Teradata Tutorial PDF

Teradata
About the Tutorial

Teradata is a popular Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) suitable for large
data warehousing applications. It is capable of handling large volumes of data and is highly
scalable. This tutorial provides a good understanding of Teradata Architecture, various
SQL commands, Indexing concepts and Utilities to import/export data.
Audience
This tutorial is designed for software professionals who are willing to learn Teradata
concepts and become a Teradata developer. By the end of this tutorial, you will have
gained intermediate level of expertise in Teradata.
Prerequisites
You should have a basic understanding of Relational concepts and basic SQL. It will be
good if you have worked with any other RDBMS product.
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Teradata
Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i
Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... i
Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................................... i
Copyright & Disclaimer ..................................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii
PART 1: TERADATA BASICS .......................................................................................................... 1
1. Teradata - Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2

What is Teradata? ........................................................................................................................................... 2
History of Teradata .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Features of Teradata ....................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Teradata Installation .............................................................................................................................. 4

Installation Steps for Windows........................................................................................................................ 4
Starting BTEQ................................................................................................................................................... 8
3. Teradata Architecture ............................................................................................................................ 9

Components of Teradata ................................................................................................................................. 9
Storage Architecture ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Retrieval Architecture ................................................................................................................................... 11
4. Teradata Relational Concepts............................................................................................................... 12
5. Teradata Data Types ............................................................................................................................ 14
6. Teradata Tables .................................................................................................................................... 16

Table Types .................................................................................................................................................... 16
Create Table .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Alter Table ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
Drop Table ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
7. Teradata Data Manipulation ................................................................................................................ 20

Insert Records ................................................................................................................................................ 20
Insert from Another Table ............................................................................................................................. 21
Update Records ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Delete Records .............................................................................................................................................. 23
8. Teradata SELECT Statement ................................................................................................................. 24

WHERE Clause ............................................................................................................................................... 25
ORDER BY....................................................................................................................................................... 25
GROUP BY ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
9. Teradata Logical & Conditional Operators ............................................................................................ 27

BETWEEN ....................................................................................................................................................... 28
IN ................................................................................................................................................................... 28
NOT IN ........................................................................................................................................................... 29
10. Teradata SET Operators ....................................................................................................................... 30

UNION............................................................................................................................................................ 30
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UNION ALL ..................................................................................................................................................... 31

INTERSECT ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
MINUS/EXCEPT .............................................................................................................................................. 33
11. Teradata String Manipulation .............................................................................................................. 35
12. Teradata Date/Time Functions ............................................................................................................. 36

Date Storage .................................................................................................................................................. 36
EXTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................ 36
INTERVAL ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
13. Teradata Built-in Functions .................................................................................................................. 39
14. Teradata Aggregate Functions .............................................................................................................. 40
15. Teradata CASE & COALESCE ................................................................................................................. 42

CASE Expression ............................................................................................................................................ 42
COALESCE ...................................................................................................................................................... 43
NULLIF............................................................................................................................................................ 44
16. Teradata Primary Index ........................................................................................................................ 45

Unique Primary Index (UPI) ........................................................................................................................... 45
Non Unique Primary Index (NUPI) ................................................................................................................. 46
17. Teradata Joins ...................................................................................................................................... 47

INNER JOIN .................................................................................................................................................... 47
OUTER JOIN ................................................................................................................................................... 48
CROSS JOIN .................................................................................................................................................... 50
18. Teradata SubQueries ............................................................................................................................ 51
PART 2: TERADATA ADVANCED ................................................................................................. 53
19. Teradata Table Types ........................................................................................................................... 54

Derived Table................................................................................................................................................. 54
Volatile Table ................................................................................................................................................. 55
Global Temporary Table ................................................................................................................................ 55
20. Teradata Space Concepts ..................................................................................................................... 57

Permanent Space .......................................................................................................................................... 57
Spool Space ................................................................................................................................................... 57
Temp Space ................................................................................................................................................... 57
21. Teradata Secondary Index .................................................................................................................... 58

Unique Secondary Index (USI) ....................................................................................................................... 58
Non Unique Secondary Index (NUSI) ............................................................................................................. 58
22. Teradata Statistics ................................................................................................................................ 59

Collecting Statistics ........................................................................................................................................ 59
Viewing Statistics ........................................................................................................................................... 60
23. Teradata Compression ......................................................................................................................... 61
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24. Teradata EXPLAIN ................................................................................................................................ 62

Examples of EXPLAIN ..................................................................................................................................... 62
Full Table Scan (FTS) ...................................................................................................................................... 62
Unique Primary Index .................................................................................................................................... 63
Unique Secondary Index ................................................................................................................................ 63
Additional Terms ........................................................................................................................................... 64
25. Teradata Hashing Algorithm................................................................................................................. 65
26. Teradata JOIN INDEX ............................................................................................................................ 67

Single Table Join Index................................................................................................................................... 67
Multi Table Join Index ................................................................................................................................... 69
Aggregate Join Index ..................................................................................................................................... 69
27. Teradata Views .................................................................................................................................... 71

Create a View ................................................................................................................................................ 71
Using Views ................................................................................................................................................... 72
Modifying Views ............................................................................................................................................ 72
Drop View ...................................................................................................................................................... 73
28. Teradata Macros .................................................................................................................................. 74

Create Macros ............................................................................................................................................... 74
Executing Macros .......................................................................................................................................... 75
Parameterized Macros .................................................................................................................................. 76
Executing Parameterized Macros .................................................................................................................. 76
29. Teradata Stored Procedure .................................................................................................................. 77

Creating Procedure ........................................................................................................................................ 77
Executing Procedures .................................................................................................................................... 78
30. Teradata JOIN Strategies ...................................................................................................................... 80

Join Methods ................................................................................................................................................. 80
Merge Join ..................................................................................................................................................... 80
Nested Join .................................................................................................................................................... 82
Product Join ................................................................................................................................................... 82
31. Teradata Partitioned Primary Index ..................................................................................................... 83
32. Teradata OLAP Functions ..................................................................................................................... 86
33. Teradata Data Protection ..................................................................................................................... 89

Transient Journal ........................................................................................................................................... 89
Fallback .......................................................................................................................................................... 89
Down AMP Recovery Journal ........................................................................................................................ 90
Cliques ........................................................................................................................................................... 90
Hot Standby Node ......................................................................................................................................... 90
RAID ............................................................................................................................................................... 91
34. Teradata User Management................................................................................................................. 92

Users .............................................................................................................................................................. 92
Accounts ........................................................................................................................................................ 93
Grant Privileges ............................................................................................................................................. 93
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Revoke Privileges ........................................................................................................................................... 94
35. Teradata Performance Tuning .............................................................................................................. 95
36. Teradata FastLoad ................................................................................................................................ 97

How FastLoad Works ..................................................................................................................................... 97
Executing a FastLoad Script ........................................................................................................................... 98
FastLoad Terms.............................................................................................................................................. 99
37. Teradata MultiLoad ............................................................................................................................ 100

Limitation..................................................................................................................................................... 100
How MultiLoad Works ................................................................................................................................. 100
Executing a MultiLoad Script ....................................................................................................................... 102
38. Teradata FastExport ........................................................................................................................... 103

Executing a FastExport Script ...................................................................................................................... 104
FastExport Terms ......................................................................................................................................... 104
39. Teradata BTEQ ................................................................................................................................... 105
40. Teradata Questions & Answers .......................................................................................................... 108
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Part 1: Teradata Basics
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1. Teradata - Introduction Teradata
What is Teradata?
Teradata is one of the popular Relational Database Management System. It is mainly
suitable for building large scale data warehousing applications. Teradata achieves this by
the concept of parallelism. It is developed by the company called Teradata.
History of Teradata
Following is a quick summary of the history of Teradata, listing major milestones.
1979 Teradata was incorporated
1984 Release of first database computer DBC/1012
1986 Fortune magazine names Teradata as Product of the Year
1999 Largest database in the world using Teradata with 130 Terabytes
2002 Teradata V2R5 released with Partition Primary Index and compression
2006 Launch of Teradata Master Data Management solution
2008 Teradata 13.0 released with Active Data Warehousing
2011 Acquires Teradata Aster and enters into Advanced Analytics Space
2012 Teradata 14.0 introduced
2014 Teradata 15.0 introduced
Features of Teradata
Following are some of the features of Teradata:
Unlimited Parallelism: Teradata database system is based on Massively Parallel

Processing (MPP) Architecture. MPP architecture divides the workload evenly across
the entire system. Teradata system splits the task among its processes and runs
them in parallel to ensure that the task is completed quickly.
Shared Nothing Architecture: Teradatas architecture is called as Shared

Nothing Architecture. Teradata Nodes, its Access Module Processors (AMPs) and
the disks associated with AMPs work independently. They are not shared with
others.
Linear Scalability: Teradata systems are highly scalable. They can scale up to
2048 Nodes. For example, you can double the capacity of the system by doubling
the number of AMPs.
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Teradata
Connectivity: Teradata can connect to Channel-attached systems such as

Mainframe or Network-attached systems.
Mature Optimizer: Teradata optimizer is one of the matured optimizer in the

market. It has been designed to be parallel since its beginning. It has been refined
for each release.
SQL: Teradata supports industry standard SQL to interact with the data stored in
tables. In addition to this, it provides its own extension.
Robust Utilities: Teradata provides robust utilities to import/export data from/to

Teradata system such as FastLoad, MultiLoad, FastExport and TPT.
Automatic Distribution: Teradata automatically distributes the data evenly to the

disks without any manual intervention.
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2. Teradata Installation Teradata
Teradata provides Teradata express for VMWARE which is a fully operational Teradata
virtual machine. It provides up to 1 terabyte of storage. Teradata provides both 40GB and
1TB version of VMware.
Prerequisites
Since the VM is 64 bit, your CPU must support 64-bit.
Installation Steps for Windows

Step 1: Download the required VM version from the link,
http://downloads.teradata.com/download/database/teradata-express-for-vmware-player
Step 2: Extract the file and specify the target folder.
Step 3: Download the VMWare Workstation player from the link,

https://my.vmware.com/web/vmware/downloads. It is available for both Windows and
Linux. Download the VMWARE workstation player for Windows.
Step 4: Once the download is complete, install the software.
Step 5: After the installation is complete, run the VMWARE client.
Step 6: Select 'Open a Virtual Machine'. Navigate through the extracted Teradata VMWare
folder and select the file with extension .vmdk.
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Step 7: Teradata VMWare is added to the VMWare client. Select the added Teradata
VMware and click Play Virtual Machine.
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Step 8: If you get a popup on software updates, you can select Remind Me Later.
Step 9: Enter the user name as root, press tab and enter password as root and again
press Enter.
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Teradata
Step 10: Once the following screen appears on the desktop, double-click on roots home.
Then double-click on Genomes Terminal. This will open the Shell.
Step 11: From the following shell, enter the command /etc/init.d/tpa start. This will start
the Teradata server.
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Starting BTEQ
BTEQ utility is used to submit SQL queries interactively. Following are the steps to start
BTEQ utility.
Step 1: Enter the command /sbin/ifconfig and note down the IP address of the VMWare.
Step 2: Run the command bteq. At the logon prompt, enter the command.
Logon <ipaddress>/dbc,dbc; and enter At the password prompt, enter password as dbc;
You can log into Teradata system using BTEQ and run any SQL queries.
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3. Teradata Architecture Teradata
Teradata architecture is based on Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) architecture. The

major components of Teradata are Parsing Engine, BYNET and Access Module Processors
(AMPs). The following diagram shows the high level architecture of a Teradata Node.
Components of Teradata
The key components of Teradata are as follows:
Node: It is the basic unit in Teradata System. Each individual server in a Teradata
system is referred as a Node. A node consists of its own operating system, CPU,
memory, own copy of Teradata RDBMS software and disk space. A cabinet consists
of one or more Nodes.
Parsing Engine: Parsing Engine is responsible for receiving queries from the client
and preparing an efficient execution plan. The responsibilities of parsing engine
are:
o Receive the SQL query from the client.
o Parse the SQL query check for syntax errors.
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Teradata
o Check if the user has required privilege against the objects used in the SQL
query.
o Check if the objects used in the SQL actually exists.
o Prepare the execution plan to execute the SQL query and pass it to BYNET.
o Receives the results from the AMPs and send to the client.
Message Passing Layer: Message Passing Layer called as BYNET, is the

networking layer in Teradata system. It allows the communication between PE and
AMP and also between the nodes. It receives the execution plan from Parsing
Engine and sends to AMP. Similarly, it receives the results from the AMPs and sends
to Parsing Engine.
Access Module Processor (AMP): AMPs, called as Virtual Processors (vprocs)

are the one that actually stores and retrieves the data. AMPs receive the data and
execution plan from Parsing Engine, performs any data type conversion,
aggregation, filter, sorting and stores the data in the disks associated with them.
Records from the tables are evenly distributed among the AMPs in the system. Each
AMP is associated with a set of disks on which data is stored. Only that AMP can
read/write data from the disks.
Storage Architecture
When the client runs queries to insert records, Parsing engine sends the records to BYNET.
BYNET retrieves the records and sends the row to the target AMP. AMP stores these records
on its disks. Following diagram shows the storage architecture of Teradata.
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Teradata
Retrieval Architecture
When the client runs queries to retrieve records, the Parsing engine sends a request to
BYNET. BYNET sends the retrieval request to appropriate AMPs. Then AMPs search their
disks in parallel and identify the required records and sends to BYNET. BYNET then sends
the records to Parsing Engine which in turn will send to the client. Following is the retrieval
architecture of Teradata.
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4. Teradata Relational Concepts Teradata
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a DBMS software that helps to

interact with databases. They use Structured Query Language (SQL) to interact with the
data stored in tables.
Database
Database is a collection of logically related data. They are accessed by many users for
different purposes. For example, a sales database contains entire information about sales
which is stored in many tables.
Tables
Tables is the basic unit in RDBMS where the data is stored. A table is a collection of rows
and columns. Following is an example of employee table.
EmployeeNo FirstName LastName BirthDate

