Ahmedjama: Hilbert's Null-Stellensatz, Strong

Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Version
Ahmedjama
Outline
Theorem
Weak version
Strong version
Ahmedjama
Proof of
strong version
Radical African Institute for Mathematical Sciences

Membership
March 12, 2016
Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Outline
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Version
Ahmedjama
Theorem
Outline
Theorem
Weak Version
Weak version
Strong Version
Strong version Proof (strong version)
Proof of
strong version Using trick of Rabinowitch to reduce strong version into
Radical the weak version.
Membership
Radical Membership

Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Weak Version
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Version
Ahmedjama
Outline Theorem
Theorem
Weak version
Let I be an ideal of K[x1 , ..., xn ],and let K be the algebraic
Strong version
closure of K. Then the following are equivalent:
Proof of
strong version
V (I ) =
Radical 1I
Membership

Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Version
Ahmedjama
Theorem
Outline Let K = K be algebraically closed,and let
Theorem
Weak version
I K[x1 , ..., xn ]
Strong version
Proof of be an ideal.Then
strong version
Radical

Membership I (V (I )) = I
.

Definitions
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong Vanishing locus
Version
Ahmedjama
V (I ) = {p An (K) : f (p ) = 0 f I }
Outline
Theorem
Weak version
Strong version
Proof of
strong version
Radical
Membership

Definitions
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Version
Ahmedjama
V (I ) = {p An (K) : f (p ) = 0 f I }
Outline
Vanishing ideal I
Theorem
Weak version I (A) = {f K[x1 , ..., xn ] : f (p ) = 0 p A}

Strong version
Proof of
strong version
Radical
Membership

Definitions
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Version
Ahmedjama
V (I ) = {p An (K) : f (p ) = 0 f I }
Outline
Vanishing ideal I
Theorem

Strong version
Proof of Radical I
strong version

Radical I = {f K[x1 , ..., xn ] : f m I for some m > 1}
Membership

Definitions
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Version
Ahmedjama
V (I ) = {p An (K) : f (p ) = 0 f I }
Outline
Vanishing ideal I
Theorem

Strong version
Proof of Radical I
strong version

Radical I = {f K[x1 , ..., xn ] : f m I for some m > 1}
Membership
Any ideal I K[x1 , ..., xn ] is finitely generated

f1 , ..., fr K[x1 , ..., xn ]
I =< f1 , ..., fr >= {a1 f1 + + ar fr : a1 , ..., ar K[x1 , ..., xn ]}

Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Version
Ahmedjama
Outline
Theorem We want to prove the following

Weak version
1) I I (V (I ))
Strong version
Proof of 2) I (V (I )) I
strong version
Radical
Membership

Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong

Version 1) Proving that I I (V (I ))
Ahmedjama
Outline Let
Theorem f I , then f m I , for some m1
Weak version Since
Strong version
Proof of I (V (I )) = {f K[x1 , ..., xn ] : f (p ) = 0 p V (I )}

strong version
Radical
Membership
f m (p ) = 0 p V (I )
f (p ) = 0 p V (I )
f I (V (I ))

We conclude that I I (V (I ))

Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Version
Ahmedjama

Outline
2) Proving I (V (I )) I
Theorem
Weak version
Let f I (V (I )) and let f1 , ..., fr be polynomials generating I .
Strong version
Then f vanishes on V (I )
Proof of
strong version we need to show that f m I for some m 1
Radical i.e
Membership
f m = a1 f1 + a2 f2 + a3 f3 + + ar fr

Trick of Rabinowitch
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Version
Ahmedjama
Outline For this we use the trick of Rabinowitch:

Theorem
Weak version
Strong version
Proof of
Consider the ideal
strong version
J := hf1 , ..., fr , yf 1i K[x1 , ..., xn , y ]
Radical
Membership where y is an extra variable

Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Version
Ahmedjama
Outline
Theorem Proceeding into two steps

Weak version
1) We will show that V (J ) An+1 (K) = .
Strong version
2) We will apply the weak version of the Nullstellensatz
Proof of
strong version to conclude that 1 J.
Radical
Membership

Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Version
Ahmedjama
Outline 1) V (J ) =
Theorem
Weak version
Strong version
Proof of
strong version
Radical
Membership

Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Version
Ahmedjama
Outline 1) V (J ) =
Theorem
Consider a point p = (a1 , ..., an+1 ) An+1 (K).

Weak version
Strong version
To show that p
/ V (J ) we distinguish two cases.
Proof of
strong version
a. (a1 , ..., an ) V (I )
Radical
Membership
b. (a1 , ..., an )
/ V (I )

Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
a. (a1 , ..., an ) V (I ) then
Version f (a1 , ..., an ) = 0.
Ahmedjama
Now we are checking if p V (J ) or not
Outline Evaluating yf 1 in p = (a1 , ..., an+1 ) gives us
Theorem
Weak version (yf 1)(p ) = yan+1 f (a1 , ..., an ) 1

Strong version
Proof of
= an + 1 0 1 = 1 6 = 0
strong version p / V (yf 1)
Radical
Membership
p / V (J )

Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
a. (a1 , ..., an ) V (I ) then
Version f (a1 , ..., an ) = 0.
Ahmedjama
Now we are checking if p V (J ) or not
Outline Evaluating yf 1 in p = (a1 , ..., an+1 ) gives us
Theorem
Weak version (yf 1)(p ) = yan+1 f (a1 , ..., an ) 1

Strong version
Proof of
= an + 1 0 1 = 1 6 = 0
strong version p / V (yf 1)
Radical
Membership
p / V (J )
b. (a1 , ..., an )
/ V (I )
If (a1 , ..., an ) / V (I ) then fk (a1 , ..., an ) 6= 0 for some k
= p / V (J )
So from (a) to (b) we conclude that V (J ) =
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz, 2) We will apply the weak version of the Nullstellensatz to
Strong
Version conclude that 1 J.
Ahmedjama
Outline
Theorem
Weak version
Strong version
Proof of
strong version
Radical
Membership

Hilberts Null-
Strong
Ahmedjama
Outline We know J := hf1 , ..., fr , yf 1i K[x1 , ..., xn , y ] then

Theorem
1 = h1 (x1 , ..., xn , y )f1 + + hr (x1 , ..., xn , y )fr +
Weak version
h (x1 , ..., xn , y )(yf 1) (1)
Strong version
Proof of
strong version
Radical
Membership

Hilberts Null-
Strong
Ahmedjama

Theorem
1 = h1 (x1 , ..., xn , y )f1 + + hr (x1 , ..., xn , y )fr +
Weak version
h (x1 , ..., xn , y )(yf 1) (1)
Strong version
Proof of
strong version Let y m be the highest power of y appearing in any hi and
Radical
Membership
putting y = f1 in the relation (1) becomes
1 = h1 (x1 , ..., xn , f1 )f1 + + hr (x1 , ..., xn , f1 )fr

Hilberts Null-
Strong
Ahmedjama

Theorem
1 = h1 (x1 , ..., xn , y )f1 + + hr (x1 , ..., xn , y )fr +
Weak version
h (x1 , ..., xn , y )(yf 1) (1)
Strong version
Proof of
strong version Let y m be the highest power of y appearing in any hi and
Radical
Membership
putting y = f1 in the relation (1) becomes
1 = h1 (x1 , ..., xn , f1 )f1 + + hr (x1 , ..., xn , f1 )fr
Since f1m is the highest power appearing in any hi then

multiplying both sides by f m
f m = g1 (x1 , ..., xn )f1 + + gr (x1 , ..., xn )fr I
Radical Membership
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Radical Membership
Version
Let K be an arbitrary field, and let I K[x1 , ..., xn ] be an
Ahmedjama
ideal,and
let f K[x1 , ..., xn ] be a polynomial, then
Outline f I 1 J = hI , yf 1i
Theorem
Weak version
Strong version
Proof of
strong version
Radical
Membership

Radical Membership
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Radical Membership
Version
Let K be an arbitrary field, and let I K[x1 , ..., xn ] be an
Ahmedjama
ideal,and
let f K[x1 , ..., xn ] be a polynomial, then
Outline f I 1 J = hI , yf 1i
Theorem
Weak version
Strong version
Proof
Proof of The implication from right to left is clear from step 2
strong version
of the above proof.
Radical
Membership For
the converse implication, let
f I = f m I J for some m 1 then
1 = y m f m (y m f m 1)
= y m f m (yf 1)((yf )m1 + (yf )m2 + + 1)
= I J since f m , (yf 1) J

Conclusion
Hilberts Null-
stellensatz,
Strong
Version
Ahmedjama
Outline
Theorem
Weak version
Strong version
Proof of
strong version
Radical
Membership

Ahmedjama: Hilbert's Null-Stellensatz, Strong

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Ahmedjama: Hilbert's Null-Stellensatz, Strong

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Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Radical African Institute for Mathematical Sciences

March 12, 2016

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Weak version I (A) = {f K[x1 , ..., xn ] : f (p ) = 0 p A}

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Weak version I (A) = {f K[x1 , ..., xn ] : f (p ) = 0 p A}

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Weak version I (A) = {f K[x1 , ..., xn ] : f (p ) = 0 p A}

Any ideal I K[x1 , ..., xn ] is finitely generated

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Theorem We want to prove the following

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Proof of I (V (I )) = {f K[x1 , ..., xn ] : f (p ) = 0 p V (I )}

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Outline For this we use the trick of Rabinowitch:

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Theorem Proceeding into two steps

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Consider a point p = (a1 , ..., an+1 ) An+1 (K).

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Weak version (yf 1)(p ) = yan+1 f (a1 , ..., an ) 1

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Weak version (yf 1)(p ) = yan+1 f (a1 , ..., an ) 1

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Outline We know J := hf1 , ..., fr , yf 1i K[x1 , ..., xn , y ] then

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Outline We know J := hf1 , ..., fr , yf 1i K[x1 , ..., xn , y ] then

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Outline We know J := hf1 , ..., fr , yf 1i K[x1 , ..., xn , y ] then

Since f1m is the highest power appearing in any hi then

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

Ahmedjama Hilberts Nullstellensatz, Strong Version

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