Assignment 1(Fall 2007)

(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 35
Due Date: 12/10/2007

Q.1.
Determine the power that is absorbed or supplied by the circuit elements in figure below.

Sol:
Power of 24v voltage source: As we see current is flowing out of the +ve terminal of 24v voltage source
so according to passive convention power is supplied by this element, its value is

P=VXI=24X2=48w

Power of element 1: we see current is flowing into the +ve of element 1 so according to passive
convention power is absorbed by this element, its value is

P=VXI=10X2=20w

Power of element 2: Current is flowing into the +ve of element 2 so according to passive convention
power is absorbed by this element, its value is

P=VXI=14X2=28w

Power supplied=power absorbed

48v=20+28

=48w
Q.2.
In the network given below find the voltage Vab .and Vs

Sol:
40v is dropped across 20Ω , therefore from Ohm’s law current I2 will be

I2=V/R=40/20=2A

As we know same current flows in series so same current I2 flowes through 10Ω.

Vab=IXR

=2X(10+20) ( As 60Ω and 30Ω are in parallel, same voltage drops)

Vab =60v

I3=Vab/60=60/60=1A

We know entering current =leaving current so

I1=I2+I3

=2+1

I1 =3A (that is current flowing through 5kΩ) therefore

V5k=I1XR=3AX5KΩ=15Kv OR =15000V

Vs=V5k+Vab=15000v+60=15060v
Q.3.
For the circuit shown in the figure below, all the resistors are given in K Ohms;
Find the total resistance RT in the following circuits. Draw the circuit diagram of each step
otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw the circuit diagram of each step otherwise you will
lose your marks. Write each step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention
the units of each derived value.

Sol:

Starting from right side we see, at point a current will not pass through R7(6Ω) but follow easy path
(short circuit path) and reach to point b.At point b again due to short circuit current will not pass
through R6 and R2 but follow short circuit path and thus passing through 7Ω completes its path to reach
voltage source V, so effect of 23Ω , 6Ω(R6) and 6Ω(R7) is neglected. Therefore circuit adopts the form as

From left we see that R1 and R3 are in parallel so

8x8/8+8=64/16=4Ω

4Ω and 2Ω are in series so

4+2=6Ω

Here 7Ω and 6Ω are in parallel so

7x6/7+6=42/13=3.23Ω
Hence Rt=3.23Ω
Assignment 2(Fall 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 29/10/2007

Q.1. For the network given below

(a) Find the total resistance and conductance.
(b) Determine Is and the current through each parallel branch.

Sol:

(a) We see here that all resistances are in parallel

So

1/Rt = 1/R1  1/R2  1/R3

Put the values

1/Rt =1/10  1/5  1/4

1/Rt = (2  4  5)/20
1/Rt = 11/20
Rt= 20/11
Rt = 1.81kΩ

Now
To calculate Conductance
We know conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, means
Conductance = 1/Rt
= 1/1.81KΩ
= 0.55 mili Siemens
(b) As all the resistors are in parallel so same 20v battery voltage are applied
across the all resistors.
V1
I1 
10k
20
I1 
10k
I1  2mA
v2
I2 
5k
20
I2 
5k
I 2  4mA
v3
I3 
4k
20
I3 
4k
I3  5mA
Apply the KCL Rule, we get

I S  I1  I 2  I3
I S  2mA  4mA  5mA
I S  11mA

Q.2.
Use Nodal analysis to find Voltage drop across 10Ω resistance in the network
given below. Identify and label each node otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each
step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived
value.
Sol: Labeling the nodes
Writing KCL for the two nodes;
KCL for node 1:
V1 V1  V2
  10  0
10 20
2V1  V1  V2
 10
20
3V1  V2
 10
20
3V1  V2  200........................................................ 1
KCL for node 2:
V2 V2  12 V2  V1
  0
2 4 20
2V2  V2  12 V2  V1
 0
4 20
5  3V2  12  +V2  V1  0
15V2  60  V2  V1  0
15V2 +V2 -V1  60
16V2 -V1  60..............................................(2)
Multiplying equ. (1) by 16 and adding in (2)
48V1  16V2  3200
-V1+16V2 =60
-----------------------------------
47V1  3260
3260
V1 
47
V1  69.36v

That is the voltage drop across 10 Ω

Q.3.
Use nodal analysis to find VO in the network given below. Label each node
otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the calculation to get maximum
marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

sol: Labeling fig.

