InformaticsCh2 PDF

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Objectives
Reflect on the progression from data to
information to knowledge.
Describe the term information.
Chapter 2 Assess how information is acquired.
Introduction to Information, Explore the characteristics of quality
Information Science, and Information information.
Systems Describe an information system.
Objectives Objectives
Explore data acquisition or input and Define information science.
processing or retrieval, analysis and synthesis
of data. Assess how information is processed.
Assess output or reports, documents,
summaries alerts and outcomes.
Explore how knowledge is generated in
Describe information dissemination and information science.
feedback.
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Key Terms Defined Key Terms Defined

Acquisition - The act of acquiring, to locate and hold; Analysis - Separating a whole into its elements
We acquire data and information. or component parts; examination of a concept
Alerts - Warnings or additional information provided to or phenomena, its elements, and their
clinicians to help with decision making; the action of
the clinician or system triggers the generation of an
relations.
alert; an example of when an alert could be generated Chief Information Officers (CIO) - CIO is
would be if the patient's serum potassium level is high involved with the information technology
and they are on potassium chloride, the system would infrastructure and this role is sometimes
alert the nurse on the screen (soft copy alert) with or
without audio and/or by a printed (hard copy alert)
expanded to Chief Knowledge Officer.
warning; also know as triggers.

Chief Technical Officers (CTO) or Chief Cognitive Science - The interdisciplinary field
Technology Officers (CTO) - that studies the mind, intelligence and
Is/are focused on organizationally-based behavior from an information processing
scientific and technical issues and responsible perspective. According to Wikipedia (2007),
for technological research and development The term cognitive science was coined by
as part of the organizations products and Christopher Longuet-Higgins in his 1973
services. commentary on the Lighthill report, which
concerned the then-current state of Artificial
Intelligence research ( 1).
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Communication Science - Area of Computer Science - Branch of engineering (application
of science) that studies the theoretical foundations of
concentration or discipline that studies human information and computation and their
communication. implementation and application in computer systems;
study of storage/memory, conversion and
Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) transformation, and transfer or transmission of
information in machines, that is computers, through
Information systems used in the professional both algorithms and practical implementation
arena that are computer based. problems, algorithms are detailed unambiguous action
sequences in the design, efficiency and application and
practical implementation problems deal with the
software and hardware.

Consolidated Health Informatics (CHI) - A Dissemination - It is not simply the act of
scattering or spreading but a thoughtful,
collaborative effort to adopt health intentional, goal-oriented communication of
information interoperability standards, specific, useful information or knowledge.
particularly health vocabulary and messaging Document - Represent information that can be
standards, for implementation in federal printed, saved, emailed or shared, or displayed;
communication in the form of written, or text,
government systems. audio, video, graphic, photographic, pictorial or
Data - Raw fact; lacks meaning. any blending of these means used to describe
some characteristics or elements of an object,
system or practice.
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Electronic Health Record (EHR) - A data Electronic Health Record (EHR) - contd(also known as
warehouse or repository of information regarding an Electronic Medical Record): An electronic health or
the health status of a client, replacing the former medical record is a computer-based patient medical
paper-based medical record; it is the systematic record that can be used to collect and look up patient
documentation of a clients health status and data by physicians or health professionals at various
healthcare in a secured digital format, meaning locations such as doctors offices or hospitals. The
that it can be processed, stored, transmitted and record includes information such as patient problems,
accessed by authorized interdisciplinary medications, allergies, laboratory results, etc.
professionals for the purpose of supporting (Certification Commission for Healthcare Information
efficient, high quality healthcare across the Technology [CCHIT], 2007).also known as electronic
clients healthcare continuum; medical record (EMR).

Feedback - Input in the form of opinions about or Health Level Seven (HL7) - Level Seven in HL7s name
reactions to something such as shared means the highest level of the International Standards
Organization's (ISO) communications model for Open
knowledge; in an ISs, feedback refers to Systems Interconnection (OSI) - the application level. The
information from the system that is used to make application level addresses definition of the data to be
modifications in the input, processing actions or exchanged, the timing of the interchange, and the
outputs. communication of certain errors to the application. The
seventh level supports such functions as security checks,
Health Information Exchange (HIE) an participant identification, availability checks, exchange
organization charged with preparing and mechanism negotiations and, most importantly, data
organizing people and resources to manage exchange structuring ( 5); HL7 (n.d.) is one of several
healthcare information electronically across American National Standards Institute (ANSI) -accredited
organizations within a community or region. Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) operating in the
healthcare arena 1).
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Health Level Seven (HL7) (contd) Their mission Indiana Health Information Exchange (IHIE)
states that HL7 provides standards for interoperability
that improve care delivery, optimize workflow, reduce an example of a regionally based health
ambiguity, and enhance knowledge transfer among all information exchange
of our stakeholders, including healthcare providers,
government agencies, the vendor community, fellow Information - Data that are interpreted,
SDOs and patients ( 5). HL7 was initially associated
with HIPAA in 1996 through the creation of a Claims organized, or structured; data that is
Attachments Special Interest Group charged with processed using knowledge or data made
standardizing the supplemental information needed to
support healthcare insurance and other e-commerce functional through the application of
transactions. knowledge.

