflicts between the devices. You can also manage them with ease if you have
assigned their own addresses.
Here are the procedures in assigning an IP Address on a windows base computer system:
1. Open the Control Panels Network Connections icon.
2. Open the icon representing your computers network connection.
3. Click the Properties button in the Status dialog box.
4. From the list of items, choose Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

Figure 53. Wireless Network Connections Properties Dialog Box

5. Click the Properties button. The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box appears.

Figure 54. TCP / IPV4 Dialog Box

6. Type the IP address for your computer. Enter the appropriate IP Address in the IP address
section.
7. Type a subnet mask. The value used on a local network is commonly 255.255.255.0, but it
can be different, such as 255.255.255.127.
8. Type the default gateway address. The default gateway is the router, so type the routers
address. Figure 54 shows an example of assigning an IP Address, Subnet mask and default
gateway.

Figure 55. Assigning an IP Address

9. Type the address for the preferred DNS server. The address should be obtained from your
Internet Service Protocol. It is used to help your computer find web pages and other
addresses on the internet.
10. Type the address for the alternate DNS server. The alternate Domain Name System (DNS)
servers IP address is something that your ISP provides.
11. Click OK to confirm the settings.
12. Close all other open dialog boxes and windows.
Assigning a Dynamic IP Address
If more than a few computers comprise the LAN, manually configuring IP addresses for every
host on the network can be time-consuming and prone to errors. In this case, using a
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server would automatically assign IP addresses
and greatly simplify the addressing process.

Figure 56. Assigning a Dynamic IP Address

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a software utility used to dynamically
assign IP addresses to network devices. This dynamic process eliminates the need to
manually assign IP addresses. A DHCP server can be set up and the hosts can be configured
to automatically obtain an IP address. When a computer is set to obtain an IP address
automatically, the other entire IP addressing configuration boxes are dimmed or disabled.
The server maintains a list of IP addresses to assign, and it manages the process so that
every device on the network receives a unique IP address. Each address is held for a
predetermined amount of time. When the time expires, the DHCP server can use this address
for any computer that joins the network.
These are the IP address information that a DHCP server can assign to hosts:

IP address

Subnet mask

Default gateway

Optional values, such as a Domain Name System (DNS) server address

The DHCP server receives a request from a host. The server then selects IP address
information from a set of predefined addresses that are stored in a database. After the IP
address information is selected, the DHCP server offers these values to the requesting host
on the network. If the host accepts the offer, the DHCP server leases the IP address for a
specific period of time.
Using a DHCP server simplifies the administration of a network because the software keeps
track of IP addresses. Automatically configuring TCP/IP also reduces the possibility of
assigning duplicate or invalid IP addresses. Before a computer on the network can take
advantage of the DHCP server services, the computer must be able to identify the server on
the local network. You can configure a computer to accept an IP address from a DHCP server
by clicking the Obtain an IP address automatically option in the NIC configuration window, as
shown in Figure 56.
If your computer cannot communicate with the DHCP server to obtain an IP address, the
Windows operating system automatically assigns a private IP address. If your computer is

assigned an IP address in the range of 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255, it can communicate

with only other computers in the same range. An example of when these private addresses
would be useful is in a classroom lab where you want to prevent access outside to your
network. This operating system feature is called Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA).
APIPA continually requests an IP address from a DHCP server for your computer.

Ping
The ping is a Command Prompt command used to test the ability of the source computer to
reach a specified destination computer. The ping command is usually used as a simple way
to verify that a computer can communicate over the network with another computer or
network device. The ping command operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP) Echo Request messages to the destination computer and waiting for a response. How
many of those responses are returned, and how long it takes for them to return, are the two
major pieces of information that the ping command provides.
Table 8. Ping Command Syntax
Syntax

Description

-t

Using this option will ping the target until you force it to stop using Ctrl-C.

-a This ping command option will

address target.

resolve,

if possible, the hostname of an IP

-n count

This option sets the number of ICMP Echo Request messages to send. If you
execute the ping command without this option, four requests will be sent.

-l size

Use this option to set the size, in bytes, of the echo request packet from 32 to
65,527. The ping command will send a 32 byte echo request if you do not use
the -l option.

-f

Use this ping command option to prevent ICMP Echo Requests from being
fragmented by routers between you and the target. The -f option is most often
used to troubleshoot Path Maximum Transmission Unit (PMTU) issues.

-i TTL

This option sets the Time to Live (TTL) value, the maximum of which is 255. TOS
This option allows you to set a Type of Service (TOS) value. Beginning in
Windows 7, this option no longer functions but still exists for compatibility
reasons.

-r count

Use this ping command option to specify the number of hops between the
computer and the target computer or device that you would like to be recorded
and displayed. The maximum value for count is 9 so usethe tracert command
instead. If you are interested in viewing all hops between two devices.

-s count

Use this option to report the time, in Internet Timestamp format, that each echo
request is received and echo reply is sent. The maximum value for count is 4
which means that only the first four hops can be time stamped.

-w timeout

Specifying a timeout value when executing the ping command adjusts the
amount of time, in milliseconds, that ping waits for each reply. If you do not use
the -w option, the default timeout value is used which is 4000, or 4 seconds.

-R

This option tells the ping command to trace the round trip path.

-S srcaddr

Use this option to specify the source address.

-4

This forces the ping command to use IPv4 only but is only necessary if target is
a hostname and not an IP address.

-6

This forces the ping command to use IPv6 only but as with the -4 option, is only
necessary when pinging a hostname.

target

This is the destination you wish to ping, which is either an IP address or a

hostname.

/?

Use the help switch with the ping command to show detailed help about the
command's several options.

Using the ping Command

Ping is one of your most important tools in troubleshooting Internet problems. It shows you
whether the Domain Name Server is working, whether the computer you are trying to talk to
is reachable, and how long it takes to get there. It does this at a very low level only the
most basic Internet functions have to be up and running.
1) Click on Start Button, then type cmd (command prompt) on the search box.
2) A black screen will appear as shown in the figure below.
3) Type ping followed by the IP address you desire to verify. The figure below shows the
screen of the ping command and its output.

Figure 57. Step 3

Figure 58. Pinging

This output shows several things:
Decoding names to network addresses A domain name server (DNS) resolves machine
names to numeric addresses. A single machine can have many names, all of which resolve to
the same Internet address. In the example just given, the name www.google.com resolves to
the Internet address 122.2.152.23.
Round-trip response time The parts of the replies that say things like time=105ms show
you how long it took from the time the client machine sent out the ping message until a reply
came back (1 ms is 1 millisecond, or one thousandth of a second). The variability in the times

you see reflects that networks do not always respond identically. Differing amounts of traffic
on the communication lines or differing loads on the server are common causes. You will see
very different response times depending on the access equipment you use. Routing hop
count The part of the replies that says TTL=50 tells you about the route the message took
from one point to another. The acronym TTL stands for Time to Live, which is a measure of
how many rerouting from one point to another the packet has to go through before IP
declares it undeliverable. The number following TTL (called the hop count) is a number that
usually starts at 255 and counts down by one every time the message gets rerouted through
an intermediary computer.
I.

Protocols

Directions: In this worksheet, write the name of the protocol and the default port(s) for each
protocol definition in the table. Do this on your notebook.
Be prepared to discuss your answers in front of the class.

II. Identifying IP Address Classes

Directions: In this worksheet, your teacher will write several IP addresses with their
appropriate subnet masks. You will copy the IP address and Subnet Mask. You will write which
IP Address Class is appropriate in the IP Address Class column in the chart below. An example
has been provided for you.
Be prepared to discuss the IP Address Class you select.
IP Address
10.0.0.0

Subnet Mask
255.0.0.0

IP Address Class
A

To deepen your understanding with regard to the Internet Protocols, IP Address and
subneting, utilize the Internet and the website www.professormesser.com, watch and learn
from the video presentations. Use the URLs below:
1. http://www.professormesser.com/n10-005/binary-math-2/
2. http://www.professormesser.com/n10-005/ip-classes/
3. http://www.professormesser.com/n10-005/networkingprotocols/
4. http://www.professormesser.com/n10-005/subnetting/