Supporting Material

COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS XI
One Paper Three Hours Max. Marks. 100

Units Marks
I. Sets and Functions 29
II. Algebra 37
III. Coordinate Geometry 13
IV. Calculus 06
V. Mathematical Reasoning 03
VI. Statistics and Probability 12
Total 100
Unit-I : Sets and Functions

1. Sets:
Sets and their representations. Empty set. Finite and Infinite sets. Equal
sets. Subsets. Subsets of the set of real numbers especially intervals (with
notations). Power set. Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and
Intersection of sets. Difference of sets. Complement of a set. Properties of
Complement Sets. Practice Problems based on sets
2. Relations and Functions:

Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets. Number of elements in the
cartesian product of two finite sets. Cartesian product of the set of reals
(upto R R R). Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams, domain,
codomain and range of a relation. Function as a special kind of relation
from one set to another. Pictorial representation of a function, domain,
1 [XI Mathematics]
co-domain and range of a function. Real valued functions, domain and
range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus,
signum exponential, logarithrnic functions and greatest integer functions,
with their graphs. Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions.
3. Trigonometric Functions:
Positive and negative angles. Measuring angles in radians and in degrees
and conversion from one measure to another. Definition of trigonometric
functions with the help of unit circle. Truth of the identity sin2x + cos2x = 1,
for all x. Signs of trigonometric functions. Domain and range of
trigonometric functions and their graphs. Expressing sin (x y) and cos (x
y) in terms of sin x, sin y, cosx and cos y. Deducing the identities like the
following:
tan x tan y cot x cot y 1

sin( x y) ,cot( x y)
1 tan x tan y cot y cot x
x y x y x y x y
sin x sin y 2sin cos , cos x cos y 2 cos cos ,
2 2 2 2
x y x y x y x y,
sin x sin y 2 cos sin , cos x cos y 2sin sin
2 2 2 2
Identities related to sin 2x, cos 2x, tan 2x, sin 3x, cos 3x and tan 3x. General
solution of trigonometric equations of the type sin y = sin a, cos y = cos a
and tan y = tan a.
Unit-II: Algebra
1. Principle of Mathematical Induction:

Process of the proof by induction, motivating the applications of the method
by looking at natural numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers.
The principle of mathematical induction and simple applications.
2. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations:
Need for complex numbers, especially 1 , to be motivated by inability to
solve some of the quadratic equations. Algebraic properties of complex
numbers. Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers.
Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, solution of quadratic
equations in the complex number system. Square root of a complex
number.
2 [XI Mathematics]
3. Linear Inequalities:
Linear inequalities. Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable
and their representation on the number line. Graphical solution of linear
inequalities in two variables. Graphical solution of system of linear
inequalities in two variables.
4. Permutations and Combinations:

Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial n (n!) Permutations and
combinations, derivation of formulae and their connections, simple
applications.
5. Binomial Theorem:
History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral
indices. Pascals triangle, General and middle term in binomial expansion,
simple applications.
6. Sequence and Series:

General term of a G.P., sum of n terms of a G.P., Arithmetic and Geometric
series, Infinite G.P. and its sum, geometric mean (G.M.), relation between
A.M. and G.M. Sum to n terms of the special series
n n n
k , k 2 and k 3
k 1 k 1 k 1
Unit-III: Coordinate Geometry

1. Straight Lines:
Brief recall of two-dimensional geometry from earlier classes. Shifting of
origin. Slope of a line and angle between two lines. Various forms of
equations of a line: parallel to axes, point-slope form, slope-intercept form,
two-point form, intercept form and normal form. General equation of a line.
Equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two
lines. Distance of a point from a line.
2. Conic Sections:
Sections of a cone: circles, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point, a straight
line and a pair of intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic
section. Standard equations and simple properties of parabola, ellipse and
hyperbola. Standard equation of a circle.
3 [XI Mathematics]
3. Introduction to Three-Dimensional Geometry
Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions. Coordinates
of a point. Distance between two points and section formula.
Unit-IV: Calculus
1. Limits and Derivatives:
Derivative introduced as rate of change of distance function and
geometrically.
Intuitive idea of limit. Limits of Polynomials and rational function,
trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Definition of
derivative, relate it to slope of tangent of a curve, derivative of sum,
difference, product and quotient of functions. Derivatives of polynomial and
trigonometric functions.
Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning

1. Mathematical Reasoning
Mathematically acceptable statements. Connecting words/phrases
consolidating the understanding of if and only if (necessary and sufficient)
condition, implies, and/or, implied by, and, or, there exists and
their use through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics.
Validating the statements involving the connecting words, difference
between contradiction, converse and contrapositive.
Unit-VI: Statistics and Probability

1. Statistics
Measure of dispersion, range, mean deviation, variance and standard
deviation of ungrouped/grouped data.
Analysis of frequency distributions with equal mean but different variances.
2. Probability
Random experiments, outcomes; Sample spaces (set representation);
Event; Occurrence of events, "not', "and" and "or" events. exhaustive
events, mutually exclusive events, Axiomatic (set theoretic) probability
connections with the theories of earlier classes. Probability of an event,
probability of "not", "and" and "or" events.
4 [XI Mathematics]
MATHEMATICS (CODE - 041)
Question paper design class XI (2016-17)
Time 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
S.No. Typology of Questions Very Long Long Marks %

Short Answer I Answer II Weigh
Answer (4 marks) (6 marks) tage
(1 M)
1. Remembering (Knowledge based

Simple recall questions, to know
specific facts, terms, concepts, 2 3 1 20 20%
principles, or theories; Identify,
define, or recite, information)
2. Understanding (Comprehension
to be familiar with meaning and to
understand conceptually, interpret, 2 2 2 22 22%
compare, contrast, explain,
paraphrase information)
3. Application (Use abstract

information in concrete situation, to
apply knowledge to new situations; 1 4 2 29 29%
Use given content to interpret a
situation, provide an example, or
solve a problem)
4. High Order Thinking Skills

(Analysis & Synthesis-classify,
compare, contrast, or differentiate
between different pieces of 1 2 1 15 15%
information; Organise and/or
integrate unique pieces of
information from a variety of
sources)
5. Evaluation (Appraise, judge, and/ 1+1

or justify the value or worth of a
1 14 14%
decision or outcome, or to predict (values
outcomes based on values) based)
TOTAL 61= 6 134= 52 76=42 100 100
5 [XI Mathematics]
QUESTION WISE BREAK UP
Type of Marks per Total Number Total

Questions Question of Questions Marks
VSA 1 6 06
LA - I 4 13 52
LA - II 6 7 42
Total 26 100
1. No chapter wise weightage. Care to be taken to cover all the chapters.
The above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be

made for generating similar templates keeping the overall weightage to
different form of questions and typology of questions same
6 [XI Mathematics]
CHAPTER - 1
SETS
KEY POINTS
A set is a well-defined collection of objects.
There are two methods of representing a set:

(a) Roster or Tabular form e.g. natural numbers less
than 5 = {1, 2, 3, 4}
(b) Set-builder form or Rule method e.g.: Vowels in English

alphabet = {x : x is a vowel in the
English alphabet }
Types of sets:
(i) Empty set or Null set or void set
(ii) Finite set
(iii) Infinite set
(iv) Singleton set
Subset : A set A is said to be a subset of set
B if a A a B, a A . We write it as A B
Equal sets : Two sets A and B are equal if they have exactly the
same elements i.e A = B if A B and B A
Power set : The collection of all subsets of a set A is called power

set of A, denoted by P(A) i.e. P(A) = { B : B A }
If A is a set with n(A) = m then n [P(A)] = 2m.
Equivalent sets : Two finite sets A and B are equivalent, if their

cardinal numbers are same i.e., n(A) = n(B).
7 [XI Mathematics]
Proper subset and super set : If A B then A is called the proper
subset of B and B is called the superset of A.
Types of Intervals
Open Interval (a, b) = { x R:a<x<b}
Closed Interval [a, b] = { x R:a x b}
Semi open or Semi closed Interval,
(a,b] = { x R : a < x b}
[a,b) = { x R : a x < b}
Union of two sets A and B is,
A B={x:x A or x B }
B
U A
AUB
Intersection of two sets A and B is,

A B={x:x A and x B}
Disjoint sets: Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if A B =
U A B
8 [XI Mathematics]
Difference of sets A and B is,
A B={x:x A and x B}
B
U A
AB
Difference of sets B and A is,
BA={x:x B and x A}
Complement of a set A, denoted by A' or Ac is

A' = Ac = U A = { x : x U and x A}
Properties of complement sets :

1. Complement laws
(i) A A' = U (ii) A A' = (iii) (A')' = A
2. De Morgan's Laws
(i) (A B)' = A' B' (ii) (A B)' = A' B'
Note : This law can be extended to any number of sets.
9 [XI Mathematics]
3. ' = and ' =
4. If A B then B A
Laws of Algebra of sets.

(i) A =A
(ii) A =
AB=A B' = A (A B)
Commutative Laws :
(i) A B=B A (ii) A B=B A
Associative Laws :
(i) (A B) C =A (B C)
(ii) (A B) C=A (B C)
Distributive Laws :
(i) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(ii) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
If A B, then A B = A and A B=B
When A and B are disjoint n(A B) = n(A) + n(B)
When A and B are not disjoint n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B)
n(A B C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) n(A B) n(B C)
n(A C) + n(A B C)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
Which of the following are sets? Justify your answer.

1. The collection of all the months of a year beginning with letter M
10 [XI Mathematics]
2. The collection of difficult topics in Mathematics.
Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Insert the appropriate symbol or in blank
spaces: (Question- 3,4)
3. 2 ______ A
4. 5 ______ A
5. Write the set A = { x : x is an integer, 1 x < 4} in roster form

6. Let U be the universal set of all students of class XI of
Co-educational school and A be the set of all boys in class XI.
Find A. What is the importance of co-education in our school
system?
7. Write the set B = {3,9,27,81} in set-builder form.
Which of the following are empty sets? Justify. (Question- 8,9)
8. A = { x : x N and 3 <x <4}
9. B = { x : x N and x2 = x}
Which of the following sets are finite or Infinite? Justify.
(Question-10,11)
10. The set of all the points on the circumference of a circle.
11. B = { x : x N and x is an even prime number}
12. Are sets A = { 2,2}, B = { x : x Z, x2 4 = 0} equal? Why?
13. Write (5,9] in set-builder form
14. Write {x : x R, 3 x < 7} as interval.

15. If A = { 1,3,5}, how many elements has P(A)?
16. Write all the possible subsets of A = {5,6}.

If A = Set of letters of the word DELHI and B= the set of letters
the words DOLL find (Question- 17,18,19)
11 [XI Mathematics]
17. A B
18. A B
19. AB
20. BA
21. Are sets A = {1,2,3,4}, B = { x : x N and 5 x 7} disjoint? Why?
What is Represents by the shaded regions in each of the following
Venn-diagrams. (Question 22,23)
22.
23.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
24. If = { x : x N and x 10}

A = { x : x is prime and x 10}
B = { x : x is a factor of 24}
Verify the following result

(i) AB=A B
12 [XI Mathematics]
(ii) (A B)=A B
(iii) (A B)=A B
25. Find sets A,B and C such that A B, B C and A C are non-
empty sets and A B C =
26. For any sets A and B show that

(i) (A B) (AB) =A (ii) A (BA) =A B
27. On the Real axis, If A=[0,3]and B=[2,6], than find the following
(i) A (ii) AB
(iii) AB (iv) AB
28. In a survey of 450 people, it was found that 110 play cricket, 160
play tennis and 70 play both cricket as well as tennis. How many
play neither cricket nor tennis?
29. In a group of students, 225 students know French, 100 know
Spanish and 45 know both. Each student knows either French or
Spanish. How many students are there in the group?
30. For all set A, B and C is (A B) C = A (B C)? Justify your
answer.
31. Two sets A and B are such that n(A B)=21, n(A B)=9,
n(A B)=7 find n(A B)
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)
32. In a town of 10,000 families it was found that 40% families buy
newspaper A, 20% families buy newspaper B and 10% families
by newspaper C. 5% families buy A and B, 3%, buy B and C and
4% buy A and C. If 2% families buy all the three newspapers, find
the no of families which buy (1) A only (2) B only (3) none of A, B
and C (4) exactly two newspapers (5) exactly one newspaper (6)
A and C but not B (7) at least one of A,B, C. What is the
importance of reading newspaper?
13 [XI Mathematics]
33. In a group of 84 persons, each plays at least one game out of
three viz. tennis, badminton and cricket. 28 of them play cricket,
40 play tennis and 48 play badminton. If 6 play both cricket and
badminton and 4 play tennis and badminton and no one plays all
the three games, find the number of persons who play cricket but
not tennis. What is the importance of sports in daily life?
34. In a class, 18 students took Physics, 23 students took Chemistry

and 24 students took Mathematics of these 13 took both
Chemistry and Mathematics, 12 took both Physics and Chemistry
and 11 took both Physics and Mathematics. If 6 students offered
all the three subjects, find:
(1) The total number of students.
(2) How many took Maths but not Chemistry.
(3) How many took exactly one of the three subjects.
35. Using properties of sets and their complements prove that
(1) (A B) (A B) = A
(2) A (A B) = A B
(3) (A B) C = (A C) (B C)
(4) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(5) A (B C) = (A B) (A C).
36. If A is the set of all divisors of the number 15. B is the set of prime
numbers smaller than 10 and C is the set of even number smaller
than 9, then find the value of (A C) B.
37. Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of
subsets of first set is 56 more than the total number of subsets
of the second set. Find the value of m and n.
14 [XI Mathematics]
X {4n 3n 1 : n N }
38. If
Y {9(n 1) : n N}
Find the value of X Y
39. A survey show that 63% people watch news channel A whereas
76% people watch news channel B. If x% of people watch both
news channels, then prove that 39 x 63 .
40. From 50 students taking examination in Mathematics, Physics

and chemistry, each of the student has passed in at least one of
the subject, 37 passes Mathematics, 24 Physics and 43
chemistry. At most 19 passed Mathematics and Physics, almost
29 Mathematics and chemistry and at most 20 Physics and
chemistry. What is the largest passible number that could have
passes in all the three subjects?
ANSWERS
1. Set 2. Not a set
3. 4.
5. A = {1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
6. A = The set of all girls students of class XI
7. B = { x : x = 3n , n N and 1 n 4}
8. Empty set because no natural number is lying between 3 and 4
9. Non-empty set because B = {1}
10. Infinite set because circle is a collection of infinite points whose

distances from the centre is constant called radius.
11. Finite set because B = {2}
15 [XI Mathematics]
12. Yes, because x2 4 = 0; x = 2, 2 both are integers
13. {x: x R, 5 < x 9} 14. [ 3,7)
15. 23 = 8 16. , {5}, {6}, {5,6}
17. A B = {D, E, L, H, I, O} 18. A B = {D, L}
19. A B = {E, H, I} 20. B A = {O}
21. Yes, because A B = 22. (A B) (B A)
23. (A B) C
25. A = {1,2} B = {1,3} C = {2,3}
27. (i) (0) (3, ) (ii) [0,6]
(iii) [2,3] (iv) [0,2)

28. Hint: = set of people surveyed
A set of people who play cricket
B = set of people who play tennis
Number of people who play neither cricket nor tennis
= n [(A B)'] = n(U) n (A B)
= 450 200
= 250
29. There are 280 students in the group.
30. No, For example A = {1,2}, B = {2,3},C = {3.4}
16 [XI Mathematics]
31. 23
32. (i) 3300 (ii) 1400 (iii) 4000 (iv) 800 (v) 4800 (vi) 400 (vii) 5800
33. 6 34. (i) 35 (ii) 11 (iii) 11
36. {2,3,5} 37. n=3 m=6
38. Y 40. 14
17 [XI Mathematics]
CHAPTER 2
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
KEY POINTS
Cartesian Product of two non-empty sets A and B is given by,

A B = { (a,b) : a A, b B}
If (a,b) = (x, y), then a = x and b = y
Relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a

subset of AB.
Domain of R = {a : (a,b) R}
Range of R = { b : (a,b) R}
Co-domain of R = Set B
Range Co-domain
If n(A) = p, n(B) = q then n(AB) = p q and number of relations

= 2pq
Image : If the element x of A corresponds to y B under the
function f, then we say that y is image of x under f
f (x) = y
If f (x) = y, then x is preimage of y.
A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every
element of set A has one and only one image in set B.
Df = {x : f(x) is defined} Rf = {f(x) : x Df}
Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets such that n(A) = p and
n(B) = q then number of functions from A to B = q p.
18 [XI Mathematics]
Identity function, f : R R; f(x) = x x R, where R is the set of
real numbers.
Df = R Rf = R
Y
X O X
Constant function, f : R R; f(x) = c x R where c is a constant
Df = R Rf = {c}
Modulus function, f : R R; f(x) = |x| x R
Df = R
Rf = R+ {0} = { x : x R: x 0}
Y
X O X
19 [XI Mathematics]

Signum function
1,if x > 0 x
,x0
f : R R ; f (x) = 0,if x = 0 and f (x) = x
1,if x < 0 0, x = 0

Then
Df = R
and Rf = {1,0,1}
Y
y=1
1
X X
O
1
y = 1
Y
Greatest Integer functionf : R R; f(x) = [x], x R assumes the

value of the greatest integer, less than or equal to x
Df = R Rf = Z
3 Y
1
X X
2 1 O 1 2 3 4
1
2
20 [XI Mathematics]
f : R R, f(x) = x2
Df = R Rf = [0,
Y
X X
O
f : R R, f(x) = x3
Df = R Rf = R
Y
O
X X
Exponential function, f : R R ; f(x) = ax, a > 0, a 1

Df = R Rf = (0, )
Y Y
(0, 1) (0, 1)
X X X X
O O
Y Y
0<a<1 a>1
21 [XI Mathematics]
Natural exponential function, f(x) = ex
1 1 1
e 1 ..., 2 e 3
1! 2! 3!
Logarithmic functions, f : (0, ) R ; f(x) log a x , a > 0, a 1
Df = (0, ) R
f =R
Natural logarithrnic function f(x) = logex or log x.
Let f : X R and g : X R be any two real functions where

x R then
(f g) (x) = f(x) g(x) x X
(fg) (x) = f(x) g(x) x X
f f x
x x X provided g x 0
g g x
1. Find a and b if (a 1, b + 5) = (2, 3)
If A = {1,3,5}, B = {2,3}, find : (Question-2, 3)
2. AB
3. BA
22 [XI Mathematics]
Let A = {1,2}, B = {2,3,4}, C = {4,5}, find (Question- 4,5)
4. A (B C)
5. A (B C)
6. If P = {1,3}, Q = {2,3,5}, find the number of relations from P to Q
7. If R = {(x,y): x,y Z, x + y = 64}, then,
Write R in roster form
Which of the following relations are functions? Give reason.