Information Science - Can be thought of as the science of Information Science (contd)
information, studying the application and usage of It is systemically based, dealing with the big picture
information and knowledge in organizations and the rather than individual pieces of technology.
interfacings or interaction between people, organizations
and information systems. Information science can be related to determinism. It is
It is an extensive, interdisciplinary science that integrates a Response to technological determinism, the belief
features from cognitive science, communication science, that technology develops by its own laws, that it
computer science, library science and social sciences. realizes its own potential, limited only by the material
Information science is primarily concerned with the input, resources available, and must therefore be regarded as
processing, output, and feedback of data and information an autonomous system controlling and ultimately
through technology integration with a focus on permeating all other subsystems of society"
comprehending the perspective of the stakeholders (Wikipedia, 2007, 2; Web Dictionary of Cybernetics
involved and then applying information technology as and Systems, 2007).
needed. (contd)
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Information System (IS) - "group of Information Technology (IT) - use of hardware,
software, services, and supporting infrastructure to
components that interact to produce manage and deliver information using voice, data,
information. The system that uses a computer and video or the use of technologies from
to produce information is considered computing, electronics, and telecommunications to
automated." (Mastrian, McGonigle & process and distribute information in digital and
other forms; anything related to computing
Pavlekovsky, 2007, p. 181); the manual and/or technology, such as networking, hardware, software,
automated components of a system of users the Internet, or the people that work with these
or people, recorded data and actions used to technologies. Many hospitals have IT departments
process the data into information for a user, for managing the computers, networks, and other
technical areas of the healthcare industry.
group of users or an organization.

Infrastructure - is generally structural elements Infrastructure - (contd)In other applications,
that provide the framework supporting an entire infrastructure may refer to information
structure. The term has diverse meanings in technology, informal and formal channels of
different fields, but is perhaps most widely communication, software development tools,
political and social networks, beliefs held by
understood to refer to roads, airports, and members of particular groups. Still underlying
utilities. These various elements may collectively these more general uses is the concept that
be termed civil infrastructure, municipal infrastructure provides organizing structure and
infrastructure, or simply public works, although support for the system or organization it serves,
they may be developed and operated as private- whether it is a city, a nation, or a corporation
sector or government enterprises. (contd) (Wikipedia, 2007, 1,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure)
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Input - Entering or alterations that are put into a Knowledge - The awareness and understanding of a set of
system; enter or change data and information in a information and ways that information can be made useful
to support a specific task or arrive at a decision; abounds
system in order to activate or modify a process; with others thoughts and information; information that is
gathering and capturing raw data. synthesized so that relationships are identified and
Interface - Mechanism or a system used by separate formalized; understanding that comes through a process of
things to interact for example, if you want to change a interaction or experience with world around us ; info that
has judgment applied to it or meaning extracted from it;
CD in your CD Player, you could use a remote, you are processed information that helps to clarify or explain some
not related to the CD Player but you can interact using portion of our environment or world that we can use as a
the remote control, therefore, the remote control basis for action or upon which we can act; internal process
becomes the interface that enables you to tell the CD of thinking or cognition; external process of testing, senses,
observation, interacting.
Player which CD you want to play.

Knowledge Worker - Work with information National Health Information Infrastructure (NHII) - An
initiative set forth to improve the effectiveness,
and generate information and knowledge as a efficiency and overall quality of health and health care
product. in the United States; a comprehensive knowledge-
based network of interoperable systems of clinical,
Library Science - An interdisciplinary science public health, and personal health information that
that integrates law, applied science and the would improve decision-making by making health
humanities, to study issues and topics related information available when and where it is needed; the
set of technologies, standards, applications, systems,
to libraries (collection, organization, values, and laws that support all facets of individual
preservation, archiving and dissemination of health, health care, and public health; voluntary and
information resources). not a centralized database of medical records or a
government regulation.
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National Health Information Network (NHIN) Next Generation Internet (NGI) - A
- Goal is to keep pharmacy prepared to meet government project to develop new, faster
healthcare needs and access, safely and technologies to enhance research and
conveniently. communication.
New England Health EDI Network (NEHEN) -
Is an example of an implementation model for Outcome - Changes, results and/or impacts
building RHIOs that are functional, sustainable from inputting and processing.
and growing while reducing administrative Output - Changes which exit a system and that
costs. can activate or modify processing.

