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Organisasi Sistem Komputer: OSK 13 - Microprogrammed Control

This document discusses microprogrammed control in computer systems. It explains that microprogrammed control uses sequences of microinstructions to control complex operations. It describes how the control unit generates control signals based on the bits in a microinstruction word. It also summarizes the differences between vertical and horizontal microprogramming approaches and how control memory is used to store microinstructions.

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34 views

Organisasi Sistem Komputer: OSK 13 - Microprogrammed Control

This document discusses microprogrammed control in computer systems. It explains that microprogrammed control uses sequences of microinstructions to control complex operations. It describes how the control unit generates control signals based on the bits in a microinstruction word. It also summarizes the differences between vertical and horizontal microprogramming approaches and how control memory is used to store microinstructions.

Uploaded by

فردوس سليمان
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Organisasi Sistem Komputer


OSK 13 Microprogrammed Control

Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.

Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika


FT UNY
Micro-programmed Control

Use sequences of instructions (see earlier


notes) to control complex operations
Called micro-programming or firmware

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Implementation (1)

All the control unit does is generate a set of control signals


Each control signal is on or off
Represent each control signal by a bit
Have a control word for each micro-operation
Have a sequence of control words for each machine code instruction
Add an address to specify the next micro-instruction, depending on
conditions

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Implementation (2)

Todays large microprocessor


Many instructions and associated register-level
hardware
Many control points to be manipulated
This results in control memory that
Contains a large number of words
co-responding to the number of instructions to be executed
Has a wide word width
Due to the large number of control points to be manipulated

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Micro-program Word Length

Based on 3 factors
Maximum number of simultaneous micro-
operations supported
The way control information is represented or
encoded
The way in which the next micro-instruction
address is specified

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Micro-instruction Types

Each micro-instruction specifies single (or


few) micro-operations to be performed
(vertical micro-programming)
Each micro-instruction specifies many
different micro-operations to be performed
in parallel
(horizontal micro-programming)

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Vertical Micro-programming

Width is narrow
n control signals encoded into log2 n bits
Limited ability to express parallelism
Considerable encoding of control
information requires external memory
word decoder to identify the exact control
line being manipulated

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Vertical Micro-programming diag

Micro-instruction Address
Function Codes
Jump
Condition

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Horizontal Micro-programming

Wide memory word


High degree of parallel operations
possible
Little encoding of control information

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Horizontal Micro-programmed diag

Internal CPU Control Signals Micro-instruction Address

System Bus Jump Condition


Control Signals

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Compromise

Divide control signals into disjoint groups


Implement each group as separate field in
memory word
Supports reasonable levels of parallelism
without too much complexity

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Control Memory

.
Jump to Indirect or Execute
Fetch cycle routine
.
Jump to Execute Indirect Cycle routine
. Interrupt cycle routine
Jump to Fetch
Jump to Op code routine Execute cycle begin
.
AND routine
Jump to Fetch or Interrupt
.
ADD routine
Jump to Fetch or Interrupt

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Control Unit

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Control Unit Function

Sequence login unit issues read command


Word specified in control address register is read into control buffer
register
Control buffer register contents generates control signals and next
address information
Sequence login loads new address into control buffer register based
on next address information from control buffer register and ALU
flags

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Advantages and Disadvantages

Simplifies design of control unit


Cheaper
Less error-prone
Slower

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Tasks Done By Microprogrammed Control Unit

Microinstruction sequencing
Microinstruction execution
Must consider both together

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Design Considerations

Size of microinstructions
Address generation time
Determined by instruction register
Once per cycle, after instruction is fetched
Next sequential address
Common in most designed
Branches
Both conditional and unconditional

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Sequencing Techniques

Based on current microinstruction,


condition flags, contents of IR, control
memory address must be generated
Based on format of address information
Two address fields
Single address field
Variable format

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Address Generation

Explicit Implicit

Two-field Mapping
Unconditional Branch Addition
Conditional branch Residual control

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Execution

The cycle is the basic event


Each cycle is made up of two events
Fetch
Determined by generation of microinstruction
address
Execute

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Execute

Effect is to generate control signals


Some control points internal to processor
Rest go to external control bus or other
interface

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Control Unit Organization

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.
Required Reading

Stallings chapter 15

PT. Elektronika FT UNY


Muh. Izzuddin Mahali, M.Cs.

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