03/08/2017 MongoDB Quick Guide

MONGODB - QUICK GUIDE

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MONGODB - OVERVIEW
MongoDB is a cross-platform, document oriented database that provides, high performance, high availability,
and easy scalability. MongoDB works on concept of collection and document.

Database
Database is a physical container for collections. Each database gets its own set of files on the file system. A
single MongoDB server typically has multiple databases.

Collection
Collection is a group of MongoDB documents. It is the equivalent of an RDBMS table. A collection exists
within a single database. Collections do not enforce a schema. Documents within a collection can have
different fields. Typically, all documents in a collection are of similar or related purpose.

Document
A document is a set of key-value pairs. Documents have dynamic schema. Dynamic schema means that
documents in the same collection do not need to have the same set of fields or structure, and common fields in
a collection's documents may hold different types of data.

The following table shows the relationship of RDBMS terminology with MongoDB.

RDBMS MongoDB

Database Database

Table Collection

Tuple/Row Document

column Field

Table Join Embedded Documents

Primary Key Primary Key

Def aultkeyi dprovidedbymongodbitself

Database Server and Client

Mysqld/Oracle mongod

mysql/sqlplus mongo

Sample Document

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Following example shows the document structure of a blog site, which is simply a comma separated key value
pair.

{
_id: ObjectId(7df78ad8902c)
title: 'MongoDB Overview',
description: 'MongoDB is no sql database',
by: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 100,
comments: [
{
user:'user1',
message: 'My first comment',
dateCreated: new Date(2011,1,20,2,15),
like: 0
},
{
user:'user2',
message: 'My second comments',
dateCreated: new Date(2011,1,25,7,45),
like: 5
}
]
}

_id is a 12 bytes hexadecimal number which assures the uniqueness of every document. You can provide _id
while inserting the document. If you dont provide then MongoDB provides a unique id for every document.
These 12 bytes first 4 bytes for the current timestamp, next 3 bytes for machine id, next 2 bytes for process id
of MongoDB server and remaining 3 bytes are simple incremental VALUE.

MONGODB - ADVANTAGES
Any relational database has a typical schema design that shows number of tables and the relationship between
these tables. While in MongoDB, there is no concept of relationship.

Advantages of MongoDB over RDBMS

Schema less MongoDB is a document database in which one collection holds different documents.
Number of fields, content and size of the document can differ from one document to another.

Structure of a single object is clear.

No complex joins.

Deep query-ability. MongoDB supports dynamic queries on documents using a document-based query
language that's nearly as powerful as SQL.

Tuning.

Ease of scale-out MongoDB is easy to scale.

Conversion/mapping of application objects to database objects not needed.

Uses internal memory for storing the windowed working set, enabling faster access of data.

Why Use MongoDB?

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Document Oriented Storage Data is stored in the form of JSON style documents.

Index on any attribute

Replication and high availability

Auto-sharding

Rich queries

Fast in-place updates

Professional support by MongoDB

Where to Use MongoDB?

Big Data
Content Management and Delivery
Mobile and Social Infrastructure
User Data Management
Data Hub

MONGODB - ENVIRONMENT
Let us now see how to install MongoDB on Windows.

Install MongoDB On Windows

To install MongoDB on Windows, first download the latest release of MongoDB from
https://www.mongodb.org/downloads. Make sure you get correct version of MongoDB depending upon your
Windows version. To get your Windows version, open command prompt and execute the following command.

C:\>wmic os get osarchitecture

OSArchitecture
64-bit
C:\>

32-bit versions of MongoDB only support databases smaller than 2GB and suitable only for testing and
evaluation purposes.

Now extract your downloaded file to c:\ drive or any other location. Make sure the name of the extracted
folder is mongodb-win32-i386-[version] or mongodb-win32-x86_64-[version]. Here [version] is the version
of MongoDB download.

Next, open the command prompt and run the following command.

C:\>move mongodb-win64-* mongodb

1 dir(s) moved.
C:\>

In case you have extracted the MongoDB at different location, then go to that path by using command cd
FOLDER/DIR and now run the above given process.

MongoDB requires a data folder to store its files. The default location for the MongoDB data directory is
c:\data\db. So you need to create this folder using the Command Prompt. Execute the following command

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sequence.

C:\>md data
C:\md data\db

If you have to install the MongoDB at a different location, then you need to specify an alternate path for
\data\db by setting the path dbpath in mongod.exe. For the same, issue the following commands.

In the command prompt, navigate to the bin directory present in the MongoDB installation folder. Suppose
my installation folder is D:\set up\mongodb

C:\Users\XYZ>d:
D:\>cd "set up"
D:\set up>cd mongodb
D:\set up\mongodb>cd bin
D:\set up\mongodb\bin>mongod.exe --dbpath "d:\set up\mongodb\data"

This will show waiting for connections message on the console output, which indicates that the
mongod.exe process is running successfully.

Now to run the MongoDB, you need to open another command prompt and issue the following command.

D:\set up\mongodb\bin>mongo.exe
MongoDB shell version: 2.4.6
connecting to: test
>db.test.save( { a: 1 } )
>db.test.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5879b0f65a56a454), "a" : 1 }
>

This will show that MongoDB is installed and run successfully. Next time when you run MongoDB, you need
to issue only commands.

D:\set up\mongodb\bin>mongod.exe --dbpath "d:\set up\mongodb\data"

D:\set up\mongodb\bin>mongo.exe

Install MongoDB on Ubuntu

Run the following command to import the MongoDB public GPG key

sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv 7F0CEB10

Create a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mongodb.list file using the following command.

echo 'deb http://downloads-distro.mongodb.org/repo/ubuntu-upstart dist 10gen'

| sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mongodb.list

Now issue the following command to update the repository

sudo apt-get update

Next install the MongoDB by using the following command

apt-get install mongodb-10gen = 2.2.3

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In the above installation, 2.2.3 is currently released MongoDB version. Make sure to install the latest version
always. Now MongoDB is installed successfully.

Start MongoDB

sudo service mongodb start

Stop MongoDB

sudo service mongodb stop

Restart MongoDB

sudo service mongodb restart

To use MongoDB run the following command.

mongo

This will connect you to running MongoDB instance.

MongoDB Help
To get a list of commands, type db.help in MongoDB client. This will give you a list of commands as shown in
the following screenshot.

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MongoDB Statistics
To get stats about MongoDB server, type the command db.stats in MongoDB client. This will show the
database name, number of collection and documents in the database. Output of the command is shown in the
following screenshot.

MONGODB - DATA MODELLING

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Data in MongoDB has a flexible schema.documents in the same collection. They do not need to have the same
set of fields or structure, and common fields in a collections documents may hold different types of data.

Some considerations while designing Schema in MongoDB

Design your schema according to user requirements.

Combine objects into one document if you will use them together. Otherwise separate them
butmakesurethereshouldnotbeneedof joins.

Duplicate the data butlimited because disk space is cheap as compare to compute time.

Do joins while write, not on read.

Optimize your schema for most frequent use cases.

Do complex aggregation in the schema.

Example
Suppose a client needs a database design for his blog/website and see the differences between RDBMS and
MongoDB schema design. Website has the following requirements.

Every post has the unique title, description and url.

Every post can have one or more tags.
Every post has the name of its publisher and total number of likes.
Every post has comments given by users along with their name, message, data-time and likes.
On each post, there can be zero or more comments.

In RDBMS schema, design for above requirements will have minimum three tables.

While in MongoDB schema, design will have one collection post and the following structure

{
_id: POST_ID
title: TITLE_OF_POST,
description: POST_DESCRIPTION,
by: POST_BY,
url: URL_OF_POST,
tags: [TAG1, TAG2, TAG3],
likes: TOTAL_LIKES,

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comments: [
{
user:'COMMENT_BY',
message: TEXT,
dateCreated: DATE_TIME,
like: LIKES
},
{
user:'COMMENT_BY',
message: TEXT,
dateCreated: DATE_TIME,
like: LIKES
}
]
}

So while showing the data, in RDBMS you need to join three tables and in MongoDB, data will be shown from
one collection only.

MONGODB - CREATE DATABASE

In this chapter, we will see how to create a database in MongoDB.

The use Command

MongoDB use DATABASE_NAME is used to create database. The command will create a new database if it
doesn't exist, otherwise it will return the existing database.

Syntax

Basic syntax of use DATABASE statement is as follows

use DATABASE_NAME

Example
If you want to create a database with name <mydb>, then use DATABASE statement would be as follows

>use mydb
switched to db mydb

To check your currently selected database, use the command db

>db
mydb

If you want to check your databases list, use the command show dbs.

>show dbs
local 0.78125GB
test 0.23012GB

Your created database mydb is not present in list. To display database, you need to insert at least one
document into it.

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>db.movie.insert({"name":"tutorials point"})
>show dbs
local 0.78125GB
mydb 0.23012GB
test 0.23012GB

In MongoDB default database is test. If you didn't create any database, then collections will be stored in test
database.

MONGODB - DROP DATABASE

In this chapter, we will see how to drop a database using MongoDB command.

The dropDatabase Method

MongoDB db.dropDatabase command is used to drop a existing database.

Syntax

Basic syntax of dropDatabase command is as follows

db.dropDatabase()

This will delete the selected database. If you have not selected any database, then it will delete default 'test'
database.

Example
First, check the list of available databases by using the command, show dbs.

>show dbs
local 0.78125GB
mydb 0.23012GB
test 0.23012GB
>

If you want to delete new database <mydb>, then dropDatabase command would be as follows

>use mydb
switched to db mydb
>db.dropDatabase()
>{ "dropped" : "mydb", "ok" : 1 }
>

Now check list of databases.

>show dbs
local 0.78125GB
test 0.23012GB
>

MONGODB - CREATE COLLECTION

In this chapter, we will see how to create a collection using MongoDB.

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The createCollection Method

MongoDB db.createCollectionname, options is used to create collection.

Syntax

Basic syntax of createCollection command is as follows

db.createCollection(name, options)

In the command, name is name of collection to be created. Options is a document and is used to specify
configuration of collection.

