Move Amazon RDS MySQL

Databases to Amazon VPC

using Amazon EC2
ClassicLink and Read
Replicas

July 2016
 2016, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Notices
This document is provided for informational purposes only. It represents AWSs
current product offerings and practices as of the date of issue of this document,
which are subject to change without notice. Customers are responsible for
making their own independent assessment of the information in this document
and any use of AWSs products or services, each of which is provided as is
without warranty of any kind, whether express or implied. This document does
not create any warranties, representations, contractual commitments,
conditions or assurances from AWS, its affiliates, suppliers or licensors. The
responsibilities and liabilities of AWS to its customers are controlled by AWS
agreements, and this document is not part of, nor does it modify, any agreement
between AWS and its customers.
Contents
Introduction 1
Solution Overview 1
ClassicLink and EC2-Classic 1
RDS Read Replicas 2
RDS Snapshots 2
Alternative Approaches 3
AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) 3
Changing the VPC Subnet for a DB Instance 3
Migration Topology 4
Migration Steps 7
Step 1: Enable ClassicLink for Target VPC 7
Step 2: Set up a Proxy Server on an EC2-Classic Instance 8
Step 3: Use ClassicLink between Proxy Server and Target VPC 9
Step 4: Configure the DB Instance (EC2-Classic) 10
Step 5: Create a User on DB Instance (EC2-Classic) 11
Step 6: Create a Temporary Read Replica (EC2-Classic) 11
Step 7: Enable Backups on the Read Replica (EC2-Classic) 12
Step 8: Stop Replication on Read Replica (EC2-Classic) 13
Step 9: Create Snapshot from the Read Replica (EC2-Classic) 14
Step 10: Share the Snapshot (Optional) 15
Step 11: Restore the Snapshot in the Target VPC 17
Step 12: Enable Backups on VPC RDS DB Instance 19
Step 13: Set up Replication between VPC and EC2-Classic DB Instances 20
Step 14: Switch to the VPC RDS DB Instance 21
Step 15: Take a Snapshot of the VPC RDS DB Instance 22
Step 16: Change the VPC DB Instance to be Privately Accessible (Optional)22
 Step 17: Move the VPC DB Instance into Private Subnets (Optional) 23
Conclusion 24
Contributors 24
Further Reading 25
Appendix A: Set Up Proxy Server in Classic 25
Abstract
Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) makes it easy to set up,
operate, and scale a relational database in the cloud.

If your Amazon Web Services (AWS) account was created before 2013, chances
are you may be running Amazon RDS MySQL in an Amazon Elastic Compute
Cloud (EC2)-Classic environment, and you are looking to migrate RDS into an
EC2-VPC environment. This whitepaper outlines the requirements and detailed
steps needed to migrate Amazon RDS MySQL databases from EC2-Classic to
Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) with minimal down-time using RDS
MySQL Read Replicas and ClassicLink.
Amazon Web Services Move Amazon RDS MySQL Databases to Amazon VPC using
Amazon EC2 ClassicLink and Read Replicas

Introduction
Based on when an AWS account was created, Amazon EC2 instances and RDS
DB instances can be launched into either an EC2-Classic environment or an
EC2-VPC environment. EC2-Classic enables instances to run in a single, flat
network while VPC provides logical network isolation to run EC2 instances and
RDS DB instances. This logical network isolation closely resembles a traditional
network you might operate in your own data center, plus it has the benefits of
the AWS scalable infrastructure.

If youre running RDS DB instances in an EC2-Classic environment, you might

be considering migrating databases to Amazon VPC to take advantage of
Amazon VPC features and capabilities. However, migrating databases across
environments can involve complex backup and restore operations with longer
down times that you might be able to tolerate in your production environment.
By leveraging RDS MySQL Replication with ClassicLink you can migrate
databases easily and securely with minimal down time.

Solution Overview
ClassicLink is set up to enable communication between a VPC and RDS DB
instances in EC2-Classic. A Read Replica of the RDS DB instance in EC2-Classic
is created. Then, a snapshot of the DB instance is used to set up a Read Replica
in the VPC. A ClassicLink proxy in the VPC enables communication between the
source (also called the master) RDS DB instance in EC2-Classic and the target
VPC replica. Once the replica in the VPC has caught up with the master RDS DB
instance in EC2-Classic, updates against the master are stopped and the VPC
replica is promoted to master. At this point, the connection details in any
application that is reading or writing to the database are updated. The source
database remains fully operational during the migration, minimizing downtime
to applications.

