Non Linear Algebraic Equations

1. The Redlich Kwong Equation of state is given as

RT a
=
v b v ( v +b ) T 0.5

Where, a=0.42748 R 2 T 2.5

c / Pc , b=0.08664 R T c / Pc Ans:2.26L

For Methyl Chloride given: - Tc=416.3K, Pc=66.8 bar

Given that the vapour pressure of Methyl Chloride at 60C is 13.76 bar .Use
Redlich Kwong Equation of state to calculate molar volume of saturated vapour at these
conditions.

2. In a commercial recycle PFR reactor autocatalytic reaction giving aB is carried out .

The optimum recycle ratio corresponds to minimum size of reactor. It must satisfy
equation

1+ R (1X Af ) R +1
ln = Ans:0.307
R(1 X Af ) R [1+ R ( 1X Af ) ]

Find out the recycle ratio needed to minimize reactor size for a fractional
conversion of XAf = 0.95.

3. The volume V of liquid in a spherical tank of radius r is related to depth h of the liquid by

h2 (3 rh)
V= Ans:0.5395 m
3

Determine h given r= 1m and V=0.75m3

4. The pressure drop in a section of pipe can be calculated as

2
L V
P f
2D

P = the pressure drop (Pa), f = Darcy friction factor, D= diameter

L- Length of pipe(m), = density(kg/m3 ), V = Velocity (m/s)

For turbulent flow , the Colebrook equation provides a means to calculate the friction
factor.

1 2.51
f
=2.0 log +
(
3.7 D f )
 Where = the roughness(m), Re =the Reynolds number

DV
= where = dynamic viscosity(N-s/m2)

Determine P for a 0.2 m long horizontal stretch of smooth drawn tubing given

= 1.23 kg/m3 , = 1.79 x10-5 N.s/m2 , D=0.005 m, V=40m/s, =0.0015mm

With Re <105 initial guess can be obtained by Blausis formulae

0.316
f= 0.25 Ans: f=0.02896,P=1140N/m2

5.Find V & UA so that multiple steady states do not exist in CSTR

E
UA ( T T a )
+C p (T T O )
A e RT
F AO
x= E
=
RT H R
1+ A e

CA0 =9.3 Kmol/m3 , , A exp(-E/360R)=31.1h-1

Ta =310 K , E=67.5 kJ/mol, R=8.314 kJ/mol K, Cp=0.141kJ/molK

T0=330K , x=10%, FA0=163 kmol/h

V= FA0CAo
 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

1. A liquid hydrocarbon containing 20mole% ethane, 50mole%propane, 30mole%butane is

to be fractionated into almost pure components using two distillation column in series.
The compositions of all product streams are known. Calculate the flow rate of each
component & compositions of the intermediate stream for 100kmol/h hydrocarbon feed.
Generate computer solution.
Stream Composition:
Component Feed Stream 1 Intermediate Stream 2 Stream 3
Ethane 20 94 Xe 1 1
Propane 50 5 Xp 96 7
Butane 30 1 Xb 3 92

STREAM 1 STREAM2

FEED

COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2

INTERMEDIATE STREAM3

2. A manufacturer of personal care products want to prepare a special shade of nail enamel
by blending three shades of red enamels( designated as A,B and C). One litre of the new
enamel will contain x litres of enamel A, y litres of enamel B and z litres of enamel C.
Each of these three enamels contain three main pigments ,but at different percentages .
The desired percentages of these pigment in the new product are decided. The following
three equations are constructed to find out x, y and z from the available information.
80x+30Z=40
80y+10z=27 Ans:x=0.378,y=0.297,z=0.325
20x+20y+60z=33
3. A peristaltic pump delivers a unit flow (Q1) of the highly viscous fluid . The network is
depicted in fig. Every pipe section has the same length and diameter. The mass and
mechanical energy balance can be simplified to obtain the flows in every pipe. Solve the
following system of equations to obtain the flow in every stream.
Q3 +2Q4-2Q2=0
Q5+2Q6-2Q4=0
 3Q7-2Q6=0
Q1=Q2+Q3
Q3=Q4+Q5
Q5=Q6+Q7

Q1 Q3 Q5

Q2 Q4 Q6 Q7

4. An irreversible first order reaction takes place in four well mixed reactors. Thus the rate
at which A is transformed into B can be represented as
AB -rA = kVc
The reactor have different volumes and because they are operated at different
temperatures, each has a different reaction rate. Determine the concentration of A & B in
each of the reactors at steady state.

