Unit 2: Integration

Section B BASIC CALCULUS (105 HOURS)

2.0 Integration ( 50 hours )

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this chapter students will be able to:

Understand the concept of indefinite integration as the inverse of differentiation
Integration of axn , trigonometric functions and functions involving addition and
subtraction
Integration by substitution
Definite integrals
Solving problems involving integration

2.1 Definition
A function y is an antiderivative or an indefinite integral of the function f(x) if the

dy
derivative = f(x).
dx

We use the notation

y= f ( x ) dx

to indicate that y is an indefinite integral of f. Using this notation, we have

dy
y= f ( x ) dx if and only if
dx
= f (x).

Example:
dy
3x
2
If y = x3 and = 3x2, find dx
dx
Solution:

3x
2
dx = x3
2.2 Indefinite Integral of Polynomial and Trigonometry

2.2.1 Itegration of Constant

Try to differentiate the functions below:

i. y = 3x
ii. y = 3x + 2
iii. y = 3x 7
dy
if we differentiate y = 3x, y = 3x + 2 and y = 3x 7 we obtain = 3, and than when we
dx
integrate 3 the solution may be 3x, 3x + 2, 3x 7 and so on.

So , we write the integrate 3 with respect to x as a:

3dx = 3x + c, c is constant.

Generally
dy
If dx
= k, so y = kdx = kx + c , k and c are constant.

Example:
Find

1. 5dx 2. 7dx 3. 1
3
dx

2
4. 3 dx 5. 0dx
Solution:
1. 5dx = 5x + c 2. 7dx = -7x + c
1 2 2
3. 1
3
dx =
3
x+c 4. 3 dx =-
3
x+c

5. 0dx =c

2.2.2 Integration of axn ( n integer, n -1)

 d ax n 1
If ( ) = axn ,
dx n 1

ax n 1
ax
n
So dx = + c , where a, c are any constant, n is integer and n -1
n 1

Reading the Formula

Examples

2x dx = x2 + c The indefinite integral of 2x with respect to x is x2 + c

4x3 dx = x4 + c The indefinite integral of 4x3 with respect to x is x4 + c

Here is how we read the first formula above:

2 xdx = x2 + c

2x dx = x2 + c

The antiderivative or integral of 2x, with respect to x, equals x2 + c

The following table includes this formula, as well as other information.

 Function Antiderivative Formula

n
xn+1 xn+1
x
xn dx = +c (n -1)
(n -1)
n+1 n+1

x6
Examples: x5 dx = +c Use the formula with n = 5
6
3x5
3x4 dx = +c The multiple 3 "goes along for the ride"
5

Function Antiderivative Formula

k
kx + c k dx = kx + c
(k constant)

5x-4
Example: (5x-5 + 9) dx = - + 9x + c
4

Example:
1
5x 3x
3
1. dx 2. dx 3. (2x3 5x4) dx
4

Solution:
x4
5x
3
1. dx = 5 +c
4
1
3x 3x
4
2. 4
dx = dx

x 3 1
=3 +c =- +c
3 x3
x4
3. (2x3 5x4) dx =
2
- x5 + c

2.2.3 Determine curve equation from gradient function

 dy
Let = 2x as a gradient function of curve. Integrate with respect to x,
dx
We get, y = x2 + c , where c as a constant.

This equation present as a series of curve when c are change(see the figure 2.1 bellow)

Figure 2.1

This curve equation can determine if a point on the curve is given.

Example:
dy
Find the curve equation, where the gradient = 3x and passes through the point
dx
(1,2).
Solution:
dy
Given = 3x,
dx
Then y = 3x dx

3x 2
y= +c
2
This curve passes through the point (1, 2)
3(1) 2
So 2= +c
2
3 1
c=2- =
2 2
3x 2 1
the curve is y = +
2 2
2.2.3 Integration of Trigonometry Functions
 dy
If y = sin x,
dx
= cos x : hence cos x dx = sin x + c

dy
If y = cos x,
dx
= -sin x : hence sin x dx = - cos x + c

dy
If y = tan x,
dx
= sec2 x : hence sec2 x dx = tan x + c

dy
Further, if y = sin ax, = a cos ax, where a is a constant.
dx
1
Hence cos ax dx =
a
sin ax + c

