2 Conduction Tutorial 1

HEAT TRANSFER
TUTORIAL CONDUCTION
(1)
Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its

simplest form as
T
2T
k 2 = C p
t
x
(a) Is heat transfer steady or transient?
(b) Is heat transfer one-, two-, or three-dimensional?
(c) Is there heat generation in the medium?
(d) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or variable?
(2)

simplest form as
1 d T
rk
+ q&gen = 0
r dr r
(3)

simplest form as
1 2 T
r
r 2 r r
1 T
=
t

(4)

simplest form as
2T dT
+
=0
r 2 dr

(5)

simplest form as
2T 2T 1 T
+
=
x 2 y 2 t
(6)

simplest form as
1 d T d T
rk
+ k
+ q&gen = 0
r dr r dz z
(7)

simplest form as
1 2 T
1
2T 1 T
r
+
=
r 2 r r r 2 sin 2 2 t
(8)
Assume
steady-state,
one-dimensional
heat
conduction
through
the
axisymmetric shape shown on the right. Assume constant properties and no

internal heat generation, sketch the temperature distribution on T-x
coordinates.
(9)
A hot water pipe with outside radius r1 has a temperature T1.
A thick
insulation applied to reduce the heat loss has an outer radius r2 and
temperature T2. On T-r coordinates, sketch the temperature distribution in the
insulation for one-dimentional, steady-state heat transfer with constant
properties.
(10)
Assume steady-state, one-dimensional heat conduction through the symmetric

shape shown. Assuming that there is no internal heat generation, derive an
expression for the thermal conductivity k(x) for these conditions: A(x) = (1-x),
T(x) = 300(1 2x x3), and q = 6000 W, where A is in square meters, T in
Kelvin, and x in meters.
qx
(11)
A cylinder of radius r0, length L, and thermal conductivity k is immersed in a

fluid of convection coefficient h and unknown temperature T. At a certain
instant the temperature distribution in the cylinder is T(r) = a + br2, where a
and b are constants. Obtain expressions for the heat transfer rate at the fluid
temperature.
(12)
One dimensional, steady-state conduction without heat generation occurs in

the system shown. The thermal conductivity is 25 W/m.K and the thickness L
is 0.5m. Determine the unknown quantities for each case in the accompanying
table and sketch the temperature distribution, indicating the direction of the
heat flux.
T1
T2
L
Case
T1
dT/dx
qx
(K/m)
(W/m2)
400 K
100 C
-250
80 C
200
4
5
(13)
T2
300 K
-5 C
30 C
Consider a plane wall 100 mm thick and of thermal conductivity 100 W/m.K.
Steady-state conditions are known to exist with T1 = 400 K and T2 = 600 K.
Determine the heat flux and the temperature gradient for the coordinate
systems shown.
(14)
Consider a large plane wall of thickness L _ 0.2 m, thermal conductivity k

=1.2 W/m K, and surface area A = 15 m2. The two sides of the wall are
maintained at constant temperatures of T1 = 120C and T2 = 50C,
respectively. Determine (a) the variation of temperature within the wall and
the value of temperature at x = 0.1 m and (b) the rate of heat conduction
through the wall under steady conditions.
(Ans: 85C, 6300W)
(15)
Consider steady one-dimensional heat conduction in a large plane wall of

thickness L and constant thermal conductivity k with no heat generation.
Obtain expressions for the variation of temperature within the wall for the
following pair of boundary conditions:
(16)
dT (0 )
= q 0'' = 40 W cm 2
dx
and
T (0) = T0 = 15 o C
Consider the base plate of a 1200-W household iron that has a thickness of L =
0.5 cm, base area of A = 300 cm2, and thermal conductivity of k = 15 W/m
K. The inner surface of the base plate is subjected to uniform heat flux
generated by the resistance heaters inside, and the outer surface loses heat to
the surroundings at T = 20C by convection, as shown in the figure below.
Taking the convection heat transfer coefficient to be h _ 80 W/m2 K and
disregarding heat loss by radiation, obtain an expression for the variation of
temperature in the base plate, and evaluate the temperatures at the inner and
the outer surfaces.
(Ans: 533C, 520C)
(17)
Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.06 m and thermal conductivity