Reactor V,L k, h-1

1 25 0.075

2 75 0.15

3 100 0.4

4 25 0.1
 Q32=5

1 2 3 4
Qin=10
CAin =5
Q43=3
 Numerical Integration and Differentiation

1. A homogeneous gas phase reaction A3R has a reported rate at 215 Deg C

-rA= 10-2CA1/2

Find the space time needed for 80% conversion of a 50%A-50% inert feed to a plug flow
reactor operating at 215 degC & 5 atm. (C A0 = 0.0625 mol/liter) . Use numerical
integration to evaluate integral. Ans: 33.182 s

2. A 100 gm solution of isoamyl alcohol (65 wt %) and ethanol (35 wt %) at atmospheric

pressure was to be separated using batch distillation. The binary solution has relative
volatility of 2.25. At the end of distillation 30 g solution was left in the still. Find out the
amount & composition of distillate using Rayleigh Equation. Ans : xw=0.2438

xf
F dx
ln =
W x yxw

x
y
1+( 1) x

3. The rate of chemical reaction is given by

0.7
d C A 1+0.5 C A
r A= = 1.6
dt 2+0.6 C A

For CA0 =1 mol/lt, Find the time at which the concentration will reduce to 0.2

mol/lt Ans:1.35998 s

4. A solar collector absorbs heat. The heat flux at the surface of collector is q kJ/m2.h . The
data recorded for a period of 10 hours can be represented by the equation

q=2.5 x10-4 t4-1x10-2 t3-0.2t2+3t+0.2

calculate the total heat absorbed by the collector during this period using the

equation
10
H=0.5 q A dt
0
 A=100 m2

5. The velocity v (m/s) of air flowing past a flat surface is measured at several distances y
(m) away from the surface. Determine the shear stress, (N/m2) at the surface (y=0)

Assume a value of dynamic viscosity =1.8 x 10-5

dv
=
dy

y m 0 0.002 0.006 0.012 0.018 0.024

v m/s 0 0.287 0.899 1.915 3.048 4.299

6. For a certain chemical reaction AB time vs concentration data is given , Find out values ok k& n

-r =-dC /dt =k (C )n
A A A

t 10 20 30 40 50 60

C 3.52 2.48 1.75 1.23 0.87 0.61

 ODE/PDE

1. A body is being cooled by natural convection in a constant temperature surrounding by

the following equation:

At t=0, T=100 Using h=0.1 Compute T at t=10 using Euler & RK method.

Compare the results with the analytical solution as well.

[T=50+ (0.075t+0.37605)-4 ]

2. The spread of medicine in human bloodstream and gastrointestinal (GI ) tract is described
by following set of two differential equation. x(t) and y(t) represent the distribution in the
GI tract and blood stream respectively. At t=0,x=y=0.Determine the profiles upto t=3h

dx 2
=3 t 0.7 x
dt

dy dy 0
=0.08 y 0.5 0.2
=0.7 x0.02 y 0 2 y 0 y 1
dt dt

3. The decomposition of low density polyethylene(PE) is believed to occur by the following

scheme in presence of a zeolite catalyst (C)

PEG1

PE+CPECG2+C

Where the PEC is as intermediate in the reaction and G1& G2 are gaseous
products. Under certain conditions the change in concentration of the various components
with time can be expressed by the following differential equations:

dy 0
=0.08 y 0.5 0.2
0 2 y 0 y 1
------- (1)
dt

dy 1
=3.5 x 106 y 0.2 6 0.3
0 +1.6 x 10 y 2 ----- (2)
dt

dy 2
=2 y 0.2 0.3
0 y 10.16 y 2
--------- (3)
dt
 y0 = conc. of PE, y1 = conc of C, y2 = conc of PEC.