1
Similarly sin ax dx = -
a
cos ax + c

1
And sec2 ax dx =
a
tan ax + c

Example:
1
sin 3x dx = -
3
cos 3x + c

x 1 x
(cos 2x six
2
) dx =
2
sin 2x + 2 cos
2
+c

1
sce2 4x dx =
4
tan 4x + c

2.3 Integration by Substitution

Let us start with a simple example

 (4x 5)2 dx
du
Have, we take u = 4x 5, and = 4 , so du = 4 dx . Our integral becomes
dx
1 u3 1 u3
u2(
4
) du =
3
x
4
+ c =
12
+c

Now having integrated, we insert the substitution

1
(4x 5)2 dx =
12
(4x 5)3 + c

In general
n
u
(ax + b)n dx = a du
where is u = ax + b, a and b as a constant, n is integer and n -1

Example:
1
i. (2x + 1)5 dx ii. (3 x 7) 2
dx

iii. cos3 x sin x dx

Solution:
i. (2x + 1)5 dx
du
Let u = 2x + 1, so du = 2 dx, and dx =
2
u5 u6
2 du =
12
+c

( 2 x 1) 6
= +c
12

1
ii. (3 x 7) 2
dx

du
Let u = 3x 7, so du = 3 dx, and dx =
3
1
(3 x 7)
2
dx = dx
(3 x 7) 2
 2
u
= 3
du

u 1
= +c
3
1
=- +c
3u
1
=- +c
3(3 x 7)

iii. cos3 x sin x dx

du
Let u = cos x, so du = - sin x dx and dx = -
sin x
du
cos3 x sin x dx = u3 sin x (-
sin x
)

= - u3 du
1 4
= - u +c
4
Replace u by cos x, we have
1
cos3 x sin x dx = -
4
cos4 x + c

2.4 The Definite Integral

The quantity

Is called the definite integral of f(x) from a to b. The numbers a and b are known as the
lower limits and upper limits respectively of the integral. We define
So that a definite integral is usually a number.

Evaluating Definite Integrals

When you evaluate a definite integral the result will usually be a number. To see how to
evaluate a definite integral consider the following example.

Example:
Find the definite integral of x2 from 1 to 4;
4
That is, find 1
x 2 dx

Solution:
1 3
x
2
dx = x +c
3
x3
Here f(x) = x2 and F(x) = . Thus, according to our definition
3
4
1
x 2 dx = F(4) F(1)

43 13
= -
3 3
= 21
Now writing F(b) F(a) each time we calculate a definite integral becomes laborious so

b
we replace this difference by the shorthand notation [ F ( x)] a
. Thus

b
[ F ( x)] a
= F(b) F(a)

Thus from now, we shall write

b
[ F ( x)]
b
a
f ( x ) dx =
a

So that, for example

x3 4 43 13
[ ]
4
1
x 2 dx =
3 1
=
3
-
3
= 21
Summary

Rules for antiderivatives

Constant rule

Rule of sums

Rule of differences

We can use this definition to arrive at some important properties of definite

integrals ( , , are constant with respect to ):
Table of Elementary Indefinite Integrals
Corresponding to each differentiation formula, there is a corresponding integration
formula. The following is a list of such integration formulas.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.
 13.

2.5 APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION

2.5.1 Motion of a particle along a straight line

We have learnt that if the displacement of a particle at time t from a fixed point O is s,
then ds/dt gives the velocity of the particle while d2s/dt2 gives the acceleration.
Conversely, if the velocity v of the particle is given as function of time, i.e. v = f (t), then
the integral vdt will give the displacement of the particle. If the acceleration a is given
as a function of time, the integral adt will give the velocity of the particle.

Example:

A particle moves in a straight line and passes a fixed point, O, with a velocity of 2 2t +
4t2 m/s, where t seconds is the time after passing O. Find the distance of the particle
from O when t = 3, given that the particle starts at O.