6k ohm resistance is short circuited so role of 6kΩ is neglected.

v3  v4  0
Because they are connected to ground directly.

As 10v voltage source involves between two nodes so Making v1 and v2 a super node

Equation for super node

v1 v2 v2
   4 103  0
4 10 3 10 6 10
3 3 3

v1 v2 v2
  4
4 3 6
12  v1  12v2 12  v2 
   4(12)
4 3 6

3  v1   4v2  2  v2   48

3v1  6v2  48 -----------------------------------(1)

Also the constraint or coupling equation is

v1  v2  10 ---------------------------------(2)
Multiplying (2) by 6 and adding in (1)

3v1  6v2  48
6v1  6v2  60

9v1  108v
v1  12v
From the given figure

v1  v4  v0
Also

v4  0
So

v1  v0
v0  12v
Q.4.
(a) How much resistance is required to limit the current to 1.5 mA, if a 6v battery is
connected across the resistance?
Ans: We are given here
V=6v
I=1.5mA OR 1.5x10-3A
By ohm’s law V=IR so
R=V/I
R= 6/1.5x10-3
R=4KΩ

(b) Give your arguments about the statement that every short circuit is a close circuit but
every close circuit is not a short circuit.
Ans: It is necessary condition for a short circuit that it should be closed as current
cannot pass through open circuit. An electricl device will function only if the circuit is
closed. ie. current is allowed to pass through it. In the circuit there must be a energy
consuming device.
But before reaching any device if the circuit is completed (closed) heavy current will be
flowing through the circuit This is called "short circuit"
If the circuit is completed It is closed circuit whether it is passing through a device or not.
If the circuit is completed without a device it can be called a "short circuit"

……..Good Luck………
Assignment 3 (Fall 2007)
(SOLUTION)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 30
Due Date: 09/11/2007

Q.1. For the network given below Find V1 and V2

Sol:
We use Loop method and assign loop 1 and 2 for the given circuit.

Now we write KVL, and as from KVL, the sum of voltage around a closed loop is = 0

Therefore, writing KVL for loop 1

3 + V1-6 = 0
V1 = 3V

Writing KVL for loop 2 on the right:

-10 + V2 - V1 = 0

By putting the value of V1 we get:

-10 + V2 - 3 = 0
V2 = 13 V
Q.2.
You are given the network below. Use any method you desire to find Vda . Show your
complete work. Label circuit diagram properly otherwise you will loose marks..

SOL:
We assume that current I is passing through close path

Writing KVL for closed path abcde:

-30 + 8I + 12I – 70 + 5I + 10I + 50 + 15I= 0
-50 + 50I=0
50I=50 or I = 1A ------------- (i)

So the current flowing in the circuit is 1A.

Now we’ll calculate the Voltage between a and d. (Vda) following the path abcd
-30 + 8I + 12I – 70 + 5I + Vda=0 => -100 + 25I + Vda=0
Vda = 100 – 25I --------------- (ii)
Put the value of I from (i) into (ii)
Vda= 100 – 25 (1)
Vda= 100 – 25
Vda= 75v
We get same result if follow dea path
Writing kvl for dea path
10I+ 50+15I+Vad=0
10+50+15+Vad=0
75+Vad=0
Vad=-75 or
Vda=75v
Q.3.
Use loop analysis to find current Io through 10Ω resistance in the network given
below. Identify and label each loop otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step
of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived
value.