Processing - To act on something by taking it Report - Documents that contain data or
through established procedures in order to
convert it from one form to another; for example: information based on a query or investigation
information is processed data or we process a designed to yield customized content in
credit application to get a loan. relation to a situation and a user, group of
Rapid Syndromic Validation Project (RSVP) - users, or an organization; designed to inform,
System where local healthcare professionals
report cases such as the influenza via the RSVP reports may include recommendations or
system where data is analyzed centrally and the suggestions based on programming and other
resulting information is shared with appropriate embedded parameters.
local authorities.
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Social Sciences - Collection of Summaries - Condensed versions of the
academic/scientific fields or disciplines original designed to highlight the major
concerned with the study of the human points.
aspects of our world/environment.
Synthesis - Assimilation or integration of two
Stakeholders - An individual or group with the
responsibility for completing a project, or more pre-existing elements resulting in a
influencing the overall design, and is most new concept or creation; task of putting
impacted by success or failure of the system together pieces or parts to form a new whole
implementation. (Wikipedia, 2007).
Key Terms Defined Introduction

Telecommunications - Broadcasting or In this chapter you will be exploring information,
transmitting signals over a distance from one information systems and information science.
person to another person or from one location As healthcare professionals, we are knowledge
workers and deal with information on a daily
to another location for the purpose of basis.
communication.
With the gauntlet of an Electronic Health Record
(EHR) being set, public and private sector
stakeholders have been collaborating on a wide-
ranging variety of healthcare information
solutions.
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Information Information
Information is processed data that has Image data would include graphics and pictures
meaning. such as graphic monitor displays or recorded
Electrocardiograms, X-rays, MRIs and CT scans to
There are many types of data that we must name a few.
deal with such as alpha, numeric, audio, Video data refers to animations, moving pictures
image and video data. or moving graphics.
Some of the alphanumeric data that we are Data integrity can be compromised through
concerned with is in the form of our patients human error, viruses, worms, or other bugs,
hardware failures or crashes, transmission errors,
name, ID or medical record numbers. and/or hackers entering the system.
Information Information
Information technologies can help to decrease Quality of information is necessary for it to be
these errors by putting safeguards in place valuable.
such as backing up files on a routine basis, There are several characteristics of valuable,
error detection for transmissions and quality information such as accessibility,
developing user interfaces that help people secure, timely, accurate, relevant, complete,
enter the data correctly. flexible, reliable, objective, has utility,
It is imperative that we have clean data if we transparency, verifiable and reproducible.
want quality information.
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Information Information Science

The two ways that we acquire information are Information science can be thought of as the science of
information, studying the application and usage of
either by actively looking for it or having it information and knowledge in organizations and the
conveyed to us by our environment. interfacings or interaction between people,
organizations and information systems.
Currently, we receive information from our
Information science is primarily concerned with the
computers (output), through our vision, input, processing, output, and feedback of data and
hearing or touch (input), and we respond information through technology integration with a
(output), to the computer (input), and this is focus on comprehending the perspective of the
stakeholders involved and then applying information
how we interface with technology. technology as needed.
Information Science Information Processing

Information science can be related to Information science enables the processing of
determinism. information.
Humans are organic information systems
Our society is dominated by the need for constantly acquiring, processing and generating
information and knowledge and information information or knowledge both in our
science focuses on systems as well as individual professional and personal lives.
users fostering user-centered approaches that Information is data that is processed using
enhance societys information capabilities by knowledge. In order for information to be
valuable, it must be accessible, accurate, timely,
effectively and efficiently linking people, complete, cost-effective, flexible, reliable,
information and technology. relevant, simple, verifiable and secure.
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Information Processing Information Processing

Knowledge is the awareness and understanding Information science and computational tools are
of a set of information and ways that information extremely important in enabling the processing
can be made useful to support a specific task or of data, information and knowledge in
arrive at a decision. healthcare.
Knowledge must be viable. The links between information processing and
Knowledge viability refers to applications that scientific discovery are paramount.
offer easily accessible, accurate and timely Knowledge and wisdom are not synonymous
information obtained from a variety of resources since knowledge abounds with others thoughts
and methods and presented in a manner as to and information while wisdom is focused on our
provide us with the necessary elements to own minds and the synthesis of our experience,
generate knowledge. insight, understanding and knowledge.
Information Science and The Information Science and The

