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20 - Marine Hydrodynamics, Spring 2005

Lecture 12

2.20 - Marine Hydrodynamics

Lecture 12

3.14 Lifting Surfaces

3.14.1 2D Symmetric Streamlined Body

No separation, even for large Reynolds numbers.

stream line

Viscous eects only in a thin boundary layer.

Small Drag (only skin friction).
No Lift.

3.14.2 Asymmetric Body

(a) Angle of attack ,

chord line

(b) or camber (x),

chord line mean camber line

(c) or both

amount of camber
chord line
mean camber line

angle of attack

 and Drag  to U
Lift to U 

3.15 Potential Flow and Kutta Condition

From the P-Flow solution for ow past a body we obtain

P-Flow solution, innite velocity at trailing edge.

Note that (a) the solution is not unique - we can always superimpose a circulatory ow
without violating the boundary conditions, and (b) the velocity at the trailing edge
. We must therefore, impose the Kutta condition, which states that the ow leaves
tangentially the trailing edge, i.e., the velocity at the trailing edge is nite.
To satisfy the Kutta condition we need to add circulation.

Circulatory ow only.

Superimposing the P-Flow solution plus circulatory ow, we obtain

Figure 1: P-Flow solution plus circulatory ow.

3.15.1 Why Kutta condition?

Consider a control volume as illustrated below. At t = 0, the foil is at rest (top control
volume). It starts moving impulsively with speed U (middle control volume). At t = 0+ ,
a starting vortex is created due to ow separation at the trailing edge. As the foil moves,
viscous eects streamline the ow at the trailing edge (no separation for later t), and the
starting vortex is left in the wake (bottom control volume).

t=0 =0

S
+ S
t=0 U starting vortex
due to separation
(a real fluid effect,
no infinite vel of
potetial flow)

S
for later
S
U
t

no

starting vortex left in wake

Kelvins theorem:
d
= 0 = 0 for t 0 if (t = 0) = 0
dt
After a while the S in the wake is far behind and we recover Figure 1.

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3.15.2 How much S ?

Just enough so that the Kutta condition is satised, so that no separation occurs. For

example, consider a at plate of chord  and angle of attack , as shown in the gure

below.

chord length

Simple P-Flow solution

= lU sin
L = U = U 2 l sin
|
|L
CL = 1 2 = 2 sin 2 for small
U l
2 only for
small

However, notice that as increases, separation occurs close to the leading edge.

Excessive angle of attack leads to separation at the leading edge.

When the angle of attack exceeds a certain value (depends on the wing geometry) stall
occurs. The eects of stalling on the lift coecient (CL = 1 U 2 Lspan ) are shown in the
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following gure.

 C
L

This region independent of R,

used only to get Kutta

condition

stall location f(R)

stall
2

O(5 o )

In experiments, CL < 2 for 3D foil - nite aspect ratio (nite span).

With sharp leading edge, separation/stall to early.

sharp trailing edge

round leading edge to forstall to develop circulation
stalling

3.16 Thin Wing, Small Angle of Attack

Assumptions

Flow: Steady, P-Flow.

Wing: Let yU (x), yL (x) denote the upper and lower vertical camber coordinates,
respectively. Also, let x = /2, x = /2 denote the horizontal coordinates of
the leading and trailing edge, respectively, as shown in the gure below.

y=yU(x)

For thin wing, at a small angle of attack it is

yU yL
, << 1
 
dyU dyL
, << 1
dx dx
The problem is then linear and superposition applies.
Let (x) denote the camber line
1 t(x)
(x) = (yU (x) + yL (x)),
2
and t(x) denote the half-thickness
t(x)
Camber line (x)
1
t(x) = (yU (x) yL (x)).
2

For linearized theory, i.e. thin wing at small AoA, the lift on the wing depends
only on the camber line but not on the wing thickness. Therefore, for the
following analysis we approximate the wing by the camber line only and ignore
the wing thickness.