(Questions 8 to 10)
8. R = { (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (4,5)}
9. R = { (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4)}
10. R = { (1,2), (2,5), (3,8), (4,10), (5,12), (6,12)}
11. If A and B are finite sets such that n(A) = 5 and n(B) = 7, then find
the number of functions from A to B.
12. If f(x) = x23x + 1 find x R such that f (2x) = f (x)
Let f and g be two real valued functions, defined by,
f(x) = x, g(x) = x .
Find: (Question 13 to 16)

13. f+g
14. fg
15. fg
f
16.
g
23 [XI Mathematics]
17. If f(x) = x3, find the value of,
f 5 f 1
5 1
18. Find the domain of the real function,
f x x2 4
x2 2 x 3
19. Find the domain of the function, f x
x2 5x 6
Find the range of the following functions. (Question- 20,21)
1
20. f ( x)
4 x2
21. f(x) = x2 + 2
22. Find the domain of the relation,
R = {(x, y): x, y Z, xy = 4}
Find the range of the following relations: (Question-23, 24)
23. R = {(a,b) : a, b N and 2a + b = 10}
1
24. R x, : x z , 0 x 6
x
25. Let A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {1,4,9,16,25} and R be a relation defined

from A to B as,
R = {(x, y): x A, y B and y = x2}
24 [XI Mathematics]
(a) Depict this relation using arrow diagram.
(b) Find domain of R.
(c) Find range of R.
(d) Write co-domain of R.
26. If A = {2,4,6,9} B = {4,6,18,27,54} and a relation R from A to B is
defined by R = {(a,b): a A, b B, a is a factor of b and a < b},
then find in Roster form. Also find its domain and range.
x 2 , when 0 x 2.
27. Let f ( x)
2 x, when 2 x 5.
x 2 , when 0 x 3.
g ( x)
2 x, when 3 x 5.
Show that f is a function while g is not a function.

28. Find the domain and range of,
f(x) = |2x 3| 3
29. Draw the graph of the Greatest Integer function
30. Draw the graph of the Constant functionf : R R; f(x) = 2 x
R. Also find its domain and range.
31. Draw the graph of the function |x 2|
Find the domain and range of the following real functions

(Question 32 to 37)
32. f ( x) x 2 4
x 1
33. f ( x)
x2
x 1
34. f ( x)
x 1
25 [XI Mathematics]
x2 9
35. f ( x)
x 3
4 x
36. f ( x)
x4
37. f ( x) 1 x 3
38. Determine a quadratic function (f) is defined by f(x) = ax + bx + c

If f(0) = 6; f(2) = 11, f(3) = 6
1 2 x x 0.
39. Draw the graph of the function f ( x) also find its
3 5 x x 0.
range.
40. Draw the graph of following function
x
x 0.
f ( x) x
0 x 0.

Also find its range.
Find the domain of the following function.
1
41. f ( x)
x x
1
42. f ( x)
x x
1
43. f ( x)
[ x] [ x] 6
1
44. f ( x)
9 x2
1
45. f ( x) 4 x
x2 1
26 [XI Mathematics]
46. Find the domain for which the followings:
f ( x) 2 x 2 1 and g ( x ) 1 3 x are equal.
1
f ( x) f ( x3 ) 3 f .
1 3
47. If f ( x ) x prove that
x x
48. If [x] denotes the greatest integer function. Find the solution set of
equation.
[ x]2 5[ x] 6 0
ax b
49. If f ( x) y
bx a
Find the value of f(y)
50. Draw the graph of following function and find range (R f ) of
f ( x) x 2 2 x 3 x 3
ANSWERS
1. a = 3, b = 2
2. A B = {(1,2), (1,3), (3,2), (3,3), (5,2), (5,3)}
3. B A = { (2,1), (2,3), (2,5), (3,1), (3,3), (3,5)}
4. {(1,4), (2,4)}
5. {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5)}
6. 26 = 64
7. R = { (0,8), (0,8), (8,0), (8,0) }
8. Not a function because 4 has two images.
9. Not a function because 2 does not have a unique image.
10. Function because every element in the domain has its unique
image.
27 [XI Mathematics]
11. 75
12. 0,1
2 x x 0 0 x 0
13. f g 14. f g
0 x0 2 x x 0
x 2 x 0
15. fg 2
x x 0
f 1 x 0 f
16. and Note -: is not defined at x = 0
g 1 x 0 g
17. 31 18. (, 2] [2, )
19. R {2,3} 20. (, 0) [ , )
21. [2,) 22.{4, 2, 1,1,2,4}
1 1 1 1
24. 1, , , ,
23. {2,4,6,8} 2 3 4 5
A B
1 1
2 4
9
25. ( a) 3
16
4 25
(b) {1,2,3,4}
(c) {1,4,9,16}
(d) {1,4,9,16,25}
26. R = { (2,4) (2,6) (2,18) (2,54) (6,18) (6,54) (9,18) (9,27) (9,54) }
Domain is R = {2,6,9}
Range of R = { 4, 6, 18, 27, 54}
28 [XI Mathematics]
28. Domain is R
Range is [3, )
30. Domain = R, Range = {2}
31.
32. Domain = R
Range = [2, )
33. Domain = R {2}
Range = R {1}
34. Domain = R
Range = {1, 1}
35. Domain = R {3}
Range = R {6}
36. Domain = R {4}
Range = {1}
37. Domain = R
Range = ( , 1]
29 [XI Mathematics]
1 2 3
38. x x6 39. ( ,1) [3, )
2 2
40. Range of f = {1,0,1}
41. (0, )
42. (given function is not defined)
43. (, 2) [4, ) 44. (3,3)
1
45. (, 1) (1, 4] 46. 2,
2
48. [2,4) 49. x
50. R f 4,6 and graph is
30 [XI Mathematics]
CHAPTER - 3
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
KEY POINTS
A radian is an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc

whose length is equal to the radius of the circle. We denote 1
radian by 1c.
radian = 180 degree, 1 = 60
180
1 radian = degree and 1 = 60

1 degree = radian
180
If an arc of length l makes an angle q radian at the centre of a
circle of radius r, we have
l

r
31 [XI Mathematics]
Some Standard Results
sin (x + y) = sinx cosy + cosx siny
cos (x + y) = cosx cosy sinx siny
tan x tan y
tan(x + y)
1 tan x.tan y
cot x.cot y-1

cot(x +y) =
coty + cotx
sin (x y) = sinx cosy cosx siny
cos (x y) = cosx cosy + sinx siny
tan x tan y
tan(xy)
1 tan x.tan y
cot x.cot y 1
cot(xy)
cot y cot x
tan x tan y tan z tan x tan y tan z

tan(x +y + z) =
1 tan x tan y tan y.tan z tan z tan x
32 [XI Mathematics]
2sinx cosy = sin(x + y) + sin(x y)
2cosx siny = sin(x + y) sin(x y)
2cosx cosy = cos(x + y) + cos(x y)
2sinx siny = cos(x y) cos(x + y)
x y x y
sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos
2 2
x y x y
sin x sin y = 2 cos sin
2 2
x y x y
cos x +cos y = 2 cos cos
2 2
x y x y 2sin x y sin y x
cos x cos y = 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
2 tan x
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x =
1 tan 2 x
1 tan 2 x
cos 2x = cos x sin x = 2 cos x 1 = 1 2sin x =
2 2 2 2
1 tan 2 x
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1 tan 2 x
sin 3x = 3 sinx 4 sin3x
cos 3x = 4 cos3x 3 cos x
3tan x tan 3 x
tan 3x =
1 3tan 2 x
sin(x + y) sin(x y) = sin2x sin2y = cos2y cos2x
cos(x + y) cos(x y) = cos2x sin2y = cos2y sin2x
33 [XI Mathematics]
General solution A solution of a trigonometric equation,
generalised by means of periodicity, is known as the general
solution.
Principal solutions The solutions of a trigonometric equation

which lie in [0,2 ) are called its principal solutions.
sin = 0 = n where n z

cos = 0 = (2n , where n z
2
tan = 0 = n where n z
sin = sin = n (1)n where n z
cos = cos = 2n where n

z
tan = tan = n where n

z
5 1 10 2 5
sin18 ; cos18
4 4
10 2 5 5 1
sin 36 ; cos 36
4 4
1. Find the radian measure corresponding to
(i) 5 37' 30'' (ii) 37 30
2. Find the degree measure corresponding to
c
11
(i) (ii) 4c
16
34 [XI Mathematics]
3. (i) Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 5 cm
subtending a central angle measuring 15.
(ii) Find each interior angle of a regular decagon in radians.
19
4. Find the value of tan
3
5. Find the value of
(i) sin(1125) (ii) cos (2070)
3
6. If sin A and A . Find cos A, tan2A.
5 2
a a
7. If tan A and tan B then find the value of A + B.
a 1 2a 1
8. Express sin 12 + sin 4 as the product of sines and cosines.

9. Express 2cos 4x sin2x as an algebraic sum of sines or cosines.

10. Write the general solution of sin x 0
12
1 3 x x x
11. If cos x and x , find the value of sin , cos , tan .
3 2 2 2 2
12. Evaluate: 2 sin 75 sin 15

13. Evaluate: sin ( + x) sin ( x) coses x.
x x
14. What is sign of cos sin when
2 2

(i) 0 < x < /2 (ii) <x<
2
15. What is maximum value of 3 7cos 5x?
16. Find the value of 3 cos ec 20 sec20
35 [XI Mathematics]
17. Find angle in radians between the hands of a clock at 7:20 pm.
18. A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse moves along a
circular path, always keeping the rope tight and describes 88
metres when it traces 72 at the centre, find the length of the rope.
19. Find the minimum and maximum value of
sin 4 x cos 2 x xR
20. Solve sec x.cos 5x +1 = 0
Solve 2 tan x sec x 2 for 0 x 2 .

2 2
21.
22. Solve 3 cos x sin x 1 .
23. Solve 2 sec tan 3 .

24. Solve 3 tan x+ cot x = 5 cosec x.
25. Find x if 3 tan (x 15) = tan (x +15).
26. Solve tan x tan 2 x 3 tan x. tan 2 x 3 .
27. Solve tan x sec x 3 .

3 1 tan x cos ecx
28. If sec x 2 and x 2 , find the value of .
2 1 cot x cos ecx
1 5 3
29. If cot , sec where and , find the
2 3 2 2
value of tan( ) .
cot x 5
30. If f ( x) and then find f ( ). f ( ) .
1 cot x 4
31. Prove that tan 70 = tan 20 + 2 tan 50

32. Prove that tan 13x = tan 4x + tan 9x + tan 4x tan 9x tan 13x.
36 [XI Mathematics]
Prove the following Identities
tan 5 tan 3
33. 4 cos 2 .cos 4 .
tan 5 tan 3
cos x sin x cos x sin x

34. 2 tan 2 x .
cos x sin x cos x sin x
cos 4 x sin 3 x cos 2 x sin x

35. tan 2 x .
sin 4 x.sin x cos 6 x.cos x
1 sin cos
36. tan .
1 sin cos 2
37. tan tan tan (60 + ) = tan 3.
38. 2 2 2cos 4 2cos .
cos x x
39. tan .
1 sin x 4 2
40. cos 10 + cos 110 + cos 130 = 0.
sin( x y ) 2sin x sin( x y )

41. tan x .
cos( x y ) 2cos x cos( x y)
x 3x
42. sin x sin 2 x sin 4 x sin 5 x 4 cos .cos .sin 3 x .
2 2
sec8 1 tan 8
43.
sec 4 1 tan 2
5 1
44. cos 2 48 sin 2 12 .
8
2 4 8 1
45. cos .cos .cos .cos .
5 5 5 5 16
1
46. cos 20.cos 40.cos80 .
8
37 [XI Mathematics]
Find the general solution of the following equations
(Q.No. 44 to Q. No. 49)
47. sin 7x = sin 3x.

48. cos 3x sin 2x = 0.
49. sin x 3sin 2x sin3x cos x 3cos2x cos3x .
50. Draw the graph of cos x, sin x and tan x in [0, 2
51. Draw sin x, sin 2x and sin 3x on same graph and with same scale.
52. Evaluate:
13
(i) Cos 36 (ii) tan (iii) tan
8 12
53. Evaluate:
3 5 4 7
cos 4 cos 4 cos 4 cos .
8 8 8 8
54. Find the minimum value of
2sin x 2cos x
sin( x y ) a b tan x a
55. If then prove that .
sin( x y ) a b tan y b
56. If cos x cos .cos then prove that
x x 2
tan .tan tan
2 2 2
57. If tan( cos ) cot( sin ) then prove that
1
cos .
4 2 2
58. If sin( ) a and sin( ) b then prove that
cos 2( ) 4ab cos( ) 1 2a 2 2b2 .
38 [XI Mathematics]
59. Find the range of 5 sin x 12 cos x + 7.
60. If and are the solution of the equation, a tan b sec c
2ac
then show that tan( ) .
a c2
2
61. Prove that
cos2 x cos2 y 2cos x.cos y.cos( x y) sin 2 ( x y)

62. Prove that
2sin 2 4cos( )sin sin cos 2( ) cos 2
63. Solve
81sin x 81cos x 30 0 x
2 2
64. Find the minimum value of p for which cos( p sin x) sin( p cos x)
has a solution in [0, 2 ] .
65. Prove that
sin16 A
cos A cos 2A cos 4A cos 8A .
16.sin A
66. Solve:
4 sin x. sin 2x. sin 4x = sin 3x
67. Solve:
1
cos cos2 cos3 =
4
68. Evaluate:
3 5 7
1 cos 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
8 8 8 8
69. Prove that
2
4sin .sin .sin sin 3 .
3 3
39 [XI Mathematics]
70. Prove that
2 4 3
sin 3 x sin 3 x sin 3 x sin 3 x
3 3 4 .
ANSWERS
5
c c
1. (i) (ii)
32 24
2. (i) 3922'30''; (ii) 229 527
5 4
3. (i) cm (ii)
12 5
1
4. 3 5. (i) (ii) 0
2
4 24
6. , 7. 45
5 25
8. 2 sin8 cos4 9. sin 6x sin2x
2 1
10. n 11. , , 2
12 3 3
1
12. 13. 1
2
14. (i) +ve (ii) ve 15. 10

5
16. 4 17.
9
3
18. 70 m 19. min , max 1
4

20. x (2n 1) , or x (2n 1) , n z
6 4
40 [XI Mathematics]
5 7 11
21. x , , , 22. 2n , n z
6 6 6 6 3 6

23. 2n , n z 24. 2n , n z
4 6 3
n
25. x (1) 4 , n z
2 4
n
26. 27, 2n
3 9 6
2
28. 1 29.
11
1 n
30. 47. (2n 1) ,, n z
2 10 2
1 n
48. (2n ), 2n , n z 49. x , n z
5 2 2 2
50.
41 [XI Mathematics]
51.
1 5
52. (i) (ii) 2 1 (iii) 2 3
4
1
1
3
53. 54. 2 2
5
59. [6,20] 63. x ,
6 6
5 2
64. , 66. n , n , n z
8 4 3
1
67. (2n 1) , n , n z 68.
8 3 8
42 [XI Mathematics]
CHAPTER - 4
PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
KEY POINTS
A meaningful sentence which can be judged to be either true or
false is called a statement.
A statement involving mathematical relations is called as

mathematical statement.
Induction and deduction are two basic processes of reasoning.
Deduction is the application of a general case to a particular case.

In contrast to deduction, induction is process of reasoning from
particular to general.
Induction being with observations. From observations we arrive

at tentative conclusions called conjectures. The process of
induction help in proving the conjectures which may be true.
n( n 1)
Statements like(i) 1 2 3 ......... n n N.
2
(ii) 2n 2 n N.
(iii) If n(A)=n then number of all subsets of A 2n n N.
2(r n 1)
(iv) Sn where Sn is sum of n terms of G.P, a = 1 st
r 1
term and r = common ratio. Are all concerned with n N which
takes values 1,2, 3,. Such statements are denoted by P(n). By
giving particular values to n, we get particular statement as P(1),
P(2),.. P(k) for some kN.
43 [XI Mathematics]
Principle of mathematical Induction:
Let P(n) be any statement involving natural number n such that
(i) P(1) is true, and
(ii) If P(k) is true P(k+1) is true for some some kN. that is
P(KH) is true whenever P(K) is true for some kN then P(n)
is true n N.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Let P(n): n + n is even. Is P(1) true?

2. Let P(n): n(n+1) (n+2) is divisible by 3. What is P(3)?
3. Let P(n): n >9. Is P(2) true?
4. Give an example of a statement such that P(3) is true but P(4) is
not true.
1
5. If P(n) : 1 + 4 + 7+ .... + (3n 2) = n (3n 1). Verify P(n) for
2
n = 1, 2,
Prove the following by using the principle of mathematical

induction n N.
Type-1
1. 3.6 + 6.9 + 9.12 + ......... + 3n (3n + 3) = 3n(n + 1)(n + 2)
1 1 1 1 1
2. 1 1 1 ....... 1
2 3 4 n 1 n 1
n
3. a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + .......... + [a +(n 1) d ] = [2a (n 1)d ]
2
44 [XI Mathematics]
HOTS
7
4. 7 + 77 + 777 + ..... + to n terms = (10n 1 9n 10)
81
n 1 nx
sin x sin
sin x sin 2 x sin 3x .........sin nx 2 2
5. .
x
sin
2
sin 2 nx
6. sin x sin 3x .........sin(2n 1) x .
sin x
sin 2n
7. cos .cos 2 .cos 4 ...........cos 2 n
n 1
.
2 sin
n (n 1)(2n 1)
8. 12 22 32 ............. n 2 .
6
Type II
9. 23n-1 1 is divisible by 7.
10. 32n when divided by 8 leaves the remainder 1.
11. 4n + 15n 1 is divisible by 9.
HOTS
12. n3 + (n + 1)3 + (n + 2)3 is a multiple of 9
13. 11n+2 + 122n+1 is divisible by 133
14. x n y n is divisible by (xy) if x and y are any two distinct integers.
15. Given that 5n 5 is divisible by 4 n N. Prove that 2.7 n 3.5n 5

is a multiple of 24.
16. 7 2 n 23n 3.3n 1 is divisible by 25.
45 [XI Mathematics]
Type III
17. 2n 1 2n 1
18. 3n 2n
19. n < 2n
HOTS
1 1 1 1
20. 1 ....... 2 2 .
4 9 n n
1 x 1 nx where x 1 .
n
21.
22. 2n3 (n 3)!
ANSWER
1. True
2. P(3): 3 (3+1) (3+2) is divisible by 3
3. NO.
4. P(n): 3n+n is divisible by 3 and soon
5. P(1) and P(2) are true.
46 [XI Mathematics]
CHAPTER - 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
KEY POINTS
The imaginary number 1 i , is called iota
For any integer k, i 4k =1, i4k+1 = i, i4k+2 = 1, i4k+3 = i
a b ab if both a and b are negative real numbers

A number of the form z = a + ib, where a, b R is called a complex
number.
a is called the real part of z, denoted by Re(z) and b is called the

imaginary part of z, denoted by Im(z)
a + ib = c + id if a = c, and b = d
z1 = a + ib, z2 = c + id.
In general, we cannot compare and say that z1 > z2 or z1 < z2

but if b, d = 0 and a > c then z1 > z2
i.e. we can compare two complex numbers only if they are purely
real.
0 + i 0 is additive identity of a complex number.
z = a ib is called the Additive Inverse or negative of z = a + ib
1 + i 0 is multiplicative identity of complex number.
z a ib is called the conjugate of z = a + ib
i0 1
47 [XI Mathematics]
1 a ib z
z 1 2 2 is called the multiplicative Inverse of
z a b 2
z
z = a + ib (a 0, b 0)
The coordinate plane that represents the complex numbers is

called the complex plane or the Argand plane
Polar form of z = a + ib is,
z = r (cos + i sin) where r a 2 b 2 z is called the modulus

of z, is called the argument or amplitude of z.
The value of such that, < < is called the principle

argument of z.
Z = x + iy, x > 0 and y > 0 the argument of z is acute angle given

y
by tan
x
figure (i)
48 [XI Mathematics]
Z = x + iy, x < 0 and y > 0 the argument of z is ,where is
y
acute angle given by tan
x
figure (ii)
Z = x + iy, x < 0 and y < 0 the argument of z is ,where is
y
x

( )

figure (iii)
Z = x + iy, x > 0 and y < 0 the argument of z is ,where is
y
x
figure (iv)
49 [XI Mathematics]
|z1 + z2| |z1| + |z2|
|z1 z2| = |z1|. |z2|
z1 z
1 ; zn z ; z z z z ; z z z
n 2
z2 z2
z1 z2 z1 z2
If z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1)
z2 = r 2 (cos 2 + i sin 2)
then z1 z2 = r1 r2 [cos (1 + 2) + i sin (1 + 2)]
z1 r1
cos(1 2 ) i sin(1 2 )
z2 r2
For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c =0,
a, b, c R, a 0, if b2 4ac < 0
then it will have complex roots given by,
b i 4ac b 2
x
2a
a ib is called square root of z = a + ib, a ib x iy
squaring both sides we get a + ib = x2 y2 + 2i(xy)
x2 y2 = a, 2xy = b. Solving these we get x and y.
50 [XI Mathematics]
1. Evaluate:
(i) 16 3 25 36 625
(ii) i 16 i 25 49 i 49 14
i i 70 i 87 i 414
3
(iii) 77
1
(iv)
2 3
(3 5i) (3 5i)
(v)
( 3 2i) ( 3 2i)
2. Show that 1 i10 i 20 i 30 a real number.