SOL: Labeling circuit for loop currents

Here I3=4A

Writing KVL for loop I1:

6I1 + 2 (I1 - I2)-10 = 0 => 6I1 + 2I1 - 2I2-10 =0
8I1 - 2I2 = 10 ----------------- (I)

KVL for loop I2:

10I2 + 4(I2 – I3)+ 2 (I2 - I1) = 0 => 16I2-2I1-4I3=0 putting I3=4
-2I1 + 16I2 = 16 ----------------- (II)

Multiplying (II) by 4 and adding in (I)

8I1 - 2I2 = 10
-8I1+64I2=64

62I2=74
I2=74/62
I2 =1.19
As Io=I2

so Io=1.19A
 Assignment 4(Fall 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 30
Due Date: 28/12/2007

Q.1.

Use nodal analysis to find IO in the given network. Identify and label each node
otherwise you will lose your marks. Label circuit diagram properly. Write each step of
the calculation to get maximum marks.

Sol:

Labeling circuit diagram for nodes

Writing KCL for node V1

V1/3+(V1-2)/2+(V1-V2)/1=0
2V1+3V1-6+6V1-6V2=0
11V1-6V2=6………………(I)
Writing KCL for node V2
V2/5+(V2-V1)/1-2=0
V2+5V2-5V1-10=0
-5V1+6V2=10…………….(II)
Adding (I) and (II)
11V1-6V2=6
-5V1+6V2=10
6V1=16
 V1=2.66v
Putting V1 in (I) 11(2.66)+6V2=6
29.33-6V2=6
V2=23.33/6
V2=3.88v
Here
Io=V1-V2/1
=2.66-3.88/1
Io =-1.22A

Q.2.
Use Mesh analysis to find voltage Vo in the given network. Draw and labeled
complete circuit diagram otherwise you will lose your marks.

Sol: Labeling fig. for mesh

KVL for loop 1

I1 = -5mA

KVL for loop 2

2(I2 – I1) - 15 + 1(I2-I3) = 0
2I2 – 2I1 - 15 + I2 – I3 = 0
-2I1 + 3I2 – I3 = 15
Putting I1 in Eq.
-2(-5) + 3I2 – I3 = 15
10 + 3I2 – I3 = 15
 3I2 – I3 = 15 – 10
3I2 – I3 = 5…………………(A) OR I2=5+I3/3

KVL for loop 3

15 + 1(I3 – I2) + 3(I3 – I4) = 0
15 + I3 – I2 + 3I3 – 3I4 = 0
-I2 + 4I3 – 3I4 = -15
Putting I2 value and simplifying we get

11I3-9I4=-40 ……………(B)

KVL for loop 4

4I4 +10 + 3(I4 – I3) = 0
4I4 + 3I4 – 3I3 = -10
-3I3 +7I4 = -10…………(C)
Multiplying (B) by 7 and (C) by 9 and adding we get
I3=-7.4mA so
I2=-0.8mA

Therefore VO=(I2-I3) 1K
VO=(-0.8+7.4)10-3 X103
VO=6.6v

Q.3
First Define all nodes and Identify and label each Mesh in the network.
Use Mesh analysis to find Current IO and Voltage Vo in the given network. Draw
and labeled complete circuit diagram otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each
step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each
derived value.
Sol: Labeling the figure for mesh and super mesh

KVL equation for loop 1 is

10I1+20(I1-I2) + 4V0 -50=0
As V0=30I3 so putting V0 value in above eq.