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 Denitions

In general, the lift on the wing is due to the total circulation around the wing.
This total circulation can be given in terms due to a distribution of circulation (x)
(Units: [LT 1 ]) inside the wing, i.e.,
/2
= (x)dx
/2

(x)
U

Noting that superposition applies, let the total potential for this ow be expressed
as the sum of two potentials

= U
x +

Free stream Disturbunce
potential potential

The ow velocity can by expressed as

v = = (U + u, v)

where (u, v) are given by = (u, v) and denote the velocity disturbance, due to the
presence of the wing. For linearized wing we can assume
u v
u, v << U , << 1
U U

Consider a ow property q, such as velocity, pressure etc. Then let qU = q(x, 0+ ) and
qL = q(x, 0 ) denote the values of q at the upper and lower wing surfaces, respectively.

 Lift due to circulation

Applying Bernoulli equation for steady, inviscid, rotational ow, along a streamline
from to a point on the wing, we obtain
1
p p = |v |2 U 2
2
1 1
p p = (u U )2 + v 2 U 2 = (u2 + v 2 2uU )
2 2
1 u v v
p p = uU ( + 2)
2 U
U
u
<<1 <<1 1

Dropping terms of order Uu , v

U
<< 1 we obtained the linearized Bernoulli equation
for thin wing at small AoA
p p = uU

Integrating the pressure along the wing surface, we obtain an expression for the total
lift L on the wing

l/2

L = (p p )ny dS = p(x, 0 ) p p(x, 0+ ) p dx
l/2

l/2 l/2

L = p(x, 0 ) p(x, 0+ ) dx = U u(x, 0 ) u(x, 0+ ) dx (1)
l/2 l/2

To obtain the total lift on the wing we will seek an expression for u(x, 0 ).

Consider a closed contour on the wing, of negligible thickness, as shown in the gure

below. (x)

u ( x,0 + )
x
t0
u ( x,0 )

In this case we have

(x)x = |u(x, 0+ )|x + u(x, 0 )x (x) = |u(x, 0+ )| + u(x, 0 )

For small u/U we can argue that u(x, 0+ )

= u(x, 0 ), and obtain
(x)
u(x, 0 ) = (2)
2
From Equations (1), and (2) the total lift can be expressed as
l/2
L = U (x)dx = U
l/2

=

The same result can be obtained from the Kutta-Joukowski law (for nonlinear foil)
/2
L = U = U (x)x L = U (x)x = U
/2

L = U = U (x) x

x U
t0
= (x) x

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 Moment, with respect to mid-chord, due to circulation

y
L

l xcp l x
2 2
M

L(x) = U (x)x
M = xL(x) = U x(x)x
/2
M = U x(x)dx
/2
M
CM = 1
2
U 2 2

The center of pressure xcp , can be obtained by

M = Lxcp
/2
M /2
x(x)dx
xcp = = /2
L (x)dx
/2

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 /2
3.17 Simple Closed-Form Solutions for /2 (x)dx from Linear
Theory
1. Flat plate at angle of attack , i.e., = x.

Linear lifting theory gives (x), which can be integrated to give the lift coecient

CL ,
/2
L/span = U (x)dx = = U 2 
/2
L/span
CL = 1
2
U 2 
CL = 2 ( exact nonlinear hydrofoil CL = 2 sin )

the moment coecient CM ,

/2
M/span = U x(x)dx = = 14 U 2 2
/2
M/span
CM = 1
2
U 2 2
1
CM = 2

and the center of pressure xcp

xcp = 14  i.e., at quarter chord

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2. Parabolic camber = 0 {1 ( 2xl )2 }, at zero AoA = 0.

Linear lifting theory gives (x), which can be integrated to give the lift coecient

CL ,
/2
L/span = U (x)dx = = 2U 2 0
/2
0 0
CL = 4 , where camber ratio
 

the moment coecient CM ,

M/span = 0 (from symmetry)

CM = 0

and the center of pressure xcp

xcp = 0

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 2
2x
3. Linear superposition: Both AoA and camber = x + 0 1 .


0
CL = CL + CL = 2 + 4

We can also write the previous relation in a more general form

CL () = 2 + CL ( = 0)

4 l0

0
Lift coecient CL as a function of the angle of attack and l
.

In practice even if the camber is not parabolic, we still make use of the
previous relations, i.e., CL ( = 0) = 40 /.
Also note that the angle of attack for any camber is dened as
(/2) (/2) yU yL
=
 
and 0 is determined from , where

= x.

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