Solution:

V = 2 2t + 4t2
s = v dt
= v ( 2 2t + 4t2 )dt
4 3
= 2t 2t2 + t +c
3

When t = 0, s = 0, c=0

4 3
Hence s = 2t 2t2 + t
3

4
When t = 3, s = 2(3) (3)2 + (3)3 = 33
3

the particle is 33 m from 0 when t = 3.

2.5.2 Area under a curve

Suppose y = f (x) is the equation of curve. We assume for the moment that the potion of
the curve between the ordinates x = a and x = b lies entirely above the x-axis.
i.e y > 0,

C y = f(x)
S
Q
D

a b
O
A P R B x

Figure 2.2

Calculating the area enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and the ordinates at A and B,
i.e. the area ABCD.
Apply to areas such as ABCD bounded partly by a curve.

Let P be variable point on the x-axis between A and B where OP = x. Draw the ordinate
PQ (length y) and the shaded area APQD = A

A is thus function of x and x = a, A = 0. Now take an increment x in x and the area A is

increased by an amount A:
i.e. the portion PRSQ.
RS is y + y.

U S
T

y + y
y A
A

Figure 2.3
O
P it is seen
From figure 2.3; x that area
R PRTQ < A < PRSU where x
QT, US are parallel to the x-axis.

y x < A < (y + y) x

A
or y< < (y + y)
x

If x 0, y 0

A dA
and
x dx
dA
and hence = y, as the right hand term of the above inequality tends to y
dx
Therefore A= ydx c f ( x) c

The value of c can be found from the fact that when x = 0, A = 0. We then have A
expressed as a function of x and can substitute x = b to obtain the area ABCD.

Then the area under the curve will be approximately the sum of the areas of these
rectangles, i.e. sum (y x) for the range considered. As x 0, the limit of this sum will
be actual area under the curve.

Example:

Find the area bounded by the curve y = x2 + 3, the x-axis and the ordinate x = 1and x = 3

y Figure 2.4
By the above, A = ydx

(x 3) dx
2
= y = x2 + 3

x3
= 3 c
3
When x = 1, A = 0
1 1
Hence 0 = 3 c, Giving c = 3
3 3

x3 10A
Therefore A1x = 3x , meaning the area from 1 to x.
O 3 3
1 x 3 x
Now put x = 3
27 10
Then A13 = the required area = 9
3 3
44
= square units.
3

The Definite Integral

We can generalize the above process, introducing a very important technique.
Consider the curve y = f(x), y > 0 in the range of x = a to x = b. Then the area A
between the curve and the x-axis is given by

A = f(x) dx + c = g(x) + c

y
Figure 2.5

When x = a to the area = 0

y=f(x)
Thus 0 = g(a) + c or c = -g(x)

x
Then Aa = g(x) g(a)

Aab = g(b) g(a)

A
= (value of integral when x = b) (value of integral when x = a)

O b
Which is written a
f ( x ) dx , This is called the definite integral of f(x)
a b x

Example:
1
Evaluate (3t 2) dt
1
1 3t 2
2 (3t 2)dt =
2
2t
2

3 (1) 2 3 (2) 2
= 2 2(2)
2 2

1 1
= 10 10 .
2 2
Example:
/4
Find
0
(cos 4 x sin 2 x) dx

/4
sin 4 x cos 2 x
Integral =
4 2 0
 4 2
sin cos
4 4 sin 0 cos 0
=
4 2 4 2


1
= (0 - 0) (0 - )
2

1
= .
2

Further Notes On Areas

1.

y Figure 2.6

From figure 2.6, it is clear that;

c b c
a
f ( x ) dx = a
f ( x )dx +
b
f ( x ) dx

2.

O
a b c x
a b
O

Figure 2.7

If y is negative in the range a to b, then the value obtained from the integral
b
a
f ( x ) dx will also be negative ( figure 2.7 ) as dx is essentially positive. Thus
b
the numerical value of the area shown shaded will be - a f ( x ) dx
 3. If the range includes both positive and negative values of y ( figure 2.8 )
the total area must be found in two parts and will be

c b
a
f ( x ) dx - c
f ( x) dx

c b
O
a x

Figure 2.8

b
The integral a
f ( x )dx in the case would give the algebraic sum of the two
portions.

