Computer Organization Lab Manual

Department of Computer Science

By: Engr. Naveed Alam

and Arshad Beg
Lab Venue

The Digital Logic Design Lab (DLD Lab) is one of the most important and well equipped lab of
the Department of Computer Science at SZABIST , Islamabad. This lab is conducted at the
Computer Interfacing Lab situated at the 2nd floor of the Computer Science Department.
Objectives & