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1)WhatisSQL?
SQLstandsforstructuredquerylanguage.Itisadatabase
languageusedfordatabasecreation,deletion,fetchingrowsand
modifyingrowsetc.sometimesitispronouncedasseqwell.

2)WhenSQLappeared?
Itappearedin1974.

3)WhataretheusagesofSQL?
Toexecutequeriesagainstadatabase
Toretrievedatafromadatabase
Toinsertsrecordsinadatabase
Toupdatesrecordsinadatabase
Todeleterecordsfromadatabase
Tocreatenewdatabases
Tocreatenewtablesinadatabase
Tocreateviewsinadatabase

4)DoesSQLsupportprogramming?
No,SQLdoesn'thavelooporConditionalstatement.Itisused
likecommandinglanguagetoaccessdatabases.

5)WhatarethesubsetsofSQL?
1.Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL)
2.Datamanipulationlanguage(DML)

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3.Datacontrollanguage(DCL)

6)Whatisdatadefinitionlanguage?
Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL)allowsyoutoCREATE,ALTERand
DELETEdatabaseobjectssuchasschema,tables,view,
sequenceetc.

7)Whatisdatamanipulationlanguage?
Datamanipulationlanguagemakesuserabletoaccessand
manipulatedata.Itisusedtoperformfollowingoperations.

Insertdataintodatabase
Retrievedatafromthedatabase
Updatedatainthedatabase
Deletedatafromthedatabase

8)Whatisdatacontrollanguage?
Datacontrollanguageallowsyoutocontrolaccesstothe
database.ItincludestwocommandsGRANTandREVOKE.

GRANT:tograntspecificusertoperformspecifictask.

REVOKE:tocancelpreviouslydeniedorgrantedpermissions.

9)Whatarethetypeofoperatorsavailablein
SQL?
1.Arithmeticoperators
2.Logicaloperators
3.Comparisonoperator

10)Whatisthedifferencebetweenclustered
andnonclusteredindexinSQL?

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TherearemainlytwotypeofindexesinSQL,Clusteredindex
andnonclusteredindex.Thedifferencesbetweenthesetwo
indexesisveryimportantfromSQLperformanceperspective.

1)Onetablecanhaveonlyoneclusteredindexbutitcanhave
manynonclusteredindex.(approximately250).

2)clusteredindexdetermineshowdataisstoredphysicallyin
table.Actuallyclusteredindexstoresdataincluster,related
dataisstoredtogethersoitmakessimpletoretrievedata.

3)readingfromaclusteredindexismuchfasterthanreading
fromnonclusteredindexfromthesametable.

4)clusteredindexsortandstoredatarowsinthetableorview
basedontheirkeyvalue,whilenonclusterhaveastructure
separatefromthedatarow.

11)WhatistheSQLquerytodisplaycurrent
date?
ThereisabuiltinfunctioninSQLcalledGetDate()whichisused
toreturncurrenttimestamp.

12)WhichtypesofjoinisusedinSQLwidely?
TheknowledgeofJOINisverynecessaryforaninterviewee.
MostlyusedjoinisINNERJOINand(left/right)OUTERJOIN.

13)Whatis"TRIGGER"inSQL?
TriggerallowsyoutoexecuteabatchofSQLcodewhenan
insert,updateordeletecommandisexecutedagainstaspecific
table.

Actuallytriggersarespecialtypeofstoredproceduresthatare
definedtoexecuteautomaticallyinplaceorafterdata
modifications.

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14)Whatisselfjoinandwhatisthe
requirementofselfjoin?
Selfjoinisoftenveryusefultoconvertahierarchicalstructure
toaflatstructure.Itisusedtojoinatabletoitselfaslikeif
thatisthesecondtable.

15)WhataresetoperatorsinSQL?
Union,intersectorminusoperatorsarecalledsetoperators.

16)Whatisaconstraint?Tellmeaboutits
variouslevels.
Constraintsarerepresentatorsofacolumntoenforcedata
entityandconsistency.Therearetwolevels:

1.columnlevelconstraint
2.tablelevelconstraint

17)WriteanSQLquerytofindnamesof
employeestartwith'A'?

1. SELECT*FROMEmployeesWHEREEmpNamelike'A%'

18)WriteanSQLquerytogetthirdmaximum
salaryofanemployeefromatablenamed
employee_table.

1. SELECTTOP1salary
2. FROM(
3. SELECTTOP3salary
4. FROMemployee_table
5. ORDERBYsalaryDESC)ASemp
6. ORDERBYsalaryASC

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19)WhatisthedifferencebetweenDELETE
andTRUNCATEstatementinSQL?
ThemaindifferencesbetweenSQLDELETEandTRUNCATE
statementsaregivenbelow:

No. DELETE TRUNCATE

2) WecanuseWHERE WecannotuseWHERE
clauseinDELETE clausewithTRUNCATE
command.

3) DELETEstatementis TRUNCATEstatementisused
usedtodeletearow toremovealltherowsfrom
fromatable atable.

4) DELETEisslowerthan TRUNCATEstatementisfaster
TRUNCATEstatement. thanDELETEstatement.

5) Youcanrollbackdata Itisnotpossibletorollback
afterusingDELETE afterusingTRUNCATE
statement. statement.

20)WhatisACIDpropertyindatabase?
ACIDpropertyisusedtoensurethatthedatatransactionsare
processedreliablyinadatabasesystem.

Asinglelogicaloperationofadataiscalledtransaction.

ACIDisanacronymforAtomicity,Consistency,Isolation,
Durability.

Atomicity:itrequiresthateachtransactionisallornothing.It
meansifonepartofthetransactionfails,theentiretransaction
failsandthedatabasestateisleftunchanged.

Consistency:theconsistencypropertyensurethatthedata
mustmeetallvalidationrules.Insimplewordsyoucansaythat
yourtransactionneverleavesyourdatabasewithoutcompleting
itsstate.
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Isolation:thispropertyensurethattheconcurrentpropertyof
executionshouldnotbemet.Themaingoalofproviding
isolationisconcurrencycontrol.

Durability:durabilitysimplymeansthatonceatransactionhas
beencommitted,itwillremainso,comewhatmayevenpower
loss,crashesorerrors.

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