4.
y Figure 2.9

The area between a curve and the y- axis and the lines y =a, y = b ( figure 2.9 )
b
b b
will be
a
xdy = a
g ( y ) dy

This can be proved in a manner as before.

a
5. The area between any two curve, y = f(x) and y = g(x) is easily found if the points
of intersection or the limits are known ( figure 2.10 )

O Figure 2.10
y y = f(x) b
x y = g(x) is
The area below y = f (x) is a
f ( x ) dx and the area below

b
a
g ( x ) dx

y = g(x)
O a b x
 Hence the enclosed area (shown shaded) is the difference between the two
areas above,
i.e.

b b
a
f ( x ) dx -
a
g ( x ) dx

b
= [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx
a
, assuming f(x) > g(x)

Example:
Find the areas between the curve y = x2 x, the x-axis and the ordinates x = 0
and x = 2

The curve crosses the x-axis where x = 0 and x = 1 (figure 2.11 below) .

Figure 2.11
y
Hence the total area numerically
1b 2
= - 0 y ) dx + 1 y )dx y = x2 - x

1 2
= - 0 ( x 2 x ) dx - 1
( x 2 x)dx

1 2
x3 x 2 x3 x 2
=-
3 2 0 3 2 1

1 1 8 4 1 1
O= - 0
3 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 x

= 1 square unit.

Example:
Find the area enclosed between the curve y = x2 + 2 and the line y = 4x 1

The intersections are given by

X2 + 2 = 4x 1 or x2 4x + 3 = 0
Which given x = 1 or x = 3
The graphs are sketched in figure 2.12 below;
 y Figure 2.12

Area enclosed;

3 3
= 1
( 4 x 1) dx - y =( xx22 +
1
22) dx

3
= 1
( 4 x x 2 3) dx
y = 4x - 1
3
2 x3
= 2 x 3x
3 1
O
1
= (18 9 1 9) (2 - - 3)2 x
3

1
= 1 .
3

2.5.3 Volumes of Revolution

A solid has a central axis of symmetry is a solid of revolution for example a cone,
a cylinder, a flower vase, etc.

y Figure 2.13 B
y = (x)
Imagine the area under a portion AB of the curve y = f(x) revolve about the x-
axis through fourAright angle or 360o . The x-axis acting as a kind of hinge (
b centre on x-axis. A solid
figure 2.13 ). Each point of the curve describes a circle
a
of revolution can be through of as created in this way, with two circular plane
ends, cutting the x-axis at x = a, and x = b.
 Let V be the volume of the solid from x = a up to arbitrary value of x between a
and b. Given an increment x in x, y takes an increment y and V an increment
V.

y
Figure 2.14

Figure 2.14 shows a section through the x-axis and from this it is seen that the
slice V of thickness x is enclosedybetween two
y +cylinders
y of outer radius y + y,
and inner radius y.

Then y2 x < V < (y + y)2 x, with appropriate modification if the curve is

falling at the point.
V x
Then y2 < <x(y + y)2 x
x

V dv
Let x 0 and y 0 and , Hence from the ab inequality,
x dx
dV
= y2 or
dx

b
y
2
V= a
dx

Where y = f(x) and V is the volume of solid generated when the curve y = f(x)
between limits x = a and x = b is rotated completely a round x-axis.

Example:
The portion of the curve y = x2 between x = 0 and x = 2 is rotated completely
round the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid created. (see figure 2.15 )

Figure 2.15
y
2 2 x5
y x 4 dx
2
V= dx = =
0 0
5 02

32
= units of volume
5

O
2 x
 Example:
The part of the curve y = x3 from x = 1 to x = 2 is rotated completely round the y-
axis. Find the volume of the solid generated ( figure 2.16 below ).
y

O 1 2 x
Figure 2.16
8
V=
1
x 2 dy Note the limits: these are the limits of y corresponding to x

= 1, x = 2.

We must also express the integrand in terms of y.

2
8
Then V =

1
y 3 dy
 8
3 5
= y3
5 1
3 3
= 32 1
5 5
93
= .
5