Parameter Type Description

Name String Name of the collection to be created

Options Document Optional Specify options about memory size and

indexing

Options parameter is optional, so you need to specify only the name of the collection. Following is the list of
options you can use

Field Type Description

Optional If true, enables a capped collection. Capped collection is a fixed

size collection that automatically overwrites its oldest entries when it
capped Boolean
reaches its maximum size. If you specify true, you need to specify
size parameter also.

Optional If true, automatically create index on _id field.s Default value is

autoIndexId Boolean
false.

OptionalSpecifies a maximum size in bytes for a capped collection. If

size number
capped is true, then you need to specify this field also.

Optional Specifies the maximum number of documents allowed in the

max number
capped collection.

While inserting the document, MongoDB first checks size field of capped collection, then it checks max field.

Examples

Basic syntax of createCollection method without options is as follows

>use test
switched to db test
>db.createCollection("mycollection")

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{ "ok" : 1 }
>

You can check the created collection by using the command show collections.

>show collections
mycollection
system.indexes

The following example shows the syntax of createCollection method with few important options

>db.createCollection("mycol", { capped : true, autoIndexId : true, size :

6142800, max : 10000 } )
{ "ok" : 1 }
>

In MongoDB, you don't need to create collection. MongoDB creates collection automatically, when you insert
some document.

>db.tutorialspoint.insert({"name" : "tutorialspoint"})
>show collections
mycol
mycollection
system.indexes
tutorialspoint
>

MONGODB - DROP COLLECTION

In this chapter, we will see how to drop a collection using MongoDB.

The drop Method

MongoDB's db.collection.drop is used to drop a collection from the database.

Syntax

Basic syntax of drop command is as follows

db.COLLECTION_NAME.drop()

Example
First, check the available collections into your database mydb.

>use mydb
switched to db mydb
>show collections
mycol
mycollection
system.indexes
tutorialspoint
>

Now drop the collection with the name mycollection.

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>db.mycollection.drop()
true
>

Again check the list of collections into database.

>show collections
mycol
system.indexes
tutorialspoint
>

drop method will return true, if the selected collection is dropped successfully, otherwise it will return false.

MONGODB - DATATYPES
MongoDB supports many datatypes. Some of them are

String This is the most commonly used datatype to store the data. String in MongoDB must be UTF-
8 valid.

Integer This type is used to store a numerical value. Integer can be 32 bit or 64 bit depending upon
your server.

Boolean This type is used to store a boolean true/f alse value.

Double This type is used to store floating point values.

Min/ Max keys This type is used to compare a value against the lowest and highest BSON elements.

Arrays This type is used to store arrays or list or multiple values into one key.

Timestamp ctimestamp. This can be handy for recording when a document has been modified or
added.

Object This datatype is used for embedded documents.

Null This type is used to store a Null value.

Symbol This datatype is used identically to a string; however, it's generally reserved for languages
that use a specific symbol type.

Date This datatype is used to store the current date or time in UNIX time format. You can specify
your own date time by creating object of Date and passing day, month, year into it.

Object ID This datatype is used to store the documents ID.

Binary data This datatype is used to store binary data.

Code This datatype is used to store JavaScript code into the document.

Regular expression This datatype is used to store regular expression.

MONGODB - INSERT DOCUMENT

In this chapter, we will learn how to insert document in MongoDB collection.

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The insert Method

To insert data into MongoDB collection, you need to use MongoDB's insert or save method.

Syntax

The basic syntax of insert command is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.insert(document)

Example

>db.mycol.insert({
_id: ObjectId(7df78ad8902c),
title: 'MongoDB Overview',
description: 'MongoDB is no sql database',
by: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 100
})

Here mycol is our collection name, as created in the previous chapter. If the collection doesn't exist in the
database, then MongoDB will create this collection and then insert a document into it.

In the inserted document, if we don't specify the _id parameter, then MongoDB assigns a unique ObjectId for
this document.

_id is 12 bytes hexadecimal number unique for every document in a collection. 12 bytes are divided as follows

_id: ObjectId(4 bytes timestamp, 3 bytes machine id, 2 bytes process id,
3 bytes incrementer)

To insert multiple documents in a single query, you can pass an array of documents in insert command.

Example

>db.post.insert([
{
title: 'MongoDB Overview',
description: 'MongoDB is no sql database',
by: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 100
},

{
title: 'NoSQL Database',
description: "NoSQL database doesn't have tables",
by: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 20,
comments: [
{

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user:'user1',
message: 'My first comment',
dateCreated: new Date(2013,11,10,2,35),
like: 0
}
]
}
])

To insert the document you can use db.post.savedocument also. If you don't specify _id in the document
then save method will work same as insert method. If you specify _id then it will replace whole data of
document containing _id as specified in save method.

MONGODB - QUERY DOCUMENT

In this chapter, we will learn how to query document from MongoDB collection.

The find Method

To query data from MongoDB collection, you need to use MongoDB's find method.

Syntax

The basic syntax of find method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find()

find method will display all the documents in a non-structured way.

The pretty Method

To display the results in a formatted way, you can use pretty method.

Syntax

>db.mycol.find().pretty()

Example

>db.mycol.find().pretty()
{
"_id": ObjectId(7df78ad8902c),
"title": "MongoDB Overview",
"description": "MongoDB is no sql database",
"by": "tutorials point",
"url": "http://www.tutorialspoint.com",
"tags": ["mongodb", "database", "NoSQL"],
"likes": "100"
}
>

Apart from find method, there is findOne method, that returns only one document.

RDBMS Where Clause Equivalents in MongoDB

To query the document on the basis of some condition, you can use following operations.

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Operation Syntax Example RDBMS Equivalent

Equality {<key>: db.mycol.find" by .pretty where by = 'tutorials

<value>} ":" tutorialspoint " point'

Less Than {<key>: db.mycol.find" likes .pretty where likes < 50

{$lt: ": $lt : 50

<value>}}

Less Than Equals {<key>: db.mycol.find" likes .pretty where likes <= 50
{$lte: ": $lte : 50

<value>}}

Greater Than {<key>: db.mycol.find" likes .pretty where likes > 50

{$gt: ": $gt : 50

<value>}}

Greater Than Equals {<key>: db.mycol.find" likes .pretty where likes >= 50
{$gte: ": $gte : 50

<value>}}

Not Equals {<key>: db.mycol.find" likes .pretty where likes != 50

{$ne: ": $ne : 50

<value>}}

AND in MongoDB

Syntax

In the find method, if you pass multiple keys by separating them by ',' then MongoDB treats it as AND
condition. Following is the basic syntax of AND

>db.mycol.find(
{
$and: [
{key1: value1}, {key2:value2}
]
}
).pretty()

Example

Following example will show all the tutorials written by 'tutorials point' and whose title is 'MongoDB
Overview'.

>db.mycol.find({$and:[{"by":"tutorials point"},{"title": "MongoDB Overview"}]}).pretty() {

"_id": ObjectId(7df78ad8902c),
"title": "MongoDB Overview",
"description": "MongoDB is no sql database",
"by": "tutorials point",
"url": "http://www.tutorialspoint.com",

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"tags": ["mongodb", "database", "NoSQL"],

"likes": "100"
}

For the above given example, equivalent where clause will be ' where by = 'tutorials point' AND title =
'MongoDB Overview' '. You can pass any number of key, value pairs in find clause.

OR in MongoDB

Syntax

To query documents based on the OR condition, you need to use $or keyword. Following is the basic syntax of
OR

>db.mycol.find(
{
$or: [
{key1: value1}, {key2:value2}
]
}
).pretty()

Example

Following example will show all the tutorials written by 'tutorials point' or whose title is 'MongoDB Overview'.

>db.mycol.find({$or:[{"by":"tutorials point"},{"title": "MongoDB Overview"}]}).pretty()

{
"_id": ObjectId(7df78ad8902c),
"title": "MongoDB Overview",
"description": "MongoDB is no sql database",
"by": "tutorials point",
"url": "http://www.tutorialspoint.com",
"tags": ["mongodb", "database", "NoSQL"],
"likes": "100"
}
>

Using AND and OR Together

Example

The following example will show the documents that have likes greater than 10 and whose title is either
'MongoDB Overview' or by is 'tutorials point'. Equivalent SQL where clause is 'where likes>10 AND
by = tutorialspoint ORtitle = M ongoDBOverview '

>db.mycol.find({"likes": {$gt:10}, $or: [{"by": "tutorials point"},

{"title": "MongoDB Overview"}]}).pretty()
{
"_id": ObjectId(7df78ad8902c),
"title": "MongoDB Overview",
"description": "MongoDB is no sql database",
"by": "tutorials point",
"url": "http://www.tutorialspoint.com",
"tags": ["mongodb", "database", "NoSQL"],
"likes": "100"

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}
>

MONGODB - UPDATE DOCUMENT

MongoDB's update and save methods are used to update document into a collection. The update method
updates the values in the existing document while the save method replaces the existing document with the
document passed in save method.

MongoDB Update Method

The update method updates the values in the existing document.

Syntax

The basic syntax of update method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.update(SELECTION_CRITERIA, UPDATED_DATA)

Example
Consider the mycol collection has the following data.

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"MongoDB Overview"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will set the new title 'New MongoDB Tutorial' of the documents whose title is 'MongoDB
Overview'.

>db.mycol.update({'title':'MongoDB Overview'},{$set:{'title':'New MongoDB Tutorial'}})

>db.mycol.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"New MongoDB Tutorial"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}
>

By default, MongoDB will update only a single document. To update multiple documents, you need to set a
parameter 'multi' to true.

>db.mycol.update({'title':'MongoDB Overview'},
{$set:{'title':'New MongoDB Tutorial'}},{multi:true})

MongoDB Save Method

The save method replaces the existing document with the new document passed in the save method.

Syntax

The basic syntax of MongoDB save method is shown below

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.save({_id:ObjectId(),NEW_DATA})

Example

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Following example will replace the document with the _id '5983548781331adf45ec7'.

>db.mycol.save(
{
"_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point New Topic",
"by":"Tutorials Point"
}
)
>db.mycol.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"Tutorials Point New Topic",
"by":"Tutorials Point"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}
>

MONGODB - DELETE DOCUMENT

In this chapter, we will learn how to delete a document using MongoDB.