101 Mike James 1/5/1980
104 Alex Stuart 11/6/1984
102 Robert Williams 3/5/1983
105 Robert James 12/1/1984
103 Peter Paul 4/1/1983
Columns
A column contains similar data. For example, the column BirthDate in Employee table
contains birth_date information for all employees.
BirthDate
1/5/1980
11/6/1984
3/5/1983
12/1/1984
4/1/1983
Row
Row is one instance of all the columns. For example, in employee table one row contains
information about single employee.
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Teradata
101 Mike James 1/5/1980
Primary Key
Primary key is used to uniquely identify a row in a table. No duplicate values are allowed
in a primary key column and they cannot accept NULL values. It is a mandatory field in a
table.
Foreign Key
Foreign keys are used to build a relationship between the tables. A foreign key in a child
table is defined as the primary key in the parent table. A table can have more than one
foreign key. It can accept duplicate values and also null values. Foreign keys are optional
in a table.
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5. Teradata Data Types Teradata
Each column in a table is associated with a data type. Data types specify what kind of
values will be stored in the column. Teradata supports several data types. Following are
some of the frequently used data types.
Length
Data Types Range of values
(Bytes)
BYTEINT 1 -128 to +127
SMALLINT 2 -32768 to +32767
-2,147,483,648 to
INTEGER 4
+2147,483,647
-
9,233,372,036,854,775,80
BIGINT 8 8 to
+9,233,372,036,854,775,8
07
DECIMAL 1-16
NUMERIC 1-16
FLOAT 8 IEEE format
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CHAR Fixed Format 1-64,000
VARCHAR Variable 1-64,000
DATE 4 YYYYYMMDD
HHMMSS.nnnnnn
TIME 6 or 8 or
HHMMSS.nnnnnn+HHMM
YYMMDDHHMMSS.nnnnnn
or
TIMESTAMP 10 or 12
YYMMDDHHMMSS.nnnnnn
+HHMM
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6. Teradata Tables Teradata
Tables in Relational model are defined as collection of data. They are represented as rows
and columns.
Table Types
Teradata supports different types of tables.
Permanent Table: This is the default table and it contains data inserted by the
user and stores the data permanently.
Volatile Table: The data inserted into a volatile table is retained only during the
user session. The table and data is dropped at the end of the session. These tables
are mainly used to hold the intermediate data during data transformation.
Global Temporary Table: The definition of Global Temporary table are persistent
but the data in the table is deleted at the end of user session.
Derived Table: Derived table holds the intermediate results in a query. Their
lifetime is within the query in which they are created, used and dropped.
Set Versus Multiset

Teradata classifies the tables as SET or MULTISET tables based on how the duplicate
records are handled. A table defined as SET table doesnt store the duplicate records,
whereas the MULTISET table can store duplicate records.
Create Table
CREATE TABLE command is used to create tables in Teradata.
Following is the generic syntax of CREATE TABLE statement.
CREATE <SET/MULTISET> TABLE <Tablename>

< Table Options>
<Column Definitions>
<Index Definitions>;
Table Options Specifies the physical attributes of the table such as Journal and
Fallback.
Column Definition Specifies the list of columns, data types and their attributes.
Index Definition Additional indexing options such as Primary Index, Secondary

Index and Partitioned Primary Index.
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Example
The following example creates a table called employee with FALLBACK option. The table
contains 5 columns with EmployeeNo as the Unique Primary Index.
CREATE SET TABLE EMPLOYEE,FALLBACK

(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
FirstName VARCHAR(30) ,
LastName VARCHAR(30) ,
DOB DATE FORMAT 'YYYY-MM-DD',
JoinedDate DATE FORMAT 'YYYY-MM-DD',
DepartmentNo BYTEINT
)
UNIQUE PRIMARY INDEX ( EmployeeNo );
Once the table is created, you can use SHOW TABLE command to view the Definition of
the table.
SHOW TABLE Employee;

*** Text of DDL statement returned.
*** Total elapsed time was 1 second.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CREATE SET TABLE EMPLOYEE ,FALLBACK ,
NO BEFORE JOURNAL,
NO AFTER JOURNAL,
CHECKSUM = DEFAULT,
DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO
(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
FirstName VARCHAR(30) CHARACTER SET LATIN NOT CASESPECIFIC,
LastName VARCHAR(30) CHARACTER SET LATIN NOT CASESPECIFIC,
DepartmentNo BYTEINT)
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Alter Table
ALTER TABLE command is used to add or drop columns from an existing table. You can
also use ALTER TABLE command to modify the attributes of the existing columns.
Following is the generic syntax for ALTER TABLE.
ALTER TABLE <tablename>

ADD <columnname> <column attributes>
DROP <columnname>;
Example
The following example drops the column DOB and adds a new column BirthDate.
ALTER TABLE employee

ADD BirthDate DATE FORMAT 'YYYY-MM-DD',
DROP DOB;
You can run SHOW TABLE command to view the changes to the table. In the following
output, you can see that the column employee_dob is removed and BirthDate is added.
SHOW table employee;

*** Text of DDL statement returned.
---------------------
CREATE SET TABLE Employee ,FALLBACK ,
NO BEFORE JOURNAL,
NO AFTER JOURNAL,
CHECKSUM = DEFAULT,
DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO
(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
FirstName VARCHAR(30) CHARACTER SET LATIN NOT CASESPECIFIC,
LastName VARCHAR(30) CHARACTER SET LATIN NOT CASESPECIFIC,
DepartmentNo BYTEINT,
BirthDate DATE FORMAT 'YYYY-MM-DD')
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Drop Table
DROP TABLE command is used to drop a table. When the DROP TABLE is issued, data in
the table is deleted and the table is dropped.
Following is the generic syntax for DROP TABLE.
DROP TABLE <tablename>;
Example
The following example drops the table employee.
DROP TABLE employee;
If you run the SHOW TABLE command after this, you will get an error message stating
that the table doesnt exist.
SHOW TABLE employee;

*** Failure 3807 Object 'employee' does not exist.
Statement# 1, Info =0
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7. Teradata Data Manipulation Teradata
This chapter introduces the SQL commands used to manipulate the data stored in Teradata
tables.
Insert Records
INSERT INTO statement is used to insert records into the table.
Following is the generic syntax for INSERT INTO.
INSERT INTO <tablename>

(column1, column2, column3,)
VALUES
(value1, value2, value3 );
Example
The following example inserts records into the employee table.
INSERT INTO Employee

(EmployeeNo,
FirstName,
LastName,
BirthDate,
JoinedDate,
DepartmentNo
)
VALUES
(
101,
'Mike',
'James',
'1980-01-05',
'2005-03-27',
01);
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Once the above query is inserted, you can use the SELECT statement to view the records
from the table.
EmployeeNo FirstName LastName JoinedDate DepartmentNo BirthDate
101 Mike James 3/27/2005 1 1/5/1980
Insert from Another Table

INSERT SELECT statement is used to insert records from another table.
Following is the generic syntax for INSERT INTO.
INSERT INTO <tablename>

(column1, column2, column3,)
SELECT
column1, column2, column3
FROM
<source table>;
Example
The following example inserts records into the employee table. Create a table called
Employee_Bkup with the same column definition as employee table before running the
following insert query.
INSERT INTO Employee_Bkup

(
EmployeeNo,
FirstName,
LastName,
BirthDate,
JoinedDate,
DepartmentNo
)
SELECT
EmployeeNo,
FirstName,
LastName,
BirthDate,
JoinedDate,
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DepartmentNo
FROM
Employee;
When the above query is executed, it will insert all records from the employee table into
employee_bkup table.
Rules
The number of columns specified in the VALUES list should match with the
columns specified in the INSERT INTO clause.
Values are mandatory for NOT NULL columns.
If no values are specified, then NULL is inserted for nullable fields.
The data types of columns specified in the VALUES clause should be compatible
with the data types of columns in the INSERT clause.
Update Records
UPDATE statement is used to update records from the table.
Following is the generic syntax for UPDATE.
UPDATE <tablename>
SET <columnnamme> = <new value>
[WHERE condition];
Example
The following example updates the employee dept to 03 for employee 101.
UPDATE Employee
SET DepartmentNo=03
WHERE EmployeeNo=101;
In the following output, you can see that the DepartmentNo is updated from 1 to 3 for
EmployeeNo 101.
SELECT Employeeno, DepartmentNo FROM Employee;

*** Query completed. One row found. 2 columns returned.
EmployeeNo DepartmentNo
----------- -------------
101 3
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Rules
You can update one or more values of the table.
If WHERE condition is not specified then all rows of the table are impacted.
You can update a table with the values from another table.
Delete Records
DELETE FROM statement is used to update records from the table.
Following is the generic syntax for DELETE FROM.
DELETE FROM <tablename>

[WHERE condition];
Example
The following example deletes the employee 101 from the table employee.
DELETE FROM Employee

In the following output, you can see that employee 101 is deleted from the table.
SELECT EmployeeNo FROM Employee;
*** Query completed. No rows found.

Rules
You can update one or more records of the table.
If WHERE condition is not specified then all rows of the table are deleted.
You can update a table with the values from another table.
23
8. Teradata SELECT Statement Teradata
SELECT statement is used to retrieve records from a table.
Following is the basic syntax of SELECT statement.
SELECT
column 1, column 2, .....
FROM
tablename;
Example
Consider the following employee table.
101 Mike James 3/27/2005 1 1/5/1980

102 Robert Williams 4/25/2007 2 3/5/1983
103 Peter Paul 3/21/2007 2 4/1/1983
104 Alex Stuart 2/1/2008 2 11/6/1984
105 Robert James 1/4/2008 3 12/1/1984
Following is an example of SELECT statement.
SELECT EmployeeNo,FirstName,LastName
FROM Employee;
When this query is executed, it fetches EmployeeNo, FirstName and LastName columns
from the employee table.
EmployeeNo FirstName LastName

----------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------
101 Mike James
104 Alex Stuart
102 Robert Williams
105 Robert James
103 Peter Paul
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Teradata
If you want to fetch all the columns from a table, you can use the following command
instead of listing down all columns.
SELECT * FROM Employee;
The above query will fetch all records from the employee table.
WHERE Clause
WHERE clause is used to filter the records returned by the SELECT statement. A condition
is associated with WHERE clause. Only, the records that satisfy the condition in the WHERE
clause are returned.
Following is the syntax of the SELECT statement with WHERE clause.
SELECT * FROM tablename

WHERE[condition];
Example
The following query fetches records where EmployeeNo is 101.
SELECT * FROM Employee

When this query is executed, it returns the following records.

----------- ------------------------------ -----------------------------
101 Mike James
ORDER BY
When the SELECT statement is executed, the returned rows are not in any specific order.
ORDER BY clause is used to arrange the records in ascending/descending order on any
columns.
Following is the syntax of the SELECT statement with ORDER BY clause.
SELECT * FROM tablename

ORDER BY column 1, column 2..;
Example
The following query fetches records from the employee table and orders the results by
FirstName.
SELECT * FROM Employee

ORDER BY FirstName;
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When the above query is executed, it produces the following output.

----------- ------------------------------ -----------------------------
104 Alex Stuart
101 Mike James
103 Peter Paul
102 Robert Williams
105 Robert James
GROUP BY
GROUP BY clause is used with SELECT statement and arranges similar records into groups.
Following is the syntax of the SELECT statement with GROUP BY clause.
SELECT column 1, column2 . FROM tablename

GROUP BY column 1, column 2..;
Example
The following example groups the records by DepartmentNo column and identifies the total
count from each department.
SELECT DepartmentNo,Count(*) FROM

Employee
GROUP BY DepartmentNo;
DepartmentNo Count(*)
------------ -----------
3 1
1 1
2 3
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9. Teradata Logical & Conditional Operators Teradata
Teradata supports the following logical and conditional operators. These operators are
used to perform comparison and combine multiple conditions.
Syntax Meaning
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
= Equal to
BETWEEN If values within range
IN If values in <expression>
NOT IN If values not in <expression>
IS NULL If value is NULL
IS NOT NULL If value is NOT NULL
Combine multiple conditions. Evaluates to true only if all

AND
conditions are met
Combine multiple conditions. Evaluates to true only if either

OR
of the conditions is met.
NOT Reverses the meaning of the condition
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Teradata
BETWEEN
BETWEEN command is used to check if a value is within a range of values.
Example
Consider the following employee table.
101 Mike James 3/27/2005 1 1/5/1980

102 Robert Williams 4/25/2007 2 3/5/1983
103 Peter Paul 3/21/2007 2 4/1/1983
104 Alex Stuart 2/1/2008 2 11/6/1984
105 Robert James 1/4/2008 3 12/1/1984
The following example fetches records with employee numbers in the range between
101,102 and 103.
SELECT EmployeeNo, FirstName FROM

Employee
WHERE EmployeeNo BETWEEN 101 AND 103;
When the above query is executed, it returns the employee records with employee no
between 101 and 102.
*** Query completed. 3 rows found. 2 columns returned.