3. Find x and y if (x + iy) (2 3i) = 4 + i.
4. Find additive inverse of 6i i 49 .

2
5. Find multiplicative inverse of 2 3 .
i 592 i 590 i 588 i 586 i 584

6. Evaluate
i 582 i 580 i 578 i 576 i 574
i 4 n 1 i 4 n 1
7. If n is any positive integer, write value of
2
2i
8. Write conjugate of
1 2i
2
9. If z1 = 2(cos 30 + i sin 30), z2 = 3(cos 60 + i sin 30) Find Re (z1z2)
10. If z 4 3 then find the greatest and least values of z 1 .
51 [XI Mathematics]
11. Find the amplitude of 1
i
Find the real value of a for which 3i 2ai (1 a)i 5 is real.

3 2
12.
13. Write the argument of (1 3i)(1 i)(cos i sin )
14. If arg( z 1) arg( z 3i) where z x iy find x 1: y .

15. If z = x + iy and the amplitude of ( z 2 3i ) is . Find the relation
4
between x and y.
1 i
16. If x + iy = prove that x2 + y2 = 1
1 i
1 i cos
17. Find real value of such that, is a real number.
1 2i cos
z 5i
18. If 1 show that z is a real number.
z 5i

19. If xn cos n
i sin Prove that x1 x2 .......x 1
2 2n
1 i x 2i 2 3i y i i
20. Find real value of x and y if .
3i 3i
21. If (1 i)(1 2i)(1 3i).......(1 ni) x iy . Show,
2.5.10..........(1 n2 ) x 2 y 2
22. If z = 2 3i show that z2 4z + 13 = 0, hence find the value of
4z3 3z2 + 169.
1 i 1 i
3 3
23. If a ib , find a and b.

1 i 1 i
52 [XI Mathematics]
z1
24. For complex numbers z1 = 6 + 3i, z2 = 3 i find .
z2
2 2i
n
25. If 1 , find the least positive integral value of n

2 2i
x y

1
If x iy 3 a ib prove 4 a b .
2 2
26.
a b
27. Convert the following in polar form:

3 1
3 1 i
(i) 3 2 3 2i (ii)
2 2
5i
(iii) i (1 + i ) (iv)
2 3i
28. Solve
(i)
x 2 3 2 2i x 6 2i 0
(ii) x 2 7 i x 18 i 0
29. Find the square root of 7 30 2 .
30. Prove that x2 + 4 = (x + 1 + i) (x + 1 i) (x 1 + i) (x 1 i)
z2
31. Show that 2 represent a circle find its centre and radius.
z 3
32. Find all non-zero complex number z satisfying z iz 2 .
33. If iz3 + z2 z + i = 0 then show that | z | = 1.
2 z1
34. If z1, z2 are complex numbers such that, is purely imaginary
3 z2
z1 z2
number then find .
z1 z2
53 [XI Mathematics]
35. If z1 and z2 are complex numbers such that,
1 z find value of k.
2 2
1 z1 z2 z1 z22 k 1 z1
2 2
2
Find number of solutions of z 2 z 0 .

2
36.
z1 3 z2
37. If z1, z2 are complex numbers such that 1 and z2 1
3 z1.z2
then find z1 .
38. Evaluate x4 4x3 + 4x2 + 8x + 44, When x = 3 + 2i
39. If z1, z2 are complex numbers, both satisfy z z 2 z 1

arg z1 z2 then find Im z1 z2 .
4
40. Solve 2x2 (3 + 7i) x (3 9i) = 0
41. Prove by Principle of Mathematical Induction
(cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n is any natural number.
1 iz
42. If z = x + iy and w show that if |w| = 1 then z is purely real.
z i
43. Express the complex number in the form r (cos i sin )
(i) 1 i tan
(ii) 1 sin i cos
1 i 1 32 i 1 (2n 1) 2 i a ib
44. If
2 2
........ then show that
1 2 i 1 4 i 1 (2n) i c id
2
2 82 1 (2n 1) 4 a 2 b2
....... 2 .
17 257 1 (2n) 4 c d2
54 [XI Mathematics]
45. If a, b, c and d are roots of the equation
x4 p1x3 p2 x2 p3 x p4 0 then show that
(1 p2 p4 )2 ( p1 p3 )2 (1 a2 )(1 b2 )(1 c2 )(1 d 2 ) .
z1 z3 1 i 3
46. The complex number z1, z2 and z3 satisfying are
z2 z3 2
the vertices of a equilateral triangle.
7z z
47. If f ( z ) where z 1 2i then show that f ( z ) .
1 z2 2
48. If z1, z2, z3 are complex numbers such that
1 1 1
z1 z2 z3 1 then find the value of z1 z2 z3
z1 z2 z3
49. If z1, and z2, are two complex numbers such that z1 z2 then find
1 z1 z2
value of given that z1 1 and z2 1 .
z1 z2
If 2 z 1 z 2 and If x y x then find the value of .

2 2
50.
ANSWERS
1. (i) 0 (ii) 19 (iii) 8
2 i 3 7
(iv) (v) i
7 7 2
5 14
3. x y 4. 7 6i
13 13
1 4 3i
5. 6. 1
49 49
55 [XI Mathematics]
2 11i
7. I 8.
25 25
9. 0 (zero) 10. 6 and zero

11. 12. a = 2
2
7
13. 14. 1:3
12
15 locus of z is straight line I,e x y + 1 = 0

17. (2n 1) 20. X = 3, y = 1
2
22. zero 23. a = 0, b = 2
z1 3(1 i )
24. 25. n=4
z2 2
3
27. (i) 6 cos i sin
4 4
5 5
(ii) 1 cos i sin
12 12
3 3
(iii) 2 cos i sin
4 4

(iv) 2 cos i sin
4 4
28. (i) 3 2 and 2i (ii) 4 3i and 3 2i
29.
53 2i
56 [XI Mathematics]
10 2
31. Centre , 0 and radius=
3 3
3 1 3 1
32. z 0, i, i, i
2 2 2 2
34. 1 35. K=1
36. Infinitely many solutions of the form z 0 iy; y R
37. z1 x2 y 2
38. 5 39. 2
3 1
40. i and 3i
2 2

43. (i) sec cos i sin , 0
2

sec cos i sin ,
2

(ii) 2 cos sin cos i sin if 0
2 2 4 2 4 2 2
3 3 3
2 cos sin cos i sin if
2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2
3 3 3
2 cos sin cos i sin if 2
2 2 2 4 2 4 2
48. 1 (one)
49. <1 (less than one)

4
50.
3
57 [XI Mathematics]
CHAPTER - 6
LINEAR INEQUALITIES
KEY POINTS
Two real numbers or two algebraic expressions related by the

symbol
'<', '>', '' or '' form an inequality.
The inequality containing < or > is called strict inequality.
The inequality containing or is called slack inequality.
6 < 8 statements 7.2 > 1 are examples of numerical inequalities

y 3
and 3x + 7 > 8, x + 3 7, > 2y + 2 are examples of litral
2
inequalities.
The inequalities of the form ax + b > 0, ax + b < 0, ax + b 0,

ax + b 0 ; a 0 are called linear inequalities in one variable x
The inequalities of the form ax + by + c > 0, ax + by + c < 0,

ax + by + c 0, ax + by + c 0, a 0, b 0 are called linear
inequalities
in two variables x and y.
Rules for solving inequalities :
(i) a b then a k b k where k is any real number.
(ii) but if a b then ka is not always kb
If k > 0 (i.e. positive) then a b ka kb
If k < 0 (i.e. negative) then a b ka kb
58 [XI Mathematics]
Thus always reverse the sign of inequality while multiplying or
dividing both sides of an inequality by a negative number.
Procedure to solve a linear inequality in one variables.
(i) Simplify both sides by removing graph symbols and

collecting like terms.
(ii) Remove fractions (or decimals) by multiplying both sides

by appropriate factor (L.C.M of denomination or a power of
10 in case of decimals.)
(iii) Isolate the variable on one side and all constants on the
other side. Collect like terms whenever possible.
(iv) Make the coefficient of the variable.
(v) Choose the solution set from the replacement set.
Replacement Set: The set from which values of the variable

(involved in the inequality) are chosen is called replacement set.
Solution Set: A solution to an inequality is a number which when

substituted for the variable, makes the inequality true. The set of
all solutions of an inequality is called the solution set of the
inequality.
The graph of the inequality ax + by > c is one of the half planes

and is called the solution region.
When the inequality involves the sign or then the points on the
line are included in the solution region but if it has the sign < or >
then the points on the line are not included in the solution region
and it has to be drawn as a dotted line.
The common values of the variable form the required solution of

the given system of linear inequalities in one variable.
59 [XI Mathematics]
The common part of coordinate plane is the required solution of
the system of linear inequations in two variables when solved by
graphical method.
1. Solve 5x < 24 when x N
2. Solve 3 2x < 9 when x R. Express the solution in the form of

interval.
3. Show the graph of the solution of 2x 3 > x 5 on number line.

1
4. Solve 0, x R.
x2
x
5. Solve 0 1, xR
3
6. 3 3x 2 4 , x R.
7. Draw the graph of the solution set of x + y 4.
8. Draw the graph of the solution set of x < y.
HOTS:
( x 1)( x 2)
9. Solve 0, x R.
( x 3)( x 4)
x3
10. Solve 0, x R.
x 1
Solve the inequalities for real x
2x 3 4x
11. 9 3 , x R.
4 3
60 [XI Mathematics]
2x 3 x4
12. 3 2, x R.
4 3
2 3x
13. 5 9, x R.
4
x3
14. 0, xR
x2
Show the solution set on the number line.
15. A company manufactures cassettes and its cost and revenue

functions are C(x) = 26000 + 30x and R(x) = 43x respectively,
where x is number of cassettes produced and sold in a week. How
many cassettes must be sold per week to realise some profit.
16. Find all pairs of consecutive even positive integers, both of which
are larger than 5 such that their sum is less than 23.
17. To receive Grade A in a course, one must obtain an average of

90 marks or more in five examinations (each of 100 marks). If
Sunitas marks in first four examinations are 87, 92, 94 and 95,
find minimum marks that Sunita must obtain in fifth examination
to get grade A in the course. What life skills should she acquire
in order to get grade A in the course?
18. While drilling a hole in the earth, it was found that the temperature
(TC) at x km below the surface of the earth was given by T = 30
+ 25(x 3), when3 x 15.
Between which depths will the temperature be between 200C

and 300C?
19. The water acidity in a pool is considered normal when the average
PH reading of their daily measurements is between 7.2 and 7.8.
If the first two PH reading are 7.48 and 7.85. Find the range of PH
value for the 3rd reading that will result in acidity level being
normal.
61 [XI Mathematics]
Solve the following systems of inequalities for all x R
2x 3 4x
20. 2(2 x 3) 10 6( x 2), 6 4
4 3
21. 2 x 3 11, x2 3
4x 9 3 7 x 1 7 x 2
22. x , x
3 4 4 3 6
x 1
23. Solve: 0 x R, x 2
x 2
24. Solve for real x, x 1 x 3
Solve the following system of inequalities graphically:
25. 2x + y 24, x + y < 11, 2x +5 y 40, x 0, y 0
26. 3x + 2y 24, 3x + y 15, x 4
27. x 2y 3
3x + 4y > 12
x 0, y 1
ANSWERS
1. {1,2,3,4} 2. (3, )
4. (, 2) or x < 2 5. 3 < x < 0
2 5

3 3
6. 9. X>4
62 [XI Mathematics]
63
10. (, 3) (2, ) 11. ,
10
13 34 22
12. , 13. 3 , 3
2
14. (, 3) (2, )
15. More than 2000 cassettes
16. (6,8), (8,10), (10,12)
17. Minimum of 82 marks. Hard working, self-confidence, diligent

and dedicated to her work.
18. Between 9.8 m and 13.8 m
19. Between 6.27 and 8.07
20. Solution set =
21. [4, 1] [5, 7]
22. (4,9)
23. [1, 1] (, 2) (2, )
24. (-, 2) (1, )
63 [XI Mathematics]
CHAPTER - 7
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
KEY POINTS
Multiplication Principle (Fundamental Principle of Counting:

If an event can occur in m different ways, following which another
event can occur in n different ways, then the total no. of different
ways of occurrence of the two events in order is m n.
Fundamental Principle of Addition: If there are two events such
that they can occur independently in m and n different ways
respectively, then either of the two events can occur in (m + n)
ways.
Factorial: Factorial of a natural number n, denoted by n! or n is
the continued product of first n natural numbers.
n! = n (n 1) (n 2) ... 3 2 1
= n ((n 1)!)
= n (n 1) ((n 2)!)
Permutation: A permutation is an arrangement of a number of
objects in a definite order taken some or all at a time.
The number of permutation of n different objects taken r at a time
where 0 r n and the objects do not repeat is denoted by nPr or
P(n, r) where,
n!
n
Pr
(n r )!
The number of permutations of n objects, taken r at a time, when
repetition of objects is allowed is n r.
64 [XI Mathematics]
The number of permutations of n objects of which p 1 are of one
kind, p2 are of second kind, .. pk are of kth kind and the rest if
n!
any, are of different kinds, is
p1 ! p12 !....... pk !
Combination: Each of the different selections made by choosing

some or all of a number of objects, without considering their order
is called a combination. The number of combination of n objects
taken r at a time where
n n!
0 r n, is denoted by nCr or C(n, r) or r where nCr
r !(n r )!
Some important result :
0! = 1
n
C0 = nCn = 1
Cr = nCnr where 0 r n, and r are positive integers

n
Pr = n nCr where 0 r n, r and n are positive integers.

n
n
Cr + nCr+1 = Cr+1 where 0 r n and r and N are positive
n+1
integers.
If nCa = nCb if either a = b or a + b = n
1. How many ways are there to arrange the letters of the word
GARDEN with the vowels in alphabetical order?
2. In how many ways 7 pictures can be hanged on 9 pegs?
3. Ten buses are plying between two places A and B. In how many
ways a person can travel from A to B and come back?
65 [XI Mathematics]
4. There are 10 points on a circle. By joining them how many chords
can be drawn?
5. There are 10 non collinear points in a plane. By joining them how

many triangles can be made?
6. From a class of 40 students in how many ways can five students

be chosen (i) for an excursion party (ii)as subject monitors
(one for each subject)
7. If nP4 : nP2 = 12, find n.
8. How many different words (with or without meaning) can be made

using all the vowels at a time?
9. In how many ways can the letters of the word ABACUS be

arranged such that the vowels always appear together.
10. If nC12 = nC13 then find the value of 25Cn.
11. In how many ways 4 boys can be chosen from 7 boys to make a
committee?
12. How many different words can be formed by using all the letters
of word SCHOOL?
13. In how many ways can the letters of the word PENCIL be
arranged so that I is always next to L.
14. In an examination there are there multiple choice questions and

each question has 4 choices. Find the number of ways in which a
student can fail to get all answer correct.
15. A gentleman has 6 friends to invite. In how many ways can he

send invitation cards to them if he has three servants to carry the
cards?
66 [XI Mathematics]
16. If there are 12 persons in a party, and if each two of them Shake
hands with each other, how many handshakes happen in the
party?
17. In how many ways 12 boys can be seated on 10 chairs in a row

so that two particular boys always take seats of their choice.
18. In how many ways 7 positive and 5 negative signs can be

arranged in a row so that no two negative signs occur together?
19. From a group of 7 boys and 5 girls, a team consisting of 4 boys

and 2 girls is to be made. In how many different ways it can be
done?
20. In how many ways can one select a cricket team of eleven players
from 17 players in which only 6 players can bowl and exactly 5
bowlers are to be included in the team?
21. A student has to answer 10 questions, choosing at least 4 from

each of part A and B. If there are 6 questions in part A and 7 in
part B. In how many ways can the student choose 10 questions?
22. Using the digits 0, 1, 2, 2, 3 how many numbers greater than

20000 can be made?
23. If the letters of the word PRANAV are arranged as in dictionary

in all possible ways, then what will be 182 nd word.
24. From a class of 15 students, 10 are to chosen for a picnic. There

are two students who decide that either both will join or none of
them will join. In how many ways can the picnic be organized?
25. Using the letters of the word, ARRANGEMENT how many

different words (using all letters at a time) can be made such that
both A, both E, both R and both N occur together.
67 [XI Mathematics]
26. A polygon has 35 diagonal. Find the number of its sides.
27. How many different products can be obtained by multiplying two

or more of the numbers 2, 5, 6, 7, 9?
28. Determine the number of 5 cards combinations out of a pack of

52 cards if at least 3 out of 5 cards are ace cards?
29. How many words can be formed from the letters of the word
ORDINATE so that vowels occupy odd places?
30. Find the number of all possible arrangements of the letters of the
word MATHEMATICS taken four at a time.
31. Prove that 33! in divisible by 215 what is the largest integer n such
that 33! is divisible by 2n?
32. A group consists of 4 girls and 7 boys. In how many ways can a
team of 5 members be selected if a team has
(i) no girl (ii) at least 3 girls
(iii) at least one girl and one boy?
33. Find n if
16n2 C8 57n2 P4
34. In an election, these are ten candidates and four are to be elected.
A voter may vote for any number of candidates, not greater than
the number to be elected. If a voter vote for at least one candidate,
then find the number of ways in which he can vote.
35. Three married couples are to be seated in a row having six seats
in a cinema hall. If spouses are to be seated next to each other,
in how many ways can they be seated? Find also the number of
ways of their seating if all the ladies sit together .
68 [XI Mathematics]
36. Using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 how many 4 digit even numbers

can be made, no digit being repeated?
37. There are 15 points in a plane out of which only 6 are in a straight
line, then
(a) How many different straight lines can be made?
(b) How many triangles can be made?
38. If there are 7 boys and 5 girls in a class, then in how many ways
they can be seated in a row such that (i) No two girls sit together?
(iii) All the girls never sit together?
39. Using the letters of the word 'EDUCATION' how many words
using 6 letters can be made so that every word contains at least
4 vowels?
40. What is the number of ways of choosing 4 cards from a deck of