ClassicLink and EC2-Classic

ClassicLink allows linking EC2-Classic instances to a VPC in your account
within the same region. This allows you to associate VPC security groups with
the EC2-Classic instance, enabling communication between EC2-Classic and
instances in a VPC using private IP addresses. The association between VPC

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Amazon Web Services Move Amazon RDS MySQL Databases to Amazon VPC using
Amazon EC2 ClassicLink and Read Replicas

security groups and the EC2-Classic instance removes the need to use public IP
addresses or Elastic IP addresses to enable communication between these
platforms.

ClassicLink is available to all users with accounts that support the EC2-Classic
platform and can be used with any classic instance. Using ClassicLink and
private IP address space for migration ensures all communication and data
migration happens within the Amazon network without requiring a public IP
address for your RDS DB instance or an Internet Gateway (IGW) to be set up for
the VPC.

RDS Read Replicas

You can create one or more Read Replicas of a given source RDS MySQL
instance and serve application read traffic from replicated copies of your data.
Amazon RDS uses the MySQL engines native asynchronous replication to
update the slave whenever there is a change to the master DB instance. The
Read Replica operates as a DB instance that allows only read-only connections;
applications can connect to a Read Replica just as they would to any DB
instance. Amazon RDS replicates all databases in the source DB instance. Read
replicas can also be promoted, so that they become standalone DB instances.

RDS Snapshots
This solution relies on Amazon RDS snapshots to initially create the target
MySQL DB instance in your VPC. Amazon RDS creates a storage volume
snapshot of your DB instance, backing up the entire DB instance and not just
individual databases. When you create a DB snapshot, you need to identify
which DB instance you are going to back up, and then give your DB snapshot a
name so you can restore from it later. Creating this DB snapshot on a Single-AZ
DB instance results in a brief I/O suspension that typically lasts no more than a
few minutes. Multi-AZ DB instances are not affected by this I/O suspension
since the backup is taken on the standby instance.

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Amazon Web Services Move Amazon RDS MySQL Databases to Amazon VPC using
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Alternative Approaches
AWS Database Migration Service (DMS)
An alternative approach to migration is to use AWS Database Migration Service
(DMS). The AWS Database Migration Service can migrate your data to and from
most widely used commercial and open-source databases. The service supports
homogenous migrations such as Amazon RDS to RDS, as well as heterogeneous
migrations between different database platforms, such as Oracle to Amazon
Aurora or Microsoft SQL Server to MySQL. The source database remains fully
operational during the migration, minimizing downtime to applications that
rely on the database.

Although AWS DMS can provide comprehensive ongoing replication of data, it

replicates only a limited amount of data definition language (DDL). AWS DMS
doesn't propagate items such as indexes, users, privileges, stored procedures,
and other database changes not directly related to table data. In addition, DMS
does not automatically leverage RDS snapshots for the initial instance creation,
which can increase migration time.

Changing the VPC Subnet for a DB Instance

Amazon RDS now provides a feature that enables you to specify a new VPC for
an existing database instance in the RDS Console, the Amazon RDS API, or the
AWS Command Line Tools. This feature also allows you to easily move an RDS
DB instance in EC2-Classic to VPC. To specify a new subnet group, under
Network & Security, Subnet Group, open the drop-down list and select the
subnet group that you want from the list. You may choose to apply this change
immediately or during the next scheduled maintenance window.

However, there are a few limitations with this approach:

The database instance will not be available during the move. The move
could take between 5 to 10 minutes.

Moving Multi-AZ instances to a VPC is not currently supported.

Moving an instance with Read Replicas to a VPC is not currently

supported.

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Amazon Web Services Move Amazon RDS MySQL Databases to Amazon VPC using
Amazon EC2 ClassicLink and Read Replicas

Figure 1: Specifying a new subnet group (in a VPC) for a database instance

If these limitations are acceptable for your RDS DB instances, we recommend

that you try out this feature by restoring a snapshot of your database in EC2-
Classic and then moving it to your VPC. If these limitations are not acceptable,
then the approach presented in the rest of this paper will enable you to
minimize downtime during the migration to your VPC.

Migration Topology
This document focuses on how to use RDS Read Replica and snapshot
capabilities to migrate a RDS MySQL DB instance in EC2-Classic to a VPC over
ClassicLink. ClassicLink allows you to link your EC2-Classic instance to a VPC
in your account within the same region. After you've linked an EC2-Classic
instance, it can communicate with instances in your VPC using their private IP
addresses. However, instances in the VPC cannot access the AWS services
provisioned by the EC2-Classic platform using ClassicLink. So to migrate an
RDS database from EC2-Classic to VPC you must set up a proxy server. The
proxy server uses ClassicLink to link to the VPC with the Read Replica instance;
port forwarding on the proxy server allows communication between the source
RDS database in EC2-Classic and the target VPC RDS DB instance. This

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topology is illustrated in Figure 2. If you are moving your RDS database to a

different account you will need to set up a peering connection between the local
VPC and the target VPC in the remote account. This topology is illustrated in
Figure 3.