The initial conditions are

At t = 0 y0=0.95, y1=0.05, y2=0

Solve the differential equations to obtain the concentration profiles upto

t =7 (t=0.5) Present the results graphically.

4. The following second order differential equation describes the concentration profile
inside a porous catalyst when diffusion and chemical reaction takes place
simultaneouslyType equation here.

d 2 C 2 dC
+ C=0
d r 2 r dr

BC: dc/dr=0 @ r=0; C=Cs =0.1; R=0.003, =4x 106

5. Compound A diffuses through a 4 cm long tube and reacts as it diffuses. The equation
governing with reaction is

d2 A
D kA=0
d x2

At one end of the tube, there is a large source of A at a concentration of 0.1 M. At

the other end of the tube there is an adsorbent material that quickly absorbs any A,
making the concentration 0 M. If D =1.5x 10-6 cm2/s and

k= 5x10-6 s-1. What is the concentration of A as a function of distance in the tube.

6. The steady state heat conduction in the x and y directions is expressed by elliptical PDE.

2 T 2 T
+ =0 , 0<x<1, 0<y<1
x2 y 2

Consider a plate having dimensions 1m x 1m . The temperatures at the two adjacent

boundaries T(0,y) and T(x,0) are kept at 25 degC. On the other two boundaries T(1,y) and
T(x,1), the temperatures rise as per following equation given below until x=y=1

Find the temperature distribution across the plate. Take x=y=0.25

 Curve Fitting

1. The thermal conductivity (W/m K) of methyl chloride gas is given below wrt
temperature. Fit the data in K= A+ BT . Estimate the thermal conductivity of methyl
chloride at 463K & 353K.

T (C) 10 37.8 65.6 93.3 121.1 148.9 176.7 204.4

K (W/mK) 0.00986 0.0119 0.014 0.0159 0.018 0.02 0.023 0.0241

2. An experimental result in a liquid mixing experiment for the power correlation using a
pitched -blade turbine shows that in the viscous regime, the power number is related to
Reynolds number by the following data:

Reynolds Number Power Number

1.0 50.0

3.0 18.0

5.0 11.0

7.0 7.9

9.0 6.2

13.0 5.0

Use the regression analysis to determine the best fit for the data.
3. The reaction rate constant for the decomposition of a substituted dibasic acid has been
determined at various temperatures as given below. Use the method of least squares to
determine the activation energy E in the equation K= e / R where, T is measured
in degrees Kelvin.
T (C) 50 70.1 89.4 101

K 10-4(h-1) 1.08 7.34 45.4 138

4. The hydrogen of ethylene to form ethane is carried out over a CD-MO catalyst. Carry out
nonlinear least squares analysis on the data given in table to determine rate law
parameters.
Run No. Reaction rate Pe (atm) Pea(atm) Ph (atm)
(mol/Kgcal.S)

1 1.04 1 1 1

2 3.13 1 1 3

3 5.21 1 1 5

4 3.82 3 1 1

5 4.19 5 1 3

6 2.391 0.5 1 3

7 3.867 0.5 0.5 5

8 2.199 0.5 3 3

9 0.75 0.5 5 1

Pe P h
=
1+ K a P ea +K e Pe
5. Use the following set of pressure-volume data to find the best possible virial
constants(A1 and A2) for the equation of state shown below.

R=82.05 ml atm/gmol K & T=303K

P(atm) 0.985 1.108 1.363 1.631

V (ml) 25,000 22,200 18,000 15,000

PV A A
=1+ 1 + 22
RT V V