52 cards? In how many of these,
(a) 3 are red and 1 is black.
(b) All 4 cards are from different suits.
(c) At least 3 are face cards.
(d) All 4 cards are of the same colour.
41. How many 3 letter words can be formed using the letters of the
word INEFFECTIVE?
42. How many different four letter words can be formed (with or
without meaning) using the letters of the word
MEDITERRANEAN such that the first letter is E and the last
letter is R.
69 [XI Mathematics]
43. If all letters of word MOTHER are written in all possible orders
and the word so formed are arranged in a dictionary order, then
find the rank of word MOTHER?
44. In how many ways three girls and nine boys can be seated in two
vans, each having numbered seats, 3 in the front and 4 at the
back? How many seating arrangements are possible if 3 girls
should sit together in a back row on adjacent seats?
45. From 6 different novels and 3 different dictionaries, 4 novels and
a dictionary is to be selected and arranged in a row on the shelf
so that the dictionary is always in the middle. Then find the
number of such arrangements.
46. The set S= {1,2,3,.12} is to be partitioned into three sets A,
B, and C of equal sizes. A B C S , A B B C C A .
Find the number of ways to partition S.
6
47. Find the value of C4 56 r C3 .
50
r 1
48. There are two parallel lines l1 and l2 in a plane l1 contains m

different points A1 , A2 ............... Am and l2 contains n different points
B1 , B2 ...............Bn . How many triangles are possible with these
vertices?
ANSWERS
6!
1. 360 2.
2
3. 100 4. 45
40
5. 120 6. (i) C5
40
(ii) P5
70 [XI Mathematics]
7. n=6 8. 120
3!
9. 4! 10. 1
2!
11. 35 12. 360
13. 120 14. 63
15. 36=729 16. 66
17. 90 10P8 18 56,19.350
20. 2772 21. 266
22. 36 23. PAANVR
24. 13C10 + 13C8 25. 5040
26. 10 27.
n
C2 n
28. 4560 29. 576
30. 2454 31. 31
32. (i) 21;
(ii) 91;
(iii) 44133.19
34.
10
C1 10C2 10C3 10C4
35. 48,144
36. 420
71 [XI Mathematics]
37. (a) 91 (b) 435
38. (i) 7! 8P5 (ii) 12! 8! 5!
39. 24480
40. 52C4
26
(a) C1 26C3 (b) (13)4
(c) 9295 (Hint : Face cards : 4J + 4K + 4Q)
(d) 2 26C4
41. 265 (Hint : make 3 cases i.e.
(i) All 3 letters are different
(ii) 2 are identical 1 different
(iv) All are identical, then form the words.)
42. 59
43. 43. 309
44.
14
P12 2(2 3!) 11P9
45. 4! 6C4 3C1
12
46. C4 8C4 4C4
56
47. C4
m n
48. C3 mC3 nC3 or mC2 nC1 mC1 nC2
72 [XI Mathematics]
CHAPTER - 8
BINOMIAL THEOREM
KEY POINTS
If n is a natural number and a, b are any numbers.
(a b) n n c0 a n n c1a n 1b n c2 a n 2b 2 ............ n cnb n

n
n cr a n r b r , n N
r 0
Tr + 1 = General term
ncr anr br 0r n
Total number of terms in (a + b)n is (n + 1).
If n is even, then in the expansion of (a b) , middle term is

n
n2
th th
n
1 term i,e terms.
2 2
If n is odd, then in the expansion of (a + b) n, middle terms are

n 1 n3
th th
and
2 2
In (a + b)n, rth term from the end is same as ( n r + 2)th term from
the beginning.
rth term from the end in (b + a)n
= rth term from the beginning in (a + b)n
In (1 + x)n, coefficient of xr is nCr
73 [XI Mathematics]
Some particular cases:
n
1 x n cr x r
n
r 0
n
1 x ( 1) r n cr x r
n
r 0
Some properties of Binomial coefficients:

n
C0 + nC1 + nC2 + ... + nCn = 2n
C0 nC1 + nC2 nC3 + ... + (1)n nCn = 0

n
C0 nC2 + nC4 + ... = nC1 + nC3 + nC5 + ... = 2n1

n
2x y
7
3 4
1. Write number of terms in the expansion of .
6
x a
2. Expand using binomial theorem.
a x
3. Write value of
2 n 1
c5 2n1c6 2n c7 use n cr n cr 1 cr
n 1
4000
4. Which term is greater (1.2) or 800 ?
15
1
5. Find the coefficient of x-17,in the expansion of x 4 3 .
x
6. Find the sum of the coefficients in (x + y) 8
[Hint : Put x = 1, y = 1]
7. If nCn3 = 720, find n.
74 [XI Mathematics]
8. How many term are free from radical signs in the expansion of
55
15 101
x y

10
Find the constant term in expansion of x .

1
9.
x
10. Find coefficient of x 5 in expansion of
1 x {1 (1 x) ....... (1 x)9 }
21
11. Find 4th term from end in the expansion of

9
x3 2
2
2 x
12. Write the last two digits of the number 3400 .
13. If the first three terms in the expansion of (a + b) n are 27, 54 and
36 respectively, then find a, b and n.
18
1
14. In 3x 2 which term contains x12 ?
x
10
x 3
15. In 2
find the term independent of x.
3 2 x

5 5
16. Evaluate 2 1 2 1 using binomial theorem.
17. In the expansion of (1 + x2)8, find the difference between the

coefficients of x6 and x4.
75 [XI Mathematics]
Find the coefficients of x 4 in 1 x 2 x using binomial
2 5
18.
theorem.
19. show that 32n + 2 8n 9 is divisible by 8.
10
If the term free from x in the expansion of x 2 is 405. Find

k
20.
x
the value of k.
1024
1 1

21. Find the number of integral terms in the expansion of 5 2 7 8

5
1
22. If the third term in the expansion of xlog10 x is 1000. Find x.
x
23. If a, b, c and d in any binomial expansion be the 6th , 7th , 8th ,and
b2 ac 4a
th
9 terms respectively, then prove that 2 .
c bd 3c
If in the expansion of 1 x , the coefficients of three consecutive
n
24.
of three consecutive terms are 56, 70 and 56. Then find n and the
position of terms of these coefficients.
25. Show that 24 n 4 15n 16 where n N is divisible by 225.
26. If the coefficients of three consecutive terms in the expansion of

(1 + x)n are in the ratio 1:3:5, then show that n = 7.
27. Show that the coefficient of middle term in the expansion of

(1 + x)20 is equal to the sum of the coefficients of two middle terms
in the expansion of (1 + x)19
28. Show that the coefficient of x5 in the expansion of product
(1 + 2x)6 (1 x)7 is 171.
76 [XI Mathematics]
29. If the 3rd, 4th and 5th terms in the expansion of (x + a)n are 84, 280
and 560 respectively then find the values of a, x and n
11 11
If the coefficients of x7 in ax 2 and x7 in ax 2 are

1 1
30.
bx bx
equal, then show that ab = 1
n
In the expansion of 3 2
1 th
31. , the ratio of 7 term from the
3 3
th
beginning to the 7 term from the end is 1:6 , find n.
32. If a1, a2, a3 and a4 are the coefficients of any four consecutive
the expansion of 1 x prove that
n
terms in
a1 a3 2a2
.
a1 a 2 a3 a4 a2 a3
33. Using binomial theorem, find the remainder when 5103 is divided
by 13.
HOTS
34. Find the greatest value of the term independent of x in the

cos
10

expansion of x sin ; where R.
x
6
1 1
log 1 12
35. If the fourth in the expansion of x x is equal to 200

and n >1. Then find x.
36. Find the coefficient of the term independent of x in the

10
x 1 x 1

expansion of 1
1

x 213 x 3 1 x x 2

77 [XI Mathematics]
37. For what value of x is the ninth term in the expansion of
10
log3 25 x1 7
1
equal to 180.
log3 5 x1 1
3 38

Find the remainder left out when 8 (62)

2n 2 n1
38. is divided by 9.
Find the coefficient of x n in expansions of (1 x) (1 x) .

n
39.
Find the coefficient of x in (1 2 x 3 x .....) .

2 2
40. 5
41. If x 1 then find the coefficient of x n in the expansion of
(1 x x 2 .........)2 .
42. If the coefficients of rth, (r+1)th and (r+2)th terms in the expansion
of (1 x) are in A.P find the value of r.
14
43. If cr k 2 3 n cr 1 then find the value of k.

n 1
44. Find the remainder of 5151 when divided by 25.
If the coefficient of x 0 k 15 in the expansion of the expression

k
45.
1 (1 x) (1 x) 2 ........ (1 x)15 is the greatest, then find the
value of k.
ANSWERS
1. 29
x3 6 x 2 x a 6a 2 a 3
2. 15 20 15 2 3
a3 a 2 a x x x
78 [XI Mathematics]
2 n 1
3. C7 4. (1.2)4000
5. 1365 6. 256
7. n = 10
8. 6 terms (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 40, 50)
9. 252 10.
31
C6 21C6
672
11. 12. 01
x3
13. a = 3, b = 2, n = 3 14. 9th term
5
15. T3 16. 82
12
17. 28 18. 10
20. k 3 21. 129 integral terms
1
22. x or 100 24. n = 8, 4th ,5th ,and 6th
10
29. a = 2, x = 1, n = 7 31. 9
10
33. 8 34. 10
c5 .25 or
5
2
25
35. x = 10 36. 210
37. x log515 or x 1 38. 2
79 [XI Mathematics]
1 1 n
n
39. 40. Zero
41. (n + 1) 42. 5
43. [2, 2] 44. 1 (one)
45. 7
80 [XI Mathematics]
CHAPTER - 9
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
KEY POINTS
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set N of natural
numbers or some subset of it.
A sequence whose range is a subset of R is called a real
sequence.
A sequence is said to be a progression if the term of the sequence
can be expressed by some formula
A sequence is called an arithmetic progression if the difference of
a term and previous term is always same, i.e., an + 1 an = constant
(=d) for all n N.
The term series is associated with the sequence in following way
Let a1, a2, a3 ..... be a sequence. Then, the expression a1 + a
2 + a
3
+ ........ is called series associated with given sequence.
A series is finite or infinite according as the given sequence is
finite or infinite.
General A.P. is,
a, a + d, a + 2d, ...........
an = a + (n 1)d = nth term of A.P. = l
Sn = Sum of first n terms of A.P.
n
a l where l = last term. N
2
n
2a (n 1)d
2
81 [XI Mathematics]
If a, b, c are in A.P. then a k, b k, c k are in A.P.
a b c
ak, bk, ck are also in A.P., k 0, , , are also in A.P. where k 0.
k k k
Three numbers in A.P.
a d, a, a + d
a b
.
Arithmetic mean between a and b is 2
If A1, A2, A3, ........An are n numbers inserted between a and b,

such that the resulting sequence is A.P. then,
b a
A n a n
n 1
Sk Sk1 = ak
am = n, an = m ar = m + n r
Sm = Sn Sm +n = 0
Sp = q and Sq = p Sp + q
= p q
In an A.P., the sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning

and from the end is always same, and equal to the sum of the first
and the last term
If three terms of A.P. are to be taken then we choose then as

a d, a, a + d.
If four terms of A.P. are to be taken then we choose then as

a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d.
If five terms of A.P are to be taken, then we choose then as:
a 2 d , a d , a , a d a 2d .
82 [XI Mathematics]
G.P. (Geometrical Progression)
a, ar, ar2, ..........(General G.P.)
a = ar n 1
a r n 1
Sn , r 1
r 1
Geometric mean between a and b is ab
Reciprocals of terms in GP always form a G.P.
If G1, G2, G3, ..........Gn are n numbers inserted between a and b

so that the resulting sequence is G.P., then
k
b n 1
Gk a , 1 k n
a
If three terms of G.P. are to be taken, then we those then as

a
, a, ar..
r
If four terms of G.P. are to be taken, then we choose then as

a a
, , ar, ar3 .
r3 r
If a, b, c are in G.P. then ak, bk, ck are also in G.P. where k 0

a b c
and , , also in G.P. where k 0. .
k k k
In a G.P., the product of the terms equidistant from the beginning

and from the end is always same and equal to the product of the
first and the last term.
If each term of a G.P. be raised to some power then the resulting

terms are also in G.P.
83 [XI Mathematics]
a
Sum of infinite G.P. is possible if | r | < 1 and sum is given by 1 r
n n n 1
r
2
r 1
n n n 1 2n 1
r
2

6
r 1
n
2
n 1
n
r
3
2
r 1
S a ar ar 2 ar 3 ....... term if 1 < r <1 S

a
.
1 r
Such that 1 < r <1 or r |
If a, b, c are in A.P. then 2b = a+c.
If a, b, c are in G.P. then b 2 ac
If A and G be A.M and G.M of two given positive real number a

ab
and b respectively then A ,G ab and A G .
2
1. If nth term of an A.P. is 6n 7 then write its 50th term.
2. If Sn = 3n2 + 2n, then write a2
3. Which term of the sequence,
3, 10, 17, ........... is 136?
4. If in an A.P. 7th term is 9 and 9th term is 7, then find 16th term.
5. If sum of first n terms of an A.P is 2n2 + 7n, write its nth term.
84 [XI Mathematics]
6. Which term of the G.P.
1 1 1
2, 1, , , ................... is ?
2 4 1024
7. If in a G.P., a3 + a5 = 90 and if r = 2 find the first term of the G.P.
8. In G.P. 2 2, 4, ........., 128 2 , find the 4th term from the end.
9. If the product of 3 consecutive terms of G.P. is 27, find the middle

term
5
, ......
10. Find the sum of first 8 terms of the G.P. 10,5, 2
11. Find the value of 51/2 51/4 51/8 ....... upto infinity.
12. Write the value of 0.3
13. The first term of a G.P. is 2 and sum to infinity is 6, find common
ratio.
3 5 7
2
2
2
......
14. Write the n th term of the series, 7.11 8.12 9.13
15. Find the number of terms in the A.P. 7, 10, 13, ......, 31.
16. In an A.P.,
8, 11, 14, .......... find Sn Sn 1
17. Find the number of squares that can be formed on chess board?
18. Find the sum of given terms:-
(a) 11 + 12 + 13 ++ 19 + 20.
(b) 31 + 32 + 33 +.+ 39 + 40
(c) 81 + 82 + 83 + + 89 + 90
(d) 251 + 252 + 253 +..+ 259 + 260
85 [XI Mathematics]
19. (a) If a, b, c are in A.P. then show that 2b = a+c.
(b) If a, b, c are in G.P. then show that b 2 a.c.
If a, b, c are in G.P. then show that a b , ab bc, b c are also

2 2 2 2
20.
in G.P.
21. Find the least value of n for which
1+ 3 + 32 + ... + 3n1 > 1000
25. Find the sum of the series
(1+ x) + (1 + x + x2) + (1 + x + x2 + x3) + ...
23. Write the first negative term of the sequence 20,

1 1 3
19 ,18 ,17 , .......
4 2 4
24. Determine the number of terms in A.P. 3, 7, 11, ........ 407. Also,
find its 11th term from the end.
25. How many numbers are there between 200 and 500, which leave
remainder 7 when divided by 9.
26. Find the sum of all the natural numbers between 1 and 200 which
are neither divisible by 2 nor by 5.
27. Find the sum of the sequence,

5 2 1 10
1, , , , ,
6 3 2 3
28. If in an A.P
a7 5 a
find 4
a 10 7 a7.
86 [XI Mathematics]
29. In an A.P. sum of first 4 terms is 56 and the sum of last 4 terms is
112. If the first term is 11 then find the number of terms.
30. Solve: 1 + 6 + 11 + 16 + .......... + x = 148
31. The ratio of the sum of n terms of two A.P.'s is (7n 1): (3n + 11),
find the ratio of their 10th terms.
32. If the Ist, 2nd and last terms of an A.P are a, b and c respectively,
then find the sum of all terms of the A.P.
b c 2a c a 2a a b 2c 1 1 1
33. If are in A.P. then show that , ,
a b c a b c
are also in A.P. [Hint. : Add 3 to each term] abc
34. The product of first three terms of a G.P. is 1000. If 6 is added to

its second term and 7 is added to its third term, the terms become
in A.P. Find the G.P.
35. If the continued product of three numbers in G.P. is 216 and the
sum of their products in pairs is 156, find the numbers.
36. Find the sum to infinity of the series:
3 5 7
1 2 3 .....
2 2 2
37. If A = 1 + ra + r2a + ....... up to infinity, then express r in terms of

a & A.
38. Find the sum of first terms of the series 0.7 + 0.7 + 0.777 + ...
a a b b
39. If x a 2 ............. ; y b 2 ............ and
r r r r
c c xy ab
z c 2
4 ..... prove that .
r r z c
87 [XI Mathematics]
40. The sum of first three terms of a G.P. is 15 and sum of next three
terms is 120. Find the sum of first n terms.
7
41. Prove that 0.0031
225
[Hint: 0.031 = 0.03 + 0.001 + 0.0001 +........ Now use infinite G.P.]
log 5
42. If log2, log(2n1) and log (2n+3) are in A.P. Show that n
log 2
43. If a, b, c are in G.P. that the following are also in G.P.
(i) a 2 , b2 , c2
(ii) a 3 , b3 , c 3
(iii) a , b , c are in G.P.
44. If a, b, c are in A.P. that the following are also in A.P:
1 1 1
(i) , ,
bc ca ab
(ii) b + c, c + a, a + b
11 1 11 1 11 1
(iii) , , are in A.P.
ab c bc a ca b
2 2 2
45. If the numbers a , b , c are given to be in A.P., show that
1 1 1
, , are in A.P.
bc ca ab
353
46. Show that: 0.356
990
88 [XI Mathematics]
47. Prove that the sum of n numbers between a and b such that the
n( a b)
resulting series becomes A.P. is
2
48. A square is drawn by joining the mid points of the sides of a

square. A third square is drawn inside the second square in the
same way and the process is continued indefinitely. If the side of
the first square is 15 cm, then find the sum of the areas of all the
squares so formed.
49. If a, b, c are in G.P., then prove that

1 1 1
2 2
2 2
2
a b b c b
[Hint : Put b = ar, c = ar2]
50. Find two positive numbers whose difference is 12 and whose

arithmetic mean exceeds the geometric mean by 2.
51. If a is A.M. of b and c and c, G1, G2, b are in G.P. then prove that
3 3
G1 G 2 2abc
52. Find the sum of the series,
1.3.4 + 5.7.8 + 9.11.12 + .......... upto n terms.
53. Evaluate
10
2r 1
2
r 1 .
54. The sum of an infinite G.P. is 57 and the sum of the cubes of its
term is 9747, find the G.P.
89 [XI Mathematics]
If 10 2(11) (10) 3(11) (10) ...... 10(11) k.(10) . then find
9 1 8 2 7 9 9
55.
the value of k such that k N .
1 3 7 15
56. Find the sum of first n terms of the series ..... n
2 4 8 16
terms.
57. Three positive numbers form an increasing G.P. If the middle term
in the G.P. is doubled, then new numbers are in A.P. then find the
common ratio of the G.P.
58. Show that if the positive number a, b, c are in A.P. so are the
1 1 1
numbers , , are in A.P.
a c c a a b
3 5 7 9
59. Find the sum of the series:- 1 ............ .
2 4 8 16
60. If a1 , a2 , a3 , ....... an are in A.P. where ai 0i N . then show that

1 1 1 1 n 1
......
a1 a2 a2 a3 a3 a4 an 1 an a1 an
61. If the sum of first n terms of an A.P. is c.n 2 then prove that the
nc 2 4n 2 1
sum of squares of these n terms is .
3
62. Let p and q be the roots of the equation x 2 2 x A 0 and let r
and s be the roots of the equation x 2 18 x B 0 if p< q< r< s
are in A.P. then prove that A= 3 and B= 77.
63. If S1 , S2 , S3 ... Sn are the sums of infinite geometric series whose first
1 1 1 1
terms are 1,2,3,n and whose common ratios are , , ...
2 3 4 n 1
respectively, then show that the value of
1
S12 S 22 S32 ... S 22n 1 2n 2n 1 4n 1 1
6
90 [XI Mathematics]
2 3 4 n
Let An ... 1 . and Bn 1 An .