Figure 2: Topology for migration in the same account

Figure 3: Topology for migration to a different account

Figure 4 illustrates how the snapshot of the DB instance is used to set up a Read
Replica in the target VPC. A ClassicLink proxy in the VPC enables
communication between the source RDS DB instance in EC2-Classic and the
target VPC replica, as illustrated in Figure 5.

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Amazon EC2 ClassicLink and Read Replicas

Figure 4: Creating a Read Replica snapshot and restoring in VPC

Figure 5: Setting up replication between the Classic and VPC Read Replica

Figure 6 illustrates how updates against the master are stopped and the VPC
replica is promoted to master.

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Amazon EC2 ClassicLink and Read Replicas

Figure 6: Cutting over application to the VPC RDS DB instance

Migration Steps
The following section lists the steps necessary to perform the migration.

Step 1: Enable ClassicLink for Target VPC

In the Amazon VPC console, on the VPC Dashboard, select the VPC for which
you want to enable ClassicLink, select Actions in the drop-down list, and select
Enable ClassicLink as shown below:

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Amazon EC2 ClassicLink and Read Replicas

Figure 7: Enabling ClassicLink

Step 2: Set up a Proxy Server on an EC2-Classic

Instance
Install a proxy server on an EC2-Classic instance. The proxy server forwards
traffic to and from the RDS instance in EC2-Classic. You can use an open-source
package such as NGINX for port forwarding. For detailed information on setting
up NGINX, see Appendix A.

Set up appropriate security groups so the proxy server can communicate with
the RDS instance in EC2-Classic. In the following example, the proxy server and
the RDS instance in EC2-Classic are members of the same security group that
allows traffic within the security group.

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Figure 8: Security group setup

Step 3: Use ClassicLink between Proxy Server and

Target VPC
In the Amazon EC2 console EC2 Instances Dashboard, select the EC2-Classic
instance running the proxy server and choose ClassicLink on the Actions
drop-down list to create a ClassicLink connection with the target VPC. Select the
appropriate security group so that the proxy server can communicate with the
RDS DB instance in your VPC. In the example in Figure 9, SG A1 is selected.

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Amazon EC2 ClassicLink and Read Replicas

Figure 9: ClassicLink connection to VPC security group

Step 4: Configure the DB Instance (EC2-Classic)

In the Amazon RDS console, on the Parameter Groups page, select the
parameter group associated with the RDS DB instance and use Edit
Parameters to ensure the innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit parameter is
set to 1 (the default). This ensures ACID compliance; for more information see
http://tinyurl.com/innodb-flush-log-at-trx-commit. This step is necessary only
if the value has been changed from the default of 1.

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Figure 10: Parameter group values on Classic DB instance

Step 5: Create a User on DB Instance (EC2-Classic)

Connect to the RDS DB instance running in EC2-Classic via mysql client to
create a user and grant permissions to replicate data.

Prompt> mysql -h classicrdsinstance.123456789012.us-east-

1.rds.amazonaws.com -P 3306 -u hhar p
MySQL [(none)]> create user replicationuser identified by
'classictoVPC123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
MySQL [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to
replicationuser;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

Step 6: Create a Temporary Read Replica (EC2-

Classic)
Use a temporary Read Replica to create a snapshot and ensure that you the have
the correct information to set up replication on the new VPC DB instance. In the
Amazon RDS console for the EC2-Classic DB Instance, on the Instances page
select Create Read Replica DB Instance, and specify your replication
instance information.

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Amazon EC2 ClassicLink and Read Replicas

Figure 11: Classic Read Replica instance properties

You will then need to specify the network and security properties for the replica.

Figure 12: Classic Read Replica network and security properties

Step 7: Enable Backups on the Read Replica (EC2-

Classic)
In the Amazon RDS console, on the Instances page select the Read Replica in
EC2-Classic, and use Modify DB Instances to set the Backup Retention
Period to a non-zero number of days. Setting this parameter to a positive
number enables automated backups.

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Figure 13: Enabling backups

Step 8: Stop Replication on Read Replica (EC2-

Classic)
When you are ready to switch over, connect to the RDS replica in EC2-Classic
via a mysql client and issue the mysql.rds_stop_replication command.