The remove Method

MongoDB's remove method is used to remove a document from the collection. remove method accepts two
parameters. One is deletion criteria and second is justOne flag.

deletion criteria Optional deletion criteria according to documents will be removed.

justOne Optional if set to true or 1, then remove only one document.

Syntax

Basic syntax of remove method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.remove(DELLETION_CRITTERIA)

Example
Consider the mycol collection has the following data.

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"MongoDB Overview"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will remove all the documents whose title is 'MongoDB Overview'.

>db.mycol.remove({'title':'MongoDB Overview'})
>db.mycol.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}
>

Remove Only One

If there are multiple records and you want to delete only the first record, then set justOne parameter in
remove method.

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.remove(DELETION_CRITERIA,1)

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Remove All Documents

If you don't specify deletion criteria, then MongoDB will delete whole documents from the collection. This is
equivalent of SQL's truncate command.

>db.mycol.remove()
>db.mycol.find()
>

MONGODB - PROJECTION
In MongoDB, projection means selecting only the necessary data rather than selecting whole of the data of a
document. If a document has 5 fields and you need to show only 3, then select only 3 fields from them.

The find Method

MongoDB's find method, explained in MongoDB Query Document accepts second optional parameter that is
list of fields that you want to retrieve. In MongoDB, when you execute find method, then it displays all fields
of a document. To limit this, you need to set a list of fields with value 1 or 0. 1 is used to show the field while 0
is used to hide the fields.

Syntax

The basic syntax of find method with projection is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find({},{KEY:1})

Example

Consider the collection mycol has the following data

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"MongoDB Overview"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will display the title of the document while querying the document.

>db.mycol.find({},{"title":1,_id:0})
{"title":"MongoDB Overview"}
{"title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{"title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}
>

Please note _id field is always displayed while executing find method, if you don't want this field, then you
need to set it as 0.

MONGODB - LIMIT RECORDS

In this chapter, we will learn how to limit records using MongoDB.

The Limit Method

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To limit the records in MongoDB, you need to use limit method. The method accepts one number type
argument, which is the number of documents that you want to be displayed.

Syntax

The basic syntax of limit method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().limit(NUMBER)

Example

Consider the collection myycol has the following data.

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"MongoDB Overview"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will display only two documents while querying the document.

>db.mycol.find({},{"title":1,_id:0}).limit(2)
{"title":"MongoDB Overview"}
{"title":"NoSQL Overview"}
>

If you don't specify the number argument in limit method then it will display all documents from the
collection.

MongoDB Skip Method

Apart from limit method, there is one more method skip which also accepts number type argument and is
used to skip the number of documents.

Syntax

The basic syntax of skip method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().limit(NUMBER).skip(NUMBER)

Example
Following example will display only the second document.

>db.mycol.find({},{"title":1,_id:0}).limit(1).skip(1)
{"title":"NoSQL Overview"}
>

Please note, the default value in skip method is 0.

MONGODB - SORT RECORDS

In this chapter, we will learn how to sort records in MongoDB.

The sort Method

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To sort documents in MongoDB, you need to use sort method. The method accepts a document containing a
list of fields along with their sorting order. To specify sorting order 1 and -1 are used. 1 is used for ascending
order while -1 is used for descending order.

Syntax

The basic syntax of sort method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().sort({KEY:1})

Example

Consider the collection myycol has the following data.

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"MongoDB Overview"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will display the documents sorted by title in the descending order.

>db.mycol.find({},{"title":1,_id:0}).sort({"title":-1})
{"title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}
{"title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{"title":"MongoDB Overview"}
>

Please note, if you don't specify the sorting preference, then sort method will display the documents in
ascending order.

MONGODB - INDEXING
Indexes support the efficient resolution of queries. Without indexes, MongoDB must scan every document of a
collection to select those documents that match the query statement. This scan is highly inefficient and require
MongoDB to process a large volume of data.

Indexes are special data structures, that store a small portion of the data set in an easy-to-traverse form. The
index stores the value of a specific field or set of fields, ordered by the value of the field as specified in the
index.

The ensureIndex Method

To create an index you need to use ensureIndex method of MongoDB.

Syntax

The basic syntax of ensureIndex method is as follows.

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.ensureIndex({KEY:1})

Here key is the name of the field on which you want to create index and 1 is for ascending order. To create
index in descending order you need to use -1.

Example

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>db.mycol.ensureIndex({"title":1})
>

In ensureIndex method you can pass multiple fields, to create index on multiple fields.

>db.mycol.ensureIndex({"title":1,"description":-1})
>

ensureIndex method also accepts list of options whichareoptional. Following is the list

Parameter Type Description

Builds the index in the background so that building an index does not
background Boolean block other database activities. Specify true to build in the background.
The default value is false.

Creates a unique index so that the collection will not accept insertion of
unique Boolean documents where the index key or keys match an existing value in the
index. Specify true to create a unique index. The default value is false.

The name of the index. If unspecified, MongoDB generates an index

name string name by concatenating the names of the indexed fields and the sort
order.

Creates a unique index on a field that may have duplicates. MongoDB

indexes only the first occurrence of a key and removes all documents
dropDups Boolean
from the collection that contain subsequent occurrences of that key.
Specify true to create unique index. The default value is false.

If true, the index only references documents with the specified field.
sparse Boolean These indexes use less space but behave differently in some situations
particularlysorts . The default value is false.

Specifies a value, in seconds, as a TTL to control how long MongoDB

expireAfterSeconds integer
retains documents in this collection.

index The index version number. The default index version depends on the
v
version version of MongoDB running when creating the index.

The weight is a number ranging from 1 to 99,999 and denotes the

weights document significance of the field relative to the other indexed fields in terms of
the score.

For a text index, the language that determines the list of stop words
default_language string and the rules for the stemmer and tokenizer. The default value is
english.

language_override string For a text index, specify the name of the field in the document that
contains, the language to override the default language. The default

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value is language.

MONGODB - AGGREGATION
Aggregations operations process data records and return computed results. Aggregation operations group
values from multiple documents together, and can perform a variety of operations on the grouped data to
return a single result. In SQL count and with group by is an equivalent of mongodb aggregation.

The aggregate Method

For the aggregation in MongoDB, you should use aggregate method.

Syntax

Basic syntax of aggregate method is as follows

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.aggregate(AGGREGATE_OPERATION)

Example
In the collection you have the following data

{
_id: ObjectId(7df78ad8902c)
title: 'MongoDB Overview',
description: 'MongoDB is no sql database',
by_user: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 100
},
{
_id: ObjectId(7df78ad8902d)
title: 'NoSQL Overview',
description: 'No sql database is very fast',
by_user: 'tutorials point',
url: 'http://www.tutorialspoint.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 10
},
{
_id: ObjectId(7df78ad8902e)
title: 'Neo4j Overview',
description: 'Neo4j is no sql database',
by_user: 'Neo4j',
url: 'http://www.neo4j.com',
tags: ['neo4j', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 750
},

Now from the above collection, if you want to display a list stating how many tutorials are written by each
user, then you will use the following aggregate method

> db.mycol.aggregate([{$group : {_id : "$by_user", num_tutorial : {$sum : 1}}}])

{

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"result" : [
{
"_id" : "tutorials point",
"num_tutorial" : 2
},
{
"_id" : "Neo4j",
"num_tutorial" : 1
}
],
"ok" : 1
}
>

Sql equivalent query for the above use case will be select by_user, count from mycol group by
by_user.

In the above example, we have grouped documents by field by_user and on each occurrence of by_user
previous value of sum is incremented. Following is a list of available aggregation expressions.

Expression Description Example

Sums up the defined value from all db.mycol.aggregate[$group

documents in the collection. :
$sum id :" $byu ser ", numt utorial

: $sum :" $likes "

Calculates the average of all given db.mycol.aggregate[$group

values from all documents in the : id :" $byu ser ", numt utorial
$avg
collection. : $avg :" $likes "

Gets the minimum of the db.mycol.aggregate[$group

corresponding values from all :
$min id :" $byu ser ", numt utorial

documents in the collection. : $min :" $likes "

Gets the maximum of the db.mycol.aggregate[$group

corresponding values from all :
$max id :" $byu ser ", numt utorial

documents in the collection. : $max :" $likes "

Inserts the value to an array in the db.mycol.aggregate[$group : id :" $byu ser ", url

$push resulting document. : $push :" $url "

Inserts the value to an array in the db.mycol.aggregate[$group ]

$addToSet resulting document but does not : id :" $byu ser ", url

create duplicates. : $addT oS et :" $url "

$first Gets the first document from the

source documents according to the

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grouping. Typically this makes only db.mycol.aggregate[$group ]

sense together with some previously : id :" $byu ser ", f irstu rl

applied $sort-stage. : $f irst :" $url "

Gets the last document from the db.mycol.aggregate[$group ]

source documents according to the : id :" $byu ser ", lastu rl

$last grouping. Typically this makes only : $last :" $url "

sense together with some previously

applied $sort-stage.

Pipeline Concept
In UNIX command, shell pipeline means the possibility to execute an operation on some input and use the
output as the input for the next command and so on. MongoDB also supports same concept in aggregation
framework. There is a set of possible stages and each of those is taken as a set of documents as an input and
produces a resulting set of documents orthef inalresultingJ S ON documentattheendof thepipeline. This can
then in turn be used for the next stage and so on.

Following are the possible stages in aggregation framework

$project Used to select some specific fields from a collection.

$match This is a filtering operation and thus this can reduce the amount of documents that are given
as input to the next stage.

$group This does the actual aggregation as discussed above.

$sort Sorts the documents.

$skip With this, it is possible to skip forward in the list of documents for a given amount of
documents.

$limit This limits the amount of documents to look at, by the given number starting from the current
positions.

$unwind This is used to unwind document that are using arrays. When using an array, the data is
kind of pre-joined and this operation will be undone with this to have individual documents again. Thus
with this stage we will increase the amount of documents for the next stage.

MONGODB - REPLICATION
Replication is the process of synchronizing data across multiple servers. Replication provides redundancy and
increases data availability with multiple copies of data on different database servers. Replication protects a
database from the loss of a single server. Replication also allows you to recover from hardware failure and
service interruptions. With additional copies of the data, you can dedicate one to disaster recovery, reporting,
or backup.