k = 1.2 W/m C in space. The wall is covered with white porcelain tiles that
have an emissivity of = 0.85 and a solar absorptivity of = 0.26, as shown
in Figure 248. The inner surface of the wall is maintained at T1 = 300 K at all
times, while the outer surface is exposed to solar radiation that is incident at a
rate of 800 W/m2. The outer surface is also losing heat by radiation to deep
space at 0 K. Determine the temperature of the outer surface of the wall and
the rate of heat transfer through the wall when steady operating conditions are
reached. What would your response be if no solar radiation was incident on
the surface?
(Ans: 292.7 K, 146 W/m2)
(18)
Consider a steam pipe of length 20 m, inner radius of 6 cm, outer radius of 8

cm, and thermal conductivity of 20 W/m C, as shown in the figure below.
The inner and outer surfaces of the pipe are maintained at average
temperatures of 150C and 60C, respectively. Obtain a general relation for
the temperature distribution inside the pipe under steady conditions, and
determine the rate of heat loss from the steam through the pipe.
(Ans: 786 kW)
(19)
Consider a spherical container of inner radius of 8 cm, outer radius of 10 cm,

and thermal conductivity of 45 W/m C, as shown in Figure 252. The inner
and outer surfaces of the container are maintained at constant temperatures of
200C and 80C, respectively, as a result of some chemical reactions
occurring inside. Obtain a general relation for the temperature distribution
inside the shell under steady conditions, and determine the rate of heat loss
from the container.
(Ans: 27,140
W)
(20)
When a long section of a compressed air line passes through the outdoors, it is
observed that the moisture in the compressed air freezes in cold weather,
disrupting and even completely blocking the air flow in the pipe. To avoid
this problem, the outer surface of the pipe is wrapped with electric strip
heaters and then insulated.
Consider a compressed air pipe of length 6 m, inner radius 3.7 cm, outer
radius 4.0 cm, and thermal conductivity 14 W/m C equipped with a 300-W
strip heater. Air is flowing through the pipe at an average temperature of 10C,
and the average convection heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface is 30
W/m2 C. Assuming 15 percent of the heat generated in the strip heater is
lost through the insulation, (a) express the differential equation and the
boundary conditions for steady one-dimensional heat conduction through the
pipe, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in the pipe material
by solving the differential equation, and (c) evaluate the inner and outer
surface temperatures of the pipe.
(Ans: (c) 3.91C, 3.87C)
(21)
In a food processing facility, a spherical container of inner radius 40 cm, outer

radius 41 cm, and thermal conductivity 1.5 W/m K is used to store hot water
and to keep it at 100C at all times. To accomplish this, the outer surface of
the container is wrapped with a 500-W electric strip heater and then insulated.
The temperature of the inner surface of the container is observed to be nearly
100C at all times. Assuming 10 percent of the heat generated in the heater is
lost through the insulation, (a) express the differential equation and the
boundary conditions for steady one-dimensional heat conduction through the
container, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in the container
material by solving the differential equation, and (c) evaluate the outer surface
temperature of the container. Also determine how much water at 100C this
tank can supply steadily if the cold water enters at 20C

2 Conduction Tutorial 1

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2 Conduction Tutorial 1

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HEAT TRANSFER

Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its

Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its

Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its

(a) Is heat transfer steady or transient?

Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its

(a) Is heat transfer steady or transient?

Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its

Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its

Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its

axisymmetric shape shown on the right. Assume constant properties and no

A hot water pipe with outside radius r1 has a temperature T1.

Assume steady-state, one-dimensional heat conduction through the symmetric

A cylinder of radius r0, length L, and thermal conductivity k is immersed in a

One dimensional, steady-state conduction without heat generation occurs in

Consider a large plane wall of thickness L _ 0.2 m, thermal conductivity k

Consider steady one-dimensional heat conduction in a large plane wall of

Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.06 m and thermal conductivity

Consider a steam pipe of length 20 m, inner radius of 6 cm, outer radius of 8

Consider a spherical container of inner radius of 8 cm, outer radius of 10 cm,

In a food processing facility, a spherical container of inner radius 40 cm, outer

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