10I1+20I1-20I2+4(30I3)=50
30I1-20I2+120I3=50……….…..(A)

There is a current controlled current source between mesh 2 and 3, so Mesh 2 and Mesh 3 form
a Super Mesh:

Writing KVL for super mesh

40I2+30I3+20(I2-I1)-4V0 –120=0
40I2+30I3+20I2-20I1-4(30I3)=120
-20I1+60I2-90I3=120……………..(B)
Constraint equation is
I3-I2=2I0 As I0=I2 So
I3-I2=2I2
3I2-I3=0……………………….(C)
Multiplying eq (A) by 2 and (B) by 3 and adding we get

140I2-30I3=460 …………….(D)
Multiplying (C) by 30 and subtracting from (D)
140I2-30I3=460
-90I2+30I3=0
50I2=460
I2=9.2A =I0

Putting I2 in (C) I3=27.6A

V0=30I3
=30(27.6)
V0=828v
Assignment 5(Fall 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 35
Due Date: 17/01/2008

Q.1
Using source transformation find VO in the following network. Draw and label each
circuit diagram, otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of calculation and
also mention the units of each derived values.

Solution:
From left side we see 8k Ω is in parallel with 3mA source, so it can be converted into a
voltage source, using ohms law
V = IR = (3mA)(8k Ω ) = 24V
Our modified circuit will be:

In the above circuit 8kΩ resistor is in series with 4kΩ . we add them as 8k+4k=12k
24V is in series with 12k Ω resistor so it can be converted into a current source of value:
V 24V
I= = = 2mA Circuit will be
R 12k Ω

In the above circuit two current sources are parallel to each other, so current sources will
add up to give value:
I = 2mA + 2mA = 4mA

So the circuit adopts the form as :

Now 12kΩ resistor is in parallel with 6kΩ resistor so;

12k × 6k
12k Ω || 6k Ω = = 4k Ω
12k + 6k

4k Ω resistor is in parallel with 4mA source, so it can be converted into a voltage source.
V = IR = (4mA)(4k Ω ) = 16V
Our modified circuit will be:

Positive terminal of 16V battery is connected with the positive terminal of 12V battery
and negative terminal of 16V battery is connected with the negative terminal of 12V
battery. Net voltage will be
V = 16V − 12V = 4V
The circuit would be:
Applying voltage division rule:
R1
Vo = × Vs
R1 + R 2
4k
= × (4 )
4k + 4k
16
=
8
Vo =2V
Q.2.
Find the Vo in the network below using Thevenin’s Theorem. Draw and label the
circuit diagram of each step, otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of
calculation to get maximum marks also mention the units of each derived value.

…………Good Luck………..

Sol:
Step 1: Removing load resistance
Here 2k is load resistance across which we have to find Vo.

Step 2: Calculating Vth

We use nodal analysis method to determine Vth.

At node 1
V1-V3/2k = -2mA + 1mA
therefore V1-V3 = -2 ------------- (1)
At node 2
V2/1k + V2-V3/1k - 2mA=0
2V2 –V3=2 ---------------- (2)
At node 3
V3-V2/1k + V3-V1/2k+ V3-Vx/1k =4mA
5V3 -2V2-V1-2Vx=8 ----------------- (3)
At node x
 Vx-V3/1k + 1mA =0
Vx –V3 = -1------------ (4)
Writing equitation (3) in terms of V3 and Vx we have from (1) and (2)
5V3 -2-V3-V3+2-2Vx = 8
3V3 -2Vx = 8
Putting value of V3 from (4)
3Vx +3-2Vx=8
Vx =5V
so Voc= Vx =5V
Third step : Calculating Rth
by open circuiting the current source

Here 2kΩ is not in close path but has open terminal so

We will ignore its effect in the circuit
Therefore Rth will be sum of series 1k+1k+1k=3kΩ

Rth=3kΩ

Fourth step. Now Vo can be found reinserting load resistance 2kΩ in series of Rth (3kΩ)
and Vth

Using voltage division rule, Vo will be

5x 2
Vo= =10/5
3+2
V0=2v

…………Good Luck…………
Assignment 6(Fall 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 31/01/2008

Q.1
Find VO in the network given below using Thevenin’s theorem.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

