Basic Maths Module PDF

Basic Maths for Physics
INDEX
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICS
S. NO. CONTENT PAGE No.
SECTION - A
1. Elementary Algebra 4
2. Polynomial Equations 4
3. Linear Equation 4
4. Quadratic Equation 5
4.1 Roots of Quadratic Equation 5
ir
5. Definition of Logarithm 5
5.1 Properties of Logarithm 6
5.2 Other Logarithmic Definitions 6
SECTION - B
1. Trigonometry 6
1.1
1.2
.S System of Measurement of an Angle
Four Quadrant of Sign Convention
1.3 Graph of Sine & Cosine functions
1.4 Trigonometric Ratios
1.5 Some Important Trigonometric Formulas 11
1.5.1 Pythagorean Identities
1.5.2 Addition/Substration formulae for Trigonometric Ratios
.M
1.5.3 Product to Sum Formulas
1.5.4 Double Angle Formulas
1.5.5 Half Angle Formulas
SECTION - C
1. Coordinate Geometry 12
1.1 Origin
1.2 Axis or Axes
1.3 Position of a point in x-y plane
A
2. Straight line equation and its graph 13

2.1 Equation of straight line
2.2 Slope of a line
2.3 Variation in slopes
SECTION - D
1. Function & Graph 15
2. Graph of a function 16
3. Range and Domain of function 16
4. Composition of functions (Function of unction) 17
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SECTION - E
PART - 1
1. Differentiation 17
1.1 Average rate of change 17
1.2 Theorems of Differentiation 18
1.2.1 Differentiation of constant
1.2.2 Differentiation of a function multiplied by a constant
1.2.3 Sum or subtraction of two function (y = f(x) g(x) )
1.2.4 Product of two functions (Product Rule)
1.2.5 Division of two functions (Quotient Rule)
1.2.6 Chain Rule
2. Double differentiation 19
3. Derivation of some importance functions 19
3.1 Trigonometric functions
ir
3.2 Logarithimic functions
3.3 Exponential function
4. Maxima & Minima 20
PART - 2
1. Indefinite integration 21
2. Few basic formulae of Integration 21
2.1
2.2
2.3
.S
Integrals of Rational and Irrational Functions
Integrals of Trigonometric functions
Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
3. Rules of Integration 22
3.1 Rule No. 1 : Contant Multiple Rule
3.2 Rule No. 2 : Sum and Difference Rule
3.3 Rule No. 3 : Rule of substitution
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4. Definite of Integration 23
5. Area under the curve 23
Kinematical Equations of a particle moving in a plane with constant acceleration 24
EXERCISES
Exercise # 1 26
Exercise # 2 29
Exercise # 3 31
A
Answer Key 33

Basic Mathematics for Physics
Mathematics is a supporting tool for physics. The elementary knowledge of basic maths is useful in
problem-solving in physics.
Basic Knowledge of :
(i) Elementary Algebra
(ii) Trigonometry
(iii) Coordinate Geometry
(iv) Calculus
(v) Function ...... is must for going into the depth of physics.
SECTION - A
1. Elementary Algebra
ir
Common Formulae :
(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab (a b)2 = a2 + b2 2ab
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca (a + b) (a b) = a2 b2
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) (a b)3 = a3 b3 3ab (a b)
(a + b)2 (a b)2 = 4ab (a + b)2 + (a b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
.S
a3 b3 = (a b) (a2 + ab + b2)
an = a.a.a.a.....n times
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 ab + b2)
am an = am+n
am m n m
m n
n a , if m n
a
a a mn a n
=1 , if m = n
n
n a an
ab a .b n n
n
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b b
n 1
a 0 1, where a R, a 0 a
an
ap q q ap
2. Polynomial Equations :
The highest power appearing in a polynomial is called its Degree.
A
Polynomial : Consisting of several terms, An expression of more than two algebraic terms, especially
the sum of several terms that contains different power of the same variable.
f(x) = x3 + 8x + 3
Note : The highest power must be of a single variable only, is not necessary.
f(x,y) = 3x2y + y2 + 2
3. Linear Equations :
Equation having degree as 1 are termed as linear equation
for example, x + y =2
or 2x + 3 = 5
such kind of equation always represent a straight line on a graph.
4. Quadratic Equation :
Equation of second degree are called as Quadratic equation.
General form : ax2 + bx + c = 0
where a 0
4.1 Roots of Quadratic Equation :

b b2 4ac b b2 4ac

2a 2a
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
b
Sum of roots : =
a
ir
c
Product of roots : . =
a
Example Find the roots of equation :

2x2 x 3 = 0 .S
Note : In quadratic equation D = b2 4ac
If D>0 Real & Distinct roots
D=0 Real & equal roots (repeated roots)
D<0 Non- real (imaginary) roots
5. Definition of logarithm: If x > 0 and b is a constant (b 1), then y log b x if and only if by = x.
In the equation y log b x , y is referred to as the logarithm, b is the base, and x is the argument. The
.M
notation log b x is read the logarithm (or log) base b of x. The definition of a logarithm indicates that
a logarithm is an exponent.
y log b x is the logarithmic form of by = x
by = x is the exponential form of y log b x
Examples of changes between logarithmic and exponential forms:
2 log 7 x
A
Solution:
Use the definition y log b x if and only if by = x.
Logarithm & exponents
2 log 7 x if and only if 72 = x
Examples:
1. log264 4. log1/327
2. log381 5. log7343
3. log525 6. log42
7. log51/25
5.1 Properties of logarithm :
If a, b and c are positive real numbers, b 1, and n is a real number, then
a
1. Product: log b a.c log b a log b c 2. Quotient: log b log b a log b c
c
3. Power: log b a n n.log b a 4. log b 1 0
5. log b b 1 6. Inverse 1: log b b n n
7. Inverse 2: blog b n n, n 0 8. One-to-One: log b a log b c if and only if a = c
log c a log a ln a
9. Change of Base: log b a
log c b log b ln b
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5.2 Other Logarithmic Definitions:
Definition of Common Logarithm:
Logarithms with a base of 10 are called common logarithms. It is customary to write log10x as logx.
Definition of Natural Logarithm:
Logarithms with the base of e are called natural logarithms. It is customary to write logex as lnx.