EmployeeNo FirstName
----------- ------------------------------
101 Mike
102 Robert
103 Peter
IN
IN command is used to check the value against a given list of values.
Example
The following example fetches records with employee numbers in 101, 102 and 103.
SELECT EmployeeNo, FirstName FROM

Employee
WHERE EmployeeNo in (101,102,103);
28
Teradata
The above query returns the following records.

EmployeeNo FirstName
----------- ------------------------------
101 Mike
102 Robert
103 Peter
NOT IN
NOT IN command reverses the result of IN command. It fetches records with values that
dont match with the given list.
Example
The following example fetches records with employee numbers not in 101, 102 and 103.
SELECT * FROM
Employee
WHERE EmployeeNo not in (101,102,103);
The above query returns the following records.

----------- ------------------------------ -----------------------------
104 Alex Stuart
105 Robert James
29
10. Teradata SET Operators Teradata
SET operators combine results from multiple SELECT statement. This may look similar to
Joins, but joins combines columns from multiple tables whereas SET operators combines
rows from multiple rows.
Rules
The number of columns from each SELECT statement should be same.
The data types from each SELECT must be compatible.
ORDER BY should be included only in the final SELECT statement.
UNION
UNION statement is used to combine results from multiple SELECT statements. It ignores
duplicates.
Following is the basic syntax of the UNION statement.
SELECT col1, col2, col3

FROM
<table 1>
[WHERE condition]
UNION
FROM
<table 2>
[WHERE condition];
Example
Consider the following employee table and salary table.

101 Mike James 3/27/2005 1 1/5/1980
102 Robert Williams 4/25/2007 2 3/5/1983
103 Peter Paul 3/21/2007 2 4/1/1983
104 Alex Stuart 2/1/2008 2 11/6/1984
105 Robert James 1/4/2008 3 12/1/1984
30
Teradata
EmployeeNo Gross Deduction NetPay
101 40,000 4,000 36,000
102 80,000 6,000 74,000
103 90,000 7,000 83,000
104 75,000 5,000 70,000
The following UNION query combines the EmployeeNo value from both Employee and
Salary table.
SELECT EmployeeNo
FROM
Employee
UNION
SELECT EmployeeNo
FROM
Salary;
When the query is executed, it produces the following output.
EmployeeNo
-----------
101
102
103
104
105
UNION ALL
UNION ALL statement is similar to UNION, it combines results from multiple tables
including duplicate rows.
Following is the basic syntax of the UNION ALL statement.

FROM
<table 1>
[WHERE condition]
UNION ALL
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Teradata
FROM
<table 2>
[WHERE condition];
Example
Following is an example for UNION ALL statement.
SELECT EmployeeNo
FROM
Employee
UNION ALL
SELECT EmployeeNo
FROM
Salary;
When the above query is executed, it produces the following output. You can see that it
returns the duplicates also.
EmployeeNo
-----------
101
104
102
105
103
101
104
102
103
INTERSECT
INTERSECT command is also used to combine results from multiple SELECT statements.
It returns the rows from the first SELECT statement that has corresponding match in the
second SELECT statements. In other words, it returns the rows that exist in both SELECT
statements.
Following is the basic syntax of the INTERSECT statement.

FROM
<table 1>
32
Teradata
[WHERE condition]
INTERSECT
FROM
<table 2>
[WHERE condition];
Example
Following is an example of INTERSECT statement. It returns the EmployeeNo values that
exist in both tables.
SELECT EmployeeNo
FROM
Employee
INTERSECT
SELECT EmployeeNo
FROM
Salary;
When the above query is executed, it returns the following records. EmployeeNo 105 is
excluded since it doesnt exist in SALARY table.
EmployeeNo
-----------
101
104
102
103
MINUS/EXCEPT
MINUS/EXCEPT commands combine rows from multiple tables and returns the rows which
are in first SELECT but not in second SELECT. They both return the same results.
Following is the basic syntax of the MINUS statement.

FROM
<table 1>
[WHERE condition]
MINUS
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Teradata
FROM
<table 2>
[WHERE condition];
Example
Following is an example of MINUS statement.
SELECT EmployeeNo
FROM
Employee
MINUS
SELECT EmployeeNo
FROM
Salary;
When this query is executed, it returns the following record.
EmployeeNo
-----------
105
34
11. Teradata String Manipulation Teradata
Teradata provides several functions to manipulate the strings. These functions are
compatible with ANSI standard.
String Function Description
|| Concatenates strings together
SUBSTR Extracts a portion of a string (Teradata extension)
SUBSTRING Extracts a portion of a string (ANSI standard)
INDEX Locates the position of a character in a string (Teradata extension)
POSITION Locates the position of a character in a string (ANSI standard)
TRIM Trims blanks from a string
UPPER Converts a string to uppercase
LOWER Converts a string to lowercase
Example
Following table lists some of the string functions with the results.
String Function Result
SELECT SUBSTRING(warehouse FROM 1 FOR 4) Ware
SELECT SUBSTR(warehouse,1,4) Ware
SELECT data || || warehouse data warehouse
SELECT UPPER(data) DATA
SELECT LOWER(DATA) Data
35
12. Teradata Date/Time Functions Teradata
This chapter discusses the date/time functions available in Teradata.
Date Storage
Dates are stored as integer internally using the following formula.
((YEAR - 1900) * 10000) + (MONTH * 100) + DAY
You can use the following query to check how the dates are stored.
SELECT CAST(CURRENT_DATE AS INTEGER);
Since the dates are stored as integer, you can perform some arithmetic operations on
them. Teradata provides functions to perform these operations.
EXTRACT
EXTRACT function extracts portions of day, month and year from a DATE value. This
function is also used to extract hour, minute and second from TIME/TIMESTAMP value.
Example
Following examples show how to extract Year, Month, Date, Hour, Minute and second
values from Date and Timestamp values.
SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM CURRENT_DATE);
EXTRACT(YEAR FROM Date)

-----------------------
2016
SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM CURRENT_DATE);
EXTRACT(MONTH FROM Date)

------------------------
1
SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM CURRENT_DATE);
EXTRACT(DAY FROM Date)

------------------------
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Teradata
SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
EXTRACT(HOUR FROM Current TimeStamp(6))

---------------------------------------
4
SELECT EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM Current TimeStamp(6))

-----------------------------------------
54
SELECT EXTRACT(SECOND FROM CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
EXTRACT(SECOND FROM Current TimeStamp(6))

-----------------------------------------
27.140000
INTERVAL
Teradata provides INTERVAL function to perform arithmetic operations on DATE and TIME
values. There are two types of INTERVAL functions.
Year-Month Interval
YEAR
YEAR TO MONTH
MONTH
Day-Time Interval
DAY
DAY TO HOUR
DAY TO MINUTE
DAY TO SECOND
HOUR
HOUR TO MINUTE
HOUR TO SECOND
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Teradata
MINUTE
MINUTE TO SECOND
SECOND
Example
The following example adds 3 years to current date.
SELECT CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '03' YEAR;

Date (Date+ 3)
-------- ---------
16/01/01 19/01/01
The following example adds 3 years and 01 month to current date.
SELECT CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '03-01' YEAR TO MONTH;

Date (Date+ 3-01)
-------- ------------
16/01/01 19/02/01
The following example adds 01 day, 05 hours and 10 minutes to current timestamp.
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL '01 05:10' DAY TO MINUTE;

Current TimeStamp(6) (Current TimeStamp(6)+ 1 05:10)
-------------------------------- --------------------------------
2016-01-01 04:57:26.360000+00:00 2016-01-02 10:07:26.360000+00:00
38
13. Teradata Built-in Functions Teradata
Teradata provides built-in functions which are extensions to SQL. Following are the
common built-in functions.
Function Result
Date
SELECT DATE; --------
16/01/01
Date
SELECT CURRENT_DATE; --------
16/01/01
Time
SELECT TIME; --------
04:50:29
Time
SELECT CURRENT_TIME; --------
04:50:29
Current TimeStamp(6)
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP; --------------------------------
2016-01-01 04:51:06.990000+00:00
Database
------------------------------
SELECT DATABASE;
TDUSER
39
14. Teradata Aggregate Functions Teradata
Teradata supports common aggregate functions. They can be used with the SELECT
statement.
COUNT Counts the rows

SUM Sums up the values of the specified column(s)
MAX Returns the large value of the specified column
MIN Returns the minimum value of the specified column
AVG Returns the average value of the specified column
Example
Consider the following Salary Table.
101 40,000 4,000 36,000
104 75,000 5,000 70,000
102 80,000 6,000 74,000
105 70,000 4,000 66,000
103 90,000 7,000 83,000
COUNT
The following example counts the number of records in the Salary table.
SELECT count(*) from Salary;
Count(*)
-----------
5
MAX
The following example returns maximum employee net salary value.
SELECT max(NetPay) from Salary;

Maximum(NetPay)
---------------------
83000
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Teradata
MIN
The following example returns minimum employee net salary value from the Salary table.
SELECT min(NetPay) from Salary;
Minimum(NetPay)
---------------------
36000
AVG
The following example returns the average of employees net salary value from the table.
SELECT avg(NetPay) from Salary;
Average(NetPay)
---------------------
65800
SUM
The following example calculates the sum of employees net salary from all records of the
Salary table.
SELECT sum(NetPay) from Salary;
Sum(NetPay)
-----------------
329000
41
15. Teradata CASE & COALESCE Teradata
This chapter explains the CASE and COALESCE functions of Teradata.
CASE Expression
CASE expression evaluates each row against a condition or WHEN clause and returns the
result of the first match. If there are no matches then the result from ELSE part of
returned.
Following is the syntax of the CASE expression.
CASE <expression>
WHEN <expression> THEN result-1
WHEN <expression> THEN result-2
ELSE
Result-n
END
Example
Consider the following Employee table.
101 Mike James 3/27/2005 1 1/5/1980
102 Robert Williams 4/25/2007 2 3/5/1983
103 Peter Paul 3/21/2007 2 4/1/1983
104 Alex Stuart 2/1/2008 2 11/6/1984
105 Robert James 1/4/2008 3 12/1/1984
The following example evaluates the DepartmentNo column and returns value of 1 if the
department number is 1; returns 2 if the department number is 3; otherwise it returns
value as invalid department.
SELECT
EmployeeNo,
CASE DepartmentNo
WHEN 1 THEN 'Admin'
WHEN 2 THEN 'IT'
ELSE 'Invalid Dept'
42
Teradata
END AS Department
FROM Employee;

EmployeeNo Department
----------- ------------
101 Admin
104 IT
102 IT
105 Invalid Dept
103 IT
The above CASE expression can also be written in the following form which will produce
the same result as above.
SELECT
EmployeeNo,
CASE
WHEN DepartmentNo=1 THEN 'Admin'
WHEN DepartmentNo=2 THEN 'IT'
ELSE 'Invalid Dept'
END AS Department
FROM Employee;
COALESCE
COALESCE is a statement that returns the first non-null value of the expression. It returns
NULL if all the arguments of the expression evaluates to NULL. Following is the syntax.
COALESCE(expression 1, expression 2, ....)
Example
SELECT
EmployeeNo,
COALESCE(dept_no, 'Department not found')
FROM
employee;
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Teradata
NULLIF
NULLIF statement returns NULL if the arguments are equal.
Following is the syntax of the NULLIF statement.
NULLIF(expression 1, expression 2)
Example
The following example returns NULL if the DepartmentNo is equal to 3. Otherwise, it
returns the DepartmentNo value.
SELECT
EmployeeNo,
NULLIF(DepartmentNo,3) AS department
FROM Employee;
The above query returns the following records. You can see that employee 105 has
department no. as NULL.

EmployeeNo department
----------- ------------------
101 1
104 2
102 2
105 ?
103 2
44
16. Teradata Primary Index Teradata
Primary index is used to specify where the data resides in Teradata. It is used to specify
which AMP gets the data row. Each table in Teradata is required to have a primary index
defined. If the primary index is not defined, Teradata automatically assigns the primary
index. Primary index provides the fastest way to access the data. A primary may have a
maximum of 64 columns.
Primary index is defined while creating a table. There are 2 types of Primary Indexes.
Unique Primary Index(UPI)

Non Unique Primary Index(NUPI)
Unique Primary Index (UPI)

If the table is defined to be having UPI, then the column deemed as UPI should not have
any duplicate values. If any duplicate values are inserted, they will be rejected.
Create Unique Primary Index

The following example creates the Salary table with column EmployeeNo as Unique
Primary Index.
CREATE SET TABLE Salary

(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
Gross INTEGER,
Deduction INTEGER,
NetPay INTEGER
)
UNIQUE PRIMARY INDEX(EmployeeNo);
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Teradata
Non Unique Primary Index (NUPI)

If the table is defined to be having NUPI, then the column deemed as UPI can accept
duplicate values.
Create Non Unique Primary Index

The following example creates the employee accounts table with column EmployeeNo as
Non Unique Primary Index. EmployeeNo is defined as Non Unique Primary Index since an
employee can have multiple accounts in the table; one for salary account and another one
for reimbursement account.
CREATE SET TABLE Employee _Accounts

(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
employee_bank_account_type BYTEINT.
employee_bank_account_number INTEGER,
employee_bank_name VARCHAR(30),
employee_bank_city VARCHAR(30)
)
PRIMARY INDEX(EmployeeNo);
46
17. Teradata Joins Teradata
Join is used to combine records from more than one table. Tables are joined based on the
common columns/values from these tables.
There are different types of Joins available.
Inner Join
Left Outer Join
Right Outer Join
Full Outer Join
Self Join
Cross Join
Cartesian Production Join
INNER JOIN
Inner Join combines records from multiple tables and returns the values that exist in both
the tables.
Following is the syntax of the INNER JOIN statement.
SELECT col1, col2, col3.