Solution:
First step: Removing Load resistance
We remove load resistance 2k

Second resistance: Finding Vth

To find Vth we use node analysis method so
we assign nodes V1 and V2

Constraint equation is V2-V1=2kIx……………(A)

As Ix= 5-V1 Putting this value of Ix in (A)

2k
V2-V1=2k(5-V1)/2k
V2-V1=5-V1
V2=5v
Actually V2=Vth so
Vth=5v
Third step: Finding Rth
Because dependent voltage source involves in the circuit so working with dependent sources is different from
working with independent sources while applying Thevenin’s theorem .
For dependent source while calculating R we will short circuit the open terminals of the Thevenin circuit and
th
will calculate the I and then divide V with I to calculate R .
sc th sc th

Using nodal method

Isc=V2/1k

V2 can be calculated as in second step above which is V2=5v so

Isc=5/1k
Isc=5mA
Now Rth will be
Rth=Vth/Isc
=5/5mA
Rth =IKΩ

Fourth step: Reinserting Load resistance 2k in series of Rth and Vth

Now Vo can be calculated using voltage division rule.

Vo=2x5/2+1=10/3
Vo=3.33v
Q.2
Find VO in the network given below using Norton’s theorem.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the unit of each derived value.

Solution: First step:

Here 3kΩ is load resistance, replacing RL with a short circuit to find IN.

Second step: Finding IN

We find IN using loop method.

Here I1=4mA

Writing KVL for loop 2

6kI2-5+2k(I2-I1)=0
6kI2-5+2kI2-2kI1=0 Putting I1 value
6kI2-5+2kI2-8=0
8kI2-13=0
I2=13/8k
I2=1.62mA
Since I2=IN So IN=1.62mA

Third step: Calculating Rth

To calculate Rth we short circuit voltage source and open circuit current source of 4mA.

Since 6kΩ (To the left of circuit) becomes open due to open circuiting, we ignore its effect.
Now 2k and 6k are in series their sum is 2k+6k=8kΩ so
Rth=8kΩ
Fourth step:
Re-inserting Load resistance RL in the circuit in parallel of Rth and IN.

First we find Io using current division rule.

Io=8x1.62/8+3=12.96/11
Io=1.17mA

Now Vo=Iox3k
=1.17mAx3k
Vo=3.53v

Q.3
Below are given three diodes (a),(b),(c) with different polarities. Describe reverse/forward biased condition
of each with justification.

Answers:
Fig(a) In fig(a) diode is in reverse biased condition because +ve terminal of voltage source is connected to the
cathode of the diode through a resistance . The anode terminal of the diode is grounded.. Now the diode is in reversed
biased condition so, it will act as an open circuit.
Fig (b) In fig (b) diode is also in reversed biased condition because -ve terminal of voltage source is connected
to the anode of the diode through a resistance. The cathode terminal of the diode is grounded. Now the diode is in
reversed biased condition so, it will act as an open circuit.
Fig(c) In fig(c) diode is in forward biased condition because -ve terminal of voltage source is connected to the
cathode of the diode through a resistance. The anode terminal of the diode is grounded.. Now the diode is in forward
biased condition so, it will act as closed circuit.
Assignment 7(Fall 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 25
Due Date: 19/02/2008
Q.1.
Assume that the diode is germanium diode. Determine power dissipated through
3kΩ resistance. Also find current and voltage of resistance, considering diode to be
ideal. Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks.

Sol:
Here 10v is the source voltage (VS). As the diode is forward biased , so some of
voltage drops across diode for its farward biasing(VF) and remaining across
3KΩ (VR).Therefor
VS=VF+VR Formatted: Font: Bold
To find power dissipated through 3kΩ, first of all we determine VR so from above
VR=VS-VF For germanium VF=0.3v
VR=10-0.3
VR=9.7v

As P=VI=V2/R
P=V2/R
P=(9.7)2/3k
P=31.36mw

Now if we consider this diode to be ideal then no voltage drop will occur
Across it (VF=0), then we have
VS=VR
VR=10v
I=VR/R
I=10/3
I=3.33mMA
Q.2
Determine the dc voltage and current values for the circuit shown in the figure
below.Also find the diode Peak inverse voltage. Mention the units of each derived
value.