3 3 3 3 n 1 3
64.
4 4 4 4 4
Find at least odd natural number no , so that Bn An n no .
th th
65. If p , q and r th terms of an A.P. and G.P. are equal and are x, y
yz
and z respectively, then prove that x . y z x .z x y 1
ANSWERS
1. 293 2. 11
3. 20th 4. 0
5. 4n + 5 6. 12th
9
7. 8. 64
2
1
9. 3 10. 20 1 8
2
1
11. 5 12.
3
2 2n 1
13. 14.
3 (n 6)(n 10) 2
15. 9 16. 3n + 5
17. 204
18. (a) 155 (b) 355
(c) 855 (d) 2555
91 [XI Mathematics]
n x 2 (1 x n )
21. n=7 22.
1 x (1 x) 2
1
23. 24. 102, 367
4
25. 33 26. 7999
27. 28.
29. 11 30. 36
(b c 2a)(a c)
31. 33:17 32.
2(b a)
34. 5, 10, 20, ......; or 20, 10, 5, 35. 18, 6, 2; or 2, 6, 18

1
A 1 a
36. 6 37.
A
38.
7
81
9n 1 10 n 40.
7
2 1
15 n
48. 450 cm 50. 16, 4
n(n 1)
52. (48n 2 16n 14)
3
38 76
53. 1330 54. 19, , ,......
3 9
55. k = 100 56. n 2 n 1
57. r 2 3 59.
2
9
64. n0 7
92 [XI Mathematics]
CHAPTER - 10
STRAIGHT LINES
KEY POINTS
Distance between two points A(x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) is given by
x 2 x 1 y 2 y1
2 2
AB
Let the vertices of a triangle ABC are A(x1, y1) B (x2, y2) and
C(x3, y3). Then area of triangle
1
ABC x1 y 2 y3 x 2 y 3 y1 x3 y1 y2
2
NOTE: Area of a is always positive. If the above expression is
zero, then a is not possible. Thus the points are collinear.
LOCUS: When a variable point P(x,y) moves under certain
condition then the path traced out by the point P is called the locus
of the point.
For example: Locus of a point P, which moves such that its
distance from a fixed point C is always constant, is a circle .
CP = constant
Locus of an equation: In the coordinate plane, locus of an
equation is the pictorial representation of the set of all those points
which satisfy the given equation.
93 [XI Mathematics]
Equation of a locus: is the equation in x and y that is satisfied by
the coordinates of every point on the locus.
A line is also defined as the locus of a point satisfying the
condition ax + by + c = 0 where a, b, c are constants.
Slope of a straight line: If is the inclination of a line then tan is
defined as slope of the straight line L and denoted by m
m tan , 90
If 0 90 then m 0 and
90 180 then m 0
NOTE 1: The slope of a line whose inclination is 90 is not defined.

Slope of x-axis is zero and slope of y-axis is not defined
NOTE 2: Slope of any horizontal line i.e 11 to x-axis is zero. Slope
of a vertical line i.e 11 to y-axis is not zero.
Three points A, B and C lying in a plane are collinear, if slope of
AB = Slope of BC.
Slope of a line through given points (x1, y1) and (x2,y2) is given by
y y
m 2 1.
x2 x1
94 [XI Mathematics]
Two lines are parallel to each other if and only if their slopes are
equal.
i.e l1 || l2 m1 m2
NOTE: If slopes of lines l1 and l2 are not defined then they must
be to x-axis, so they are ||. Thus l1 || l2 they have same

slope or both of them have no slope.
Two non- vertical lines are perpendicular to each other if and only
if their slopes are negative reciprocal of each other.
i.e l1 l2 m1 m2 1
NOTE: The above condition holds when the lines have non-zero
slopes i.e none of them to any axis.
Acute angle between two lines, whose slopes are m1 and m2 is

m1 m 2
tan , 1 + m1m2 0
given by 1 m 1m 2
& obtuse angle is 180
x = a is a line parallel to y-axis at a distance of a units from y-axis.

x = a lies on right or left of y-axis according as a is positive or
negative.
95 [XI Mathematics]
y = b is a line parallel to x-axis at a distance of b units from
x-axis. y=b lies above or below x-axis, according as b is positive
or negative.
Point slope form

Equation of a line passing through given point (x1, y1) and having
slope m is given by y y1 = m (x x1)
Two point form
96 [XI Mathematics]
Equation of a line passing through given points (x1 , y1) and
y y
(x2, y2) is given by y y1 2 1 x x1
x2 x1
Slope intercept form (y - intercept)
Equation of a line having slope m and x-intercept d is given by

y = mx + c
(x intercept)
Equation of a line having slope m and y-intercept c is given by

y = m (xd)
97 [XI Mathematics]
Intercept form.
Equation of line having intercepts a and b on x-axis and y-axis
respectively is given by
x y
1
a b
Normal Form
Equation of line in normal form is given by x cos + y sin = p,
p = Length of perpendicular segment from origin to the line
= Angle which the perpendicular segment makes with positive
direction of x-axis
General Equation of a line

Equation of line in general form is given by Ax + By + C = 0, A, B
and C are real numbers and at least one of A or B is non zero.
A C C
Slope and y-intercept x-intercept
B B A
98 [XI Mathematics]
Distance of a point (x1, y1) from line Ax + By + C = 0 is given by
Ax 1 By 1 C
d
2 2
A B
Distance between two parallel lines Ax + By + C 1 = 0 and

Ax + By + C2 = 0 is given by
C1 C 2
d
2 2
A B
Symmetrical (or distance) Form
A straight line passing through the point ( x1 , y1 ) and inclination

with x-axis is given by
x x1 y y1
r
cos sin
Where r is the directed distance of any point (x, y) from the point
( x1 , y1 )
99 [XI Mathematics]
Shifting of Origin
Shifting of origin to a new point without changing the direction of
the axes is known as translation of axes.
Let OX, OY be the original axes and O' be the new origin. Let
coordinates of O' referred to original axes be (h, k). Let P(x, y) be
point in plane
Y Y
P
y
(h, k)
X
O
k y
(0, 0)
X
O h x
x
If the origin is shifted to the point (h,k), then new coordinates

( x 1 , y 1 ) and the original coordinates (x,y) of a point are related to
each other by the relation
x' = x h, y' = y k
Equation of family of lines parallel to Ax + By + C = 0 is given by

Ax + By + k = 0, for different real values of k
Equation of family of lines perpendicular to Ax + By + C = 0 is

given by Bx Ay + k = 0, for different real values of k.
Equation of family of lines through the intersection of lines

A1x + B1y + C1 = 0 and A2x + B2y + C2 = 0 is given by (A1x + B1y
+ C1) +k (A2x + B2y + C2) = 0, for different real values of k.
100 [XI Mathematics]
1. Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram are (2, 1), (1, 0)

and (4, 3), find the fourth vertex.
2. For what value of k are the points (8, 1), (k, 4) and (2, 5)
collinear?
3. Coordinates of centroid of ABC are (1, 1). Vertices of ABC

are A(5, 3), B(p, 1) and C(6, q). Find p and q.
4. In what ratio y-axis divides the line segment joining the points
(3,4) and (2, 1)?
5. Show that the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (3a, 2b) are collinear.
6. Find the equation of straight line cutting off an intercept 1 from
y axis and being equally inclined to the axes.
7. Write the equation of a line which cuts off equal intercepts on

coordinate axes and passes through (2, 5).
8. Find k so that the line 2x + ky 9 = 0 may be perpendicular to
2x + 3y 1 = 0
9. Find the acute angle between lines x + y = 0 and y = 0
10. Find the angle which 3 x y 5 0 makes with positive direction

of x-axis.
11. If origin is shifted to (2, 3), then what will be the new coordinates
of (1, 2)?
12. On shifting the origin to (p, q), the coordinates of point (2, 1)
changes to (5, 2). Find p and q.
13. Determine the equation of line through a point (4, 3) and

parallel to x-axis.

8
14. Check whether the points 0, , (1, 3) and (82, 30) are the
3
vertices a triangle or not?
15. If a vertex of a triangle is (1, 1) and the midpoints of two sides

through this vertex are (1, 2) and (3, 2). Then find the centroid of
the triangle.
16. If the medians from A to B of the triangle with vertices A (0, b) ,

B (0, 0) and C (a, 0) are mutually perpendicular. Then show that
a 2 2b 2 .
17. If the image of the point (3, 8) in the line px + 3y 7 = 0 is the

point (1, 4), then find the value of p.
18. Find the distance of the point (3,2) from the straight line whose
slope is 5 and is passing through the point of intersection of lines
x + 2y = 5 and x 3y + 5 = 0
19. The line 2x 3y = 4 is the perpendicular bisector of the line

segment AB. If coordinates of A are (3, 1) find coordinates of B.
20. The points (1, 3) and (5, 1) are two opposite vertices of a
rectangle. The other two vertices lie on line y = 2x + c. Find c and
remaining two vertices.
21. If two sides of a square are along 5x 12y + 26 = 0 and

5x 12y 65 = 0 then find its area.
22. Find the equation of a line with slope 1 and whose perpendicular
distance from the origin is equal to 5.
23. If a vertex of a square is at (1, 1) and one of its side lie along the
line 3x 4y 17 = 0 then find the area of the square.

24. What is the value of y so that line through (3, y) and (2, 7) is
parallel to the line through (1, 4) and (0, 6)?
25. In what ratio, the line joining (1, 1) and (5, 7) is divided by the
line x + y = 4?
26. Find the equation of the lines which cut-off intercepts on the axes
whose sum and product are 1 and 6 respectively.
27. Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines y = x, y = 2x,
y = 3x + 4.
28. Find the coordinates of the orthocentre of a triangle whose
vertices are (1, 3) (2, 1) and (0, 0). [Orthocentre is the point of
concurrency of three altitudes].
29. Find the equation of a straight line which passes through the point
of intersection of 3x + 4y 1 = 0 and 2x 5y + 7 = 0 and which is
perpendicular to 4x 2y + 7 = 0.
30. If the image of the point (2, 1) in a line is (4, 3) then find the
equation of line.
31. The vertices of a are (6,0), (0,6) and (6,6). Find the distance
between its circumcentre and centroid.
32. Find the equation of a straight line which makes acute angle with
positive direction of xaxis, passes through point (5, 0) and is at
a perpendicular distance of 3 units from origin.
33. One side of a rectangle lies along the line 4x + 7y + 5 = 0. Two of
its vertices are (3, 1) and (1,1). Find the equation of other three
sides.
34. If (1,2) and (3, 8) are a pair of opposite vertices of a square, find
the equation of the sides and diagonals of the square.

35. Find the equations of the straight lines which cut off intercepts on
xaxis twice that on yaxis and are at a unit distance from origin.
36. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 4x + 5y = 0 and
7x + 2y = 0. If the equation of one of the diagonals is 11x +7y = 4,
find the equation of the other diagonal.
37. A line is such that its segment between the lines 5x y + 4 = 0
and 3x + 4y 4 = 0 is bisected at the point (1, 5). Obtain its
equation.
38. If one diagonal of a square is along the line 8x 15y = 0 and one
of its vertex is at (1, 2), then find the equation of sides of the
square passing through this vertex.
39. If the slope of a line passing through te point A(3, 2) is 3/4 then
find points on the line which are 5 units away from the point A.
40. Find the equation of straight line which passes through the
intersection of the straight line 3x + 2y + 4 = 0 and x y 2 = 0
and forms a triangle with the axis whose area is 8 sq. unit.
41. Find points on the line x + y + 3 = 0 that are at a distance of
5 units from the line x + 2y + 2 = 0
42. Show that the locus of the midpoint of the distance between the
1 1 4
axes of the variable line x cos y sin p is 2
2 2 ,
x y p
where p is a constant.
x y 1 1 1
43. The line 1 moves in such a way that 2 2 2 where
a b a b c
c is constant. Show that the locus of the foot of perpendicular from
the origin to the given line is x y c .
2 2 2
44. A point p is such that the sum of squares of its distance from the
axes of coordinates is equal to the square of its distance from the
line x y =1. Find the locus of P.
45. A straight line L is perpendicular to the line 5x y =1. The area of
the formed by the line L and the coordinate axes is 5. Find the
equation of the line L.
46. The vertices of a are at1t2 , a(t1 t3 ) , at2t3 , a(t2 t3 ) . Find the
orthocentre of the .
47. Two equal sides of an isosceles are given by the equation
7x y + 3 =0 & x + y 3 = 0 & its third side passes through the
point (1,10). Determine the equation of the third side.
48. Let A (2,3) & B (2,1) be the vertices of a ABC. If the centroid
of this triangle moves on the line 2x + 3y = 1. Then find the locus
of the vertex C.
49. ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC and BD intersect at the
point M and satisfy BD = 2 AC. If the coordinates of D and M are
(1,1) & (2,1) respectively. Then find the coordinates of A.
50. Find the area enclosed within the curve | x | | y | 1 .
51. If the area of the triangle formed by a line with coordinates axes
is 54 3 square units and the perpendicular drawn from the origin
to the line makes an angle 60 with the x-axis, find the equation
of the line.
52. Find the coordinators of the circumcentre of the triangle whose
vertices are (5,7), (6,6), & (2, -2).
53. Find the equation of a straight line, which passes through the
point (a, 0) and whose distance from the point (2a, 2a) is a.
54. Line L has intercepts a and b on the coordinate axis when the axis
are rotated through a given angle, keeping the origin fixed, the
same line L has intercepts p and q, then prove that
a 2 b2 p 2 q 2 .

ANSWERS
1. (1, 2) 2. k=3
3. p = 2, q = 4 4. 3 : 2 (internally)
6. y = x 1 and y = x 1. 7. x+y=7
4
8. 3 9. 4
2
10. 11. (3, 1)
3
12. p = 3, q = 3 13. y+3=0
7
14. No 15. 1,
3
10
17. 1 18.
26
19. (1, 5)
20. c = 4, (2,0), (4, 4)
21. 49 square units
22. x y 5 2 0, x y 5 2 0
23. 4 square units
24. y=9
25. 1:2

26. 2x 3y 6 = 0 and 3x + 2y 6 = 0
27. 4 square units
28. (4, 3)
29. x + 2y = 1
30. x+y5=0
31. 2
32. 3x 4y + 15 = 0
33. 4x + 7y 11 = 0, 7x 4y + 25 = 0
7x 4y 3 = 0
34. x 2y + 3 = 0, 2x + y 14 = 0,
x 2y + 13 = 0, 2x + y 4 = 0
3x y 1 = 0, x + 3y 17 = 0
35. x 2y 5 0, x 2y 5 0
36. x=y
37. 107x 3y 92 = 0
38. 23x 7y 9 = 0 and 7x + 23y 53 = 0
39. (1, 1) or (7, 5)
40. x 4y 8 = 0 or x + 4y + 8 = 0
41. (1,4), (9,6)

44. x 2 y 2 2 xy 2 x 2 y 1 0
45. x 5 y 5 2
46. a, a(t1 t2 t3 t1t2t3

x 3 y 31 0
47.
3x y 7 0
x y
48. 1
2 1
3 1
49. 1, or 3,
2 2
50. 3
51. x 3 y 18
52. 2,3
53. 3x 4 y 3a 0 and x a 0

CHAPTER - 11
CONIC SECTIONS
KEY POINTS
Circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola are curves which are

obtained by intersection of a plane and cone in different positions
Circle: It is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from
a fixed point in that plane
Equation of circle: (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
Centre (h, k), radius = r
Parabola: It is the set of all points in a plane which are equidistant

from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix) in the plane.
Fixed point does not lie on the line.
Y Y
X , X ,
O F(a,0) F(a,0) O
y 2= 4ax y 2= 4ax
Y Y
F(0, a)
ya=0
,
O X O
X
y+a=0
2
x = 4ay x = 4ay
2

Main facts about the Parabola
Equation y2 = 4 a x y2 = 4 a x x2 = 4 a y x2 = 4 a y
(a > 0) a>0 a>0 a>0
Right hand Left hand Upwards Downwards
Axis y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0

Directrix x+a=0 xa=0 y+a=0 ya=0
Focus (a, 0) (a, 0) (0, a) (0, a)
Length of 4a 4a 4a 4a
latusrectum
Equation of xa=0 x+a=0 ya=0 y+a=0
latusrectum
Latus Rectum: A chord through focus perpendicular to axis of
parabola is called its latus rectum.
Ellipse: It is the set of points in a plane the sum of whose
distances from two fixed points in the plane is a constant
and is always greater than the distances between the
fixed points

Main facts about the ellipse
x2 y 2 x2 y2
Equation 1 1
a 2 b2 b2 a 2
a > 0, b > 0 a > 0, b > 0
Centre (0,0) (0,0)
Major axis lies along xaxis yaxis
Length of major axis 2a 2a
Length of minor axis 2b 2b
Foci (c, 0), (c, 0) (0, c),(0, c)
Vertices (a, 0), (a, 0) (0, a), (0, a)
c c
Eccentricity (e) a a
Length of latusrectum 2b 2 2b 2
a a
If e = 0 for ellipse than b = a and equation of ellipse will be

converted in equation of the circle its eq. will be x + y = a. it is
called auxiliary circle. For auxiliary circle, diameter is equal to
length of major axis and e = 0
Latus rectum: Chord through foci perpendicular to major axis

called latus rectum.

Hyperbola: It is the set of all points in a plane, the differences of
whose distance from two fixed points in the plane is a constant.
Main facts about the Hyperbola
x2 y2 x2 y 2
Equation 1 1
a 2 b2 b2 a 2
a > 0, b > 0 a > 0, b > 0
Latus Rectum: Chord through foci perpendicular to transverse axis is

called latus rectum.
If e 2 for hyperbola, then hyperbola is called rectangular hyperbola.
For e 2 then b = a and eq. of its hyperbola will be x y a or
2 2 2
y 2 x2 a2 .
(A) Circle: If the equation of the circle is in the form of
x 2 y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0

then centre of circle of = c (g, f)
and radius of circle = r g 2 f 2 c
(B) Parabola: in figure:-

(i) Equation of the parabola y = 4ax.
Eccentricity of parabola = e = 1
Equation of directrix will be x = a
Or x + a = 0
And if a point P lies on the parabola and PM directrix
join PS where s is focus of the parabola then
PS PS
e . ie 1 i.e 1 PS PM .
Eccentricity PM PM

(ii) Equation of parabola: y = 4ax
Equation of directrix x = a and e PS 1

PM
Coordinate of focus = S (a, 0)
(iii) Equation of parabola: x = 4ax

Equation of directrix y = a
ya 0
PS
And eccentricity e 1
PM
Coordinate of focus = S (0, a).

