University of Mumbai
Report on
NON CONTACT TYPE
DIGITAL TACHOMETER
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree of
Bachelors in Engineering
By
MEET H. SIDDHAPURA Roll No: 1422001
MAHESH R. PATEL Roll No: 1422002
DHRUV S. MEHTA Roll No: 1422004
NIDHI KAPURIA Roll No: 1422012
Guide
Prof. Anil Thosar
Department of Electronics Engineering
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai 400077
(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai) Batch 2013 -2017
University of Mumbai
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Certificate
This is to certify that the Project entitled NON CONTACT TYPE
DIGITAL TACHOMETER is bonafied record of the project work done by Meet
Siddhapura, Mahesh Patel, Dhruv Mehta, Nidhi Kapuria in the year 2016-17
under the guidance of Prof. Anil Thosar of Department of Electronics Engineering
in partial fulfillment of requirement for the Bachelors degree in Electronics
Engineering of University of Mumbai.
_________________ _____________________
Guide Head of the Department
_________________
Principal
Date:
Place: Mumbai-77
University of Mumbai
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Certificate of Approval of Examiners
This is to certify that the Project entitled NON CONTACT TYPE DIGITAL
TACHOMETER is bonafied record of the work done in partial fulfillment of
requirement for the Bachelors degree in Electronics Engineering of University of
Mumbai.
_________________ _________________
Examiner 1 Examiner2
Date:
Place: Mumbai-77
Abstract
A tachometer is an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a
motor or other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute (RPM) on a
calibrated analogue dial, but digital displays are increasingly common. Tachometers or
revolution counters on cars, aircraft, and other vehicles show the rate of rotation of the
engine's crank shaft, and typically have markings indicating a safe range of rotation speeds. This
can assist the driver in selecting appropriate throttle and gear settings for the driving conditions.
Prolonged use at high speeds may cause inadequate lubrication, overheating (exceeding
capability of the cooling system), exceeding speed capability of sub-parts of the engine (for
example spring retracted valves) thus causing excessive wear or permanent damage or failure of
engines. This is more applicable to manual transmissions than to automatics.
Traditional tachometers require a physical contact to the shaft of the motor to measure the
speed. In certain applications, where it is not feasible to measure the speed for safety and
technical reasons, it is possible for a contactless tachometer to take the readings from a certain
distance. This proposed system uses the IR transmitting and receiving technique. This is
achieved by receiving IR rays from a reflecting spot on the shaft of the motor. Such
arrangements can measure the rate at which the IR rays are getting reflected back.
Contents
1 Introduction...
1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Motivation........................................................................... 1
1.3 Scope............................................................................
1.4 Organization of the report.............................................................................
2 Literature Survey..
3 Mathematical Background/ Logical Analysis / Fundamental Concepts
3.1 Introduction..
4 Implementation
4.1 Implementation on bread-board for testing purpose
4.2 Designing of PCB
4.3 Results.
5 Conclusions and Future work....
References.
INTRODUCTION
The word tachometer is derived from two Greek words: tachos means speed and metron means
to measure. It works on the principle of a tachometer generator, which means when a motor is
operated as a generator; it produces the voltage according to the velocity of the shaft. It is also
known as revolution-counter, and its operating principle can be electromagnetic, electronic or
optical-based. Power, accuracy, RPM range, measurements and display are the specifications of a
tachometer. Tachometers can be analog or digital indicating meters; however, this article focuses
only on the digital tachometers.
Digital Tachometer Types
Digital tachometers are classified into four types based on the data acquisition and measurement
techniques.
o Based on the data acquisition technique, the tachometers are of the following types:
1. Contact type
2. Non Contact type
o Based on the measurement technique, the tachometers are of the following types:
1. Time measurement
2. Frequency measurement
MOTIVATION
Previously in industries the speed measurement of motors and other rotating devices was
done using contact type tachometer. The main drawback of such tachometer is that it should be in
contact with the rotating shaft of the device. Such arrangement of close proximity and direct
contact is not possible under some circumstances. Tachometers have brushes, which wear, and
need to be maintained. Tachometers have magnets, which can weaken over time, or if
overheated, and cause erroneous measurements. Tachometers output an analog voltage, which is
proportional only to speed, so rotor angle cannot be determined like with an encoder.
Due to the analog voltage, they are also susceptible to loading effect, depending on the input
impedance of the measurement device or other factors in the circuit, especially at low speed.
Not as accurate as an encoder, especially at low speed.
analog tachometers generally cost more than encoders because they are more material-intensive,
and also due to being phased out in favour of encoders; hard to find and expensive when you find
them.
Thus there came a need for use of non-contact type tachometer to measure speed of such
devices. To fulfill the need of measuring the speed without any contact with the device was the
main motivational aspect of this project.
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
High speed measurement of rotating devices considering industrial applications
Speed measurement data storing facility for future use.
Useful in real time monitoring desired applications
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
1. IR AND PHOTODIODE RESISOR CALCULATION
2. OUTPUT LED RESISTOR CALCULATION
3. SCHMITT TRIGGER CALCULATION
a. VOH=2.8V, VOL=0.1V
b. VREF=1.9V
c. VREF=(VCC*R9)/(R12+R9)
d. TAKE R12=10K, VCC=5V
e. THIS GIVES US R9=6.55k
f. TAKE R9=6.6K
CONCLUSION
In this modern era of industrialization motor and generator become part and parcel
in industry. For specific application in industry the speed is needed to be fixed and
for this reason it is necessary to know the speed in RPM (revolution per minute).
Tachometer is such a device to count the RPM. In our project we have tried our best
to implement digital tachometer in such a way that the count should be accurate.