FROM
Table-1
INNER JOIN
Table-2
ON (col1=col2)
<WHERE condition>;
Example
Consider the following employee table and salary table.
101 Mike James 3/27/2005 1 1/5/1980

102 Robert Williams 4/25/2007 2 3/5/1983
103 Peter Paul 3/21/2007 2 4/1/1983
104 Alex Stuart 2/1/2008 2 11/6/1984
105 Robert James 1/4/2008 3 12/1/1984
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Teradata
101 40,000 4,000 36,000
102 80,000 6,000 74,000
103 90,000 7,000 83,000
104 75,000 5,000 70,000
The following query joins the Employee table and Salary table on the common column
EmployeeNo. Each table is assigned an alias A & B and the columns are referenced with
the correct alias.
SELECT A.EmployeeNo, A.DepartmentNo, B.NetPay

FROM
Employee A
INNER JOIN
Salary B
ON (A.EmployeeNo = B. EmployeeNo);
When the above query is executed, it returns the following records. Employee 105 is not
included in the result since it doesnt have matching records in the Salary table.

EmployeeNo DepartmentNo NetPay
----------- ------------ -----------
101 1 36000
102 2 74000
103 2 83000
104 2 70000
OUTER JOIN
LEFT OUTER JOIN and RIGHT OUTER JOIN also combine the results from multiple table.
LEFT OUTER JOIN returns all the records from the left table and returns only the
matching records from the right table.
RIGHT OUTER JOIN returns all the records from the right table and returns only
matching rows from the left table.
FULL OUTER JOIN combines the results from both LEFT OUTER and RIGHT OUTER
JOINS. It returns both matching and non-matching rows from the joined tables.
48
Teradata
Following is the syntax of the OUTER JOIN statement. You need to use one of the options
from LEFT OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN or FULL OUTER JOIN.
SELECT col1, col2, col3.

FROM
Table-1
LEFT OUTER JOIN/RIGHT OUTER JOIN/FULL OUTER JOIN
Table-2
ON (col1=col2)
<WHERE condition>;
Example
Consider the following example of the LEFT OUTER JOIN query. It returns all the records
from Employee table and matching records from Salary table.
SELECT A.EmployeeNo, A.DepartmentNo, B.NetPay

FROM
Employee A
LEFT OUTER JOIN
Salary B
ON (A.EmployeeNo = B. EmployeeNo)
ORDER BY A.EmployeeNo;
When the above query is executed, it produces the following output. For employee 105,
NetPay value is NULL, since it doesnt have matching records in Salary table.

EmployeeNo DepartmentNo NetPay
----------- ------------ -----------
101 1 36000
102 2 74000
103 2 83000
104 2 70000
105 3 ?
49
Teradata
CROSS JOIN
Cross Join joins every row from the left table to every row from the right table.
Following is the syntax of the CROSS JOIN statement.
SELECT A.EmployeeNo, A.DepartmentNo, B.EmployeeNo,B.NetPay

FROM
Employee A
CROSS JOIN
Salary B
WHERE A.EmployeeNo=101
ORDER BY B.EmployeeNo;
When the above query is executed, it produces the following output. Employee No 101
from Employee table is joined with each and every record from Salary Table.

EmployeeNo DepartmentNo EmployeeNo NetPay
----------- ------------ ----------- -----------
101 1 101 36000
101 1 104 70000
101 1 102 74000
101 1 103 83000
50
18. Teradata SubQueries Teradata
A subquery returns records from one table based on the values from another table. It is a
SELECT query within another query. The SELECT query called as inner query is executed
first and the result is used by the outer query. Some of its salient features are:
A query can have multiple subqueries and subqueries may contain another
subquery.
Subqueries doesn't return duplicate records.
If subquery returns only one value, you can use = operator to use it with the outer
query. If it returns multiple values you can use IN or NOT IN.
Following is the generic syntax of subqueries.
SELECT col1, col2, col3,

FROM
Outer Table
WHERE col1 OPERATOR ( Inner SELECT Query);
Example
Consider the following Salary table.
101 40,000 4,000 36,000
102 80,000 6,000 74,000
103 90,000 7,000 83,000
104 75,000 5,000 70,000
The following query identifies the employee number with highest salary. The inner SELECT
performs the aggregation function to return the maximum NetPay value and the outer
SELECT query uses this value to return the employee record with this value.
SELECT EmployeeNo, NetPay

FROM Salary
WHERE NetPay =
(SELECT MAX(NetPay)
FROM Salary);
51
Teradata
When this query is executed, it produces the following output.

EmployeeNo NetPay
----------- -----------
103 83000
52
Teradata
Part 2: Teradata Advanced
53
19. Teradata Table Types Teradata
Teradata supports the following table types to hold temporary data.
Derived Table
Volatile Table
Global Temporary Table
Derived Table
Derived tables are created, used and dropped within a query. These are used to store
intermediate results within a query.
Example
The following example builds a derived table EmpSal with records of employees with salary
greater than 75000.
SELECT
Emp.EmployeeNo,
Emp.FirstName,
Empsal.NetPay
FROM
Employee Emp,
(select EmployeeNo , NetPay
from Salary
where NetPay >= 75000) Empsal
where Emp.EmployeeNo=Empsal.EmployeeNo;
When the above query is executed, it returns the employees with salary greater than
75000.

EmployeeNo FirstName NetPay
----------- ------------------------------ -----------
103 Peter 83000
54
Teradata
Volatile Table
Volatile tables are created, used and dropped within a user session. Their definition is not
stored in data dictionary. They hold intermediate data of the query which is frequently
used. Following is the syntax.
CREATE [SET|MULTISET] VOALTILE TABLE tablename

<table definitions>
<column definitions>
<index definitions>
ON COMMIT [DELETE|PRESERVE] ROWS
Example
CREATE VOLATILE TABLE dept_stat
(
dept_no INTEGER,
avg_salary INTEGER,
max_salary INTEGER,
min_salary INTEGER
)
PRIMARY INDEX(dept_no)
ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS;
*** Table has been created.

Global Temporary Table

The definition of Global Temporary table is stored in data dictionary and they can be used
by many users/sessions. But the data loaded into global temporary table is retained only
during the session. You can materialize up to 2000 global temporary tables per session.
Following is the syntax.
CREATE [SET|MULTISET] GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE tablename

<table definitions>
<column definitions>
<index definitions>
55
Teradata
Example
CREATE SET GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE dept_stat
(
dept_no INTEGER,
avg_salary INTEGER,
max_salary INTEGER,
min_salary INTEGER
)
PRIMARY INDEX(dept_no);
*** Table has been created.

56
20. Teradata Space Concepts Teradata
There are three types of spaces available in Teradata.
Permanent Space
Permanent space is the maximum amount of space available for the user/database to hold
data rows. Permanent tables, journals, fallback tables and secondary index sub-tables use
permanent space.
Permanent space is not pre-allocated for the database/user. They are just defined as the
maximum amount of space the database/user can use. The amount of permanent space
is divided by the number of AMPs. Whenever per AMP limit exceeds, an error message is
generated.
Spool Space
Spool space is the unused permanent space which is used by the system to keep the
intermediate results of the SQL query. Users without spool space cannot execute any
query.
Similar to Permanent space, spool space defines the maximum amount of space the user
can use. Spool space is divided by the number of AMPs. Whenever per AMP limit exceeds,
the user will get a spool space error.
Temp Space
Temp space is the unused permanent space which is used by Global Temporary tables.
Temp space is also divided by the number of AMPs.
57
21. Teradata Secondary Index Teradata
A table can contain only one primary index. More often, you will come across scenarios
where the table contains other columns, using which the data is frequently accessed.
Teradata will perform full table scan for those queries. Secondary indexes resolve this
issue.
Secondary indexes are an alternate path to access the data. There are some differences
between the primary index and the secondary index.
Secondary index is not involved in data distribution.
Secondary index values are stored in sub tables. These tables are built in all AMPs.
Secondary indexes are optional.
They can be created during table creation or after a table is created.
They occupy additional space since they build sub-table and they also require
maintenance since the sub-tables need to be updated for each new row.
There are two types of secondary indexes:
Unique Secondary Index (USI)

Non-Unique Secondary Index (NUSI)
Unique Secondary Index (USI)

A Unique Secondary Index allows only unique values for the columns defined as USI.
Accessing the row by USI is a two amp operation.
Create Unique Secondary Index

The following example creates USI on EmployeeNo column of employee table.
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX(EmployeeNo) on employee;
Non Unique Secondary Index (NUSI)

A Non-Unique Secondary Index allows duplicate values for the columns defined as NUSI.
Accessing the row by NUSI is all-amp operation.
Create Non Unique Secondary Index

The following example creates NUSI on FirstName column of employee table.
CREATE INDEX(FirstName) on Employee;
58
22. Teradata Statistics Teradata
Teradata optimizer comes up with an execution strategy for every SQL query. This
execution strategy is based on the statistics collected on the tables used within the SQL
query. Statistics on the table is collected using COLLECT STATISTICS command. Optimizer
requires environment information and data demographics to come up with optimal
execution strategy.
Environment Information
Number of Nodes, AMPs and CPUs
Amount of memory
Data Demographics
Number of rows
Row size
Range of values in the table
Number of rows per value
Number of Nulls
There are three approaches to collect statistics on the table.
Random AMP Sampling

Full statistics collection
Using SAMPLE option
Collecting Statistics
COLLECT STATISTICS command is used to collect statistics on a table.
Following is the basic syntax to collect statistics on a table.
COLLECT [SUMMARY] STATISTICS

INDEX (indexname) COLUMN (columnname)
ON <tablename>;
Example
The following example collects statistics on EmployeeNo column of Employee table.
COLLECT STATISTICS COLUMN(EmployeeNo) ON Employee;
59
Teradata
*** Update completed. 2 rows changed.

Viewing Statistics
You can view the collected statistics using HELP STATISTICS command.
Following is the syntax to view the statistics collected.
HELP STATISTICS <tablename>;
Example
Following is an example to view the statistics collected on Employee table.
HELP STATISTICS employee;
When the above query is executed, it produces the following result.
Date Time Unique Values Column Names

-------- -------- -------------------- -----------------------
16/01/01 08:07:04 5 *
16/01/01 07:24:16 3 DepartmentNo
16/01/01 08:07:04 5 EmployeeNo
60
23. Teradata Compression Teradata
Compression is used to reduce the storage used by the tables. In Teradata, compression
can compress up to 255 distinct values including NULL. Since the storage is reduced,
Teradata can store more records in a block. This results in improved query response time
since any I/O operation can process more rows per block. Compression can be added at
table creation using CREATE TABLE or after table creation using ALTER TABLE command.
Limitations
Only 255 values can be compressed per column.
Primary Index column cannot be compressed.
Volatile tables cannot be compressed.
Multi-Value Compression (MVC)

The following table compresses the field DepatmentNo for values 1, 2 and 3. When
compression is applied on a column, the values for this column is not stored with the row.
Instead the values are stored in the Table header in each AMP and only presence bits are
added to the row to indicate the value.
CREATE SET TABLE employee

(
EmployeeNo integer,
FirstName CHAR(30),
LastName CHAR(30),
BirthDate DATE FORMAT 'YYYY-MM-DD-',
JoinedDate DATE FORMAT 'YYYY-MM-DD-',
employee_gender CHAR(1) ,
DepartmentNo CHAR(02) COMPRESS(1,2,3)
)
Multi-Value compression can be used when you have a column in a large table with finite
values.
61
24. Teradata EXPLAIN Teradata
EXPLAIN command returns the execution plan of parsing engine in English. It can be used
with any SQL statement except on another EXPLAIN command. When a query is preceded
with EXPLAIN command, the execution plan of the Parsing Engine is returned to the user
instead of AMPs.
Examples of EXPLAIN
Consider the table Employee with the following definition.