.S
Note: There are two common base in log, i.e; 10 and e.
If logx is written, then we will assume log x to the base 10 (log10x)
If lnx is written, then we will assume, logx to the base e (loge x)
Where, e is Napiers constant, which is having a value of 2.73
Napiers constant (e = 2.73) has its significance in calculus that is in differentiation and Integration.
Questions based on Properties of logarithm

.M
log100 log3 9 2ab
1. log10 2. log 8 3. log 4. logbb10 logb1 = 10
2 c3
SECTION - B
1. Trigonometry
Trigonometry : It is the branch of mathematics, that studies relationship involving length and angles of
triangles.
A
Following are the sub-topics which we are going to discuss in trignometry

1. System of Measurement of an Angle
2. Four Quadrant & sign Convention
3. Graph of size & Cosine function
4. Trigonometric ratios of Allied Angles.
5. Some Important Trigonometric formulae
1.1 System of Measurement of an Angle :

There are different type of measurement of angle:
1. Sexagesimal System 2. Circular system

1. Sexagesimal System : In this system,

1 right angle = 90o
1 degree = 60 (minutes)
1 minute = 60(seconds)
2. Circular system : In this system, angle is measured in radians

n radians = 180o
Consider a particle moving from P to Q, along a circle of radius r, with centre O,
Arc length s
then Angle () = Radius of circle r
ir
s = r
Radian : When a body completes one revolution, = 2 rad, so 2 rad = 360o or 2 3.14 rad =
360o
360o 1 rad = 57.3o
2 3.14
Note :
1.
2.
.S
To convert from degree to radian, multiply by /180o
To convert from radian to degree, multiply by 180o/
Example Convert the following into radians:

(A) 90o, (B) 45o, (C) 60o, (D) 150o,
o
(E) 360
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Example Convert the folowing into degree
(A) , (B) /, (C) 3/2, (D) /4,
(E) /6
Miscellaneous Examples:
1. In Fig, 1.1, A circular arc of length cm, find angle subtended by it at the centre in radian & degree.
12
9 3
A
6 cm
6
Fig, 1.1 Fig, 1.2
2. When a clock shows 4 O clock as in Fig, 1.2, how much angle does its minute & hour needle make ?
(A) 120o (B) /3 rad (C) 2/3 rad (D) 160o

1.2 Four Quadrant & Sign Convention:
CAST Rule:
II Quadrant I Quadrant
A C
0o o X
S T 360
III Quadrant IV Quadrant
Commonly used values of Trigonometric functions :
0o 30 o 45o 60 o 90 o
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Ang le
sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1
cos 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0
tan 0 1/ 3 1 3 Not define
cosec Not define 2 2 2/ 3 1
sec 1 2/ 3 2 2 Not define
.S
cot Not define 3 1 1/ 3 0
Trigonometric Ratios of General Angles (Reduction Formulae)
1. Trigonometric Function of an angle 2n where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4..... will be remains same.

sin 2n sin
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cos 2n cos
tan 2n tan
n
2. Trigonometric function of an angle will remain same if n is even & sign of trigonometric
2
function will be according to value of that function in quadrant
sin sin cos cos tan tan

A
sin 2 sin cos 2 cos tan 2 tan
n
3. Trigonometric function of an angle will remain same if n is odd & sign of trigonometric
2
function will be according to value of that function in quadrant

sin cos cos sin tan cot
2 2 2

sin cos cos sin tan cot
2 2 2

4. Trigonometric function of an angle (negative angles)
cos ec cos ec sec sec cot cot
1.3 Graph of Sine & Cosine functions :
A Graph of sin x:
Y axis
X axis
ir
-1
B Graph of cos x:
Y axis
1
.S
0 X axis
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-1
1.4 Trigonometric Ratios :

Following ratios of the sides of right angled triangle are known as trigonometric ratios.
P H 1
sin cos ec
H P sin
A
B H 1
cos sec
H B cos
H
P B 1 P
tan cot
B P tan
P BP Pandit Badri Pr asad B

HHB Har Har Bole
Now we are going to derive some trigonometry with the help of pythagorous theorem