Why Replication?
To keep your data safe
High 24 7 availability of data
Disaster recovery
No downtime for maintenance likebackups, indexrebuilds, compaction

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Read scaling extracopiestoreadf rom

Replica set is transparent to the application

How Replication Works in MongoDB

MongoDB achieves replication by the use of replica set. A replica set is a group of mongod instances that host
the same data set. In a replica, one node is primary node that receives all write operations. All other instances,
such as secondaries, apply operations from the primary so that they have the same data set. Replica set can
have only one primary node.

Replica set is a group of two or more nodes generallyminimum3nodesarerequired.

In a replica set, one node is primary node and remaining nodes are secondary.

All data replicates from primary to secondary node.

At the time of automatic failover or maintenance, election establishes for primary and a new primary
node is elected.

After the recovery of failed node, it again join the replica set and works as a secondary node.

A typical diagram of MongoDB replication is shown in which client application always interact with the
primary node and the primary node then replicates the data to the secondary nodes.

Replica Set Features

A cluster of N nodes
Any one node can be primary
All write operations go to primary

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Automatic failover
Automatic recovery
Consensus election of primary

Set Up a Replica Set

In this tutorial, we will convert standalone MongoDB instance to a replica set. To convert to replica set,
following are the steps

Shutdown already running MongoDB server.

Start the MongoDB server by specifying -- replSet option. Following is the basic syntax of --replSet

mongod --port "PORT" --dbpath "YOUR_DB_DATA_PATH" --replSet "REPLICA_SET_INSTANCE_NAME"

Example

mongod --port 27017 --dbpath "D:\set up\mongodb\data" --replSet rs0

It will start a mongod instance with the name rs0, on port 27017.

Now start the command prompt and connect to this mongod instance.

In Mongo client, issue the command rs.initiate to initiate a new replica set.

To check the replica set configuration, issue the command rs.conf. To check the status of replica set
issue the command rs.status.

Add Members to Replica Set

To add members to replica set, start mongod instances on multiple machines. Now start a mongo client and
issue a command rs.add.

Syntax

The basic syntax of rs.add command is as follows

>rs.add(HOST_NAME:PORT)

Example

Suppose your mongod instance name is mongod1.net and it is running on port 27017. To add this instance
to replica set, issue the command rs.add in Mongo client.

>rs.add("mongod1.net:27017")
>

You can add mongod instance to replica set only when you are connected to primary node. To check whether
you are connected to primary or not, issue the command db.isMaster in mongo client.

MONGODB - SHARDING

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Sharding is the process of storing data records across multiple machines and it is MongoDB's approach to
meeting the demands of data growth. As the size of the data increases, a single machine may not be sufficient
to store the data nor provide an acceptable read and write throughput. Sharding solves the problem with
horizontal scaling. With sharding, you add more machines to support data growth and the demands of read
and write operations.

Why Sharding?
In replication, all writes go to master node
Latency sensitive queries still go to master
Single replica set has limitation of 12 nodes
Memory can't be large enough when active dataset is big
Local disk is not big enough
Vertical scaling is too expensive

Sharding in MongoDB
The following diagram shows the sharding in MongoDB using sharded cluster.

In the following diagram, there are three main components

Shards Shards are used to store data. They provide high availability and data consistency. In
production environment, each shard is a separate replica set.

Config Servers Config servers store the cluster's metadata. This data contains a mapping of the
cluster's data set to the shards. The query router uses this metadata to target operations to specific
shards. In production environment, sharded clusters have exactly 3 config servers.

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Query Routers Query routers are basically mongo instances, interface with client applications and
direct operations to the appropriate shard. The query router processes and targets the operations to
shards and then returns results to the clients. A sharded cluster can contain more than one query router
to divide the client request load. A client sends requests to one query router. Generally, a sharded
cluster have many query routers.

MONGODB - CREATE BACKUP

In this chapter, we will see how to create a backup in MongoDB.

Dump MongoDB Data

To create backup of database in MongoDB, you should use mongodump command. This command will
dump the entire data of your server into the dump directory. There are many options available by which you
can limit the amount of data or create backup of your remote server.

Syntax

The basic syntax of mongodump command is as follows

>mongodump

Example
Start your mongod server. Assuming that your mongod server is running on the localhost and port 27017,
open a command prompt and go to the bin directory of your mongodb instance and type the command
mongodump

Consider the mycol collection has the following data.

>mongodump

The command will connect to the server running at 127.0.0.1 and port 27017 and back all data of the server
to directory /bin/dump/. Following is the output of the command

Following is a list of available options that can be used with the mongodump command.

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Syntax Description Example

mongodump --host HOST_NAME --port This commmand will backup mongodump --host
PORT_NUMBER all databases of specified tutorialspoint.com --port
mongod instance. 27017

mongodump --dbpath DB_PATH --out This command will backup mongodump --dbpath
BACKUP_DIRECTORY only specified database at /data/db/ --out
specified path. /data/backup/

mongodump --collection COLLECTION This command will backup mongodump --collection

--db DB_NAME only specified collection of mycol --db test
specified database.

Restore data
To restore backup data MongoDB's mongorestore command is used. This command restores all of the data
from the backup directory.

Syntax

The basic syntax of mongorestore command is

>mongorestore

Following is the output of the command

MONGODB - DEPLOYMENT
When you are preparing a MongoDB deployment, you should try to understand how your application is going
to hold up in production. Its a good idea to develop a consistent, repeatable approach to managing your

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deployment environment so that you can minimize any surprises once youre in production.

The best approach incorporates prototyping your set up, conducting load testing, monitoring key metrics, and
using that information to scale your set up. The key part of the approach is to proactively monitor your entire
system - this will help you understand how your production system will hold up before deploying, and
determine where you will need to add capacity. Having insight into potential spikes in your memory usage, for
example, could help put out a write-lock fire before it starts.

To monitor your deployment, MongoDB provides some of the following commands

mongostat
This command checks the status of all running mongod instances and return counters of database operations.
These counters include inserts, queries, updates, deletes, and cursors. Command also shows when youre
hitting page faults, and showcase your lock percentage. This means that you're running low on memory,
hitting write capacity or have some performance issue.

To run the command, start your mongod instance. In another command prompt, go to bin directory of your
mongodb installation and type mongostat.

D:\set up\mongodb\bin>mongostat

Following is the output of the command

mongotop
This command tracks and reports the read and write activity of MongoDB instance on a collection basis. By
default, mongotop returns information in each second, which you can change it accordingly. You should

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check that this read and write activity matches your application intention, and youre not firing too many
writes to the database at a time, reading too frequently from a disk, or are exceeding your working set size.

To run the command, start your mongod instance. In another command prompt, go to bin directory of your
mongodb installation and type mongotop.

D:\set up\mongodb\bin>mongotop

Following is the output of the command

To change mongotop command to return information less frequently, specify a specific number after the
mongotop command.

D:\set up\mongodb\bin>mongotop 30

The above example will return values every 30 seconds.

Apart from the MongoDB tools, 10gen provides a free, hosted monitoring service, MongoDB Management
Service M M S , that provides a dashboard and gives you a view of the metrics from your entire cluster.

MONGODB - JAVA
In this chapter, we will learn how to set up MongoDB JDBC driver.

Installation
Before you start using MongoDB in your Java programs, you need to make sure that you have MongoDB
JDBC driver and Java set up on the machine. You can check Java tutorial for Java installation on your
machine. Now, let us check how to set up MongoDB JDBC driver.

You need to download the jar from the path Download mongo.jar. Make sure to download the latest
release of it.

You need to include the mongo.jar into your classpath.

Connect to Database

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To connect database, you need to specify the database name, if the database doesn't exist then MongoDB
creates it automatically.

Following is the code snippet to connect to the database

import com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase;
import com.mongodb.MongoClient;
import com.mongodb.MongoCredential;

public class ConnectToDB {

public static void main( String args[] ) {

// Creating a Mongo client

MongoClient mongo = new MongoClient( "localhost" , 27017 );

// Creating Credentials
MongoCredential credential;
credential = MongoCredential.createCredential("sampleUser", "myDb",
"password".toCharArray());
System.out.println("Connected to the database successfully");

// Accessing the database

MongoDatabase database = mongo.getDatabase("myDb");
System.out.println("Credentials ::"+ credential);
}
}

Now, let's compile and run the above program to create our database myDb as shown below.

$javac ConnectToDB.java
$java ConnectToDB

On executing, the above program gives you the following output.

Connected to the database successfully

Credentials ::MongoCredential{
mechanism = null,
userName = 'sampleUser',
source = 'myDb',
password = <hidden>,
mechanismProperties = {}
}

Create a Collection
To create a collection, createCollection method of com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase class is used.

Following is the code snippet to create a collection

import com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase;
import com.mongodb.MongoClient;
import com.mongodb.MongoCredential;

public class CreatingCollection {

public static void main( String args[] ) {

// Creating a Mongo client

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MongoClient mongo = new MongoClient( "localhost" , 27017 );

// Creating Credentials
MongoCredential credential;
credential = MongoCredential.createCredential("sampleUser", "myDb",
"password".toCharArray());
System.out.println("Connected to the database successfully");

//Accessing the database

MongoDatabase database = mongo.getDatabase("myDb");

//Creating a collection
database.createCollection("sampleCollection");
System.out.println("Collection created successfully");
}
}

On compiling, the above program gives you the following result

Connected to the database successfully

Collection created successfully

Getting/Selecting a Collection
To get/select a collection from the database, getCollection method of
com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase class is used.

Following is the program to get/select a collection

import com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection;
import com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase;

import org.bson.Document;
import com.mongodb.MongoClient;
import com.mongodb.MongoCredential;

public class selectingCollection {

public static void main( String args[] ) {

// Creating a Mongo client

MongoClient mongo = new MongoClient( "localhost" , 27017 );

// Creating Credentials
MongoCredential credential;
credential = MongoCredential.createCredential("sampleUser", "myDb",
"password".toCharArray());
System.out.println("Connected to the database successfully");

// Accessing the database

MongoDatabase database = mongo.getDatabase("myDb");

// Creating a collection
System.out.println("Collection created successfully");

// Retieving a collection
MongoCollection<Document> collection = database.getCollection("myCollection");
System.out.println("Collection myCollection selected successfully");
}
}

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On compiling, the above program gives you the following result

Connected to the database successfully

Collection created successfully
Collection myCollection selected successfully

Insert a Document
To insert a document into MongoDB, insert method of com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection class is
used.