(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
)
Some examples of EXPLAIN plan are given below.
Full Table Scan (FTS)

When no conditions are specified in the SELECT statement, then the optimizer may choose
to use Full Table Scan where each and every row of the table is accessed.
Example
Following is a sample query where the optimizer may choose FTS.
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employee;
When the above query is executed, it produces the following output. As can be seen the
optimizer chooses to access all AMPs and all rows within the AMP.
1) First, we lock a distinct TDUSER."pseudo table" for read on a

RowHash to prevent global deadlock for TDUSER.employee.
2) Next, we lock TDUSER.employee for read.
3) We do an all-AMPs RETRIEVE step from TDUSER.employee by way of an
all-rows scan with no residual conditions into Spool 1
62
Teradata
(group_amps), which is built locally on the AMPs. The size of

Spool 1 is estimated with low confidence to be 2 rows (116 bytes).
The estimated time for this step is 0.03 seconds.
4) Finally, we send out an END TRANSACTION step to all AMPs involved
in processing the request.
-> The contents of Spool 1 are sent back to the user as the result of
statement 1. The total estimated time is 0.03 seconds.
Unique Primary Index

When the rows are accessed using Unique Primary Index, then it is one AMP operation.
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employee WHERE EmployeeNo=101;
When the above query is executed, it produces the following output. As can be seen it is
a single-AMP retrieval and the optimizer is using the unique primary index to access the
row.
1) First, we do a single-AMP RETRIEVE step from TDUSER.employee by

way of the unique primary index "TDUSER.employee.EmployeeNo = 101"
with no residual conditions. The estimated time for this step is
0.01 seconds.
-> The row is sent directly back to the user as the result of
Unique Secondary Index

When the rows are accessed using Unique Secondary Index, its a two amp operation.
Example
Consider the table Salary with the following definition.
CREATE SET TABLE SALARY,FALLBACK

(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
Gross INTEGER,
Deduction INTEGER,
NetPay INTEGER
)
PRIMARY INDEX ( EmployeeNo )
UNIQUE INDEX (EmployeeNo);
63
Teradata
Consider the following SELECT statement.
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM Salary WHERE EmployeeNo=101;
When the above query is executed, it produces the following output. As can be seen the
optimizer retrieves the row in two amp operation using unique secondary index.
1) First, we do a two-AMP RETRIEVE step from TDUSER.Salary

by way of unique index # 4 "TDUSER.Salary.EmployeeNo =
101" with no residual conditions. The estimated time for this
step is 0.01 seconds.
-> The row is sent directly back to the user as the result of
Additional Terms
Following is the list of terms commonly seen in EXPLAIN plan.
... (Last Use)
A spool file is no longer needed and will be released when this step completes.
... with no residual conditions
All applicable conditions have been applied to the rows.
... END TRANSACTION
Transaction locks are released, and changes are committed.
... eliminating duplicate rows ...
Duplicate rows only exist in spool files, not set tables. Doing a DISTINCT operation.
... by way of a traversal of index #n extracting row ids only
A spool file is built containing the Row IDs found in a secondary index (index #n)
... we do a SMS (set manipulation step)
Combining rows using a UNION, MINUS, or INTERSECT operator.
... which is redistributed by hash code to all AMPs.
Redistributing data in preparation for a join.
... which is duplicated on all AMPs.
Duplicating data from the smaller table (in terms of SPOOL) in preparation for a
join.
... (one_AMP) or (group_AMPs)
Indicates one AMP or subset of AMPs will be used instead of all AMPs.
64
25. Teradata Hashing Algorithm Teradata
A row is assigned to a particular AMP based on the primary index value. Teradata uses
hashing algorithm to determine which AMP gets the row.
Following is a high level diagram on hashing algorithm.
Following are the steps to insert the data.
The client submits a query.
The parser receives the query and passes the PI value of the record to the hashing
algorithm.
The hashing algorithm hashes the primary index value and returns a 32 bit number,
called Row Hash.
The higher order bits of the row hash (first 16 bits) is used to identify the hash map
entry. The hash map contains one AMP #. Hash map is an array of buckets which
contains specific AMP #.
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Teradata
BYNET sends the data to the identified AMP.
AMP uses the 32 bit Row hash to locate the row within its disk.
If there is any record with same row hash, then it increments the uniqueness ID
which is a 32 bit number. For new row hash, uniqueness ID is assigned as 1 and
incremented whenever a record with same row hash is inserted.
The combination of Row hash and Uniqueness ID is called as Row ID.
Row ID prefixes each record in the disk.
Each table row in the AMP is logically sorted by their Row IDs.
How Tables are Stored

Tables are sorted by their Row ID (Row hash + uniqueness id) and then stored within the
AMPs. Row ID is stored with each data row.
Row Hash Uniqueness ID EmployeeNo FirstName LastName

2A01 2611 0000 0001 101 Mike James
2A01 2612 0000 0001 104 Alex Stuart
2A01 2613 0000 0001 102 Robert Williams
2A01 2614 0000 0001 105 Robert James
2A01 2615 0000 0001 103 Peter Paul
66
26. Teradata JOIN INDEX Teradata
JOIN INDEX is a materialized view. Its definition is permanently stored and the data is
updated whenever the base tables referred in the join index is updated. JOIN INDEX may
contain one or more tables and also contain pre-aggregated data. Join indexes are mainly
used for improving the performance.
There are different types of join indexes available.
Single Table Join Index (STJI)

Multi Table Join Index (MTJI)
Aggregated Join Index (AJI)
Single Table Join Index

Single Table Join index allows to partition a large table based on the different primary
index columns than the one from the base table.
Following is the syntax of a JOIN INDEX.
CREATE JOIN INDEX <index name>

AS
<SELECT Query>
<Index Definition>;
Example
Consider the following Employee and Salary tables.

(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
)
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Teradata
CREATE SET TABLE SALARY,FALLBACK

(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
Gross INTEGER,
Deduction INTEGER,
NetPay INTEGER
)
PRIMARY INDEX ( EmployeeNo )
UNIQUE INDEX (EmployeeNo);
Following is an example that creates a Join index named Employee_JI on Employee table.
CREATE JOIN INDEX Employee_JI

AS
SELECT EmployeeNo,FirstName,LastName,
BirthDate,JoinedDate,DepartmentNo
FROM Employee
PRIMARY INDEX(FirstName);
If the user submits a query with a WHERE clause on EmployeeNo, then the system will
query the Employee table using the unique primary index. If the user queries the employee
table using employee_name, then the system may access the join index Employee_JI
using employee_name. The rows of the join index are hashed on employee_name column.
If the join index is not defined and the employee_name is not defined as secondary index,
then the system will perform full table scan to access the rows which is time consuming.
You can run the following EXPLAIN plan and verify the optimizer plan. In the following
example you can see that the optimizer is using the Join Index instead of base Employee
table when the table queries using the Employee_Name column.
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FirstName='Mike';

*** Help information returned. 8 rows.
Explanation
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) First, we do a single-AMP RETRIEVE step from EMPLOYEE_JI by
way of the primary index "EMPLOYEE_JI.FirstName = 'Mike'"
with no residual conditions into Spool 1 (one-amp), which is built
locally on that AMP. The size of Spool 1 is estimated with low
confidence to be 2 rows (232 bytes). The estimated time for this
step is 0.02 seconds.
-> The contents of Spool 1 are sent back to the user as the result of
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Teradata
Multi Table Join Index

A multi-table join index is created by joining more than one table. Multi-table join index
can be used to store the result set of frequently joined tables to improve the performance.
Example
The following example creates a JOIN INDEX named Employee_Salary_JI by joining
Employee and Salary tables.
CREATE JOIN INDEX Employee_Salary_JI

AS
SELECT a.EmployeeNo,a.FirstName,a.LastName,
a.BirthDate,a.JoinedDate,a.DepartmentNo,b.Gross,b.Deduction,b.NetPay
FROM Employee a
INNER JOIN Salary b
ON(a.EmployeeNo=b.EmployeeNo)
PRIMARY INDEX(FirstName);
Whenever the base tables Employee or Salary are updated, then the Join index
Employee_Salary_JI is also automatically updated. If you are running a query joining
Employee and Salary tables, then the optimizer may choose to access the data from
Employee_Salary_JI directly instead of joining the tables. EXPLAIN plan on the query can
be used to verify if the optimizer will choose the base table or Join index.
Aggregate Join Index

If a table is consistently aggregated on certain columns, then aggregate join index can be
defined on the table to improve the performance. One limitation of aggregate join index is
that it supports only SUM and COUNT functions.
Example
In the following example Employee and Salary is joined to identify the total salary per
Department.
CREATE JOIN INDEX Employee_Salary_JI

AS
SELECT a.DepartmentNo,SUM(b.NetPay) AS TotalPay
FROM Employee a
INNER JOIN Salary b
ON(a.EmployeeNo=b.EmployeeNo)
GROUP BY a.DepartmentNo
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Teradata
Primary Index(DepartmentNo);
70
27. Teradata Views Teradata
Views are database objects that are built by the query. Views can be built using a single
table or multiple tables by way of join. Their definition is stored permanently in data
dictionary but they don't store copy of the data. Data for the view is built dynamically.
A view may contain a subset of rows of the table or a subset of columns of the table.
Create a View
Views are created using CREATE VIEW statement.
Following is the syntax for creating a view.
CREATE/REPLACE VIEW <viewname>

AS
<select query>;
Example

101 Mike James 1/5/1980
103 Peter Paul 4/1/1983
The following example creates a view on Employee table.
CREATE VIEW Employee_View

AS
SELECT
EmployeeNo,
FirstName,
LastName,
FROM
Employee;
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Teradata
Using Views
You can use regular SELECT statement to retrieve data from Views.
Example
The following example retrieves the records from Employee_View;
SELECT EmployeeNo, FirstName, LastName FROM Employee_View;


----------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------
101 Mike James
104 Alex Stuart
102 Robert Williams
105 Robert James
103 Peter Paul
Modifying Views
An existing view can be modified using REPLACE VIEW statement.
Following is the syntax to modify a view.
REPLACE VIEW <viewname>

AS
<select query>;
Example
The following example modifies the view Employee_View for adding additional columns.
REPLACE VIEW Employee_View

AS
SELECT
EmployeeNo,
FirstName,
BirthDate,
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Teradata
JoinedDate
DepartmentNo
FROM
Employee;
Drop View
An existing view can be dropped using DROP VIEW statement.
Following is the syntax of DROP VIEW.
DROP VIEW <viewname>;
Example
Following is an example to drop the view Employee_View.
DROP VIEW Employee_View;
Advantages of Views
Views provide additional level of security by restricting the rows or columns of a
table.
Users can be given access only to views instead of base tables.
Simplifies the use of multiple tables by pre-joining them using Views.
73
28. Teradata Macros Teradata
Macro is a set of SQL statements which are stored and executed by calling the Macro
name. The definition of Macros is stored in Data Dictionary. Users only need EXEC privilege
to execute the Macro. Users don't need separate privileges on the database objects used
inside the Macro. Macro statements are executed as a single transaction. If one of the SQL
statements in Macro fails, then all the statements are rolled back. Macros can accept
parameters. Macros can contain DDL statements, but that should be the last statement in
Macro.
Create Macros
Macros are created using CREATE MACRO statement.
Following is the generic syntax of CREATE MACRO command.
CREATE MACRO <macroname> [(parameter1, parameter2,...)]

(
<sql statements>
);
Example
101 Mike James 1/5/1980


103 Peter Paul 4/1/1983
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Teradata
The following example creates a Macro called Get_Emp. It contains a select statement to
retrieve records from employee table.
CREATE MACRO Get_Emp AS

(
SELECT
EmployeeNo,
FirstName,
LastName
FROM
employee
ORDER BY EmployeeNo;
);
Executing Macros
Macros are executed using EXEC command.
Following is the syntax of EXECUTE MACRO command.
EXEC <macroname>;
Example
The following example executes the Macro names Get_Emp; When the following command
is executed, it retrieves all records from employee table.
EXEC Get_Emp;

----------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------
101 Mike James
102 Robert Williams
103 Peter Paul
104 Alex Stuart
105 Robert James
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Teradata
Parameterized Macros
Teradata Macros can accept parameters. Within a Macro, these parameters are referenced
with ; (semicolon).
Following is an example of a Macro that accepts parameters.
CREATE MACRO Get_Emp_Salary(EmployeeNo INTEGER) AS

(
SELECT
EmployeeNo,
NetPay
FROM
Salary
WHERE EmployeeNo = :EmployeeNo;
);
Executing Parameterized Macros

Macros are executed using EXEC command. You need EXEC privilege to execute the
Macros.
Following is the syntax of EXECUTE MACRO statement.
EXEC <macroname>(value);
Example
The following example executes the Macro names Get_Emp; It accepts employee no as
parameter and extracts records from employee table for that employee.
EXEC Get_Emp_Salary(101);
EmployeeNo NetPay
----------- ------------
101 36000
76
29. Teradata Stored Procedure Teradata
A stored procedure contains a set of SQL statements and procedural statements. They
may contain only procedural statements. The definition of stored procedure is stored in
database and the parameters are stored in data dictionary tables.
Advantages
Stored procedures reduce the network load between the client and the server.
Provides better security since the data is accessed through stored procedures
instead of accessing them directly.
Gives better maintenance since the business logic is tested and stored in the server.
Creating Procedure
Stored Procedures are created using CREATE PROCEDURE statement.
Following is the generic syntax of the CREATE PROCEDURE statement.
CREATE PROCEDURE <procedurename> ( [parameter 1 data type, parameter 2 data

type..] )
BEGIN
<SQL or SPL statements>;
END;
Example
Consider the following Salary Table.
101 40,000 4,000 36,000
102 80,000 6,000 74,000
103 90,000 7,000 83,000
104 75,000 5,000 70,000
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Teradata
The following example creates a stored procedure named InsertSalary to accept the values
and insert into Salary Table.
CREATE PROCEDURE InsertSalary

(
IN in_EmployeeNo INTEGER, IN in_Gross INTEGER,
IN in_Deduction INTEGER, IN in_NetPay INTEGER
)
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Salary
(
EmployeeNo,
Gross,
Deduction,
NetPay
)
VALUES
(
:in_EmployeeNo,
:in_Gross,
:in_Deduction,
:in_NetPay
);
END;
Executing Procedures
Stored Procedures are executed using CALL statement.
Following is the generic syntax of the CALL statement.
CALL <procedure name> [(parameter values)];
Example
The following example calls the stored procedure InsertSalary and inserts records to Salary
Table.
CALL InsertSalary(105,20000,2000,18000);
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Teradata
Once the above query is executed, it produces the following output and you can see the
inserted row in Salary table.
101 40,000 4,000 36,000
102 80,000 6,000 74,000
103 90,000 7,000 83,000
104 75,000 5,000 70,000
105 20,000 2,000 18,000
79
30. Teradata JOIN Strategies Teradata
This chapter discusses the various JOIN strategies available in Teradata.
Join Methods
Teradata uses different join methods to perform join operations. Some of the commonly
used Join methods are:
Merge Join
Nested Jon
Product Join
Merge Join
Merge Join method takes place when the join is based on the equality condition. Merge
Join requires the joining rows to be on the same AMP. Rows are joined based on their row
hash. Merge Join uses different join strategies to bring the rows to the same AMP.
Strategy #1
If the join columns are the primary indexes of the corresponding tables, then the joining
rows are already on the same AMP. In this case, no distribution is required.
Consider the following Employee and Salary Tables.