P2 B2 H 2
Divide by H2
2 2
P B
1
H H
sin 2 cos2 1
Divided by B2
2 2
P H
1
B
B
tan 2 1 sec2
Divided by P2
2 2
B H
1
P P
ir
1 cot2 cosec2
Example The two shortest sides of right angled triangle are 5 cm & 12 cm. Let denote the angle opposite
to the side. Find sin , cos , and tan .
.S 13 cm
5 cm
H
P
12 cm
B
o o
Values of Sin, Cos & Tan (37 & 53 )
.M
sin 37o = 3/5 cos 37o = 4/5 tan 37o = 3/4

sin 53o = 4/5 cos 53o = 3/5 tan 53o = 4/3
A
Examples
Find the value of :
(i) sin 30o + cos 60o (ii) sin 0o cos 0o
(iii) tan 45o tan 37o (iv) sin 390o
(v) cos 405o (vi) tan 420o
(vii) sin 150o (viii) cos 120o
(ix) tan 135o (x) sin (330o)
(xi) cos(300o ) (xii) sin(30o )
(xiii) cos(60o ) (xiv) tan(45o )
(xv) sin(150o)

1.5 Some Important Trignometric Formulas

1.5.1Pythagorean Identities
sin 2 cos 2 1
tan 2 1 sec 2
1 cot 2 cosec2
1.5.2Addition/Subtration formulae for Trigonmetric Ratios :

sin (A + B) = sin A cosB + cosA sinB
sin (A B ) = sin A cosB cosA sinB
cos (A + B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB
cos (A B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
tan A tan B
tan (A + B) =
1 tan A tan B
ir
tan A tan B
tan (A B) =
1 tan A tan B
1.5.3Product to Sum Formulas

1
2
1
.S
sin C sin D [cos(C D) cos(C D)]
cos C cos D [cos(C D) cos(C D)]

2
1
sin C cos D [sin(C D) sin(C D)]
2
.M
1
cos C sin D [sin(C D) sin(C D)]
2
1.5.4Double Angle Formulas

sin 2 2sin cos
cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 1 1 2 sin 2

2 tan
tan 2
A
1 tan 2
1.5.5Half Angle Formulas
1 cos 2 1 cos 2 1 cos 2

sin cos tan
2 2 1 cos 2
Examples : By using above basic addition/subtration formulae, we can prove some more formulaes
tan A tan B tan A tan B
(i) tan (A + B) = 1 tan A tan B (ii) tan (A B) = 1 tan A tan B

(iii) sin 2 2 sin cos (iv) cos 2 cos2 sin 2
2 tan
(v) tan 2
1 tan 2
Examples
Find the value of :
(i) sin 74o (ii) cos 106o
o
(iii) sin 15 (iv) cos75o
SECTION - C
1. Coordinate Geometry
ir
To specify the position of a point in space, we using right handed rectangular axes coordinate system.
This system consists of (i) origin (ii) axis or axes. If point is known to be on a given line or in a particular
direction, only one coordinate is necessary to specify its position, if it is in a plane, two coordinates are
required, if it is in space three coordinates are needed.
1.1
.S
Origin
This is any fixed point which is convenient to you. All meaurement are taken w.r.t. this fixed point.
1.2 Axis or Axes

Any fixed direction passing through origin and convenient to you can be taken as an axis. If position of
a point or position of all the points under consideration always happen to be in a particular direction, then
only one axis is required.This is generally called the x-axis. If the positions of all the points under
consideration are always in a plane, two perpendicular axes are required. These are generally called
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x and y-axis. If the points are distributed in a space, three perpendicular axes are taken which called x, y
and z-axis.
1.3 Position of a point in xy plane

The position of a point is specified by its distance from origin along (or parallel to) x and y-axis as shown
in figure.
y
B
(x, y)
A
Origin x
(0, 0)
Here x-coordinate and y-coordinate is called abscissa and ordinate respectively.

2. Straight Line Equation & Its Graph
When the dependent variable y varies linearly with the independent variable x, the relationship
between them is represented by a linear equation of the type given below. The equation is also shown
in graph by an arbitrary line.
y
y = mx +c
-x x
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-y
2.1 Equation of Straight Line:

y = mx + c
where, x and y are variable, m is slope and, c is intercept.
2.2 Slope of a Line

.S
The slope of a line joining two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is denoted by m and is given by
y y 2 y1
m tan
x x 2 x1
y
.M
B
y2 (x2, y2 )
(x1, y1)
y1 y
A x
Origin x
(0, 0) x1 x2
Here is the angle made by line with positive x-axis. Slope of a line is a quantitative measure of
A
inclination.
2.3 Variation in Slopes
y y
m + , c+
m + , c-
x x

y
y
x
x
m - , c+
m - , c-
y y
x x
ir
y y
.S m = 0, c +
x x
m =0, c-
.M
Examples:
Let us take some example of straight line to get the slope of the equation
Draw the graph of the following straight line equation
y
1. 23
x
2. x+y=5
3. y = 3x 2
A

4. A parallelogram ABCD is show in figure
Column I Column II
(A) Equation of side AB (P) 2y + x = 2
(B) Equation of side BC (Q) 2y x = 2
ir
(C) Equation of side CD (R) 2y + x = 2
(D) Equation of side DA (S) 2y x = 2
(T) y + 2x = 2
1. Function & Graph

.S SECTION - D
Physics involves study of natural phenomena and describes them in terms of several physical quantities.
A mathematical formulation of these physical quantities is necessary for a concise and precise
description of the phenomena. These mathematical formulae are expressed in form of equations and
known as function.
Thus, a function describing a physical process expresses an unknown physical quantity in tems of one or
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more known physical quantities. We call the unknown physical quantity as dependent variable and the
known physical quantities as independent variables. For the sake of simplicity, we consider a function
that involves a dependent variable y and only one independent variable x. It is denoted y = f(x) and read
as y equals to f of x. Here f(x) is the value of y for a given x. Following are some examples of functions.
y = 2x +1, y = 2x2 + 3x + 1, y = sin x, y = ln(2x + 1)
Knowledge of the dependent variable for different values of the independent variable, and how it changes
when the independent variable varies in an interval is collectively known as behaviour of the function.
Function : In mathematics, a function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible
A
outputs with the property that each input is related to exactly one output.