Prompt> mysql -h classicrdsreadreplica1.chd3laahf8xl.us-east-

1.rds.amazonaws.com -P 3306 -u hhar p
MySQL [(none)]> call mysql.rds_stop_replication;
+---------------------------+
| Message |
+---------------------------+
| Slave is down or disabled |
+---------------------------+
1 row in set (1.02 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.02 sec)
MySQL [(none)]>

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Figure 14: Confirmation of replica status on the console

Using the show slave status command, save the replication status data in a
local file. You will need it later when setting up replication on the DB instance in
VPC.

Prompt> mysql -h classicrdsreadreplica1.chd3laahf8xl.us-east-

1.rds.amazonaws.com -P 3306 -u hhar -p -e "show slave status \G"
> readreplicastatus.txt

Step 9: Create Snapshot from the Read Replica

(EC2-Classic)
In the Amazon RDS console, on the Instances page select the Read Replica
that you just stopped, and use Take Snapshot to create a DB snapshot.

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Figure 15: Taking a Snapshot of the Read Replica

Step 10: Share the Snapshot (Optional)

If you are migrating across accounts, you will need to share the snapshot. In the
Amazon RDS console, on the Snapshots page, select the recently created Read
Replica, and use Share Snapshot to make the snapshot available across
accounts. This step is not required if the target VPC is in same account. After
sharing the snapshot, log on to the new account after this step is finished.

Figure 16: Sharing a snapshot between accounts

If you are migrating to a different account you will also set up a peering
connection between the local VPC and target VPC in remote account. Also, you

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will have to allow access to the security group that you used when you enabled
the ClassicLink between the proxy server and VPC.

Figure 17: Creating VPC Peering Connection

Figure 18: Enabling ClassicLink over a peering connection

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Amazon EC2 ClassicLink and Read Replicas

Figure 19: ClassicLink settings for peering

Step 11: Restore the Snapshot in the Target VPC

In the Amazon RDS console, on the Snapshots page, select the Classic Read
Replica, and use Restore Snapshot to restore the Read Replica snapshot. You
can also select Multi-AZ Deployment at this time.

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Amazon EC2 ClassicLink and Read Replicas

Figure 20: Restoring snapshot in target VPC

Also, in the Networking and Security settings, Set Publicly Accessible to Yes
and select the target VPC and appropriate subnet groups to ensure connectivity
from the VPC RDS DB instance to the Classic Proxy Server.

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Figure 21: Setting VPC and subnet group on VPC DB instance

Figure 22: Security group settings for cross-account migration

Step 12: Enable Backups on VPC RDS DB Instance

By default, backups are not enabled on Read Replicas. In the Amazon RDS
console, on the Instances page select the VPC RDS DB instance and use
Modify DB Instances to enable backups.

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Figure 23: Setting Backup Retention

Step 13: Set up Replication between VPC and EC2-

Classic DB Instances
Retrieve the log file name and log position number from information saved in
the previous step.

Prompt> cat readreplicastatus.txt | grep Master_Log_File

Master_Log_File: mysql-bin-changelog.001993
Prompt> cat readreplicastatus.txt | grep Exec_Master_Log_Pos
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 120

Connect to the VPC RDS DB instance via a mysql client through the ClassicLink
proxy and set the Classic RDS DB instance as the replication master by issuing
the rds_start_replication command. Use the private IP address of the
EC2-Classic proxy server as well as the log position from the output above.

MySQL [(none)]> call mysql.rds_set_external_master('<private-ip-

address-of-proxy>,3306,'replicationuser','classictoVPC123','mysql-
bin-changelog.001993',120,0);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec)
MySQL [(none)]> call mysql.rds_start_replication;

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+-------------------------+
| Message |
+-------------------------+
| Slave running normally. |
+-------------------------+
1 row in set (1.03 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.03 sec)

Verify the replication status on VPC Read Replica via the show slave status
command.

MySQL [(none)]> show slave status \G;

Step 14: Switch to the VPC RDS DB Instance

After ensuring that the data in the VPC Read Replica has caught up to the EC2-
Classic master, configure your application to stop writing data to the RDS DB
instance in EC2-Classic. Once the replication lag has caught up, connect to the
VPC RDS instance via a mysql client and issue the rds_stop_replication
command.

MySQL [(none)]> call mysql.rds_stop_replication;

At this point, the VPC will no longer be replicating data from the master. You
can now promote the replica by connecting to the VPC RDS instance via a
mysql client and issuing the mysql.rds_reset_external_master
command.