(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
)
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Teradata
CREATE SET TABLE Salary

(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
Gross INTEGER,
Deduction INTEGER,
NetPay INTEGER
)
When these two tables are joined on EmployeeNo column, then no redistribution takes
place since EmployeeNo is the primary index of both the tables which are being joined.
Strategy #2
Consider the following Employee and Department tables.

(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
)
CREATE SET TABLE DEPARTMENT,FALLBACK

(
DepartmentNo BYTEINT,
DepartmentName CHAR(15)
)
UNIQUE PRIMARY INDEX ( DepartmentNo );
If these two tables are joined on DeparmentNo column, then the rows need to be
redistributed since DepartmentNo is a primary index in one table and non-primary index
in another table. In this scenario, joining rows may not be on the same AMP. In such case,
Teradata may redistribute employee table on DepartmentNo column.
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Teradata
Strategy #3
For the above Employee and Department tables, Teradata may duplicate the Department
table on all AMPs, if the size of Department table is small.
Nested Join
Nested Join doesnt use all AMPs. For the Nested Join to take place, one of the condition
should be equality on the unique primary index of one table and then joining this column
to any index on the other table.
In this scenario, the system will fetch the one row using Unique Primary index of one table
and use that row hash to fetch the matching records from other table. Nested join is the
most efficient of all Join methods.
Product Join
Product Join compares each qualifying row from one table with each qualifying row from
other table. Product join may take place due to some of the following factors:
Where condition is missing.

Join condition is not based on equality condition.
Table aliases is not correct.
Multiple join conditions.
82
31. Teradata Partitioned Primary Index Teradata
Partitioned Primary Index (PPI) is an indexing mechanism that is useful in improving the
performance of certain queries. When rows are inserted into a table, they are stored in an
AMP and arranged by their row hash order. When a table is defined with PPI, the rows are
sorted by their partition number. Within each partition, they are arranged by their row
hash. Rows are assigned to a partition based on the partition expression defined.
Advantages
Avoid full table scan for certain queries.
Avoid using secondary index that requires additional physical structure and
additional I/O maintenance.
Access a subset of a large table quickly.
Drop the old data quickly and add new data.
Example
Consider the following Orders table with Primary Index on OrderNo.
StoreNo OrderNo OrderDate OrderTotal
101 7501 2015-10-01 900
101 7502 2015-10-02 1,200
102 7503 2015-10-02 3,000
102 7504 2015-10-03 2,454
101 7505 2015-10-03 1201
103 7506 2015-10-04 2,454
101 7507 2015-10-05 1201
101 7508 2015-10-05 1201
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Teradata
Assume that the records are distributed between AMPs as shown in the following tables.
Recorded are stored in AMPs, sorted based on their row hash.
AMP 1 AMP 2
RowHash OrderNo OrderDate RowHash OrderNo OrderDate
1 7505 2015-10-03 1 7507 2015-10-05
2 7504 2015-10-03 2 7502 2015-10-02
3 7501 2015-10-01 3 7506 2015-10-04
4 7508 2015-10-05 4 7503 2015-10-02
If you run a query to extract the orders for a particular date, then the optimizer may
choose to use Full Table Scan, then all the records within the AMP may be accessed. To
avoid this, you can define the order date as Partitioned Primary Index. When rows are
inserted into orders table, they are partitioned by the order date. Within each partition
they will be ordered by their row hash.
The following data shows how the records will be stored in AMPs, if they are partitioned
by Order Date. If a query is run to access the records by Order Date, then only the partition
that contains the records for that particular order will be accessed.
AMP 1
Partition RowHash OrderNo OrderDate
0 3 7501 2015-10-01
1 1 7505 2015-10-03
1 2 7504 2015-10-03
2 4 7508 2015-10-05
AMP 2
Partition RowHash OrderNo OrderDate
0 2 7502 2015-10-02
0 4 7503 2015-10-02
1 3 7506 2015-10-04
2 1 7507 2015-10-05
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Teradata
Following is an example to create a table with partition primary Index. PARTITION BY

clause is used to define the partition.
CREATE SET TABLE Orders

(StoreNo SMALLINT,
OrderNo INTEGER,
OrderDate DATE FORMAT 'YYYY-MM-DD',
OrderTotal INTEGER
)
PRIMARY INDEX(OrderNo)
PARTITION BY RANGE_N (OrderDate
BETWEEN DATE '2010-01-01' AND '2016-12-31' EACH INTERVAL '1' DAY);
In the above example, the table is partitioned by OrderDate column. There will be one
separate partition for each day.
85
32. Teradata OLAP Functions Teradata
OLAP functions are similar to aggregate functions except that the aggregate functions will
return only one value whereas the OLAP function will provide the individual rows in addition
to the aggregates.
Following is the general syntax of the OLAP function.
<aggregate function> OVER

([PARTITION BY] [ORDER BY columnname][ROWS BETWEEN
UNBOUDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLWOING)
Aggregation functions can be SUM, COUNT, MAX,MIN, AVG.
Example
Consider the following Salary table.
101 40,000 4,000 36,000
102 80,000 6,000 74,000
103 90,000 7,000 83,000
104 75,000 5,000 70,000
Following is an example to find the cumulative sum or running total of NetPay on Salary
table. Records are sorted by EmployeeNo and cumulative sum is calculated on NetPay
column.
SELECT
EmployeeNo, NetPay,
SUM(Netpay) OVER(ORDER BY EmployeeNo ROWS
UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) as TotalSalary
FROM Salary;
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Teradata
EmployeeNo NetPay TotalSalary

----------- ----------- -----------
101 36000 36000
102 74000 110000
103 83000 193000
104 70000 263000
105 18000 281000
RANK
RANK function orders the records based on the column provided. RANK function can also
filter the number of records returned based on the rank.
Following is the generic syntax to use the RANK function.
RANK() OVER
([PARTITION BY columnnlist] [ORDER BY columnlist][DESC|ASC])
Example
EmployeeNo FirstName LastName JoinedDate DepartmentID BirthDate
101 Mike James 3/27/2005 1 1/5/1980
102 Robert Williams 4/25/2007 2 3/5/1983
103 Peter Paul 3/21/2007 2 4/1/1983
104 Alex Stuart 2/1/2008 2 11/6/1984
105 Robert James 1/4/2008 3 12/1/1984
Following query orders the records of the employee table by Joined Date and assigns the
ranking on Joined Date.
SELECT EmployeeNo, JoinedDate,RANK()

OVER(ORDER BY JoinedDate) as Seniority
FROM Employee;
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Teradata
EmployeeNo JoinedDate Seniority

----------- ---------- -----------
101 2005-03-27 1
103 2007-03-21 2
102 2007-04-25 3
105 2008-01-04 4
104 2008-02-01 5
PARTITION BY clause groups the data by the columns defined in the PARTITION BY clause
and performs the OLAP function within each group. Following is an example of the query
that uses PARTITION BY clause.
SELECT EmployeeNo, JoinedDate,RANK()

OVER(PARTITION BY DeparmentNo ORDER BY JoinedDate) as Seniority
FROM Employee;
When the above query is executed, it produces the following output. You can see that the
Rank is reset for each Department.
EmployeeNo DepartmentNo JoinedDate Seniority

----------- ------------ ---------- -----------
101 1 2005-03-27 1
103 2 2007-03-21 1
102 2 2007-04-25 2
104 2 2008-02-01 3
105 3 2008-01-04 1
88
33. Teradata Data Protection Teradata
This chapter discusses the features available for data protection in Teradata.
Transient Journal
Teradata uses Transient Journal to protect data from transaction failures. Whenever any
transactions are run, Transient journal keeps a copy of the before images of the affected
rows until the transaction is successful or rolled back successfully. Then, the before images
are discarded. Transient journal is kept in each AMPs. It is an automatic process and
cannot be disabled.
Fallback
Fallback protects the table data by storing the second copy of rows of a table on another
AMP called as Fallback AMP. If one AMP fails, then the fallback rows are accessed. With
this, even if one AMP fails, data is still available through fallback AMP. Fallback option can
be used at table creation or after table creation. Fallback ensures that the second copy of
the rows of the table is always stored in another AMP to protect the data from AMP failure.
However, fallback occupies twice the storage and I/O for Insert/Delete/Update.
Following diagram shows how fallback copy of the rows are stored in another AMP.
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Teradata
Down AMP Recovery Journal

The Down AMP recovery journal is activated when the AMP fails and the table is fallback
protected. This journal keeps track of all the changes to the data of the failed AMP. The
journal is activated on the remaining AMPs in the cluster. It is an automatic process and
cannot be disabled. Once the failed AMP is live then the data from the Down AMP recovery
journal is synchronized with the AMP. Once this is done, the journal is discarded.
Cliques
Clique is a mechanism used by Teradata to protect data from Node failures. A clique is
nothing but a set of Teradata nodes that share a common set of Disk Arrays. When a node
fails, then the vprocs from the failed node will migrate to other nodes in the clique and
continue to access their disk arrays.
Hot Standby Node

Hot Standby Node is a node that does not participate in the production environment. If a
node fails then the vprocs from the failed nodes will migrate to the hot standby node. Once
the failed node is recovered it becomes the hot standby node. Hot Standby nodes are used
to maintain the performance in case of node failures.
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Teradata
RAID
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) is a mechanism used to protect data from
Disk Failures. Disk Array consists of a set of disks which are grouped as a logical unit. This
unit may look like a single unit to the user but they may be spread across several disks.
RAID 1 is commonly used in Teradata. In RAID 1, each disk is associated with a mirror
disk. Any changes to the data in primary disk is reflected in mirror copy also. If the primary
disk fails, then the data from mirror disk can be accessed.
91
34. Teradata User Management Teradata
This chapter discussed the various strategies of user management in Teradata.
Users
A user is created using CREATE USER command. In Teradata, a user is also similar to a
database. They both can be assigned space and contain database objects except that the
user is assigned a password.
Following is the syntax for CREATE USER.
CREATE USER username

AS
[PERMANENT|PERM] = n BYTES
PASSWORD=password
TEMPORARY=n BYTES
SPOOL=n BYTES;
While creating a user, the values for user name, Permanent space and Password is
mandatory. Other fields are optional.
Example
Following is an example to create the user TD01.
CREATE USER TD01

AS
PERMANENT = 1000000 BYTES
PASSWORD=ABC$124
TEMPORARY=1000000 BYTES
SPOOL=1000000 BYTES;
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Teradata
Accounts
While creating a new user, the user may be assigned to an account. ACCOUNT option in
CREATE USER is used to assign the account. A user may be assigned to multiple accounts.
Following is the syntax for CREATE USER with account option.
CREATE USER username

PERM=n BYTES
PASSWORD=password
ACCOUNT=accountid
Example
The following example creates the user TD02 and assigns the account as IT and Admin.
CREATE USER TD02

AS
PERMANENT = 1000000 BYTES
PASSWORD=abc$123
TEMPORARY=1000000 BYTES
SPOOL=1000000 BYTES
ACCOUNT=(IT,Admin);
The user can specify the account id while logging into Teradata system or after being
logged into the system using SET SESSION command.
.LOGON username, passowrd,accountid

OR
SET SESSION ACCOUNT=accountid
Grant Privileges
GRANT command is used to assign one or more privileges on the database objects to the
user or database.
Following is the syntax of the GRANT command.
GRANT privileges ON objectname TO username;
Privileges can be INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, REFERENCES.
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Teradata
Example
Following is an example of GRANT statement.
GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE ON Employee TO TD01;
Revoke Privileges
REVOKE command removes the privileges from the users or databases. The REVOKE
command can only remove explicit privileges.
Following is the basic syntax for REVOKE command.
REVOKE [ALL|privileges] ON objectname FROM username;
Example
Following is an example of REVOKE command.
REVOKE INSERT,SELECT ON Employee FROM TD01;
94
35. Teradata Performance Tuning Teradata
This chapter discusses the procedure of performance tuning in Teradata.
Explain
The first step in performance tuning is the use of EXPLAIN on your query. EXPLAIN plan
gives the details of how optimizer will execute your query. In the Explain plan, check for
the keywords like confidence level, join strategy used, spool file size, redistribution, etc.
Collect Statistics
Optimizer uses Data demographics to come up with effective execution strategy. COLLECT
STATISTICS command is used to collect data demographics of the table. Make sure that
the statistics collected on the columns are up to date.
Collect statistics on the columns that are used in WHERE clause and on the columns
used in the joining condition.
Collect statistics on the Unique Primary Index columns.
Collect statistics on Non Unique Secondary Index columns. Optimizer will decide if
it can use NUSI or Full Table Scan.
Collect statistics on the Join Index though the statistics on base table is collected.
Collect statistics on the partitioning columns.
Data Types
Make sure that proper data types are used. This will avoid the use of excessive storage
than required.
Conversion
Make sure that the data types of the columns used in join condition are compatible to
avoid explicit data conversions.
Sort
Remove unnecessary ORDER BY clauses unless required.
Spool Space Issue