In the given figure, represent a function machine. A function machine illustrates what it does with the
input.
(A) y = 2x + 3 (B) y = 2(x + 3) (C) z 2x 3 (D) z 2(x 3)
Double Square
Input (x) the input root of Output (z)
and add the input
three
2. Graph of a Function
Graph is diagrammatic representation of a function and allows us to visualize it. To plot a graph the
dependant variable (here y) is usually taken on the ordinate and the independent variable (here x) on the
abscissa. Graph being an alternative way to represent a function does not require elaborate calculations
ir
and explicity shows behaviour of the function in a concerned interval.
Example : x + y = 2, draw the graph of the given straight line equation.
3. Range & Domain of Function:

.S
The domain is the set of all first elements of ordered pairs (x-coordinates). The range is the set of all
second elements of ordered pairs (y-coordinates).
Domain and range can be seen clearly from a graph.
6
5
4
3
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2
1
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-2
-3
Exam ple 1: {(3, 5), (4, 2), (6, -2), (1, 5)}
Dom ain: {1, 3, 4, 6} Range: {-2, 2, 5}
A
Example
1. y = f(x) = x3

find, f(1), f(0), f(1), f(x), f(x+1), f( 3 ) ,f( ),
2
1
2. y = f(x) =
x2
1 1
find, f(1), f(1), f(-2), f( ), f( 2 ), f( )
2 2

x
3. y = f(x) =
x 1
1
find, f(1), f(0), f(-1), f( 2 ), f( )
2
4. Composition of Functions: (Function of function)

The term composition of functions (or composite function) refers to the combining of functions in a
manner where the output from one function becomes the input for the next function.
In math terms, the range (the y-value answers) of one function becomes the domain (the x-values) of
the next function.
The notation used for composition is:
(fog)(x)= F[g(x)]
Examples
ir
1
1. f(x) = g(x) = x2 +1
x
find, f[g(x)], g[f(x)], f[f(x)], g[g(x)]
Function having different definition in different interval
2.
x2 x 0
f(x) = x 1 x 0

.S
find f(1), f(1), f(0), f[f(2)], f[f(5)]
x 5 x 0

3. f(x) = 2 x 0
x 5 x 0
.M

find f(1), f(0), f(1), f[f(0)], f[f(1)]
SECTION - E
Calculus
Part I: Differentiation Part II: Integration
PART-I
A
1. Differentiation
The purpose of differential calculus to study the nature (i.e., increase or decrease) and the amount of
variation in a quantity when another quantity (on which first quantity depends) varies independently.
1.1 Average rate of change :
Let a function y = f(x) be plotted as shown in figure. Average rate of change in y w.r.t. x in interval
[x1, x2] is

y
(x2, y2) B
(x1, y1)
A
x
change in y y y 2 y1
Average rate of change = slope of chord AB.
change in x x x 2 x1
ir
1.2 Theorems of Differentiation :
1.2.1 Differentiation of a constant
If c is constant, then
d
c 0
dx
.S
1.2.2 Differentiation of a function multiplied by a constant
i.e., y = k f(x)
dy
kf ' x
dx
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Examples
4
1. y = 2x3 2. y= 3. y = 3ex
x
4. y = 6lnx 5. y = 5sinx
1.2.3 Sum or subtraction of two function i.e. y = f (x) g(x)

dy
f ' x g ' x
dx
A
Examples
Find differentiation of y w.r.t. x.
(i) y = x2 6x
(ii) y = x5 + 2ex
(iii) y = 4 lnx + cosx
1.2.4 Product of two function : (Product rule)

y = f (x). g(x)
dy
f x .g ' x f ' x .g x
dx

Examples
Find the differentiation of y w.r.t x.
(i) y = x2 sinx
(ii) y = 4(ex) cosx
1.2.5 Division of two function: Quotient Rule

f x
y
gx
dy f ' x g x f x g ' x
2
dx g x
Examples
Find the differentiation of y w.r.t. x.
ir
sin x 4x 3
(i) y (ii) y
x ex
1.2.6 Chain Rule :

Let f be a function of x, which in turn is a function of t. The first derivative of f w.r.t. t is equal to the
product of

df
dx
df df dx

&
dx
dt
.S
dt dx dt
Examples
Find the first derivative of y w.r.t. x:
y = ex
.M
2
(i) (ii) y = 4 sin3x (iii) y = 4e x 2x
2. Double differentiation :
The second derivative is what you get when you differentiate the derivative. Remember that the
derivative of y with respect to x is written dy/dx. The second derivative is written d2y/dx2,
d d d2 f x d2 y
f x 2
dx dx dx 2 dx
Examples
Find the double differentiation of y w.r.t. x:
A
(i) y = sin x (ii) y = lnx
3. Derivation of Some Important functions :