Following is the code snippet to insert a document

import com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection;
import com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase;

import org.bson.Document;
import com.mongodb.MongoClient;
import com.mongodb.MongoCredential;

public class InsertingDocument {

public static void main( String args[] ) {

// Creating a Mongo client

MongoClient mongo = new MongoClient( "localhost" , 27017 );

// Creating Credentials
MongoCredential credential;
credential = MongoCredential.createCredential("sampleUser", "myDb",
"password".toCharArray());
System.out.println("Connected to the database successfully");

// Accessing the database

MongoDatabase database = mongo.getDatabase("myDb");

// Retrieving a collection
MongoCollection<Document> collection = database.getCollection("sampleCollection");
System.out.println("Collection sampleCollection selected successfully");

Document document = new Document("title", "MongoDB")

.append("id", 1)
.append("description", "database")
.append("likes", 100)
.append("url", "http://www.tutorialspoint.com/mongodb/")
.append("by", "tutorials point");
collection.insertOne(document);
System.out.println("Document inserted successfully");
}
}

On compiling, the above program gives you the following result

Connected to the database successfully

Collection sampleCollection selected successfully
Document inserted successfully

Retrieve All Documents

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To select all documents from the collection, find method of com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection class
is used. This method returns a cursor, so you need to iterate this cursor.

Following is the program to select all documents

import com.mongodb.client.FindIterable;
import com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection;
import com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase;

import java.util.Iterator;
import org.bson.Document;
import com.mongodb.MongoClient;
import com.mongodb.MongoCredential;

public class RetrievingAllDocuments {

public static void main( String args[] ) {

// Creating a Mongo client

MongoClient mongo = new MongoClient( "localhost" , 27017 );

// Creating Credentials
MongoCredential credential;
credential = MongoCredential.createCredential("sampleUser", "myDb",
"password".toCharArray());
System.out.println("Connected to the database successfully");

// Accessing the database

MongoDatabase database = mongo.getDatabase("myDb");

// Retrieving a collection
MongoCollection<Document> collection = database.getCollection("sampleCollection");
System.out.println("Collection sampleCollection selected successfully");

// Getting the iterable object

FindIterable<Document> iterDoc = collection.find();
int i = 1;

// Getting the iterator

Iterator it = iterDoc.iterator();

while (it.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(it.next());
i++;
}
}
}

On compiling, the above program gives you the following result

Document{{
_id = 5967745223993a32646baab8,
title = MongoDB,
id = 1,
description = database,
likes = 100,
url = http://www.tutorialspoint.com/mongodb/, by = tutorials point
}}
Document{{
_id = 7452239959673a32646baab8,

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title = RethinkDB,
id = 2,
description = database,
likes = 200,
url = http://www.tutorialspoint.com/rethinkdb/, by = tutorials point
}}

Update Document
To update a document from the collection, updateOne method of
com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection class is used.

Following is the program to select the first document

import com.mongodb.client.FindIterable;
import com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection;
import com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase;
import com.mongodb.client.model.Filters;
import com.mongodb.client.model.Updates;

import java.util.Iterator;
import org.bson.Document;
import com.mongodb.MongoClient;
import com.mongodb.MongoCredential;

public class UpdatingDocuments {

public static void main( String args[] ) {

// Creating a Mongo client

MongoClient mongo = new MongoClient( "localhost" , 27017 );

// Creating Credentials
MongoCredential credential;
credential = MongoCredential.createCredential("sampleUser", "myDb",
"password".toCharArray());
System.out.println("Connected to the database successfully");

// Accessing the database

MongoDatabase database = mongo.getDatabase("myDb");

// Retrieving a collection
MongoCollection<Document> collection = database.getCollection("sampleCollection");
System.out.println("Collection myCollection selected successfully");

collection.updateOne(Filters.eq("id", 1), Updates.set("likes", 150));

System.out.println("Document update successfully...");

// Retrieving the documents after updation

// Getting the iterable object
FindIterable<Document> iterDoc = collection.find();
int i = 1;

// Getting the iterator

Iterator it = iterDoc.iterator();

while (it.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(it.next());
i++;
}

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}
}

On compiling, the above program gives you the following result

Document update successfully...

Document {{
_id = 5967745223993a32646baab8,
title = MongoDB,
id = 1,
description = database,
likes = 150,
url = http://www.tutorialspoint.com/mongodb/, by = tutorials point
}}

Delete a Document
To delete a document from the collection, you need to use the deleteOne method of the
com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection class.

Following is the program to delete a document

import com.mongodb.client.FindIterable;
import com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection;
import com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase;
import com.mongodb.client.model.Filters;

import java.util.Iterator;
import org.bson.Document;
import com.mongodb.MongoClient;
import com.mongodb.MongoCredential;

public class DeletingDocuments {

public static void main( String args[] ) {

// Creating a Mongo client

MongoClient mongo = new MongoClient( "localhost" , 27017 );

// Creating Credentials
MongoCredential credential;
credential = MongoCredential.createCredential("sampleUser", "myDb",
"password".toCharArray());
System.out.println("Connected to the database successfully");

// Accessing the database

MongoDatabase database = mongo.getDatabase("myDb");

// Retrieving a collection
MongoCollection<Document> collection = database.getCollection("sampleCollection");
System.out.println("Collection sampleCollection selected successfully");

// Deleting the documents

collection.deleteOne(Filters.eq("id", 1));
System.out.println("Document deleted successfully...");

// Retrieving the documents after updation

// Getting the iterable object
FindIterable<Document> iterDoc = collection.find();
int i = 1;

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// Getting the iterator

Iterator it = iterDoc.iterator();

while (it.hasNext()) {
System.out.println("Inserted Document: "+i);
System.out.println(it.next());
i++;
}
}
}

On compiling, the above program gives you the following result

Connected to the database successfully

Collection sampleCollection selected successfully
Document deleted successfully...

Dropping a Collection
To drop a collection from a database, you need to use the drop method of the
com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection class.

Following is the program to delete a collection

import com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection;
import com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase;

import org.bson.Document;
import com.mongodb.MongoClient;
import com.mongodb.MongoCredential;

public class DropingCollection {

public static void main( String args[] ) {

// Creating a Mongo client

MongoClient mongo = new MongoClient( "localhost" , 27017 );

// Creating Credentials
MongoCredential credential;
credential = MongoCredential.createCredential("sampleUser", "myDb",
"password".toCharArray());
System.out.println("Connected to the database successfully");

// Accessing the database

MongoDatabase database = mongo.getDatabase("myDb");

// Creating a collection
System.out.println("Collections created successfully");

// Retieving a collection
MongoCollection<Document> collection = database.getCollection("sampleCollection");

// Dropping a Collection
collection.drop();
System.out.println("Collection dropped successfully");
}
}

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On compiling, the above program gives you the following result

Connected to the database successfully

Collection sampleCollection selected successfully
Collection dropped successfully

Listing All the Collections

To list all the collections in a database, you need to use the listCollectionNames method of the
com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase class.

Following is the program to list all the collections of a database

import com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase;
import com.mongodb.MongoClient;
import com.mongodb.MongoCredential;

public class ListOfCollection {

public static void main( String args[] ) {

// Creating a Mongo client

MongoClient mongo = new MongoClient( "localhost" , 27017 );

// Creating Credentials
MongoCredential credential;
credential = MongoCredential.createCredential("sampleUser", "myDb",
"password".toCharArray());

System.out.println("Connected to the database successfully");

// Accessing the database

MongoDatabase database = mongo.getDatabase("myDb");
System.out.println("Collection created successfully");
for (String name : database.listCollectionNames()) {
System.out.println(name);
}
}
}

On compiling, the above program gives you the following result

Connected to the database successfully

Collection created successfully
myCollection
myCollection1
myCollection5

Remaining MongoDB methods save, limit, skip, sort etc. work same as explained in the subsequent
tutorial.

MONGODB - PHP
To use MongoDB with PHP, you need to use MongoDB PHP driver. Download the driver from the url
Download PHP Driver. Make sure to download the latest release of it. Now unzip the archive and put
php_mongo.dll in your PHP extension directory " ext " bydef ault and add the following line to your php.ini
file

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extension = php_mongo.dll

Make a Connection and Select a Database

To make a connection, you need to specify the database name, if the database doesn't exist then MongoDB
creates it automatically.

Following is the code snippet to connect to the database

<?php
// connect to mongodb
$m = new MongoClient();

echo "Connection to database successfully";

// select a database
$db = $m->mydb;

echo "Database mydb selected";

?>

When the program is executed, it will produce the following result

Connection to database successfully

Database mydb selected

Create a Collection
Following is the code snippet to create a collection

<?php
// connect to mongodb
$m = new MongoClient();
echo "Connection to database successfully";

// select a database
$db = $m->mydb;
echo "Database mydb selected";
$collection = $db->createCollection("mycol");
echo "Collection created succsessfully";
?>

When the program is executed, it will produce the following result

Connection to database successfully

Database mydb selected
Collection created succsessfully

Insert a Document
To insert a document into MongoDB, insert method is used.

Following is the code snippet to insert a document

<?php
// connect to mongodb
$m = new MongoClient();
echo "Connection to database successfully";

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// select a database
$db = $m->mydb;
echo "Database mydb selected";
$collection = $db->mycol;
echo "Collection selected succsessfully";

$document = array(
"title" => "MongoDB",
"description" => "database",
"likes" => 100,
"url" => "http://www.tutorialspoint.com/mongodb/",
"by", "tutorials point"
);

$collection->insert($document);
echo "Document inserted successfully";
?>

When the program is executed, it will produce the following result

Connection to database successfully

Database mydb selected
Collection selected succsessfully
Document inserted successfully

Find All Documents

To select all documents from the collection, find method is used.