Spool space error is generated if the query exceeds per AMP spool space limit for that
user. Verify the explain plan and identify the step that consumes more spool space. These
intermediate queries can be split and put as separately to build temporary tables.
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Teradata
Primary Index
Make sure that the Primary Index is correctly defined for the table. The primary index
column should evenly distribute the data and should be frequently used to access the data.
SET Table
If you define a SET table, then the optimizer will check if the record is duplicate for each
and every record inserted. To remove the duplicate check condition, you can define Unique
Secondary Index for the table.
UPDATE on Large Table

Updating the large table will be time consuming. Instead of updating the table, you can
delete the records and insert the records with modified rows.
Dropping Temporary Tables

Drop the temporary tables (staging tables) and volatiles if they are no longer needed. This
will free up permanent space and spool space.
MULTISET Table
If you are sure that the input records will not have duplicate records, then you can define
the target table as MULTISET table to avoid the duplicate row check used by SET table.
96
36. Teradata FastLoad Teradata
FastLoad utility is used to load data into empty tables. Since it does not use transient
journals, data can be loaded quickly. It doesn't load duplicate rows even if the target table
is a MULTISET table.
Limitation
Target table should not have secondary index, join index and foreign key reference.
How FastLoad Works

FastLoad is executed in two phases.
Phase 1
The Parsing engines read the records from the input file and sends a block to each
AMP.
Each AMP stores the blocks of records.
Then AMPs hash each record and redistribute them to the correct AMP.
At the end of Phase 1, each AMP has its rows but they are not in row hash sequence.
Phase 2
Phase 2 starts when FastLoad receives the END LOADING statement.
Each AMP sorts the records on row hash and writes them to the disk.
Locks on the target table is released and the error tables are dropped.
Example
Create a text file with the following records and name the file as employee.txt.
101,Mike,James,1980-01-05,2010-03-01,1
102,Robert,Williams,1983-03-05,2010-09-01,1
103,Peter,Paul,1983-04-01,2009-02-12,2
104,Alex,Stuart,1984-11-06,2014-01-01,2
105,Robert,James,1984-12-01,2015-03-09,3
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Teradata
Following is a sample FastLoad script to load the above file into Employee_Stg table.
LOGON 192.168.1.102/dbc,dbc;
DATABASE tduser;
BEGIN LOADING tduser.Employee_Stg
ERRORFILES Employee_ET, Employee_UV
CHECKPOINT 10;
SET RECORD VARTEXT ",";
DEFINE in_EmployeeNo (VARCHAR(10)) ,
in_FirstName (VARCHAR(30)) ,
in_LastName (VARCHAR(30)) ,
in_BirthDate (VARCHAR(10)) ,
in_JoinedDate (VARCHAR(10)) ,
in_DepartmentNo (VARCHAR(02)) ,
FILE=employee.txt;
INSERT INTO Employee_Stg
(EmployeeNo,FirstName,LastName,BirthDate,JoinedDate,
DepartmentNo)
VALUES (
:in_EmployeeNo ,
:in_FirstName ,
:in_LastName ,
:in_BirthDate (FORMAT 'YYYY-MM-DD'),
:in_JoinedDate (FORMAT 'YYYY-MM-DD'), :in_DepartmentNo );
END LOADING;
LOGOFF;
Executing a FastLoad Script

Once the input file employee.txt is created and the FastLoad script is named as
EmployeeLoad.fl, you can run the FastLoad script using the following command in UNIX
and Windows.
FastLoad < EmployeeLoad.fl;
Once the above command is executed, the FastLoad script will run and produce the log.
In the log, you can see the number of records processed by FastLoad and status code.
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Teradata
**** 03:19:14 END LOADING COMPLETE

Total Records Read = 5
Total Error Table 1 = 0 ---- Table has been dropped
Total Error Table 2 = 0 ---- Table has been dropped
Total Inserts Applied = 5
Total Duplicate Rows = 0
Start: Fri Jan 8 03:19:13 2016
End : Fri Jan 8 03:19:14 2016
**** 03:19:14 Application Phase statistics:
Elapsed time: 00:00:01 (in hh:mm:ss)
0008 LOGOFF;
**** 03:19:15 Logging off all sessions
FastLoad Terms
Following is the list of common terms used in FastLoad script.
LOGON: Logs into Teradata and initiates one or more sessions.
DATABASE: Sets the default database.
BEGIN LOADING: Identifies the table to be loaded.
ERRORFILES: Identifies the 2 error tables that needs to be created/updated.
CHECKPOINT: Defines when to take checkpoint.
SET RECORD: Specifies if the input file format is formatted, binary, text or
unformatted.
DEFINE: Defines the input file layout.
FILE: Specifies the input file name and path.
INSERT: Inserts the records from the input file into the target table.
END LOADING: Initiates phase 2 of the FastLoad. Distributes the records into the
target table.
LOGOFF: Ends all sessions and terminates FastLoad.
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37. Teradata MultiLoad Teradata
MultiLoad can load multiple tables at a time and it can also perform different types of tasks
such as INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE and UPSERT. It can load up to 5 tables at a time and
perform up to 20 DML operations in a script. The target table is not required for MultiLoad.
MultiLoad supports two modes:
IMPORT
DELETE
MultiLoad requires a work table, a log table and two error tables in addition to the target
table.
Log Table: Used to maintain the checkpoints taken during load which will be used
for restart.
Error Tables: These tables are inserted during load when an error occurs. First
error table stores conversion errors whereas second error table stores duplicate
records.
Log Table: Maintains the results from each phase of MultiLoad for restart purpose.
Work table: MultiLoad script creates one work table per target table. Work table
is used to keep DML tasks and the input data.
Limitation
MultiLoad has some limitations.
Unique Secondary Index not supported on target table.

Referential integrity not supported.
Triggers not supported.
How MultiLoad Works

MultiLoad import has five phases:
Phase 1: Preliminary Phase Performs basic setup activities.
Phase 2: DML Transaction Phase Verifies the syntax of DML statements and
brings them to Teradata system.
Phase 3: Acquisition Phase Brings the input data into work tables and locks the
table.
Phase 4: Application Phase Applies all DML operations.
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Teradata
Phase 5: Cleanup Phase Releases the table lock.
The steps involved in a MultiLoad script are:
Step 1: Set up the log table.

Step 2: Log on to Teradata.
Step 3: Specify the Target, Work and Error tables.
Step 4: Define INPUT file layout.
Step 5: Define the DML queries.
Step 6: Name the IMPORT file.
Step 7: Specify the LAYOUT to be used.
Step 8: Initiate the Load.
Step 9: Finish the load and terminate the sessions.
Example
Create a text file with the following records and name the file as employee.txt.
101,Mike,James,1980-01-05,2010-03-01,1
102,Robert,Williams,1983-03-05,2010-09-01,1
103,Peter,Paul,1983-04-01,2009-02-12,2
104,Alex,Stuart,1984-11-06,2014-01-01,2
105,Robert,James,1984-12-01,2015-03-09,3
The following example is a MultiLoad script that reads records from employee table and
loads into Employee_Stg table.
.LOGTABLE tduser.Employee_log;
.LOGON 192.168.1.102/dbc,dbc;
.BEGIN MLOAD TABLES Employee_Stg;

.LAYOUT Employee;
.FIELD in_EmployeeNo * VARCHAR(10);
.FIELD in_FirstName * VARCHAR(30);
.FIELD in_LastName * VARCHAR(30);
.FIELD in_BirthDate * VARCHAR(10);
.FIELD in_JoinedDate * VARCHAR(10);
.FIELD in_DepartmentNo * VARCHAR(02);
.DML LABEL EmpLabel;
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INSERT INTO Employee_Stg

(EmployeeNo,FirstName,LastName,BirthDate,JoinedDate,DepartmentNo)
VALUES (:in_EmployeeNo,:in_FirstName,:in_Lastname,
:in_BirthDate, :in_JoinedDate,:in_DepartmentNo);
.IMPORT INFILE employee.txt

FORMAT VARTEXT ','
LAYOUT Employee
APPLY EmpLabel;
. END MLOAD;
LOGOFF;
Executing a MultiLoad Script

Once the input file employee.txt is created and the multiload script is named as
EmployeeLoad.ml, then you can run the Multiload script using the following command in
UNIX and Windows.
Multiload < EmployeeLoad.ml;
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38. Teradata FastExport Teradata
FastExport utility is used to export data from Teradata tables into flat files. It can also
generate the data in report format. Data can be extracted from one or more tables using
Join. Since FastExport exports the data in 64K blocks, it is useful for extracting large
volume of data.
Example
101 Mike James 1/5/1980
103 Peter Paul 4/1/1983
Following is an example of a FastExport script. It exports data from employee table and
writes into a file employeedata.txt.
.LOGTABLE tduser.employee_log;
.LOGON 192.168.1.102/dbc,dbc;
DATABASE tduser;
.BEGIN EXPORT SESSIONS 2;
.EXPORT OUTFILE employeedata.txt
MODE RECORD FORMAT TEXT;
SELECT CAST(EmployeeNo AS CHAR(10)) ,
CAST(FirstName AS CHAR(15)) ,
CAST(LastName AS CHAR(15)) ,
CAST(BirthDate AS CHAR(10))
FROM
Employee;
.END EXPORT;
.LOGOFF;
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Teradata
Executing a FastExport Script

Once the script is written and named as employee.fx, you can use the following command
to execute the script.
fexp < employee.fx
After executing the above command, you will receive the following output in the file
employeedata.txt.
103 Peter Paul 1983-04-01

101 Mike James 1980-01-05
102 Robert Williams 1983-03-05
105 Robert James 1984-12-01
104 Alex Stuart 1984-11-06
FastExport Terms
Following is the list of terms commonly used in FastExport script.
LOGTABLE: Specifies the log table for restart purpose.

LOGON: Logs into Teradata and initiates one or more sessions.
BEGIN EXPORT: Indicates the beginning of the export.
EXPORT: Specifies the target file and the export format.
SELECT: Specifies the select query to export data.
END EXPORT: Specifies the end of FastExport.
LOGOFF: Ends all sessions and terminates FastExport.
104
39. Teradata BTEQ Teradata
BTEQ utility is a powerful utility in Teradata that can be used in both batch and interactive
mode. It can be used to run any DDL statement, DML statement, create Macros and stored
procedures. BTEQ can be used to import data into Teradata tables from flat file and it can
also be used to extract data from tables into files or reports.
BTEQ Terms
Following is the list of terms commonly used in BTEQ scripts.
LOGON: Used to log into Teradata system.

ACTIVITYCOUNT: Returns the number of rows affected by the previous query.
ERRORCODE: Returns the status code of the previous query.
LABEL: Assigns a label to a set of SQL commands.
RUN FILE: Executes the query contained in a file.
GOTO: Transfers control to a label.
LOGOFF: Logs off from database and terminates all sessions.
IMPORT: Specifies the input file path.
EXPORT: Specifies the output file path and initiates the export.
Example
Following is a sample BTEQ script.
.LOGON 192.168.1.102/dbc,dbc;
DATABASE tduser;
CREATE TABLE employee_bkup

(
EmployeeNo INTEGER,
FirstName CHAR(30),
LastName CHAR(30),
DepartmentNo SMALLINT,
NetPay INTEGER
)
Unique Primary Index(EmployeeNo);
.IF ERRORCODE <> 0 THEN .EXIT ERRORCODE;

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Teradata
SELECT * FROM
Employee
Sample 1;
.IF ACTIVITYCOUNT <> 0 THEN .GOTO InsertEmployee;
DROP TABLE employee_bkup;
.LABEL InsertEmployee
INSERT INTO employee_bkup
SELECT a.EmployeeNo,
a.FirstName,
a.LastName,
a.DepartmentNo,
b.NetPay
FROM
Employee a INNER JOIN Salary b
ON (a.EmployeeNo=b.EmployeeNo);

.LOGOFF;
The above script performs the following tasks.
Logs into Teradata System.
Sets the Default Database.
Creates a table called employee_bkup.
Selects one record from Employee table to check if the table has any records.
Drops employee_bkup table, if the table is empty.
Transfers the control to a Label InsertEmployee which inserts records into

employee_bkup table.
Checks ERRORCODE to make sure that the statement is successful, following each
SQL statement.
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Teradata
ACTIVITYCOUNT returns number of records selected/impacted by the previous SQL

query.
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40. Teradata Questions & Answers Teradata
1. Explain the architecture of Teradata.
Teradata Architecture consists of three components.
Parsing Engine: Parsing Engine receives the query from the user, parses it and
prepares the execution plan.
BYNET: BYNET receives the execution plan from the Parsing Engine and
dispatches to the appropriate AMP.
AMP: AMP is responsible for storing and retrieving rows. It stores the data in the
virtual disk associated with it. In addition to this, AMP is responsible for lock
management, space management, sorting and aggregation.
2. What is the difference between FastLoad and MultiLoad?
FastLoad MultiLoad
Target table should be empty Target table need not be empty
Only one table can be loaded using

Can load/update up to 5 tables
a single script
Supports only CREATE/INSERT Supports up to 20 DML statements in

statement single script
Doesnt support tables with RI, SI

Supports tables with NUSI
and Triggers
3. Why is FastLoad unable to load duplicate records?