3.1 Trigonometric functions
d d
(a) sin x cos x (b) cos x sin x
dx dx
d d
(c) tan x sec 2 x (d) cot x co sec 2 x
dx dx
d d
(e) sec x tan x sec x (f) co sec x cot xco sec x
dx dx
3.2 Logarithmic functions
d 1 d 1 1
(a) loga x log a e (b) log e x log e e
dx x dx x x
3.3 Exponential function

d x
(a)
dx
e ex
Examples
Differentiate the following w.r.t. x .
(i) 9 (ii) 4
1 2
(iii) 2e3 (iv) x 5
(v) x2 + 5 (vi) 5x 3 2
ir
3
(vii) x3 (viii) 2x 2
9
(ix) x 2
3x 2x 7 (x) 3x 2
2 4x 3x 3
(xi) tan3 x (xii) tanx2
(xiii) sin 2 x
.S
Note : Geometrical meaning of differentiation is explained in the video lectures, please
refer the slides.
4. Maxima & Minima

.M
A
Local maxima and local minima can occur at boundary points or zero slope points.
dy d2 y
At the point of maxima: 0 and 0
dx dx 2
dy d2 y
At the point of minima : 0 and 0
dx dx 2

Local Maxima: The value of dependent variable which is greater than its neighbour.
Local Minima: The value of dependent variable which is lesser than its neighbour.
Global Maxima: Greatest of all local maxima.
Global Minima: Lowest of all local minima.
Point of Maxima: The value of independent variable where, maxima occurs.
Point of Minima: The value of independent variable where, minima occurs.
Example The minimum value of y = 5x2 2x + 1 is,

1 2 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5
Example
The function given to us as, y = x2 4x + 5 , with the boundary points 1 x 3 . Find the point of
maxima and minima. Find global maxima and minima.
ir
Example
The function given to us as, y = x2 6x , with the boundary points 0 x 4 . Find the point of maxima
and minima. Find global maxima and minima.
Example
.S
The function given to us as, y = x3 3x + 2, with the boundary points 2 x 2 . Find the point of
maxima and minima. Find global maxima and minima.
PART-II
1. Integration
It is the reverse process of differentiation. By help of intergration we can find a function whose
derivative is known.
Consider a function f(x), whose differentiation w.r.t. x is equal to f(x), then,
.M
f x .dx F x L
here, c is the constant of intergration. & this is called indefite intergration.
2. Few basic formulae of Intergration:

2.1 Integrals of Rational and Irrational Functions
x n 1 x2
x n dx C xdx C
n 1 2
A
1 x3
x dx ln x C x 2dx C
3
1 1
cdx cx C x 2
dx
x
C
2x x 1
xdx
3
C 1 x 2
dx = arc tan x + C
1
1 x2
dx = arc sin x + C

2.2 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions
sin xdx = cos x + C cos xdx = sin x + C

tan xdx ln sec x C sec xdx ln tan x sec x C
2 1 2 1
sin xdx x sin x cos x C cos xdx x sin x cos x C
2 2
2 2
tan xdx tan x x C sec xdx tan x C
2.3 Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

x n 1 x n 1
x n ln xdx ln x C
ln xdx x ln x x C n 1 n 12
ir
e x dx = ex + C bx
bx dx C
ln b
sinh xdx = cosh x + C cosh xdx = sinh x + C

3.
3.1
.S
Rules for Integration
Rule No. 1 : Constant Multiple Rule
kf (x)dx k f (x)dx ; where k is a constant

Example based on constant Multiple Rule
2sin xdx
.M
3.2 Rule No. 2 : Sum and Difference Rule
[f (x) g(x)]dx f (x)dx g(x)dx ; where k is a constant

Example based on sum and difference Rule
2
(x 2x 5)dx
3.3 Rule No. 3 : Rule of Substitution

A
f (g(x)).g '(x)dx f (u)du

= F(u) + C
= F(g(x)) + C
Step 1 : Substitute u = g(x), du = g'(x)dx.
Step 2 : Evaluate it & Replace u by g(x).
Example based on Rule of Substitution
4
sin t cost dt tanx dx cotxdx
2 2 2
tan x dx cot x dx sin xdx
2
cos xdx
Examples
Intergrate the following w.r.t. x:
1 1
(i) 4x3 (ii) x (iii) (iv) cos 4x 3
x 2x 3
1
e 2x x 2 dx
2
(v) cos2 x (vi) x3 (vii) (viii)
x2
3 1
x 3x dx x x1 2 5x dx e 5 dx
32 2x
(ix) (x) (xi)
x
4. Definite Intergration :
When a function is integrated between a lower limit and an upper limit, it is called a definite integral.
Consider a function F(x) whose differentiation w.r.t. x is equal to f(x), in an interval a x b then
b
ir
f x dx F b F a
a
Examples
Intergrate the following w.r.t. x:
5 2 4 4
2 3 1
(i) x dx (ii) x dx (iii) 3 x dx (iv) cos 2xdx
(v)
1

4
xdx
.S
1 0
5. Area under the Curve:

.M
A
Area of small shown element = ydx = f(x) dx

b
If we sum up all areas between x = a and x = b then f (x)dx

c
= shaded area between curve and x-
axis.