(iv) Equation of parabola: x = 4ay
Equation of directrix y = a
And eccentricity e PS 1
PM
PS PM .
Coordinate of focus = S (0, a)
(C) Ellipse:
x2 y 2
(i) Equation of ellipse 2 2 1
a b
and b a (1 e ) a b 0
2 2 2
where e = eccentricity and 0 < e < 1.
PF1 PF2
and e or e
PM PN
where PM directrix (I)

PN directrix (II)
a
and equation of directrix: x .
e
y 2 x2
(ii) Equation of ellipse 2 2 1 a b 0
a b
and b a (1 e )
2 2 2
PF1 PF2
eccentricity e
PM PN
a
equation of directrix: y ., 0 e 1.
e

PF1 PF2
(D) (i) for hyperbola: e > 1 and e
PM PN
PN directrix (II)
x2 y 2
equation of hyperbola 1
a 2 b2
and b a (e 1)., e0
2 2 2
a
equation of directrix: x
e
a a
x x
e e
y 2 x2
(ii) equation of hyperbola 1
a 2 b2
and b a (e 1)., e 1
2 2 2
a
equation of directrix: x
e
PF1 PF2
eccentricity e
PM PN

PN directrix (II)
1. Find the centre and radius of the circle

3x2 + 3y2 + 6x 4y 1 = 0
2. Does 2x2 + 2y2 + 3y +10 = 0 represent the equation of a circle?
Justify.
3. Find equation of circle whose end points of one of its diameter are
( 2, 3) and (0, 1).
4. Find the value(s) of p so that the equation x2 + y22px + 4y12=0
may represent a circle of radius 5 units.
5. If parabola y2 = px passes through point (2, 3), find the length of
latus rectum.
6. Find the coordinates of focus, and length of latus rectum of
parabola
3y2 = 8x.

7. Find the eccentricity of the ellipse
x2 y 2
1
25 9
8. Find the centre and radius of the circle x2 + y2 6x + 4y 12 = 0

9. Find the length of major and minor axis of the following ellipse,
16x2 + 25y2 = 400
10. Find the eqn. of hyperbola satisfying given conditions foci (5, 0)
and transverse axis is of length 8.
11. Write the value of eccentricity of parabola?
12. Write the value of eccentricity for
(a) The ellipse (ii) The hyperbola
x2 y 2
13. Write the equation of directrix of the ellipse 2 2 1 such that
a b
a > b.
14. If the eccentricity of the ellipse is zero. Then show that ellipse will
be a circle.
x2 y2
15. Write the equation of directrix of the hyperbola 2 2 1 .
a b
16. If the eccentricity of the hyperbola is 2 . Then find the general
equation of hyperbola.
17. If one end of a diameter of the circle x2 + y2 4x 6y + 11 = 0 is

(3, 4), then find the coordinates of the other end of diameter.
36
18. Find the equation of the ellipse with foci at ( 5, 0) and x as
5
one of the directrices.

19. Find equation of an ellipse having vertices (0, 5) and foci (0, 4).
20. If the distance between the foci of a hyperbola is 16 and its

eccentricity is 2, then obtain the equation of a hyperbola.
21. Find the equation for the ellipse that satisfies the given condition
Major axis on the x-axis and passes through the points (4, 3) and
(6, 2).
22. The foci of a hyperbola coincide with the foci of the ellipse
x2 y 2
1 find the equation of the hyperbola if its eccentricity is
25 9
2.
x2 y2
23. Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola 1 which passes
a 2 b2
through the points (3, 0) and 3 2, 2 .
24. If the latus rectum of an ellipse is equal to half of minor axis, then
find its eccentricity.
25. Find equation of circle concentric with circle

4x + 4y 12x 16y 21 = 0 and of half its area.
2 2
26. Find the equation of a circle whose centre is at (4, 2) and

3x 4y+ 5 = 0 is tangent to circle.
If equation of the circle is in the form of x y 2 gx 2 fg c 0

2 2
27.
then prove that its centre and radius will be (g, f) and
g 2 f 2 c respectively.
28. If the end points of a diameter of circle are A x1 , y1 and B x2 , y2

then show that equation of circle will be
( x x1 ).( x x2 ) ( y y1 )( y y2 ) 0

29. Find the equation of the circle which touches the lines x = 0,
y = 0 and x = 2c and c > 0.
30. Find the equation of parabola if its focus at (1, 2) and equation
of directrix is x 2y + 3 = 0.
31. Find the equation of the set of all points the sum of whose
distance from A(3,0) and B(9,0) is 12 unit. Write the name of the
curve.
32. Find the equation of the set of all points such that the difference
of their distance from (4,0) and (4,0) is always equal of 2 unit.
Write the name of the curve.
33. Prove that the points (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6) and (11, 8) ae
concyclic.
34. A circle has radius 3 units and its centre lies on the line y = x 1.
If it is passes through the point (7, 3) then find the equations of
the circle.
35. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points
(20, 3), (19, 8) and (2, 9). Find its centre and radius.
36. Find the equation of circle having centre (1, 2) and passing
through the point of intersection of the lines 3x + y = 14 and
2x + 5y = 18.
Prove that the equation y 2 Ax 2 By c 0 is represent a

2
37.
parabola and whose axis is parabola to x axis.
38. Find the coordinates of focus, axis of parabola, the equation of
directrix, coordinate of vertex of the parabola x 6 x 4 y 11 0 .
2
39. Show that the points A(5,5), B(6,4), C(2,4) and D(7,1) all lies on
the circle. Find the centre, radius and equation of circle.

40. Find the equation of the ellipse in which length of minor axis is
equal to distance between focies given length of latus rectum is
10 unit. And major axis is along the x axis.
41. Find the equation of the hyperbola whose axes (transverse and
conjugate axis) are parallel to x axis and y axis and centre is
origin. Length of latus rectum length is 18 unit and distance
between focies is 12 unit.
42. If two circles S1 : x2 y 2 2gx 2 fy c 0 and S2 : x2 y 2

2 g1 x 2 f 1 y c1 0 to be cut orthogonaly to each other then show
that: 2 g.g 2 f . f c c .
1 1 1
43. Prove that the semi latus rectum is H.M. (Harmonic Mean) of the
parts of any focal chord in a parabola.
[Hint:- In figure, SM = semi latus rectum PQ = focal chord.
2 1 1
To prove SM is H.M. of PS and SQ. ie .
SM PS SQ
44. If distance of vertex and foci from origin are a and a1 on +x axis
of parabola will be y 4(a a).( x a) such that a1 a .
2 1

45. A rod AB of length l rest in between two coordinate axes in such
a way that the end point A lies on x-axis and end point B lies on
y-axis. A point P(x,y) is taken on the rod in such a way
that AP : PB = 1:2. Show that the locus of P is an ellipse.
46. Find the equation of hyperbola if equation of its directrix is
5
x cos y sin p and foci (0,0) and eccentricity is .
4
47. Find the equation of a curve in lie a variable point P(x,y) (3,0) is
4. Write the name of the curve.
ANSWERS
2 4
1. 1 , 2. No
3 3
x 2 y2 2x 2y 3 0 or x 1 y 1 5
2 2
3.
9
4. 3 +3 5.
2
2 8 4
6. ,0, 7.
3 3 5
8. (3,2), 5 9. 10,8
x2 y 2
10. 1 11. e=1
16 9
12. (a) 0<e<1 (b) e>1
a a
13. x 15. x
e e

16. x 2 y 2 a 2 or y 2 x2 a 2 17. (1,2)
x2 y 2 x2 y2
18. 1 19. 1
36 11 9 25
x2 y 2
20. x2 y 2 32 21. 1
52 13
x2 y 2 13
22. 1 23. e
4 12 3
3
24. e
2
25. 2x + 2y 6x + 8y + 1 = 0
26. x + y 8x + 4y 5 = 0
29. x 2 y2 2cx 2cy +c2 0
30. 4 x 2 4 xy y 2 4 x 32 y 16 0
31. 3x 2 4 y 2 36, ellipse
32. 15 x 2 y 2 15, Hyperbola
x 2 y 2 8 x 6 y 16 0
34. 2
x y 14 x 12 y 76 0
2
x 2 y 2 14 x 6 y 111 0
35.
centre (7,3) and radius 13unit

36. x2 y 2 8x 4 y 5 0
38. (3, 4), x 3, y 6 0 and (3, 5)
39. c(2,1), r 5, x 2 y 2 4 x 2 y 20 0
40. x 2 2 y 2 100
41. 3x 2 y 2 27
45. 9 x 2 36 y 2 4 2
46. 16 x 2 16 y 2 25( x cos y sin p)2
47. 5 x 2 4 y 2 20, Hyperbola.

CHAPTER - 12
INTRODUCTION TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
KEY POINTS
Three mutually perpendicular lines in space define three mutually

perpendicular planes, called Coordinate planes, which in turn
divide the space into eight parts known as octants and the lines
are known as Coordinate axes.
Z
X
O
Y Y
X
Z
Coordinate axes: XOX', YOY', ZOZ'
Coordinate planes: XOY, YOZ, ZOX or

XY, YX, ZX planes
Octants: OXYZ, OX'YZ, OXY'Z, OXYZ'
OX' Y'Z, OXY'Z', OX'YZ', OX'Y'Z'

Coordinates of a points lying on x-axis, y-axis & z-axis are of the
from (x,0,0), (0,y,0),(0,0,z) respectively.
Coordinates of a points lying on xy-plane, yz-plane, & xz- plane
are of the from (x,y,0), (0,y,z),(x,0,z) respectively.
The reflection of the point (x, y, z) in xy-plane yz-plane, &
xz- plane is (x,y,z), (x,y,z),(x,y,z) respectively.
Coordinates of a point P are the perpendicular distances of P from
three coordinate planes YZ, ZX and XY respectively.
The distance between the point A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2) is
given by
Let P(x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) be two points in space and let
R be a point on line segment PQ such that it divides PQ in the
ratio m1 : m2
(I) internally, then the coordinates of R are

m 1x 2 m 2 x 1 m 1y 2 m 2 y 1 m 1z 2 m 2 z 1
, ,
m 1 m 2 m1 m 2 m 1 m 2
(II) externally, then coordinates of R are

m 1x 2 m 2 x 1 m 1y 2 m 2 y 1 m 1z 2 m 2 z 1
, ,
m 1 m 2 m1 m 2 m 1 m 2

Coordinates of centroid of a triangle whose vertices are
(x1 , y1 , z1 ),(x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and (x 3 , y3 , z3 ) are
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 2 y 2 z 2 x 3 y 3 z 3
, ,
3 3 3
1. Find the image of (5, 4, 3) in xz plane.

2. Name the octant in which (5, 4, 3) lies.
3. What is the perpendicular distance of the point P(6, 7, 8) from xy

plane.
4. Find the distance of point P(3, 2,1) from zaxis.
5. Write coordinates of foot of perpendicular from (3, 7, 9) on x axis

y-axis, z-axis.
6. If the distance between the points (a, 2, 1) and (1, 1, 1) is 5, then

find the value (s) of a.
7. What are the coordinates of the vertices of a cube whose edge is

2 unit, one of whose vertices coincides with the origin and the
three edges passing through the origin? Coincides with the
positive direction of the axes through the origin?
8. Let A, B, C be the feet of perpendiculars from point P on the xy,

yz and xZ planes respectively. Find the coordinates of A, B, C
where the point P is (4, 3, 5).
9. If a parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn through the point

(5,8,10) & (3,6,8) parallel to the coordinates planes, then find the
length of the diagonal of the parallelopiped.
10. Find the length of the longest piece of a string that can be
stretched straight in a rectangular room whose dimensions are
13,10,& 8 unit.

11. Show that points (4, 3, 1), (5, 7, 6) and (3, 1, 8) are collinear.
12. Find the point on yaxis which is equidistant from the point (3,1,2)
and (5, 5, 2).
13. Determine the point in yz plane which is equidistant from three

points A(2, 0, 3), B(0, 3, 2) and C(0, 0, 1).
14. The centroid of ABC is at (1,1,1). If coordinates of A and B are

(3,5,7) and (1, 7, 6) respectively, find coordinates of point C.
15. Find the length of the medians of the triangle with vertices A(0,0,6)
B(0, 4, 0) and C(6, 0, 0).
16. If the extremities (end points) of a diagonal of a square are

(1,2,3) and (2,3,5) then find the length of the side of square.
17. Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are

A(6,2,4) B(2, 4,8), C(2, 2, 4). Find the coordinates of the fourth
vertex.
18. If the points A(1, 0, 6), B(3, p, q) and C(5, 9, 6) are collinear, find
the value of p and q.
19. Show that the point A(1, 3, 0), B(5, 5,, 2), C(9, 1, 2) and
D(3, 3, 0) are the vertices of a parallegram ABCD, but it is not
a rectangle.
20. The mid points of the sides of a triangle are (5, 7, 11), (0, 8, 5)
and (2 3, 1) Find its vertices and hence find centroid.
21. Find the coordinate of the point P which is five-sixth of way from
A(2, 0, 6) to B(10, 6, 12).
22. Prove that the points (0, 1, 7), (2, 1, 9) and (6, 5, 13) are
collinear. Find the ratio in which first point divides the join of the
other two.

23. Let A(3, 2, 0), B(5, 3, 2) C(9, 6, 3) be three points forming a
triangle. AD, the bisector of BAC , meets BC in D. Find the
coordinates of the point D.
24. Describe the vertices and edges of the rectangular parallelopiped

with one vertex (3,5,6) placed in the first octant with one vertex at
origin and edges of parallelopiped lie along x, y & z-axis.
25. Find the coordinates of the point which is equidistant from the
point (3,2,2), (1,2,2), (0,5,6) & (2,1,2).
26. Prove that the points O(0,0,0), A(2,0,0), B (1, 3,0) and
1 2 2
C 1, , are the vertices of a regular tetrahedron.
3 3
27. Let A( x, y, z ), B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) & C ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) be the vertices of ABC

Let D, E, and F be the midpoints of BC, AC & AB respectively.
Show that centroids of ABC & DEF coincides.
ANSWERS
1. (5, 4, 3) 2. OX' YZ'
3. 8 4. 13 unit
5. (3,0,0) 6. 5, 3
7. (2,0,0) (2,2,0), (0,2,0) (0,2,2), (0,0,2) (2,0,2) (0,0,0), (2,2,2)
8. (4, 3, 0), (0, 3, 5), (4, 0, 5) 9. 2 3

10. 333 12, (0,5,0)
13. (0,1,3) 14. (1,1,2)
15. 7, 34,7 16. 3 unit

17. (2, 4, 16)
18. p = 6, q = 2
7
20. Vertices (3, 4, 7), (7, 2, 5), (3, 21, 17) centroid , 6,5
3
21. (8,5,9)
22. 1:3 externally
19 57 17
23. , ,
8 16 16
24. (0,0,0) (3,0,0), (3,5,0) (0,5,0), (0,5,6) (0,0,6) (3,0,6), (3,5,6) 61 ,

45 , 34
25. (1,3,4)

CHAPTER - 13
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
KEY POINTS
lim f(x) = l if and only if

xc
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) l
x c x c
lim where is a fixed real number..

xc
lim xn = cn, for all n N

xc
lim f(x) = f(c), where f(x) is a real polynomial in x.

xc
Algebra of limits
Let f, g be two functions such that lim f(x) = l and lim g(x) = m, then
x c x c
lim [ f(x)] = lim f(x)

xc x c
= l for all R
lim [f(x) g(x)] = lim f(x) lim g(x) = l m

xc xc xc
lim [f(x).g(x)] = lim f(x). lim g(x) = lm

xc x c x c
lim f(x)
f(x) c l
lim =
x
, m 0 g(x) 0
x c g(x) lim g(x) m
x c

1 1 1
lim = = provided l 0 f(x) 0
x c f(x)
lim f(x) l
x c
n

lim [(f(x)]n = lim f(x) = l n, for all n N
xc x c

Some important theorems on limits
lim f(x) = lim f(x)

x0 x0
n n
x a 1
lim = nan
x a x a
sin x
lim =1 where x is measured in radians.
x0 x
tan x cos x
lim 1 Note that lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x
1 cos x
lim 0
x0 x
x
e 1
lim 1
x0 x
x
a 1
lim log e a
x 0 x
log(1 x)
lim 1
x0 x
lim 1 x
1x
e
x 0

d sin x
cos x
dx
d cos x
sin x
dx
d tan x
sec2 x
dx
d cot x
cos ec 2 x
dx
d sec x
sec x tan x
dx
d cos ec x
cos ec x.cot x
dx
d xn
n.x n 1
dx
d ex d ax
ex a x .log a
dx dx
d log e x 1

dx x
d constant
0
dx

Laws of Logarithm
log e A log e B log e AB
A
log e A log e B log e
B
loge A m loge A
m
log a 1 0
log B A x Bx A
Let y=f(x) be a function defined in some neighbourhood of the

point a. Let P(a, f(a)) and Q(a+h, f (a+h)) are two points on the
graph of f(x) where h is very small and h 0 .
f a h f a
Slope of PQ =
h

If h 0 , point Q approaches to P and the line PQ becomes a
tangent to the curve at point P.
f a h f a
lim (if exists) is called derivative of f(x) at the point
h 0 h
a. It is denoted by f(a).
Algebra of derivatives
d
dx
cf x c. f x where c is a constant
d
dx
d
dx
f x g x
d
dx
f x
d
dx
g x
d
dx
f x .g x f x . g x g x f x
d
dx
d
dx
g x f x f x g x
d d
d f
x dx dx

dx g x g x
2
If y = f(x) is a given curve then slope of the tangent to the curve at

dy
the point (h,k) is given by and is denoted by m.
dx h,k
Evaluate the following Limits:
2x 3
1. lim
x 3 x3
sin 3 x
2. lim
x 0 x

1 x 1 x
3. lim
x 1 1 x
1 2 3 ...... n
4. lim
x n2
x n 2n
5. Find n, if lim 80. n N
x 2 x2
tan 2 3 x
6. lim
x 0 x2
cos x cos a
7. lim 3 3
xa
x2 a2
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :
x 2
8.
2 n
9. x2 tan x
x
10.
sin x
11. 2x
12. 3x + x3 + 4x 5
13. (x2 3x + 2) (x + 2)
14. e x sin x x n .cos x.
2 1 cos x
15. Evaluate lim
x 0 sin 2 x

3 sin x cos x
16. Evaluate lim

x
6 x
6
| x 1|
x 1
17. If f x 2( x 1) show that lim f x does not
3 x 1
x 1

exists.
5 x 4 0 x 1
18. If f x show that lim f x exists.
4 x 3 x, 1 x 2
3 x 1
cos x x 1
19. Let f x find k if lim f x exists.
x k , x0 x 0
2| x5|
20. Find lim [ x 3] 4 x 2 , if exists.
x 5
x5
x4 1 x3 k 3
21. Find the value of k if lim lim 2 2 .
x 1 x 1 x k x k
sin x
22. lim
x 0 x
x2 1 x 1
23. lim , x 1
x 1
x2 1
3
x 27
2
24. lim
x 9 x 2 81

5 5
lim
x 2 2 a 2 2
25.
x a xa
cos ax cos bx
26. lim
x 0 cos( x 1)
tan x sin x
27. lim
x 0 x sin 2 3 x
x tan x
28. lim
x 0 1 cos x
cot x cos x
29. lim

2 x
3
x
2
cos x cos a
30. lim
x a cot x cot a
1 sec3 x
31. lim
x tan 2 x
en esin x
32. lim
x 0 sin x x
x 1
33. lim
x 1 log x
e
log e x 1
34. lim
x e xe
4 1
lim 3
2 x
35.
x2 x 2 x