MySQL [(none)]> call mysql.rds_reset_external_master;

+---------------------------+
| Message |
+---------------------------+
| Slave is down or disabled |
+---------------------------+
1 row in set (1.04 sec)

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+----------------------+
| message |
+----------------------+
| Slave has been reset |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (3.12 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (3.12 sec)

You can now change the endpoint in your application to write to the VPC RDS
DB instance.

Step 15: Take a Snapshot of the VPC RDS DB

Instance
In the Amazon RDS console, on the Instances page select the VPC RDS DB
instance and use Take Snapshot to capture a user snapshot for recovery
purposes.

Figure 24: Taking a Snapshot of the DB Instance in VPC

Step 16: Change the VPC DB Instance to be

Privately Accessible (Optional)
Once the migration to the new VPC RDS instance is complete, you can change
the VPC RDS instance to be privately (not publicly) accessible. In the Amazon

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RDS console, on the Instances page, select the DB instance and click Modify.
Under Network and Security, for Publicly Accessible, choose No.

Figure 25: Setting instance to not be publicly accessible

Step 17: Move the VPC DB Instance into Private

Subnets (Optional)
You can edit the DB Subnet Groups membership for your VPC RDS DB
instance to move the VPC RDS DB instance to a private subnet. In the example
below, the subnets 172.16.2.0/24 and 172.16.3.0/24 are private subnets.

Figure 26: Configuring subnet groups

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To change the private IP address of the RDS DB instance in the VPC you will
have to perform a scale up or scale down operation. For example, you could
choose a larger instance size. Once the IP address changes, you can scale again
to the original instance size.

Figure 27: Forcing a scale optimization

Note: Alternatively, you can open an AWS support request

(https://aws.amazon.com/contact-us/) and the RDS Operations team will move
the migrated VPC RDS instance to the private subnet.

Conclusion
This paper highlights the key steps to migrate RDS MySQL instances from EC2-
Classic to EC2-VPC environments using ClassicLink and RDS Read Replicas.
This approach enables minimal down-time for production environments.

Contributors
The following individuals and organizations contributed to this document:

Harshal Pimpalkhute, Sr. Product Manager, Amazon EC2 Networking

Jaime Lichauco, Database Administrator, Amazon RDS

Korey Knote, Database Administrator, Amazon RDS

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Amazon Web Services Move Amazon RDS MySQL Databases to Amazon VPC using
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Brian Welcker, Product Manager, Amazon RDS

Prahlad Rao, Solutions Architect, Amazon Web Services

Further Reading
For additional help, please consult the following sources:

http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_V
PC.html

http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_V
PC.WorkingWithRDSInstanceinaVPC.html
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/CHAP_M
ySQL.html

http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonVPC/latest/UserGuide/VPC_Net
working.html

http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonVPC/latest/UserGuide/vpc-
classiclink.html

Appendix A: Set Up Proxy Server in

Classic
Use an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) of your choice to launch an EC2 Classic
instance. The example below is based on the AMI Ubuntu Server 14.04 LTS
(HVM).

Connect to the EC2-Classic instance and install NGINX:

Prompt> sudo apt-get update

Prompt> sudo wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.9.12.tar.gz
Prompt> sudo tar -xvzf nginx-1.9.12.tar.gz
Prompt> cd nginx-1.9.12
Prompt> sudo apt-get install build-essential
Prompt> sudo apt-get install libpcre3 libpcre3-dev
Prompt> sudo apt-get install zlib1g-dev
Prompt> sudo ./configure --with-stream
Prompt> sudo make

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Prompt> sudo make install

Edit the NGINX daemon file /etc/init/nginx.conf:

# /etc/init/nginx.conf Upstart file

description "nginx http daemon"

author email"

start on (filesystem and net-device-up IFACE=lo)

stop on runlevel [!2345]

env DAEMON=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
env PID=/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid

expect fork
respawn
respawn limit 10 5

pre-start script
$DAEMON -t
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then exit $?
fi
end script

exec $DAEMON

Edit the NGINX configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf:

# /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf - NGINX configuration file

worker_processes 1;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}

stream {
server {

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listen 3306;
proxy_pass classicrdsinstance.123456789012.us-east-
1.rds.amazonaws.com:3306;
}
}

From the command line start NGINX:

Prompt> sudo initctl reload-configuration

Prompt> sudo initctl list | grep nginx
Prompt> sudo initctl start nginx

Configure NGINX port forwarding:

# /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf - NGINX configuration file

worker_processes 1;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
stream {
server {
listen 3306;
proxy_pass classicrdsinstance.123456789012.us-east-
1.rds.amazonaws.com:3306;
}
}

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