Following is the code snippet to select all documents

<?php
// connect to mongodb
$m = new MongoClient();
echo "Connection to database successfully";

// select a database
$db = $m->mydb;
echo "Database mydb selected";
$collection = $db->mycol;
echo "Collection selected succsessfully";

$cursor = $collection->find();
// iterate cursor to display title of documents

foreach ($cursor as $document) {

echo $document["title"] . "\n";
}
?>

When the program is executed, it will produce the following result

Connection to database successfully

Database mydb selected
Collection selected succsessfully {
"title": "MongoDB"
}

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Update a Document
To update a document, you need to use the update method.

In the following example, we will update the title of inserted document to MongoDB Tutorial. Following is
the code snippet to update a document

<?php
// connect to mongodb
$m = new MongoClient();
echo "Connection to database successfully";

// select a database
$db = $m->mydb;
echo "Database mydb selected";
$collection = $db->mycol;
echo "Collection selected succsessfully";

// now update the document

$collection->update(array("title"=>"MongoDB"),
array('$set'=>array("title"=>"MongoDB Tutorial")));
echo "Document updated successfully";

// now display the updated document

$cursor = $collection->find();

// iterate cursor to display title of documents

echo "Updated document";

foreach ($cursor as $document) {

echo $document["title"] . "\n";
}
?>

When the program is executed, it will produce the following result

Connection to database successfully

Database mydb selected
Collection selected succsessfully
Document updated successfully
Updated document {
"title": "MongoDB Tutorial"
}

Delete a Document
To delete a document, you need to use remove method.

In the following example, we will remove the documents that has the title MongoDB Tutorial. Following is
the code snippet to delete a document

<?php
// connect to mongodb
$m = new MongoClient();
echo "Connection to database successfully";

// select a database
$db = $m->mydb;
echo "Database mydb selected";

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$collection = $db->mycol;
echo "Collection selected succsessfully";

// now remove the document

$collection->remove(array("title"=>"MongoDB Tutorial"),false);
echo "Documents deleted successfully";

// now display the available documents

$cursor = $collection->find();

// iterate cursor to display title of documents

echo "Updated document";

foreach ($cursor as $document) {

echo $document["title"] . "\n";
}
?>

When the program is executed, it will produce the following result

Connection to database successfully

Database mydb selected
Collection selected succsessfully
Documents deleted successfully

In the above example, the second parameter is boolean type and used for justOne field of remove method.

Remaining MongoDB methods findOne, save, limit, skip, sort etc. works same as explained above.

MONGODB - RELATIONSHIPS
Relationships in MongoDB represent how various documents are logically related to each other. Relationships
can be modeled via Embedded and Referenced approaches. Such relationships can be either 1:1, 1:N, N:1
or N:N.

Let us consider the case of storing addresses for users. So, one user can have multiple addresses making this a
1:N relationship.

Following is the sample document structure of user document

{
"_id":ObjectId("52ffc33cd85242f436000001"),
"name": "Tom Hanks",
"contact": "987654321",
"dob": "01-01-1991"
}

Following is the sample document structure of address document

{
"_id":ObjectId("52ffc4a5d85242602e000000"),
"building": "22 A, Indiana Apt",
"pincode": 123456,
"city": "Los Angeles",
"state": "California"
}

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Modeling Embedded Relationships

In the embedded approach, we will embed the address document inside the user document.

{
"_id":ObjectId("52ffc33cd85242f436000001"),
"contact": "987654321",
"dob": "01-01-1991",
"name": "Tom Benzamin",
"address": [
{
"building": "22 A, Indiana Apt",
"pincode": 123456,
"city": "Los Angeles",
"state": "California"
},
{
"building": "170 A, Acropolis Apt",
"pincode": 456789,
"city": "Chicago",
"state": "Illinois"
}
]
}

This approach maintains all the related data in a single document, which makes it easy to retrieve and
maintain. The whole document can be retrieved in a single query such as

>db.users.findOne({"name":"Tom Benzamin"},{"address":1})

Note that in the above query, db and users are the database and collection respectively.

The drawback is that if the embedded document keeps on growing too much in size, it can impact the
read/write performance.

Modeling Referenced Relationships

This is the approach of designing normalized relationship. In this approach, both the user and address
documents will be maintained separately but the user document will contain a field that will reference the
address document's id field.

{
"_id":ObjectId("52ffc33cd85242f436000001"),
"contact": "987654321",
"dob": "01-01-1991",
"name": "Tom Benzamin",
"address_ids": [
ObjectId("52ffc4a5d85242602e000000"),
ObjectId("52ffc4a5d85242602e000001")
]
}

As shown above, the user document contains the array field address_ids which contains ObjectIds of
corresponding addresses. Using these ObjectIds, we can query the address documents and get address details
from there. With this approach, we will need two queries: first to fetch the address_ids fields from user
document and second to fetch these addresses from address collection.

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>var result = db.users.findOne({"name":"Tom Benzamin"},{"address_ids":1})

>var addresses = db.address.find({"_id":{"$in":result["address_ids"]}})

MONGODB - DATABASE REFERENCES

As seen in the last chapter of MongoDB relationships, to implement a normalized database structure in
MongoDB, we use the concept of Referenced Relationships also referred to as Manual References in
which we manually store the referenced document's id inside other document. However, in cases where a
document contains references from different collections, we can use MongoDB DBRefs.

DBRefs vs Manual References

As an example scenario, where we would use DBRefs instead of manual references, consider a database where
we are storing different types of addresses home, of f ice, mailing, etc. in different collections
address ome, address f f ice, address ailing, etc . Now, when a user collection's document references an
h o m

address, it also needs to specify which collection to look into based on the address type. In such scenarios
where a document references documents from many collections, we should use DBRefs.

Using DBRefs
There are three fields in DBRefs

$ref This field specifies the collection of the referenced document

$id This field specifies the _id field of the referenced document

$db This is an optional field and contains the name of the database in which the referenced
document lies

Consider a sample user document having DBRef field address as shown in the code snippet

{
"_id":ObjectId("53402597d852426020000002"),
"address": {
"$ref": "address_home",
"$id": ObjectId("534009e4d852427820000002"),
"$db": "tutorialspoint"},
"contact": "987654321",
"dob": "01-01-1991",
"name": "Tom Benzamin"
}

The address DBRef field here specifies that the referenced address document lies in address_home
collection under tutorialspoint database and has an id of 534009e4d852427820000002.

The following code dynamically looks in the collection specified by $ref parameter (address_home in our
case) for a document with id as specified by $id parameter in DBRef.

>var user = db.users.findOne({"name":"Tom Benzamin"})

>var dbRef = user.address
>db[dbRef.$ref].findOne({"_id":(dbRef.$id)})

The above code returns the following address document present in address_home collection

{
"_id" : ObjectId("534009e4d852427820000002"),
"building" : "22 A, Indiana Apt",
"pincode" : 123456,

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"city" : "Los Angeles",

"state" : "California"
}

MONGODB - COVERED QUERIES

In this chapter, we will learn about covered queries.

What is a Covered Query?

As per the official MongoDB documentation, a covered query is a query in which

All the fields in the query are part of an index.

All the fields returned in the query are in the same index.

Since all the fields present in the query are part of an index, MongoDB matches the query conditions and
returns the result using the same index without actually looking inside the documents. Since indexes are
present in RAM, fetching data from indexes is much faster as compared to fetching data by scanning
documents.

Using Covered Queries

To test covered queries, consider the following document in the users collection

{
"_id": ObjectId("53402597d852426020000002"),
"contact": "987654321",
"dob": "01-01-1991",
"gender": "M",
"name": "Tom Benzamin",
"user_name": "tombenzamin"
}

We will first create a compound index for the users collection on the fields gender and user_name using
the following query

>db.users.ensureIndex({gender:1,user_name:1})

Now, this index will cover the following query

>db.users.find({gender:"M"},{user_name:1,_id:0})

That is to say that for the above query, MongoDB would not go looking into database documents. Instead it
would fetch the required data from indexed data which is very fast.

Since our index does not include _id field, we have explicitly excluded it from result set of our query, as
MongoDB by default returns _id field in every query. So the following query would not have been covered
inside the index created above

>db.users.find({gender:"M"},{user_name:1})

Lastly, remember that an index cannot cover a query if

Any of the indexed fields is an array

Any of the indexed fields is a subdocument

MONGODB - ANALYZING QUERIES

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MONGODB - ANALYZING QUERIES

Analyzing queries is a very important aspect of measuring how effective the database and indexing design is.
We will learn about the frequently used $explain and $hint queries.

Using $explain
The $explain operator provides information on the query, indexes used in a query and other statistics. It is
very useful when analyzing how well your indexes are optimized.

In the last chapter, we had already created an index for the users collection on fields gender and
user_name using the following query

>db.users.ensureIndex({gender:1,user_name:1})

We will now use $explain on the following query

>db.users.find({gender:"M"},{user_name:1,_id:0}).explain()

The above explain query returns the following analyzed result

{
"cursor" : "BtreeCursor gender_1_user_name_1",
"isMultiKey" : false,
"n" : 1,
"nscannedObjects" : 0,
"nscanned" : 1,
"nscannedObjectsAllPlans" : 0,
"nscannedAllPlans" : 1,
"scanAndOrder" : false,
"indexOnly" : true,
"nYields" : 0,
"nChunkSkips" : 0,
"millis" : 0,
"indexBounds" : {
"gender" : [
[
"M",
"M"
]
],
"user_name" : [
[
{
"$minElement" : 1
},
{
"$maxElement" : 1
}
]
]
}
}

We will now look at the fields in this result set

The true value of indexOnly indicates that this query has used indexing.

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The cursor field specifies the type of cursor used. BTreeCursor type indicates that an index was used
and also gives the name of the index used. BasicCursor indicates that a full scan was made without
using any indexes.

n indicates the number of documents matching returned.

nscannedObjects indicates the total number of documents scanned.

nscanned indicates the total number of documents or index entries scanned.

Using $hint
The $hint operator forces the query optimizer to use the specified index to run a query. This is particularly
useful when you want to test performance of a query with different indexes. For example, the following query
specifies the index on fields gender and user_name to be used for this query

>db.users.find({gender:"M"},{user_name:1,_id:0}).hint({gender:1,user_name:1})

To analyze the above query using $explain

>db.users.find({gender:"M"},{user_name:1,_id:0}).hint({gender:1,user_name:1}).explain()

MONGODB - ATOMIC OPERATIONS

MongoDB does not support multi-document atomic transactions. However, it does provide atomic
operations on a single document. So if a document has hundred fields the update statement will either update
all the fields or none, hence maintaining atomicity at the document-level.