2
a 2 x 3x
36. lim
xa 3a x 2 x
sin(2 x) sin(2 x)
37. lim
x 0 x

1 cos x cos 2 x
38. lim
x 0 x2
10 x 2 x 5x 1
39. lim
x 0 x tan x
e x cos x
2
40. lim
x 0 sin 2 x
sin 2 ( x a) sin 2 a
41. lim
x 0 x
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x by first

principle:
x2 1
42. f x
x
43. f x 2x 3
44. f x cos(2 x 7)
45. f x tan x
f x etan
x
46.
47. f x cos(2 x 2 3)
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
3x 1 2 x 1
48. f x
x
1 1
49. f x x x2 2
x x

sin x x cos x
50. f x
x sin x cos x
51. f x x3e x sin x
52. f x x5e x x3 log x 2x
2 x.cot x
53. f x
x
54. f x e2 x sin x x n .cos x
x2
55. f x 2log(cos x) xe x .
cos x
1 cos 2 x
56. f x
1 cos 2 x
11
57. If f x x [ x] then find f .
2
1
If y x
dy
58. , prove that 2 x. y 2 x .
x dx
x a dy x a
59. If y , prove that 2 xy .
a x dx a x
60. For the curve f(x) = (x2 + 6x5)(1x), find the slope of the
tangent at x = 3.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x from first

principle:
61. f x cos x

62. f x xe x
63. f x e ax b
64. f x cos2 3x 7

cos 2 x
65. lim
x

2
2 1 sin x
8 x2 x2 x2 x2
66. lim 8 1 cos cos cos .cos
x 0 x
2 4 2 4
4 2 sin x cos x
5
67. lim
x
1 sin 2 x
4
9n 2.6 x 4 x
68. lim
x 0 x2
x 1 1 x
69. lim
x 0 3 1 x 3 1 x
1
7 x 3 3 x2 2
1
70. lim
x 1 x 1
71. Finf the value of a and b if lim f x and lim f x exists where
x 2 x 4
x 2 ax b 0 x2

f x 3 x 2 2 x4
2ax 5b 4 x8

72. Evaluate lim f x where
x 3
x [ x] x2

f x 4 x3
3x 8 x3


ANSWERS
1
1. 2. 3
2
1 1
3. 4.
2 2
5. n=5 6. 9
2sin a 1 2
7. 8.
3 a 2 x2
9. x 2 sec 2 x 2 x tan x
10. cos ecx x cot x.cos ecx or cos ecx 1 x cot x
11. 2 x log e 2 12. 3x loge 3 3x2 4
13. 3x 2 2 x 4
14. e x cos x sin x x n1 n.cos x x sin x
2 3 3
15. 16.
8 2
8
19. k=1 21. k
3
22
22. 23.
180 2
3
1 5
24. 25. a 2 2
4 2

a 2 b2 1
26. 27.
c 18
1
28. 2 29.
16
3
30. sin 3 a 31.
2
32. 1 33. 1
1
34. 35. 1
e
2
36. 37. 2 cos 2
3 3
3 log5 .log 2
38. 39.
2
3
40. 41. Sin 2a
2
1 1
42. 1 43.
x2 2x 3
1
44. 2sin 2 x 7 45. sec2 x
2 x
46. e tan x .sec 2 x 47. 4 x sin 2 x 2 3
3 21 1 23
48. 6 x x 49. 3x 2
1 3
1 4
2 2 x2 x
50. x2
51. x 2e x x sin x x cos x 3sin x
x sin x cos x
2
52. x2 1 3log x 5x2e x x3e x 2 x log 2

2x cot x
log 2.cot x cos ec x 2.x
2
53.
x
54. e2 x cos x 2sin x x n1 n cos x x sin x
55. x sec x 2 x tan x 2 tan x e x x 1
56. sec 2 x 57. 1
sin x
60. 46. 61.
2 cos x
a.e ax b
62. e x ( x 1) 63.
2 ax b
64. 3.sin(6 x 14) 65. 4 2
1
66. 67. 5 2
32
2
3 3
68. log 69.
2 2
1
70. 71. a 1, b 6
4
72. 1

CHAPTER 14
MATHEMATICAL REASONING
KEY POINTS
A sentence is called a statement if it is either true or false but not

both simultaneously.
The denial of a statement p is called its negation and is written as

~p and read as not p.
Compound statement is made up of two or more simple

statements. These simple statements are called component
statements.
And, or, Ifthen, only if If and only if etc. are connecting

words, which are used to form a compound statement.
Two simple statements p and q connected by the word and
namely p and q is called a conjunction of p and q and is written
as p q .
Compound statement with And is

(a) true if all its component statements are true
(b) false if any of its component statement is false
p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

Two simple statements p and q connected by the word or the
resulting compound statement p or q is called disjunction of p
and q and is written as p q
Compound statement with Or is

(a) true when at least one component statement is true
(b) false when both the component statements are false
p q pq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
The negation of the compound statement p or q is p and q

( p q) p q .
The negation of the compound statement p and q is p or q

( p q) p q.
A statement with If p then q can be rewritten as
(a) p implies q
(b) p is sufficient condition for q
(c) q is necessary condition for p
(d) p only if q
(e) (~q) implies (~p)

If in a compound statement containing the connective or all the
alternatives cannot occur simultaneously, then the connecting
word or is called as exclusive or.
If, in a compound statement containing the connective or, all the

alternative can occur simultaneously, then the connecting word
or is called as inclusive or.
Contrapositive of the statement p q is the statement ~ q ~p

Converse of the statement p q is the statement q p
For all, For every are called universal quantifiers
A statement is called valid or invalid according as it is true or false.
Identify which of the following are statements (Q. No 1 to 5)
1. Prime factors of 6 are 2 and 3.

2. x2 + 6x + 3 = 0
3. The earth is a planet.
4. There is no rain without clouds.
5. All complex numbers are real numbers.
Write negation of the following statements (Q. No 6 to 11)
6. is not a rational number.

7. Everyone in Spain speaks Spanish.
8. Zero is a positive number.
9. There exists a complex number which is not a real number.
10. For every real number x, either x>1 or x<1.
11. For every positive real number x, the number x1 is also positive
Check whether the compound statement is true or false. Write the
component statements. (Q. No. 12 to 15)
12. A square is a quadrilateral and its four sides are equal.

13. All integers are either even or odd.
14. 3 is a rational number or an irrational number.

15. O is either a positive number or negative number.
Identify the type Or (Inclusive or Exclusive) used in the following

statements (Q. No. 16 to 19)
16. Students can take French or Spanish as their third language.

17. To enter in a country, you need a visa or citizenship card.
18. Two lines intersect at a point or are parallel.
19. 2 is a rational number or an irrational number?
Write the negation of the following compound statements.
(Question No. 20 to 21)
20. It is daylight and all the people have arisen.

21. Square of an integer is positive or negative.
Identify the quantifiers in the following statements (Q. No.22 to 24)
22. For every integer p p is a real number.
23. There exists a number which is equal to its square.

24. There exists a capital for every country in the world.
Write the converse of the following statements (Q. No. 25 to 28)
25. If a number x is even, then x2 is also even.

26. If 3 7 = 21 then 3 + 7 = 10

27. If n is a prime number, then n is odd.
28. If x is zero, then x is neither positive nor negative.
Write contrapositive of the following statements (Q. No. 29 to 32)
29. If 5 > 7 then 6 > 7.

30. x is even number implies that x2 is divisible by 4.
31. If a triangle is equilateral, it is isosceles.
32. Only if he does not tire he will win.
33. Verify by the method of contradiction that 7 is irrational.

34. By giving counter example, show that the following statement is
false:
If n is an odd integer, then n is prime.
35. Show that the following statement is true by method of
contrapositive:
If x is an integer and x is even, then x is also even.
36. Prove by direct method that for any integer n ,nn is always
even.
37. Using the word necessary and sufficient rewrite the following
statement
A B if and only if A B
Check whether the statement is true.
38. Let p: x and y are integers such that x > y q: x < y Describe
the following
(i) pq (ii) pq
(iii) pq (iv) q p
(v) q p

ANSWERS
1. Statement 2. Not a statement
3. Statement 4. Statement
5. Statement 6. is a rational number
7. Everyone in Spain doesnt speak Spanish
8. Zero is not a positive number
9. For all complex number x, x is a real number.
10. There exists a real number x such that x 1 and x 1.
11. There exists a positive real number x such that x 1 is not positive.
12. True; p: A square is a quadrilateral
q: All the four sides of a square are equal.
13. False; p: All integers are even.
q: All integers are odd.
14. True; p: 3 is a rational number.
q: 3 is an irrational number.
15. False; p: O is a positive number.
q: O is a negative number
16. Exclusive 17. Inclusive
18. Exclusive 19. Exclusive
20. It is not daylight or it is false that all the people have arisen.

21. There exists an integer whose square is neither positive nor
negative.
22. For every
23. There exists
24. There exists, For every
25. If x2 is even then x is even
26. If 3 + 7 = 10 then 3 7 = 21
27. If n is odd then n a prime number
28. If x is neither positive nor negative then x is zero.
29. If 6 7 then 5 7
30. If x2 is not divisible by 4 then x is not even.
31. If a trignale is not iosceles, then it is not equilateral.
32. If he tires, then he will not win.
37. True
38. (i) x and y are integers x > y or x < y.
(ii) x and y are integers x > y and x < y.
(iii) If x and y are integers such that x > y then x < y.
(iv) If x and y are integers such that x < y then x > y.
(v) x and y are integers such that x > y if and only if x < y.

CHAPTER - 15
STATISTICS
KEY POINTS
Range of Ungrouped Data and Discrete Frequency
Distribution = Largest observation smallest observation.
Range of Continuous Frequency Distribution
= Upper Limit of Highest Class Lower Limit of Lowest Class
Mean deviation for ungrouped data or raw data
n
| x x|
M .D. x i
M .D. M
| x M | , where
i
M Median
n
Mean deviation for grouped data (Discrete frequency distribution

and Continuous frequency distribution).
N , where N = f
f | x x|
M .D. x i i
i
M .D. M
f | x M | , where N =
i i
fi
N
Variance is defined as the mean of the squares of the deviations

from mean.

Standard deviation is positive square root of variance.
variance
variance 2
and standard deviation (SD) for ungrouped data
1

2
2 xi x
n
1

2
SD xi x
n
Standard deviation of a discrete frequency distribution
1
fi xi x 1
N fi xi 2 f xi
2 2

N N
Standard deviation of a continuous frequency distribution
1
fi xi x 1
N fi xi 2 f xi
2 2

N N
where xi are the midpoints of the classes.
Short cut method to find variance and standard deviation
h2 N f y 2 f y 2
2
N i i i i
N fi yi 2 fi yi
h 2

N
xi A
Where yi
h
Coefficient of variation C.V 100, x0

x

If each observation is multiplied by a positive constant k then
variance of the resulting observations become k2 times of the
original value and standard deviation becomes k times of the
original value.
If each observation is increased by k, where k is positive or

negative, the variance and standard deviation remains same.
Standard deviation is independent of choice of origin but depends

on the scale of measurement.
The series having higher coefficient of variation is called more

variable than the other. While the series having lesser coefficient
of variation is called more consistent or more stable. For series
with equal means the series with lesser standard deviation is
more stable.
The mean and standard deviation of a set of n1 observations are

x1 and s1 respectively while the mean and standard deviation of
another set of n2 observations are x2 and s2 respectively then
the standard deviation of the combined set of n1 n2
observations is given by

2
n1 s1 n2 s2 n1n2 x1 x2
2 2
S .D
n1 n2 n1 n2
2
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. The sum of the squares of deviation for 10 observations taken

from their mean 50 is 250. Find the coefficient of variation.
2. If the standard deviation of a variable X is , then find the
ax b
standard deviation of variable .
c

3. If the variance of 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, is 32, then find the variance
of 28, 36, 44, 52, 60.
4. Find range of the following data.

Class 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59
Frequency 5 4 5 3 2
5. The variance of 10 observations is 16 and their mean is 12. If each

observation is multiplied by 4, what are the new mean and the
new variance?
6. The standard deviation of 25 observations is 4 and their mean is
25. If each observation is increased by 10, what are the new
mean and the new standard deviation?
7. In a series of 2n observations, half of them equal a and remaining

half equal a. If the standard deviation of the observations is 2,
then find the value of |a|.
8. The frequency distribution
x A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A
f 2 1 1 1 1 1
Where A is positive integer, has a variance of 160. Determine the

value of A.
9. Find the mean deviation from the mean of A.P:
a, a + d, a + 2d,., a + 2nd.
10. Consider the first 10 positive integers. If we multiply each number
by 1 and then add 1 to each number, find the variance of the
numbers so obtained.

11. Coefficients of variation of two distributions are 60 and 80 and
their standard deviations are 21 and 36. What are their means?
12. Life of bulbs produced by two factors A and B given below
Length of Life Factory A Factory B
in (Hours) (Number of bulbs) (Number of bulbs)
550-650 10 8
650-750 22 60
750-850 52 24
850-950 20 16
950-1050 16 12
The bulb of which factory are more consistent from point of view
of length.
13. The mean of 5 observations is 4.4 and their variance is 8.24. If

three of the observations are 1, 2 and 6. Find the other two
observations.
14. Calculate the possible values of x if standard deviation of the

numbers 2, 3, 2x and 11 is 3.5.
15. Mean and standard deviation of the data having 18 observations

were found to be 7 and 4 respectively. Later it was found that 12
was miscopied as 21 in calculation. Find the correct mean and
the correct standard deviation.
16. Find the standard deviation of
a, a+d, a+2d,, a+2nd
17. Suppose a population A has 100 observations 101, 102,., 200.

Another population B has 100 observations 151, 152,, 250. If

V A and VB represent the variances of the two populations
respectively then find the ratio of V A and VB .
18. Calculate the mean deviation about mean for the following data.
Size 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Frequency 2 2 4 5 3 2 1 1
19. Calculate the mean deviation about median for the following data:
x 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
f 7 3 8 5 6 8 4 4
20. There are 60 students in a class. The following is the frequency

distribution of the marks obtained by the students in a test :
xi 0 1 2 3 4 5
fi x2 X x2 (x+1)2 2x 2x+1
where x is positive integer. Determine the mean and standard

deviation of the marks.
21. Find the mean and variance of the frequency distribution given
below
X 1 x<3 3 x<5 5 x<7 7 x < 10
f 6 4 5 1

22. Calculate the mean deviation about mean (Q. No. 22 & 23)
Classes 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

Frequency 2 3 8 14 8 3 2
23.
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

Number of Students 5 8 15 16 6
24. Find the mean deviation about the median
Weight (in kg.) 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90

Number of 8 10 10 16 4 2
Persons
25. The mean and standard deviation of some data taken for the time
to complete a test are calculated with following results:
Number of observations = 25, mean = 18.2
Standard deviation = 3.25 seconds
Further another set of 15 observations x1, x2, ..., x15 also in

15
x
i 1
2
i =5524.
Calculate the standard deviation based on all 40 observations.

26. Find the coefficient of variation of the following data
Classes 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99
Frequency 5 12 15 20 18 10 6 4

27. Which group of students is more stable- Group A or Group B?
Classes 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-73

Number in Group 4 12 22 30 23 5 4
A
Number in Group 5 15 20 33 15 10 2
B
28. Mean and standard deviation of 100 observations were found to

be 40 and 10 respectively. If at the time of calculation two
observations were wrongly taken as 30 and 70 in place of 3 and
27 respectively. Find correct standard deviation.
x 5 3, x 5 43 and total number

2
29. For a distribution i i
of items is 18. Find the mean and standard deviation.
30. The following is the record of goals scored by team A in a football

session:
Number in Goals scored 0 1 2 3 4
Number of Matches 1 9 7 5 3
For the team B, mean number of goals scored per match was 2
with standard deviation 1.25 goals. Find which of the two teams
is more consistent in their performance.
ANSWERS
a
1. 10 2.
c
3. 128 4. 50

5. 48,256 6. 35, 4
7. 2 8. A=7
n( n 1)
9. d 10. 8.25
2n 1
11. 35, 45 12. Factory A
13. 4, 9 14. 3, 7/3
n(n 1)
15. 6.5, 2.5 16. d
3
17. 1 18. 2.8
19. 10.1
20. Mean = 2.8, Standard deviation = 1.12
21. 4.16, 3.96 22. 10
23. 9.44 24. 11.44
25. 3.87 26. 31.24
27. Group A 28. 10.24
29. 5.17, 1.53 30. Team A

CHAPTER - 16
PROBABILITY
KEY POINTS
Random Experiment: If an experiment has more than one

possible outcome and it is not possible to predict the outcome in
advance then experiment is called random experiment.
Sample Space: The collection or set of all possible outcomes of

a random experiment is called sample space associated with it.
Each element of the sample space(set) is called a sample point.
Some examples of random experiments and their sample

spaces
(i) A coin is tossed
S = {H, T}, n(S) = 2
Where n(S) is the number of elements in the sample space S.
(ii) A die is thrown
S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], n(S) = 6
(iii) A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards n (S) = 52.
(iv) Two coins are tossed

S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}, n(S) = 4.
(v) Two dice are thrown
(1,1), (1, 2), (1,3), (1, 4), (1,5), (1, 6)
(2,1), (2, 2),........................, (2, 6)

S n( s ) 36.

(6,1), (6, 2), (6,3), (6, 4), (6,5), (6, 6)

(vi) Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52
cards
(a) with replacement n(S) = 52 52
(b) without replacement n( S ) 52 C2
Event: A subset of the sample space associated with a random

experiment is called an event.
Elementary or Simple Event: An event which has only one

Sample point is called a simple event.
Compound Event: An event which has more than one Sample

point is called a Compound event.
Sure Event: If event is same as the sample space of the

experiment, then event is called sure event.
Impossible Event: Let S be the sample space of the experiment,

S, is called impossible event.
Exhaustive and Mutually Exclusive Events: Events E1, E2,
E3..En are such that
(i) E1U E2UE3U.. UEn = S then Events E1, E2, E3..En
are called exhaustive events.
(ii) Ei Ej = for every i j then Events E1, E2, E3..En are
called mutually exclusive.
Then we say that E1, E2,..En partitions the sample space S.

Probability of an Event: For a finite sample space S with equally
likely outcomes, probability of an event A is defined as:
n( A)
P( A)
n( S )
where n(A) is number of elements in A

and n(S) is number of elements in set S and 0 P (A) 1.
(a) If A and B are any two events then
P(A or B) = P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

= P(A) + P(B) P (A and B)
(b) If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) (since P(A B)=0 for mutually

exclusive events)
(c) P A P(A) 1 or P(A) + P(not A) = 1
(d) P (Sure event) = P(S) = 1
(e) P (impossible event) = P ( ) = 0

(f) P(A B) = P(A) P(A B) = P(A B )
(g) P(B A) P(B) P( A B) P(B A)
(h) P( A B) P( A B) 1 P( A B)
(i) P( A B) P( A B) 1 P( A B)
Addition theorem for three events
Let A, B and C be any three events associated with a random

experiment, then
P ( A B C ) P ( A) P ( B ) P (C ) P ( A B ) P ( B C ) P (C A)
P ( A B C ).

Axiomatic Approach to Probability:
Let S be a sample space containing elementary outcomes
w1 , w2 ,...........wn
i.e. S w1 , w2 ,...........wn
(i) 0 P( wi ) 1 for each wi S

(ii) P(w1 ) P(w2 ) ........... P(wn ) 1
(iii) P( A) P(wi ) for any event A containing elementary
events wi .
Verbal Equivalent Set Venn Diagram
description of Theoretic
the event Notation
Not A A or A '
A or B A B
A and B A B
A but not B A B
(only A)
At least one of A B C
A, B or C

Exactly one of ( A B) ( A B)
A and B
Neither A nor B ( A B)
( A B C)
Exactly two of ( A B C)
A, B and C
( A B C)
All there of A, B A B C
and C
The cards J, Q and K are called face cards. There are 12 face cards
in a deck of 52 cards.
There are 64 squares in a chess board i.e. 32 white and 32 Black.

n 1
Total n digit numbers = 9 10 , n2
e.g. there are 9 102 900 . Three digit numbers.
Describe the Sample Space for the following experiments
(Q. No. 1 to 5)
1. A coin is tossed twice and number of heads is recorded.

2. A card is drawn from a deck of playing cards and its colour is
noted.
3. A coin is tossed repeatedly until a tail comes up.