Foundation of Knowledge Foundation of Knowledge
Information science is a multidisciplinary science This science originated as a sub-discipline of
that involves aspects from computer science, computer science, in an attempt to
cognitive science, social science, communication
science and library science to deal with obtaining,
understand and rationalize the management
gathering, organizing, manipulating, managing, of technology within organizations.
storing, retrieving, recapturing, disposing of, Information science impacts information
distributing or broadcasting information. interfacing, influencing how we interact with
Information science studies everything that deals information, and subsequently develop and
with information and can be defined as the study
use knowledge.
of information systems.
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Information Science and The Information Science and The

Foundation of Knowledge Foundation of Knowledge
Healthcare organizations have been
profoundly affected by the evolution of and Information science has had a tremendous
rely on information science to enhance the impact on society and will expand its sphere
recording and processing of routine and of influence as it continues to evolve and
intimate information while facilitating human- innovate human activities at all levels,
to-human and human-to-systems especially the nature of our work.
communications, delivery of healthcare
products, dissemination of information and
enhancing the organizations business
transactions.
Introduction to Information Systems Introduction to Information Systems

Information and information technology have In healthcare, information systems must be
become major resources for organizations and able to handle the volume of data and
healthcare is no exception. information necessary to generate the needed
Information technologies help to shape the information and knowledge for best practices,
healthcare organization, in conjunction with the basis of our actions, since our goal is to
the personnel or people, money, materials provide the highest quality of patient care.
and equipment.
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Information System Information System

Information systems can be manually-based but Processing, the retrieval, analysis and/or
for the purposes of this text, we are referring to synthesis of data, refers to the alteration and
computer-based information systems. transformation of the data into helpful or
ISs are designed for specific purposes within useful information and outputs.
organizations. The processing of data can range from storing
The ISs capability to disseminate, provide it for future use to comparing the data,
feedback and adjust the data and information making calculations or applying formulas, to
based on these dynamic processes are what sets taking selective actions.
them apart from other computer systems.
Information System Information System

Output or dissemination produces helpful or Outcomes are the expected results of input and
useful information that can be in the form of processing.
reports, documents, summaries, alerts or Output devices are combinations of hardware,
outcomes. software and telecommunications and include
Documents represent information that can be sound and speech synthesis outputs, printers and
printed, saved, emailed or shared, or monitors.
displayed. The IS must also be able to generate payment
either electronically or by generating a bill, and
storing the transactional record for future use.
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Information System Thought Provoking Questions

Feedback or responses are reactions to the How do you acquire information? Choose two
inputting, processing and outputs. hours out of your busy day and try to take
In ISs, feedback refers to information from the note of all of the information that you receive
system that is used to make modifications in from your environment. Keep a diary denoting
the input, processing actions or outputs. where the information came from and how
you knew it was information and not data.
Thought Provoking Questions Thought Provoking Questions

Reflect on an information system that you are In healthcare, think about a typical day of
familiar with such as the automatic banking practice and describe the setting, how many
machine. How does this IS function? What are times does the nurse interact with ISs? What
the advantages of using this system i.e., in the are the IS that we interact with and how do
banking machine example, why not use a bank we access them? Are they at the bedside,
teller instead? What are the disadvantages? handheld or station-based? How does their
Are there enhancements that you would add location and ease of access impact nursing
to this system? care?
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Thought Provoking Questions Thought Provoking Questions

Since our society is dominated by the need for Information systems support and facilitate the
information and knowledge and information functioning of people to enhance and evolve
science focuses on systems as well as individual
users fostering user-centered approaches that nursing practice by generating knowledge.
enhance societys information capabilities by This knowledge represents five rights: the
effectively and efficiently linking people, right information, accessible by the right
information and technology. Briefly describe an
organization and discuss how this impacts the people in the right settings, applied the right
configuration and mix of organizations and way at the right time. It is also the struggle to
influences the nature of work or how knowledge integrate new knowledge and old knowledge
workers interact with and produce information
and knowledge in this setting. to enhance wisdom. (contd)
Thought Provoking Questions

(contd) If clinicians are inundated with data
without the ability to process it, this yields too
little wisdom. That is why it is crucial that
clinicians have viable information systems at their
fingertips to facilitate the acquisition, sharing and
utilization of knowledge while maturing wisdom;
it is a process of empowerment. If you could only
meet 4 of the Rights, which one would you omit
and why? Also, provide your rationale for each
Right you chose to meet.
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InformaticsCh2 PDF

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Key Terms Defined Introduction

Information Information Science

Information Science Information Processing

Information Processing Information Processing

Information Science and The Information Science and The

Information Science and The Information Science and The

Introduction to Information Systems Introduction to Information Systems

Information System Information System

Information System Information System

Information System Thought Provoking Questions

Thought Provoking Questions Thought Provoking Questions

Thought Provoking Questions Thought Provoking Questions

Thought Provoking Questions

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