FastLoad provides restart capability through checkpoints. When the script is restarted
from the last checkpoint, it is possible that the same rows may be sent again to the
AMPs. Thats the reason FastLoad doesnt support duplicates.
4. What is the difference between SET and MULTISET tables?

SET table does not allow duplicate records whereas MULTISET allows duplicate
records.
5. How does SET table check for duplicate records?

For each row inserted, System checks if there is any record with the same row hash.
If the table has UPI defined, then it will reject the record as duplicate. Otherwise, it
will compare the entire record for duplicate. This will severely affect the system
performance.
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Teradata
6. What is the efficient method for avoiding duplicate row checking for SET
tables?
You can define either Unique Primary Index or Unique Secondary Index to avoid
duplicate row checking.
7. What are the different ways to create tables?

Tables are created using CREATE TABLE statement. Tables can be created using
CREATE TABLE statement with column definition.

CREATE TABLE from an existing table.
CREATE TABLE statement with a SELECT statement.
8. How do you find duplicate records in a table?

Duplicate records can be identified using DISTINCT statement or GROUP BY
statement.
SELECT DISTINCT column 1, column 2

FROM tablename;
OR
SELECT column 1, column 2,

FROM tablename
GROUP BY column 1, column 2.;
9. What is the difference between primary index and primary key?
Primary keys are not mandatory in Teradata whereas Primary Index is

mandatory.
Data distribution is based on Primary Index value.
Primary keys doesnt accept NULLs whereas Primary Index accepts NULL
values.
Primary keys are unique whereas Primary Index can be either unique (UPI) or
non unique(NUPI).
Primary keys doesnt change whereas Primary Indexes change.
10. What are all the different ways of accessing data in Teradata tables?
Data can be accessed in 3 different ways:
Through Primary Index
Through Secondary Index
Full Table Scan
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Teradata
11. How to identify the number of AMPs in the system?
It can be identified using query SELECT HASHAMP() + 1;
12. How to identify the number of rows in each AMP for a specific table?
The following query can be used for this purpose.
SELECT HASHMAP(HASHBUCKET(HASHROW(primaryindexvalue))), COUNT(*)

FROM tablename GROUP BY 1;
13. What are the transaction modes available in Teradata?
Teradata supports two transaction modes.
Teradata
ANSI
Teradata mode is set using SET SESSION TRANSACTION BTET; ANSI mode is set
using SET SESSION TRANSACTION ANSI;
14. How to execute transactions using Teradata?

Transactions can be executed using BT and ET statements.
15. How to access the data stored in Join Indexes?

Join Indexes cannot be directly accessed by the user. Only the optimizer can access
them.
16. What will happen if the input file for a FastLoad script contains duplicate
records?
The duplicate records will be rejected from loading the target tables and will be
inserted into the UV table.
17. What is the use of FALLBACK?

FALLBACK is a protection mechanism used by Teradata to handle AMP failures. For
each data row, another copy of the row is stored in a different AMP within a cluster.
If any AMP fails, then the corresponding rows will be accessed using FALLBACK AMP.
18. How do you specify FALLBACK option for a table?

FALLBACK can be mentioned while table creation using CREATE TABLE statement or
after the table is created using ALTER TABLE statement.
19. When will you get Spool Space error?

Spool space error will happen if the intermediate results of the query exceeds per
AMP spool space limit set for the user who submitted the query.
20. What is the use of SLEEP command?

SLEEP command specifies the waiting time before Teradata attempts to establish the
connection.
21. What is the use of TENACITY command?

TENACITY command specifies the total waiting time for Teradata to establish a new
connection.
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Teradata
22. How do you release the lock on the table after FASTLOAD failure?
You can just keep the BEGIN LOADING and END LOADING statement and submit the
FASTLOAD script. Other option is to drop the table and create the table again.
23. What is the use of caching in Teradata?

Caching in Teradata works with the source and remains in the same order, that is, it
does not change frequently. The Cache is usually shared among applications.
It is an added advantage of using Teradata.
24. What is RAID?

RAID is a protection mechanism to handle disk failure. It stands for Redundant Array
of Independent Disks. RAID 1 is commonly used in Teradata.
25. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Secondary Index?

Secondary index provides alternate path to access the data. They are used to avoid
Full Table Scan. However, secondary indexes require additional physical structure for
maintaining sub tables and also require additional I/O since the sub table needs to
be updated for each row.
26. What are the different lock types available in Teradata?

There are four different locks in Teradata: Exclusive, Write, Read, and Access.
27. What are the different lock levels available in Teradata?

Locks can be applied at three different levels: Database, Table, and Row.
28. How many values can be compressed in a table?

Using Multi Value Compression (MVC) you can compress up to 255 values including
NULLs.
29. How FastLoad loads data into Teradata?

FastLoad loads the data in 64K blocks. There are 2 phases in FastLoad.
In Phase 1, it brings the data in 64K blocks and sends them to the target AMPs.
Each AMP will then hash redistribute the rows to their target AMPs.
In Phase 2, rows are sorted by their row hash order and written into the target
table.
30. What are all the different phases of MultiLoad?
MultiLoad import has five phases.
Phase 1: Preliminary Phase Performs basic setup activities.
Phase 2: DML Transaction Phase Verifies the syntax of DML statements and
brings them to Teradata system.
Phase 3: Acquisition Phase Brings the input data into work tables and locks
the table.
Phase 4: Application Phase Applies all DML operations.
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Teradata
Phase 5: Cleanup Phase Releases the table lock.
31. Which is faster way to delete data from Tables? DELETE FROM statement
or MultiLoad DELETE?
MULTILOAD DELETE is faster since it deletes the records in blocks. DELETE FROM will
delete row by row.
32. What is the difference between Stored Procedure and Macro?
Stored procedure returns one or more values whereas Macros can return one or more
rows. In addition to SQL, stored procedure may contain SPL statements.
33. Which is better way to load data into Teradata?

FastLoad/BTEQ/MultiLoad?
Both FastLoad and MultiLoad load the data in 64K blocks whereas BTEQ will process
one row at a time.
34. Which is better way to extract data from Teradata? BTEQ/FastExport?

FastExport exports the data in 64K blocks whereas BTEQ exports one row at a time.
35. What is TPT?

Teradata Parallel Transporter (TPT) is the utility to load/export data. It combines all
the functionalities of FastLoad, MultiLoad, BTEQ, TPUMP and FastExport.
36. What is a permanent Journal in Teradata?

Permanent journals keeps track of data before or after applying the changes. This
help to roll back or roll forward the table to a particular state. Permanent journals
can be enabled at table level or database level.
37. Why Teradata architecture is called Shared Nothing Architecture?

In Teradata, each AMP is associated with a virtual disk. Only the AMP that owns the
virtual disk can access the data within that virtual disk. This is called as Shared
Nothing Architecture.
38. What is the advantage of Partition Primary Index?
If the query uses partitioned columns then it will result in partition elimination,
which will greatly improve the performance.
Partition eliminates other partitions and accesses only the partitions that
contain the data.
You can easily drop the old partitions and create new partitions.
39. If a Secondary Index is created on a table, will the size of the table increase?
Why?
Yes. Secondary index requires sub-tables which require permanent space.
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Teradata
40. If a partitioned primary index is added to a table, will the size of the table
increase? Why?
Yes. Whenever partitioned primary index is added, then each row occupies additional
2 or 8 bytes for the partition number.
41. How do you identify the 2nd highest value from a table?
You can use RANK function on the specified column with descending order with
Qualify = 2 condition.
42. How do you handle spool space error?

You can check the EXPLAIN plan of the query to identify the steps that consume more
spool space and try to optimize the query. Filters can be applied to reduce the number
of records being processed or you can split the large query into multiple smaller
queries.
43. What are the confidence levels in Teradata?

When the EXPLAIN command is used against the query, it specifies the confidence of
the optimizer to retrieve the records.
There are three confidence levels in Teradata: High Confidence, Medium Confidence,
and Low Confidence.
44. What is the difference between NUSI and Full table scan?
Both NUSI and Full Table Scan (FTS) will access all the AMPs but FTS will access all
the blocks within the AMP whereas NUSI will access the blocks only if the sub-table
contains the qualifying rows.
45. How do you skip first few records from the input file while loading into
Teradata?
In BTEQ mode, SKIP command can be used to skip the records.
46. Which data type is better for storing employee Age information?
BYTEINT. It occupies only one byte and can store values up to +127.
47. Specify number of AMPs accessed by each method.

Through Unique Primary Index 1 AMP
Through Non Unique Primary Index 1 AMP
Through Unique Secondary Index 2 AMPs
Through Non Unique Secondary Index All AMPs
48. What is a Clique?
Clique is a protection mechanism to handle Node failures. It is a group of nodes.
When a node within a clique fails, then the vprocs (Parsing Engine and AMP) will
migrate to other nodes and continue to perform read/write operations on their virtual
disks.
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Teradata
49. What are the protection mechanisms available in Teradata?

Teradata provides different levels of protection mechanism.
Transient Journal: To handle Transaction failure.

Fallback: To handle AMP failure.
Cliques: To handle Node failure.
RAID: To handle Disk failure.
Hot standby Node: To handle Node failure without affecting performance and
restart.
50. What is the use of ACTIVITYCOUNT?

ACTIVITYCOUNT gives the number of rows affected by the previous SQL query in
BTEQ. If the ACTIVITYCOUNT statement follows an insert statement, it returns the
number of rows inserted. If the ACTIVITYCOUNT statement follows select statement,
it returns the number of rows selected.
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About the Tutorial

Copyright & Disclaimer

PART 1: TERADATA BASICS .......................................................................................................... 1

1. Teradata - Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2

2. Teradata Installation .............................................................................................................................. 4

3. Teradata Architecture ............................................................................................................................ 9

4. Teradata Relational Concepts............................................................................................................... 12

5. Teradata Data Types ............................................................................................................................ 14

6. Teradata Tables .................................................................................................................................... 16

7. Teradata Data Manipulation ................................................................................................................ 20

8. Teradata SELECT Statement ................................................................................................................. 24

9. Teradata Logical & Conditional Operators ............................................................................................ 27

10. Teradata SET Operators ....................................................................................................................... 30

UNION ALL ..................................................................................................................................................... 31

11. Teradata String Manipulation .............................................................................................................. 35

12. Teradata Date/Time Functions ............................................................................................................. 36

13. Teradata Built-in Functions .................................................................................................................. 39

14. Teradata Aggregate Functions .............................................................................................................. 40

15. Teradata CASE & COALESCE ................................................................................................................. 42

16. Teradata Primary Index ........................................................................................................................ 45

17. Teradata Joins ...................................................................................................................................... 47

18. Teradata SubQueries ............................................................................................................................ 51

PART 2: TERADATA ADVANCED ................................................................................................. 53

19. Teradata Table Types ........................................................................................................................... 54

20. Teradata Space Concepts ..................................................................................................................... 57

21. Teradata Secondary Index .................................................................................................................... 58

22. Teradata Statistics ................................................................................................................................ 59

23. Teradata Compression ......................................................................................................................... 61

24. Teradata EXPLAIN ................................................................................................................................ 62

25. Teradata Hashing Algorithm................................................................................................................. 65

26. Teradata JOIN INDEX ............................................................................................................................ 67

27. Teradata Views .................................................................................................................................... 71

28. Teradata Macros .................................................................................................................................. 74

29. Teradata Stored Procedure .................................................................................................................. 77

30. Teradata JOIN Strategies ...................................................................................................................... 80

31. Teradata Partitioned Primary Index ..................................................................................................... 83

32. Teradata OLAP Functions ..................................................................................................................... 86

33. Teradata Data Protection ..................................................................................................................... 89

34. Teradata User Management................................................................................................................. 92

Revoke Privileges ........................................................................................................................................... 94

35. Teradata Performance Tuning .............................................................................................................. 95

36. Teradata FastLoad ................................................................................................................................ 97

37. Teradata MultiLoad ............................................................................................................................ 100

38. Teradata FastExport ........................................................................................................................... 103

39. Teradata BTEQ ................................................................................................................................... 105

40. Teradata Questions & Answers .......................................................................................................... 108

Part 1: Teradata Basics

1979 Teradata was incorporated

1984 Release of first database computer DBC/1012

1986 Fortune magazine names Teradata as Product of the Year

2006 Launch of Teradata Master Data Management solution

2008 Teradata 13.0 released with Active Data Warehousing

2012 Teradata 14.0 introduced

2014 Teradata 15.0 introduced

Unlimited Parallelism: Teradata database system is based on Massively Parallel

Shared Nothing Architecture: Teradatas architecture is called as Shared

Connectivity: Teradata can connect to Channel-attached systems such as

Mature Optimizer: Teradata optimizer is one of the matured optimizer in the

Robust Utilities: Teradata provides robust utilities to import/export data from/to

Automatic Distribution: Teradata automatically distributes the data evenly to the

Installation Steps for Windows

Step 2: Extract the file and specify the target folder.

Step 3: Download the VMWare Workstation player from the link,

Step 4: Once the download is complete, install the software.

Step 5: After the installation is complete, run the VMWARE client.

Teradata architecture is based on Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) architecture. The

o Parse the SQL query check for syntax errors.

o Check if the objects used in the SQL actually exists.

Message Passing Layer: Message Passing Layer called as BYNET, is the

Access Module Processor (AMP): AMPs, called as Virtual Processors (vprocs)

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a DBMS software that helps to

EmployeeNo FirstName LastName BirthDate

EmployeeNo FirstName LastName BirthDate

101 Mike James 1/5/1980

BYTEINT 1 -128 to +127