Model Data for Atomic Operations

The recommended approach to maintain atomicity would be to keep all the related information, which is
frequently updated together in a single document using embedded documents. This would make sure that
all the updates for a single document are atomic.

Consider the following products document

{
"_id":1,
"product_name": "Samsung S3",
"category": "mobiles",
"product_total": 5,
"product_available": 3,
"product_bought_by": [
{
"customer": "john",
"date": "7-Jan-2014"
},
{
"customer": "mark",
"date": "8-Jan-2014"
}
]
}

In this document, we have embedded the information of the customer who buys the product in the
product_bought_by field. Now, whenever a new customer buys the product, we will first check if the
product is still available using product_available field. If available, we will reduce the value of

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product_available field as well as insert the new customer's embedded document in the product_bought_by
field. We will use findAndModify command for this functionality because it searches and updates the
document in the same go.

>db.products.findAndModify({
query:{_id:2,product_available:{$gt:0}},
update:{
$inc:{product_available:-1},
$push:{product_bought_by:{customer:"rob",date:"9-Jan-2014"}}
}
})

Our approach of embedded document and using findAndModify query makes sure that the product purchase
information is updated only if it the product is available. And the whole of this transaction being in the same
query, is atomic.

In contrast to this, consider the scenario where we may have kept the product availability and the information
on who has bought the product, separately. In this case, we will first check if the product is available using the
first query. Then in the second query we will update the purchase information. However, it is possible that
between the executions of these two queries, some other user has purchased the product and it is no more
available. Without knowing this, our second query will update the purchase information based on the result of
our first query. This will make the database inconsistent because we have sold a product which is not
available.

MONGODB - ADVANCED INDEXING

Consider the following document of the users collection

{
"address": {
"city": "Los Angeles",
"state": "California",
"pincode": "123"
},
"tags": [
"music",
"cricket",
"blogs"
],
"name": "Tom Benzamin"
}

The above document contains an address sub-document and a tags array.

Indexing Array Fields

Suppose we want to search user documents based on the users tags. For this, we will create an index on tags
array in the collection.

Creating an index on array in turn creates separate index entries for each of its fields. So in our case when we
create an index on tags array, separate indexes will be created for its values music, cricket and blogs.

To create an index on tags array, use the following code

>db.users.ensureIndex({"tags":1})

After creating the index, we can search on the tags field of the collection like this

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>db.users.find({tags:"cricket"})

To verify that proper indexing is used, use the following explain command

>db.users.find({tags:"cricket"}).explain()

The above command resulted in "cursor" : "BtreeCursor tags_1" which confirms that proper indexing is used.

Indexing Sub-Document Fields

Suppose that we want to search documents based on city, state and pincode fields. Since all these fields are
part of address sub-document field, we will create an index on all the fields of the sub-document.

For creating an index on all the three fields of the sub-document, use the following code

>db.users.ensureIndex({"address.city":1,"address.state":1,"address.pincode":1})

Once the index is created, we can search for any of the sub-document fields utilizing this index as follows

>db.users.find({"address.city":"Los Angeles"})

Remember that the query expression has to follow the order of the index specified. So the index created above
would support the following queries

>db.users.find({"address.city":"Los Angeles","address.state":"California"})

It will also support the following query

>db.users.find({"address.city":"LosAngeles","address.state":"California",
"address.pincode":"123"})

MONGODB - INDEXING LIMITATIONS

In this chapter, we will learn about Indexing Limitations and its other components.

Extra Overhead
Every index occupies some space as well as causes an overhead on each insert, update and delete. So if you
rarely use your collection for read operations, it makes sense not to use indexes.

RAM Usage
Since indexes are stored in RAM, you should make sure that the total size of the index does not exceed the
RAM limit. If the total size increases the RAM size, it will start deleting some indexes, causing performance
loss.

Query Limitations
Indexing can't be used in queries which use

Regular expressions or negation operators like nin,not, etc.

Arithmetic operators like $mod, etc.
$where clause

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Hence, it is always advisable to check the index usage for your queries.

Index Key Limits

Starting from version 2.6, MongoDB will not create an index if the value of existing index field exceeds the
index key limit.

Inserting Documents Exceeding Index Key Limit

MongoDB will not insert any document into an indexed collection if the indexed field value of this document
exceeds the index key limit. Same is the case with mongorestore and mongoimport utilities.

Maximum Ranges
A collection cannot have more than 64 indexes.
The length of the index name cannot be longer than 125 characters.
A compound index can have maximum 31 fields indexed.

MONGODB - OBJECTID
We have been using MongoDB Object Id in all the previous chapters. In this chapter, we will understand the
structure of ObjectId.

An ObjectId is a 12-byte BSON type having the following structure

The first 4 bytes representing the seconds since the unix epoch
The next 3 bytes are the machine identifier
The next 2 bytes consists of process id
The last 3 bytes are a random counter value

MongoDB uses ObjectIds as the default value of _id field of each document, which is generated while the
creation of any document. The complex combination of ObjectId makes all the _id fields unique.

Creating New ObjectId

To generate a new ObjectId use the following code

>newObjectId = ObjectId()

The above statement returned the following uniquely generated id

ObjectId("5349b4ddd2781d08c09890f3")

Instead of MongoDB generating the ObjectId, you can also provide a 12-byte id

>myObjectId = ObjectId("5349b4ddd2781d08c09890f4")

Creating Timestamp of a Document

Since the _id ObjectId by default stores the 4-byte timestamp, in most cases you do not need to store the
creation time of any document. You can fetch the creation time of a document using getTimestamp method

>ObjectId("5349b4ddd2781d08c09890f4").getTimestamp()

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This will return the creation time of this document in ISO date format

ISODate("2014-04-12T21:49:17Z")

Converting ObjectId to String

In some cases, you may need the value of ObjectId in a string format. To convert the ObjectId in string, use the
following code

>newObjectId.str

The above code will return the string format of the Guid

5349b4ddd2781d08c09890f3

MONGODB - MAP REDUCE

As per the MongoDB documentation, Map-reduce is a data processing paradigm for condensing large
volumes of data into useful aggregated results. MongoDB uses mapReduce command for map-reduce
operations. MapReduce is generally used for processing large data sets.

MapReduce Command
Following is the syntax of the basic mapReduce command

>db.collection.mapReduce(
function() {emit(key,value);}, //map function
function(key,values) {return reduceFunction}, { //reduce function
out: collection,
query: document,
sort: document,
limit: number
}
)

The map-reduce function first queries the collection, then maps the result documents to emit key-value pairs,
which is then reduced based on the keys that have multiple values.

In the above syntax

map is a javascript function that maps a value with a key and emits a key-value pair

reduce is a javascript function that reduces or groups all the documents having the same key

out specifies the location of the map-reduce query result

query specifies the optional selection criteria for selecting documents

sort specifies the optional sort criteria

limit specifies the optional maximum number of documents to be returned

Using MapReduce
Consider the following document structure storing user posts. The document stores user_name of the user
and the status of post.

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{
"post_text": "tutorialspoint is an awesome website for tutorials",
"user_name": "mark",
"status":"active"
}

Now, we will use a mapReduce function on our posts collection to select all the active posts, group them on
the basis of user_name and then count the number of posts by each user using the following code

>db.posts.mapReduce(
function() { emit(this.user_id,1); },

function(key, values) {return Array.sum(values)}, {

query:{status:"active"},
out:"post_total"
}
)

The above mapReduce query outputs the following result

{
"result" : "post_total",
"timeMillis" : 9,
"counts" : {
"input" : 4,
"emit" : 4,
"reduce" : 2,
"output" : 2
},
"ok" : 1,
}

The result shows that a total of 4 documents matched the query status :" active " , the map function emitted 4
documents with key-value pairs and finally the reduce function grouped mapped documents having the same
keys into 2.

To see the result of this mapReduce query, use the find operator

>db.posts.mapReduce(
function() { emit(this.user_id,1); },
function(key, values) {return Array.sum(values)}, {
query:{status:"active"},
out:"post_total"
}

).find()

The above query gives the following result which indicates that both users tom and mark have two posts in
active states

{ "_id" : "tom", "value" : 2 }

{ "_id" : "mark", "value" : 2 }

In a similar manner, MapReduce queries can be used to construct large complex aggregation queries. The use
of custom Javascript functions make use of MapReduce which is very flexible and powerful.

MONGODB - TEXT SEARCH

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Starting from version 2.4, MongoDB started supporting text indexes to search inside string content. The Text
Search uses stemming techniques to look for specified words in the string fields by dropping stemming stop
words like a, an, the, etc. At present, MongoDB supports around 15 languages.

Enabling Text Search

Initially, Text Search was an experimental feature but starting from version 2.6, the configuration is enabled
by default. But if you are using the previous version of MongoDB, you have to enable text search with the
following code

>db.adminCommand({setParameter:true,textSearchEnabled:true})

Creating Text Index

Consider the following document under posts collection containing the post text and its tags

{
"post_text": "enjoy the mongodb articles on tutorialspoint",
"tags": [
"mongodb",
"tutorialspoint"
]
}

We will create a text index on post_text field so that we can search inside our posts' text

>db.posts.ensureIndex({post_text:"text"})

Using Text Index

Now that we have created the text index on post_text field, we will search for all the posts having the word
tutorialspoint in their text.

>db.posts.find({$text:{$search:"tutorialspoint"}})

The above command returned the following result documents having the word tutorialspoint in their post
text

{
"_id" : ObjectId("53493d14d852429c10000002"),
"post_text" : "enjoy the mongodb articles on tutorialspoint",
"tags" : [ "mongodb", "tutorialspoint" ]
}
{
"_id" : ObjectId("53493d1fd852429c10000003"),
"post_text" : "writing tutorials on mongodb",
"tags" : [ "mongodb", "tutorial" ]
}

If you are using old versions of MongoDB, you have to use the following command

>db.posts.runCommand("text",{search:" tutorialspoint "})

Using Text Search highly improves the search efficiency as compared to normal search.