Example : If y = 3x, fined the area between curve and x-axis from x= 0 to x = 3.
Y
y=9
X
x=0 x=3
Examples
ir
b
2
1. The integral x dx is equal to
a
125 124 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 45
3 3 3
2.
.S
The following curve represent rate of change of a variable y w.r.t. x. The change in the value of y
when x changes from 0 to 11 is:
(A) 60 (B) 25 (C) 35 (D) 85
y dy/dx
20
.M
9
0 3 6 11 x
Kinematical Equations of a particle moving in a plane

with constant acceleration
A

dv
Since a = constant
dt
dv x dv y
a x i a y j i j
dt dt
dv x
where ax = ......(i)
dt
dv y
and ay= ......(ii)
dt

v(t)x t
From Eq. (i),

v0x

dv x a x dt
0
v(t)x = v0y + axt ......(iii)

Here, v0x is the velocity at t = 0; vt(x) is the velocity at time t = t; and ax is the acceleration along the x-axix.
Similarly from (ii)
v(t)y = voy + ayt ......(iv)
gives the variation of velocity along the y-axis.
dx
Now, from Eq.(iii), = v0x + axt
dt
xt t

dx (v0 x a x t)dt
ir
x0 0
(x0 is the position along the x-axis at t = 0)

1
x(t) x 0 v0x t a x t 2 ......(v)
2
1
Similarly, y(t) y0 v0y t a y t
Now ax =
dv x
dt
2
2
.S ......(vi)
dv x dx dx dv x
ax
dt dx dt dt
vx x2
.M
v dv
ux
x x
a x dx
x1
v 2x u 2x 2a x (x 2 x1) ......(vii)
Similarly, v 2y u 2y 2a y (y 2 y1 ) ......(viii)
These equations show the variation of velocity with distance at a constant acceleration.

In vector form, v v v 0 v 0 2a r ,
A
1
v2 = v02 2a r , r v0 t a(t) 2 ,
2

v u a t
*** END ***

EXERCISE # 1
1. f(x) = cos x + sin x Find f(/2)
2. f(x) = 4x + 3 Find f(f(2))
3. f(x) = log x3 and g(x) = log x

which of the following statement is/are true :
(A) f(x) = g(x) (B) 3f(x) = g(x)
(C) f(x) = 3g(x) (D) f(x) = (g(x))3
Find the derivative of given function w.r.t. corresponding independent variable.
ir
4. y = x2 + x + 8 5. s = 5t3 3t5
6. y = 5 sin x 7. y = x2 + sin x
8.
.S
y = tan x + cot x
Find the first derivative & second derivation of given functions w.r.t. corresponding independent variable.
12 4 1
9. y = 6x2 10x 5x2 10. r
3 4
11. = 3z7 7z3 + 21z2 12. y = sin x + cos x

.M
13. y = nx + ex
Find derivative of given function w.r.t. the independent variable x.
14. x sin x 15. y = exnx
1
16. y = (x 1) (x2 + x + 1) 17. y = (x2 + 1) x 5
A
18. y = sin x cos x

Find derivative of given function w.r.t. the independent variable.
sin x 2x 5
19. y 20. y
cos x 3x 2

nx t2 1
21. y 22. f (t) , find f '(t)
x t2 t 1
2x 1
23. z 24. y = x2 cot x
x2 1
dy
Find as a function of x
dx
25. y = (2x + 1)5 26. y = (4 3x)9
7 10
x x
27. y 1 28. y 1
7 2
ir
29. y = sin 5x 30. y = sin (x) + ln (x2) + e2x
31. y = 2sin (x + ) where and constants
32. Particles position as a function of time is given by x = t2 + 4t + 4 find the maximum value of position
33.
coordinates of particle.
.S
Find the maximum and minimum values of function 2x3 15x2 + 36x + 11
dy
Given y = f(u) and u = g(x) Find
dx
34. y = 2u3, u = 8x 1 35. y = sin u, u = 3x + 1

.M
x
36. y = 6u 9, u = (1/2) x4 37. y = cos u, u =
3
Find integrals of given functions
1. (a) 2x (b) x2 (c) x2 2x + 1
2. (a) 3x4 (b) x4 (c) x4 + 2x + 3

A
1 5 5
3. (a) (b) (c) 2
x2 x2 x2
3 3 1
4. (a) x (b) (c) x
2 2 x x
43 1 3 1
5. (a) x (b) 3 (c) x 3
3 3 x x
1 1/2 1 3
6. (a) x (b) x 3/2 (c) x 5/2
2 2 2

1
7. (1 x2 3x5) 8. 3 sin x 9.
3x
Integrate by using the substitution suggested in bracket.
10. sin 3x dx, 11. sec 2t tan 2t dt , (use, u = 2t)
1 1

12. 5dx
2
13. 2 d
4
4 5 2
x
14. 2 2 3 dx 15. r dr
2
ir
2 1
x
16. sin d
0
17. e
0
dx
Use a definite integral to find the area of the region between the given curve and the x-axis on the
.S
interval [0, b]
x
18. y = 2x 19. y= 1
2
interval [0, ]
.M
20. y = sin x
A

EXERCISE # 2
x 1
1. If f (x) then find f{f(x)}
x 1
2. If f (x) 2x
x 2, x 2 Evalute f(2), f(1), and f(3)
1, x 2
Find the first derivative and second derivative of given functions w.r.t. the independent variable x.
3. y = lnx2 + sin x 4. y= 7
x tan x
Rule derivative of given functions w.r.t. the corresponding independent variable.
ir
5. y = ex tan x 6. y = x2 sin4 x + x cos2 x
1 1
7. y x x 1 8. y = x2 sinx + 2x cos x 2 sin x
x x
9.
10.
y = x2 cos x 2x sin x 2 cos x
r = (1 + sec) sin
.S
Find derivative of given function w.r.t. the respective independent variable.
sin x cos x cot x