Sol.
Here we are given 20Vac rated transformer, the peak secondary voltage is found as
V2(pk) = 20/0.707
=28.28Vpk

The peak load voltage is now found as

VL(pk) = V2 – 1.4
VL(pk) =26.88Vpk
The dc load voltage is found as
Vave = 2VL(pk)/Π
=53.77/Π
Vave =17.12 Vdc
Finally the dc load current is found as
Iave = Vave/RL
= 17.12/10k
Iave = 1.71mA
Diode peak inverse voltage is
PIV= VL(pk) +0.7v
=27.58v
Q.3:
Consider a diode with n=1 which biased at 2mA.Find the change in currents as a result of
changing the voltage by (a) -10mv (b) +5mv (c) +10mv , using small signal model and
exponential model.
Sol:
For small signal model we have
Δv = rd Δi
Δi = Δv / rd
But
rd = n VT / I
=1 x 25m/2m
= 12.5ohms
Δi = Δv / 12.5
(a) Changing voltage at -10mv
Δi = -10 / 12.5
= -0.8mA
(b) For Δv=5mv
Δi = 5 / 12.5
=0.4mA
(c) For Δv=10mv
Δi = 10 / 12.5
=0.8mA

Now from exponential model

i = Is e v / nVT
we know that
ID + Δi = ID e Δv/nVT
ID + Δi = ID e Δv/nVT

Δi = ID (e Δv/nVT - 1)
We are given
ID = 2mA thus
Δi = 2(eΔv/nVT -1)

(a) For Δv=-10mv Δi = 2(eΔv/nVT -1)

Δi = 2(e-10/25 -1)
=2(-0.329)
=-0.659mA
(b) For Δv= 5mv Δi = 2(e5/25 -1)
 = 2(1.22-1)
=0.44mA

(c) For Δv= 10mv Δi = 2(e10/25 -1)

=0.98mA
Assignment 8(Fall 2007)

(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 25
Due Date: 29/02/2008
Q.1.
Draw the schematic diagrams for half wave and full wave rectifier and their typical
output waveform. Also write formulae to determine
i) Peak load voltage ii) DC load current iii)PIV , for both rectifiers.
Answer:
Half wave Rectifier:

(Input waveform) (Half wave rectifier) (Out put waveform)

i). Peak load voltage:

VL(pk) = V2(pk) – VF

ii). DC load current:

VL(pk) / RL

iii). PIV:
V2(pk)

Full wave rectifier:

11 1
i). Peak load voltage:
VL(pk)=V2(pk) / 2 - VF

ii). DC load current:

I =V /R
L(pk) L(pk) L

iii). PIV:
2VL(pk) + 0.7V

Q.2.
For each of the circuits shown in the figure below, find the emitter, base, and collector
voltages and currents. Use  20, but assume |VBE| = 0.3V independent of current
level.

SOL:
From fig (A) have
VB = 0V
VE = VB+0.3 =0.3V
IE= (5-VE) / 1.5 = (5- 0.3)/1.5 = 3.13mA
IC = ά IE = 20/21 x 3.13mA = 2.98mA
VC = -5 + 2xIC = -5 + 5.96 = 0.96V
IB = IC/  = 2.98 / 20 = 0.149mA
From fig (B) we have

VB = 4V
VE = VB+0.3 =4.3V
IE= (12-VE) / 2 = (12-4.3)/2 = 3.85mA
IC = ά IE = 20/21 x 3.85mA = 3.66mA
VC = IC x 5= 18.33V
IB = IC/  = 3.66/ 20 = 0.183mA