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Deleting Text Index

To delete an existing text index, first find the name of index using the following query

>db.posts.getIndexes()

After getting the name of your index from above query, run the following command. Here, post_text_text is
the name of the index.

>db.posts.dropIndex("post_text_text")

MONGODB - REGULAR EXPRESSION

Regular Expressions are frequently used in all languages to search for a pattern or word in any string.
MongoDB also provides functionality of regular expression for string pattern matching using the $regex
operator. MongoDB uses PCRE P erlC ompatibleRegularExpression as regular expression language.

Unlike text search, we do not need to do any configuration or command to use regular expressions.

Consider the following document structure under posts collection containing the post text and its tags

{
"post_text": "enjoy the mongodb articles on tutorialspoint",
"tags": [
"mongodb",
"tutorialspoint"
]
}

Using regex Expression

The following regex query searches for all the posts containing string tutorialspoint in it

>db.posts.find({post_text:{$regex:"tutorialspoint"}})

The same query can also be written as

>db.posts.find({post_text:/tutorialspoint/})

Using regex Expression with Case Insensitive

To make the search case insensitive, we use the $options parameter with value $i. The following command
will look for strings having the word tutorialspoint, irrespective of smaller or capital case

>db.posts.find({post_text:{$regex:"tutorialspoint",$options:"$i"}})

One of the results returned from this query is the following document which contains the word
tutorialspoint in different cases

{
"_id" : ObjectId("53493d37d852429c10000004"),
"post_text" : "hey! this is my post on TutorialsPoint",
"tags" : [ "tutorialspoint" ]
}

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Using regex for Array Elements

We can also use the concept of regex on array field. This is particularly very important when we implement the
functionality of tags. So, if you want to search for all the posts having tags beginning from the word tutorial
eithertutorialortutorialsortutorialpointortutorialphp, you can use the following code

>db.posts.find({tags:{$regex:"tutorial"}})

Optimizing Regular Expression Queries

If the document fields are indexed, the query will use make use of indexed values to match the regular
expression. This makes the search very fast as compared to the regular expression scanning the whole
collection.

If the regular expression is a prefix expression, all the matches are meant to start with a certain
string characters. For e.g., if the regex expression is ^tut, then the query has to search for only those
strings that begin with tut.

WORKING WITH ROCKMONGO

RockMongo is a MongoDB administration tool using which you can manage your server, databases,
collections, documents, indexes, and a lot more. It provides a very user-friendly way for reading, writing, and
creating documents. It is similar to PHPMyAdmin tool for PHP and MySQL.

Downloading RockMongo
You can download the latest version of RockMongo from here: http://rockmongo.com/downloads

Installing RockMongo
Once downloaded, you can unzip the package in your server root folder and rename the extracted folder to
rockmongo. Open any web browser and access the index.php page from the folder rockmongo. Enter
admin/admin as username/password respectively.

Working with RockMongo

We will now be looking at some basic operations that you can perform with RockMongo.

Creating New Database

To create a new database, click Databases tab. Click Create New Database. On the next screen, provide
the name of the new database and click on Create. You will see a new database getting added in the left panel.

Creating New Collection

To create a new collection inside a database, click on that database from the left panel. Click on the New
Collection link on top. Provide the required name of the collection. Do not worry about the other fields of Is
Capped, Size and Max. Click on Create. A new collection will be created and you will be able to see it in the
left panel.

Creating New Document

To create a new document, click on the collection under which you want to add documents. When you click on
a collection, you will be able to see all the documents within that collection listed there. To create a new
document, click on the Insert link at the top. You can enter the document's data either in JSON or array
format and click on Save.

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Export/Import Data
To import/export data of any collection, click on that collection and then click on Export/Import link on the
top panel. Follow the next instructions to export your data in a zip format and then import the same zip file to
import back data.

MONGODB - GRIDFS
GridFS is the MongoDB specification for storing and retrieving large files such as images, audio files, video
files, etc. It is kind of a file system to store files but its data is stored within MongoDB collections. GridFS has
the capability to store files even greater than its document size limit of 16MB.

GridFS divides a file into chunks and stores each chunk of data in a separate document, each of maximum size
255k.

GridFS by default uses two collections fs.files and fs.chunks to store the file's metadata and the chunks.
Each chunk is identified by its unique _id ObjectId field. The fs.files severs as a parent document. The
files_id field in the fs.chunks document links the chunk to its parent.

Following is a sample document of fs.files collection

{
"filename": "test.txt",
"chunkSize": NumberInt(261120),
"uploadDate": ISODate("2014-04-13T11:32:33.557Z"),
"md5": "7b762939321e146569b07f72c62cca4f",
"length": NumberInt(646)
}

The document specifies the file name, chunk size, uploaded date, and length.

Following is a sample document of fs.chunks document

{
"files_id": ObjectId("534a75d19f54bfec8a2fe44b"),
"n": NumberInt(0),
"data": "Mongo Binary Data"
}

Adding Files to GridFS

Now, we will store an mp3 file using GridFS using the put command. For this, we will use the
mongofiles.exe utility present in the bin folder of the MongoDB installation folder.

Open your command prompt, navigate to the mongofiles.exe in the bin folder of MongoDB installation folder
and type the following code

>mongofiles.exe -d gridfs put song.mp3

Here, gridfs is the name of the database in which the file will be stored. If the database is not present,
MongoDB will automatically create a new document on the fly. Song.mp3 is the name of the file uploaded. To
see the file's document in database, you can use find query

>db.fs.files.find()

The above command returned the following document

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{
_id: ObjectId('534a811bf8b4aa4d33fdf94d'),
filename: "song.mp3",
chunkSize: 261120,
uploadDate: new Date(1397391643474), md5: "e4f53379c909f7bed2e9d631e15c1c41",
length: 10401959
}

We can also see all the chunks present in fs.chunks collection related to the stored file with the following code,
using the document id returned in the previous query

>db.fs.chunks.find({files_id:ObjectId('534a811bf8b4aa4d33fdf94d')})

In my case, the query returned 40 documents meaning that the whole mp3 document was divided in 40
chunks of data.

MONGODB - CAPPED COLLECTIONS

Capped collections are fixed-size circular collections that follow the insertion order to support high
performance for create, read, and delete operations. By circular, it means that when the fixed size allocated to
the collection is exhausted, it will start deleting the oldest document in the collection without providing any
explicit commands.

Capped collections restrict updates to the documents if the update results in increased document size. Since
capped collections store documents in the order of the disk storage, it ensures that the document size does not
increase the size allocated on the disk. Capped collections are best for storing log information, cache data, or
any other high volume data.

Creating Capped Collection

To create a capped collection, we use the normal createCollection command but with capped option as true
and specifying the maximum size of collection in bytes.

>db.createCollection("cappedLogCollection",{capped:true,size:10000})

In addition to collection size, we can also limit the number of documents in the collection using the max
parameter

>db.createCollection("cappedLogCollection",{capped:true,size:10000,max:1000})

If you want to check whether a collection is capped or not, use the following isCapped command

>db.cappedLogCollection.isCapped()

If there is an existing collection which you are planning to convert to capped, you can do it with the following
code

>db.runCommand({"convertToCapped":"posts",size:10000})

This code would convert our existing collection posts to a capped collection.

Querying Capped Collection

By default, a find query on a capped collection will display results in insertion order. But if you want the
documents to be retrieved in reverse order, use the sort command as shown in the following code

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>db.cappedLogCollection.find().sort({$natural:-1})

There are few other important points regarding capped collections worth knowing

We cannot delete documents from a capped collection.

There are no default indexes present in a capped collection, not even on _id field.

While inserting a new document, MongoDB does not have to actually look for a place to accommodate
new document on the disk. It can blindly insert the new document at the tail of the collection. This
makes insert operations in capped collections very fast.

Similarly, while reading documents MongoDB returns the documents in the same order as present on
disk. This makes the read operation very fast.

MONGODB - AUTO-INCREMENT SEQUENCE

MongoDB does not have out-of-the-box auto-increment functionality, like SQL databases. By default, it uses
the 12-byte ObjectId for the _id field as the primary key to uniquely identify the documents. However, there
may be scenarios where we may want the _id field to have some auto-incremented value other than the
ObjectId.

Since this is not a default feature in MongoDB, we will programmatically achieve this functionality by using a
counters collection as suggested by the MongoDB documentation.

Using Counter Collection

Consider the following products document. We want the _id field to be an auto-incremented integer
sequence starting from 1,2,3,4 upto n.

{
"_id":1,
"product_name": "Apple iPhone",
"category": "mobiles"
}

For this, create a counters collection, which will keep track of the last sequence value for all the sequence
fields.

>db.createCollection("counters")

Now, we will insert the following document in the counters collection with productid as its key

{
"_id":"productid",
"sequence_value": 0
}

The field sequence_value keeps track of the last value of the sequence.

Use the following code to insert this sequence document in the counters collection

>db.counters.insert({_id:"productid",sequence_value:0})

Creating Javascript Function

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Now, we will create a function getNextSequenceValue which will take the sequence name as its input,
increment the sequence number by 1 and return the updated sequence number. In our case, the sequence
name is productid.

>function getNextSequenceValue(sequenceName){

var sequenceDocument = db.counters.findAndModify({

query:{_id: sequenceName },
update: {$inc:{sequence_value:1}},
new:true
});

return sequenceDocument.sequence_value;
}

Using the Javascript Function

We will now use the function getNextSequenceValue while creating a new document and assigning the
returned sequence value as document's _id field.

Insert two sample documents using the following code

>db.products.insert({
"_id":getNextSequenceValue("productid"),
"product_name":"Apple iPhone",
"category":"mobiles"
})

>db.products.insert({
"_id":getNextSequenceValue("productid"),
"product_name":"Samsung S3",
"category":"mobiles"
})

As you can see, we have used the getNextSequenceValue function to set value for the _id field.

To verify the functionality, let us fetch the documents using find command

>db.products.find()

The above query returned the following documents having the auto-incremented _id field

{ "_id" : 1, "product_name" : "Apple iPhone", "category" : "mobiles"}

{ "_id" : 2, "product_name" : "Samsung S3", "category" : "mobiles" }

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