11. y 12. y
.M
cos x 1 cot x
cos x x tan q
13. y 14. p
x cos x 1 tan q
dy
Find as a function of x
dx
15. y = sin3 x + sin 3x 16. sin2(x2 + 1)
A
dq
17. y = x(x2 + 1)1/2 18. q 2r r 2 , find
dr
4
x2 1
19. y x
8 x
20. Find two positive numbers x & y such that x + y = 60 and xy is maximum.
21. Find y if
(a) y = cos x (b) y = sec x

22. y = cos u, u = sin x 23. y = sin u, u = x cos x
Find integrals of given functions
3 1 2
1. (2x 5x 7)dx 2. 5 x 3
2x dx

3
3. x x x dx 4. x (x 1) dx
t t t 4 t
5. t2
dt 6. t3
dt
ir
2
7. cos (tan sec ) d 8. d

3
7
9. x dx 10. cos x dx
11.
1
0
.S
3x 2
dx
0
interval [0, b]
.M
12. y = 3x2
A

EXERCISE # 3
1. If y 3 2x 1, then find dy/dx.
5
2. If y = 4x4 + 2x3 + 9, then find dy/dx.
x
1
3. If y x 10 , then find dy/dx.
x10
1
4. If y (x) 1/2 , then find dy/dx.
x
ir
2
5. If y = x2 + 5x3/2 + , then find dy/dx.
x
dy
6. If y = x ln x, then find .
dx
7. If y = ex ln x, then find
dy
dx
.
.S
dy
8. If y = e4x sin 2x, then find .
dx
sin x dy
.M
9. If y , then find .
x cos x dx
dy
10. If x = at4, y = bt3, then find .
dx
dy
11. If y = cosx3, then find .
dx
A
3 1
12. (1) (ax 2 bx c)dx (2) e x dx
0 1
/2
10
(3) cos xdx (4) sec 2 (3x 6)dx
/2 0
Example
A particles starts starts moving and its displacement after t second is given in meter by the relation x = 5
+ 4t + 3t2. Calculate the magnitude of its
(A) Initial velocity
(B) Velocity at t = 3 sec
(C) Acceleration

13. The velocity v of a particles is given by the equation v = 6t2 6t3, where v is in ms1, t is the instant of time
in second while 6 and 6 are suitable dimensional constants. At what values of t will the velocity be
maximum and minimum ?
Determine these maximum and minimum values of the velocity.
14. Let the instantaneous velocity of a rocket, just after launching, be given by the expression v = 2t + 3t2
(where v is in ms1 and t is in seconds). Find out the distance travelled by the rocket from t = 2 s to
t = 3 s.
15. A particles moves with a constant acceleration a = 2ms1 along straight line. If it moves with an initial
velocity of 5 ms1, then obtain an expression for its instantaneous velocity.
16. In the previous problem, if the particle occupies a position x = 7 m at t = 1 s, then obtain an expression for
ir
the instantaneous displacement of the particle.
.S
.M
A

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
1. 1 2. 47 3. (c)
dy ds dy dy
4. 2x 1 5. 15t 2 15t 4 6. 5cos x 7. 2x cos x
dx dt dx dx
dy d2y dr
8. sex2 x cosec2 x 9. 12x 10 10x 3 , 12 30x 4 10. 122 124 45
dx dx 2 d
d d2 dy d2y
11. 21z 6 21z 2 42z , 126z 5 42z 42 12. cos x sin x , sin x cos x
dz dz 2 dx dx 2
dy 1 d2y ex
ir
1
13. ex , 2
2 ex 14. sin x + x cos x 15. e x / nx
dx x dx x x
dy 1
16. 3x 2 17. y' = 3x2 + 10x + 2
dx x2
19
18. cos2 x sin2 x
1 nx
.S 19. sec2 x
t 2 2t 1
20. y'
3x 2
dz 2x 2 2x 2
2
21. 22. f'(t) = 23.

x2 x2 t
2 2
2
t2 dx x2 1
dy
24. x 2 csc 2 x 2x cot x 25. With u = (2x +1)
dx
.M
dy x dy dy du
26. 27(4 3x)8 27. With u (1 ) y u7 :
dx 7 dx du dx
11
dy x 2
28. 5 1 29. 5 cos 5x 30. cos(x) 2e 2x
dx 2 x
31. 2cos(x + )
32. 8 33. ymax = 39, ymin = 38

A
dy
34. 48(8x 1) 2 35. 3cos(3x 1)
dx
dy 1 x
36. 12x3 37. sin
dx 3 3

Integration
x3 x3
1. (a) x2 (b) (c) x2 x
3 3
1 1
2. (a) x3 (b) x 3 x 2 3x (c) x 3 x 2 3x
3 3
1 5 5
3. (a) (b) (c) 2x
x x x
2 x3
4. (a) x3 (b) 3 x (c) 2 x
3
2 4 2
x3 3x 3 3x 3
ir
4/3
5. (a) x (b) (c)
2 4 2
6. (a) x1/2 (b) x1/2 (c) x3/2
x3 x6
7. (a) x
3 2
8.
.S
3cos x 9.
1
3
nx 10.
1
cos3x C
3
1 3
11. sec 2t C 12. 15 13.
2 2
14. Area = 21 15. 24 16. 0
17. e1
.M
b
b 2
18. Using n subintervals of length x and right- endpoint values : Area = 2x dx b
n 0
b2 b(4 b)
19. b 20. 2
4 4
EXERCISE # 2
1
A
1. 2. f(2) = 3, f(1) = 3, f(3) = 5