4. A coin is tossed. If it shows head, we draw a ball from a bag
consisting of 2 red and 3 black balls. If it shows tail, coin is tossed
again.
5. Two balls are drawn at random in succession without replacement

from a box containing 1 red and 3 identical white balls.
6. A coin is tossed n times. Find the number of element in its sample

space.
7. One number is chosen at random from the numbers 1 to 21. What

is the probability that it is prime?
8. What is the probability that a given two-digit number is divisible

by 15?
9. If P(A B) = P(A) + P(B), then what can be said about the events
A and B?
10. If P(A B) = P(A B), then find relation between P(A) and P(B).
11. Is P(A B) = 0? If A and B are exhaustive events.
12. Let A and B be two events such that P(A) = 0.3 and P(AB) = 0.8.
find P(B) if P(AB) = P(A) P(B).
13. Three identical dice are rolled. Find the probability that the same
number appears on each of them.
14. In an experiment of rolling of a fair die.
Let A,B and C be three events defined as under:
A : a number which is a perfect square
B : a prime number
C : a number which is greater than 5.
Is A, B, and C exhaustive events?

15. Punching time of an employee is given below:
Day Mon Tue Wed Thurs Fri Sat
Time(a.m) 10:35 10:20 10:22 10:27 10:25 10:40
If the reporting time is 10:30 a.m, then find the probability of his
coming late.
16. A game has 18 triangular block out of which 8 are blue and rest
are red, and 19 square blocks out of which 7 are blue and rest are
yellow. On piece is lost. Find the probability that it was a square
of blue colour.
17. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of
getting:
(i) a jack or a queen
(ii) a king or a diamond
(iii) a heart or a club
(iv) either a red or a face card.
(v) neither a heart nor a king
(vi) neither an ace nor a jack
(vii) a face card
18. In a leap year find the probability of
(i) 53 Mondays and 53 Tuesdays
(ii) 53 Mondays and 53 Wednesday
(iii) 53 Mondays or 53 Tuesdays.
19. In a non-leap year, find the probability of
(i) 53 Mondays and 53 Tuesdays.
(ii) 53 Mondays or 53 Tuesdays.
20. Two card are drawn at random from a deck of 52 playing cards.
Find the probability of drawing two kings.
21. Find the probability that in a random arrangement of the letters of

the word UNIVERSITY two Is come together.
22. An urn contains 5 blue and an unknown number x of red balls.

Two balls are drawn at random. If the probability of both of them
5
being blue is , find x.
14
23. Out of 8 points in a plane 5 are collinear. Find the probability that
3 points selected at random form a triangle.
24. Find the probability of atmost two tails or at least two heads in a
toss of three coins.
25. A, B and C are events associated with a random experiment such

that P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4, P(C) = 0.8, P(A B) = 0.08
P(A C) = 0.28 and P(A B C) = 0.09. If P(A B C) 0.75
then prove that P(B C) lies in the interval [0.23, 0.48]
[Hint: P (A B C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) P(A B)

P(B C) P(A C) + P (A B C)]
1 3 p 1 p 1 2 p
26. If , , and are the probability of three mutually
3 4 2
exclusive events. Then find the set of all values of p.
27. An urn A contains 6 red and 4 black balls and urn B contain 4 red
and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from urn A and
placed in urn B. Then one ball is drawn at random from urn B and
placed in urn A. Now if one ball is drawn at random from urn A
then find the probability that it is found to be red.

28. If three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the first 100
natural numbers, then find the probability that all three of them
are divisible by both 2 and 3.
29. S = {1, 2, 3, -----, 30}, A = {x : x is multiple of 7}, B = { x : x is

multiple of 5}, C = {x : x is a multiple of 3}. If x is a member of S
chosen at random find the probability that
(i) xAB
(ii) xBC
(iii) x A C'
30. One number is chosen at random from the number 1 to 100. Find
the probability that it is divisible by 4 or 10.
31. The number lock of a suitcase has 4 wheels with 10 digits, i.e. fro
0 to 9. The lock open with a sequence of 4 digits with repeats
allowed. What is the probability of a person getting the right
sequence to open the suit case?
1 2
32. If A and B are any two events having P(A B) = and P ( A)
2 3
then find the P ( A B ) .
33. Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen at

random. What is probability that the triangle with these vertices is
equilateral?
34. A typical PIN (Personal identification number) is a sequence of

any four symbol chosen from the 26 letters in the alphabet and
ten digits. If all PINs are equally likely, what is the probability that
a randomly chosen PIN contains a repeated symbol?
35. An urn contains 9 red, 7 white and 4 black balls. If two balls are
drawn at random. Find the probability that the balls are of same
colour.

36. One mapping /function is selected at random from all the
mappings of the set A = {1,2,3,4,5}. Into itself. Find the probability
that the mapping selected is one to one.
37. A girl calculates that the probability of her winning the first prize
in a lottery is 0.02. If 6000 tickets were sold, how many tickets has
she bought?
38. Two dice are thrown at the same time and the product of numbers
appearing on them is noted. Find the probability that the product
is less than 9?
39. All the face cards are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards.
The remaining cards are well shuffled and then one card is drawn
at random. Giving ace a value 1 and similar value for other cards.
Find the probability of getting a card with value less than 7.
40. If A,B,C are three mutually exclusive and exhaustive events of an

experiment such that 3P(A) = 2P(B) = P(C), then find the value of
P(A).
ANSWERS
1. {0, 1, 2}
2. {Red, Black}
3. {T, HT, HHT, HHHT.........}
4. {HR1, HR2, HB1, HB2, HB3, TH, TT}
5. {RW, WR, WW} 6. 2n
8 1
7. 8.
21 15
9. A and B are Mutually exclusive events.

10. P(A) = P(B) 11. No.
5 1
12. 13.
7 36
1
14. Yes as A B C = S 15.
3
1
16.
4
2 4 1 8
17. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
13 13 2 13
9 11 3
(v) (vi) (vii)
13 13 13
1 3
18. (i) (ii) 0 (iii)
7 7
2
19. (i) 0 (ii)
7
1
20.
221
1
21. 22. 3
5
23 7
23. 24.
28 8
1 1
25. 0.23 P( B) 0.48 26. p
3 2
32 4
27. 28.
55 1155

1 1 1
29. (i) (ii) (iii)
3 15 10
3 1
30. 31.
10 10000
1 1
32. 33.
6 10
265896 63
34. 35.
1679616 190
5! 24
36. 5
37. 120
5 125
5 3
38. 39.
12 5
2
40.
11

MODEL TEST PAPER-I
Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions:
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) The question paper consists of 26 questions divided into three
sections A, B and C. Section A comprises of 6 questions of one
mark each, section B comprises of 13 questions of 4 marks each
and section C comprises of 7 questions of six marks each.
(iii) All questions in section A are to be answered in one word, one
sentence or as per the exact requirement of the question.
(iv) There is no overall choice. However internal choice have been
provided in 4 questions of four marks each and 2 questions of six
marks each. You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in
all such questions.
(v) Use of calculator is not permitted.
SECTION A
1. Find the number of terms in the expansion of (3x y ) (3x y) .

8 8
2. Define 1 radian and convert it in degree measure.
1
sin
3. Evaluate lim x.
x 0 1
x

4. Find the argument of the complex number Z sin i cos
6 6

5. Let f : C R be a function given by f ( x) x 2 1 and f ( ) 5 then
find , where C and R are set of complex numbers respectively.
6. Find the eccentricity of ellipse whose length of major and minor axes are
equal.
SECTION B
7. Draw the graph of the function f ( x) | x 2 | . Write its domain and range.
8. Let U= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k}, A= {a, e, i}, B= {a, c, e, g, i, k} then find

(i) A B (ii) B (iii) all subsets of A
(iv) Verify: A A ' B A B
x 3x
9. Prove that: sin 3 x sin 2 x sin x 4sin x cos cos
2 2
OR
Prove that: 2 2 2 2 cos8 2 cos
10. Show that the statement "If x is real number such that x2 + 4x = 0 then x=0
is true by method of contrapositive. Also write its converse statement
11. How many four digit numbers more than 4000 can be formed using the
digits 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6 if the repetition of digits is allowed.
OR
If 5 parallel lines in a plane are intersected by a family of 6 parallel lines.

Find the number of parallelograms formed.
12. Find the equation of line in general form joining the points
at12 , 2at1 and at22 , 2at2 .
13. Find the equation of parabola whose focus is (3, 2) and
equation of directrix is x+y=4
OR
Find the equation of image of the circle x y 8 x 16 y 64 0
2 2
in the line mirror x=0.

14. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment
joining the points A(2,0,6) and B(10,6,12) in the ratio 5:6
externally.
15. Find two numbers whose arithmetic mean is 34 and the geometric
mean is 16.
16. Show that the coefficient of middle term in the expansion of
1.3.5........ 2n 1 n
1 x
2n
is .2 .
n!
17. Three dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability that
two of them show the same face.
18. Let f(x) be a function defined by,
4 x 5 if x 2
f ( x)
x if x 2
Find the value of if lim f ( x) exists.

x 2
x a dy x a
19. If y , prove that 2 xy
a x dx a x
OR
Differentiate cosec x w.r.t. x by first principle.
SECTION C
20. Solve graphically:

2 x y 4, x y 3, 2 x 3 y 6, x 0, y 0
21. Prove the following by using Principle of Mathematical Induction for all
n N
x 2 n y 2 n is divisible by (x + y)
22. In a group of 84 persons, each plays at least one game out of
these three, tennis, badminton and cricket. 28 of them play

cricket, 40 play tennis and 48 play badminton. If 6 play both cricket
and badminton and 4 play tennis and badminton and no one play
all the three games. Find the number of persons who play cricket but not
tennis. What is the importance of games in students life?
23. The mean of 5 observations is 4.4 and the variance is 8.24. If
three of the observations are 1, 2 and 6. Find the other two
observations.
OR
Find the coefficient of variation (C.V.) of the following data:
Class 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
Frequency 3 7 12 15 8 3 2
24. Solve: sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x 0
OR

and sin ; , 0, , then find the
4 5
If cos
5 13 4
value of tan 2 .
25. Find the sum of the sequence: 7, 77, 777, 777 to n terms.
1 7i
26. Represent the complex number in polar form.
2 i
2
ANSWERS
1. 4. 2. Approx. 57

3. Not defined or 4.
3
5. i 6 6. e=0
7. Domain = R, Range = [0, )

8. (i) A
(ii) {b, d, f, h, i}
(iii) { }, {a}, {e}, {i}, {a,e}, {e,i}, {a,i} {a,e,i}
11. 647 OR 150
12. 2 x (t1 t2 ) y 2a t1t2 0
13. x 2 2 xy y 2 20 x 10 0
OR
( x 4)2 ( y 8)2 16
14. (62, 30, 96) 15. 4 and 64
5
17. 18. 1
12
19. cosec x cot x 22. 6
23. 4 and 9 OR 22 .87
n 56
24. x or n , nZ OR
4 6 33
7 10(10n 1)
25. n
9 9
3 3
26. 2 cos i sin
4 4

MODEL TEST PAPER-II
Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions:
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) The question paper consists of 26 questions divided into three

sections A, B and C. Section A comprises of 6 questions of one
mark each, section B comprises of 13 questions of 4 marks each
and section C comprises of 7 questions of six marks each.
(iii) All questions in section A are to be answered in one word, one

sentence or as per the exact requirement of the question.
(iv) There is no overall choice. However internal choice has been

provided in 4 questions of four marks each and 2 questions of six
marks each. You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in
all such questions.
(v) Use of calculator is not permitted.
SECTION A
What is the eccentricity of the hyperbola 9 y 4 x 36

2 2
1.
x
2. Write the domain of the function, f x
x2 5x 6
3. Write the slope and y intercept of the line 5x+7y=28
4. A wheel makes 360 revolutions in one minute. Through how many

radians does it turn in one second?
5. Write the argument of 2i.

n 1
6. If C2 45 , find n.

SECTION-B
, Prove that 1 tan x 1 tan y 2

7. If x y
4
OR
Find the general solution of the equation 3 cos sin 2
8. Let x 1 a a 2 .... and y 1 b b 2 .... where |a| < 1; |b| <1
xy
Prove that: 1 ab a b ......
2 2
x y 1
9. If A and B are two sets such that
n A B 14 x , n B A 3x and n A B x
Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate information and if n(A)= n(B)

then find the value of x
10. Find the derivative of sec (2x 3) from first principle
OR
x3 6 x 2 11x 6
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 6 x 8
11. A Polygon has 25 sides, the length of which starting from the
smallest side are in Arithmetical Progression. If the perimeter of
the polygon is 2100 cm and the length of the largest side is 20
times that of the smallest side. Find the length of smallest side
and common difference of AP.
12. Find the domain of the real function f(x) defined by
1 | x |
f x
2 | x |

13. If z is complex number such that |z|=1. Prove that z 1 is purely
z 1
imaginary. What will be your conclusion if z=1?
OR
Find the square root of 7+24i.
14. How many four digit numbers divisible by 4 can be made with
the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. If the repetition of digit is not allowed?
15. Find the coordinate of a point equidistant from the four points O
(0,0,0), A(a,0,0), B (0, b,0), C (0,0, c).
16. Write the component statement of each of the following

statements. Also, check whether the statements are true or not.
(i) If a triangle ABC is equilateral, then it is isosceles.
(ii) If a and b are integers, then ab is rational number.
17. Find the coefficient of x 5 in the expansion of

1 x 1 x ....... 1 x
21 22 30
OR
10
1 7
Find the value of x if the middle term of x sin x is 7 .
x 8
18. A young man visits a hospital for medical check-up. The

probability that he has lung problem is 0.45, heart problem is 0.29
and either lung or heart problem is 0.47. What is the probability
that he has both type of problems: lungs as well as heart? Out of
1000 persons, how many are expected to have both type of
problem What should be done to keep good health and hospital
away? Describe briefly.
19. A circle of radius 5 units touches the coordinate axes in first

quadrant. If the circle makes one complete roll on x axis along
positive direction of x axis. Find its equation in new position?

OR
Find the equation of circle concentric with circle

2 x 2 2 y 2 6 x 8 y 1 0 and double its area.
SECTION-C
20. Find the equation of circle which touches the lines 4 x 3 y 10 0

and 4 x 3 y 30 0 and whose centre lies on the line 2 x y 0 .
If p, q, r are in G.P and the equations px qx r 0 and

2
21.
dx 2 2ex f 0 and dx 2 2ex f 0 have a common root, then
show that d , e , f are in A.P.
p q r
22. Show that: 3 cos ec20 sec 20 4
OR
If cos A B sin C D cos A B sin C D then show that
tan A tan B tan C tan D 0 .
23. The mean and standard deviation of a group of 100 observations

were found to be 20 and 3 respectively. Later on it was found that
three observations were incorrect, which were recorded as 21, 21
and 18. Find the mean standard deviation if the incorrect
observation are omitted.
24. Solve the following system of inequalities graphically
x 2y 3 ; 3 x 4 y 12 ; x0; y 1
5 3
25. Prove by the principle of mathematical induction that n n 7n
5 3 15
is a natural number for all n N .

26. The hypotenuse of a right isosceles triangle has its ends at the
points (1,3) and (4,1). Find the equations of the legs
(perpendicular) sides of the triangle.
OR
Find the centroid, circumcentre and orthocentre of the triangle

whose sides have the following equations:
3 x 4 y 0 ; 12 y 5 x 0 ; y 15 0 .
ANSWERS
13
1. 2. R {2,3}
2
5
3. slope , y int ercept 4 4. 12
7

5. 6. n=9
2
5
7. 2n or 2n wherer n Z
12 12
9. x=7
1
10. 2 sec(2 x 3) tan(2 x 3) or
2
19
11. smallest side of polygon is 8cm ; d cm
3
12. D ( 2) (2, ) [1,1]
z 1
13. 0 which is purely real or (4 3i )
z 1
14. 24
a b c
15. , ,
2 2 2

17. C6 21 C6
31
or x n (1) n ; nZ
6
18. 270 persons
x (5 10 ) y 5 52
2 2
19.
4 x 2 4 y 2 12 x 16 y 21 0
x 1 y 2 16
2 2
21.
23. correct mean = 20, correct S.D = 3.036
24.
16
7x 3y 2 0
centroid ,10
3
3x 7 y 5 0 63
26. OR circumcentre 8,
7 x 3 y 31 0 2
3x 7 y 5 0 orthocentre 0, 33

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COURSE STRUCTURE

One Paper Three Hours Max. Marks. 100

I. Sets and Functions 29

III. Coordinate Geometry 13

VI. Statistics and Probability 12

Unit-I : Sets and Functions

2. Relations and Functions:

tan x tan y cot x cot y 1

1. Principle of Mathematical Induction:

4. Permutations and Combinations:

6. Sequence and Series:

Unit-III: Coordinate Geometry

Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning

Unit-VI: Statistics and Probability

Time 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100

S.No. Typology of Questions Very Long Long Marks %

1. Remembering (Knowledge based

3. Application (Use abstract

4. High Order Thinking Skills

5. Evaluation (Appraise, judge, and/ 1+1

TOTAL 61= 6 134= 52 76=42 100 100

Type of Marks per Total Number Total

1. No chapter wise weightage. Care to be taken to cover all the chapters.

The above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be

A set is a well-defined collection of objects.

There are two methods of representing a set:

(b) Set-builder form or Rule method e.g.: Vowels in English

Power set : The collection of all subsets of a set A is called power

Equivalent sets : Two finite sets A and B are equivalent, if their

Intersection of two sets A and B is,

Disjoint sets: Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if A B =

Difference of sets B and A is,

Complement of a set A, denoted by A' or Ac is

Properties of complement sets :

Note : This law can be extended to any number of sets.

Laws of Algebra of sets.

n(A B C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) n(A B) n(B C)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

Which of the following are sets? Justify your answer.

5. Write the set A = { x : x is an integer, 1 x < 4} in roster form

12. Are sets A = { 2,2}, B = { x : x Z, x2 4 = 0} equal? Why?

13. Write (5,9] in set-builder form

14. Write {x : x R, 3 x < 7} as interval.

16. Write all the possible subsets of A = {5,6}.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

24. If = { x : x N and x 10}

Verify the following result

26. For any sets A and B show that

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

34. In a class, 18 students took Physics, 23 students took Chemistry

(1) The total number of students.

(2) How many took Maths but not Chemistry.

(3) How many took exactly one of the three subjects.

35. Using properties of sets and their complements prove that

Find the value of X Y

40. From 50 students taking examination in Mathematics, Physics

6. A = The set of all girls students of class XI

8. Empty set because no natural number is lying between 3 and 4

9. Non-empty set because B = {1}

10. Infinite set because circle is a collection of infinite points whose

11. Finite set because B = {2}

13. {x: x R, 5 < x 9} 14. [ 3,7)

15. 23 = 8 16. , {5}, {6}, {5,6}

17. A B = {D, E, L, H, I, O} 18. A B = {D, L}

19. A B = {E, H, I} 20. B A = {O}

21. Yes, because A B = 22. (A B) (B A)

25. A = {1,2} B = {1,3} C = {2,3}

27. (i) (0) (3, ) (ii) [0,6]

(iii) [2,3] (iv) [0,2)

Number of people who play neither cricket nor tennis

= n [(A B)'] = n(U) n (A B)

29. There are 280 students in the group.

30. No, For example A = {1,2}, B = {2,3},C = {3.4}

33. 6 34. (i) 35 (ii) 11 (iii) 11

36. {2,3,5} 37. n=3 m=6

Cartesian Product of two non-empty sets A and B is given by,