x
6
13
dy 2 d 2 y 2 dy x 7 d 2 y 6
3. cos x , sin x 4. sec 2 x x 7
2 tan x sec 2 x
dx x dx 2 x 2 dx 7 dx 2 49
5. ex(tanx + sec2x) 6. 2xsin4x + 4x2sin3x cosx + cos-2x + 2xcos-3xsinx

dy 2 1
7. 1 2x 3 2 8. x2 cos x
dx x x
dy dr
9. x 2 sin x 10. cos sec2
dx d

dy dy dy x sin x cos x x sin x cos x

11. sec 2 12. sec 2 13.
dx dx dx x2 cos 2 x
sec 2 q
14. 15. 3sin2x cosx + 3cos 3x
(1 tan q) 2
1 1 r
16. 4x sin (x2 + 1) cos (x2 + 1) 17. 18.
(x 1)3/2
2
2r r 2
3
x2 1 dy du x 1 x2 1 x 1
19. With u 8 x x , y = u4 : 4u 3 1 2 = 4, 4 x 1 2
dx dx 4 x 8 x 4 x
20. x = 30 , y = 30
21. (a) cos x (b) 2sec3 x sec x
ir
22. sin(sin x) cos x
dy
23. cos(x cos x)(1 sin x)
dx
Integration
1.
x 4 5x 2
2

2
7x c
.S 2.
x 1

5 x2
x2 C
2 3/2 3 4/3 1 1
3. x x C 4. 2 C
3 4 x 2x
2 2 3/2
5. 2 t C 6. 2t 2 t C
t 3
.M
3 2
7. cos + + C 8.
2
7
9. 10. 0
3
b
1 5 2 3
11. n 12. Area = 3x dx b
3 2
A
EXERCISE # 3
2 5
1. (2x 1)2/3 2. 16x 3 16x 2
3 x2
10 1
3. 4.
x11 2x 3/2
15 1/2 2
5. 2x x 2 6. 1 + lnx
2 x

ex
7. e x lnx 8. 2 e4x[cos 2x + 2sin 2x]
x
x cos x sin x 1 3b
9. 10.
(x cos x) 2 4at
11. 3x2 sinx3
9b 1 1
12. (1) 9a 3c (2) e (3) 2 (4) (tan 36 tan 6)
2 e 3
Example : (a) 4 m/s (b) 22 m/s (c) 6 m/s2
13. Minimum value of v is 0 m/s
ir
8
Maximum value of v is m/s
9
14. 24 m
.S 15. v = 2t + 5 16. x = t2 + 5t + 1
.M
A

ir
.S
.M
A


Basic Maths Module PDF

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Basic Maths Module PDF

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Basic Maths for Physics

2. Straight line equation and its graph 13

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Kinematical Equations of a particle moving in a plane with constant acceleration 24

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Basic Mathematics for Physics

4.1 Roots of Quadratic Equation :

Example Find the roots of equation :

2 log 7 x if and only if 72 = x

7. Inverse 2: blog b n n, n 0 8. One-to-One: log b a log b c if and only if a = c

Questions based on Properties of logarithm

Following are the sub-topics which we are going to discuss in trignometry

1.1 System of Measurement of an Angle :

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1. Sexagesimal System : In this system,

2. Circular system : In this system, angle is measured in radians

Example Convert the following into radians:

Fig, 1.1 Fig, 1.2

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Commonly used values of Trigonometric functions :

Trigonometric Ratios of General Angles (Reduction Formulae)

1. Trigonometric Function of an angle 2n where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4..... will be remains same.

sin sin cos cos tan tan

sin 2 sin cos 2 cos tan 2 tan

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cos ec cos ec sec sec cot cot

1.3 Graph of Sine & Cosine functions :

1.4 Trigonometric Ratios :

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sin 37o = 3/5 cos 37o = 4/5 tan 37o = 3/4

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1.5 Some Important Trignometric Formulas

1.5.2Addition/Subtration formulae for Trigonmetric Ratios :

1.5.3Product to Sum Formulas

cos C cos D [cos(C D) cos(C D)]

1.5.4Double Angle Formulas

cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 1 1 2 sin 2

1 cos 2 1 cos 2 1 cos 2

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(iii) sin 2 2 sin cos (iv) cos 2 cos2 sin 2

1.2 Axis or Axes

1.3 Position of a point in xy plane

Here x-coordinate and y-coordinate is called abscissa and ordinate respectively.

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2.1 Equation of Straight Line:

2.2 Slope of a Line

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1. Function & Graph

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3. Range & Domain of Function:

Domain and range can be seen clearly from a graph.

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4. Composition of Functions: (Function of function)

Function having different definition in different interval

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1.2.3 Sum or subtraction of two function i.e. y = f (x) g(x)

1.2.4 Product of two function : (Product rule)

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1.2.5 Division of two function: Quotient Rule

1.2.6 Chain Rule :

(i) y = sin x (ii) y = lnx

3. Derivation of Some Important functions :

3.3 Exponential function

4. Maxima & Minima

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Example The minimum value of y = 5x2 2x + 1 is,

2. Few basic formulae of Intergration:

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sin xdx = cos x + C cos xdx = sin x + C

2.3 Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

sinh xdx = cosh x + C cosh xdx = sinh x + C

kf (x)dx k f (x)dx ; where k is a constant

[f (x) g(x)]dx f (x)dx g(x)dx ; where k is a constant

3.3 Rule No. 3 : Rule of Substitution

f (g(x)).g '(x)dx f (u)du

* END *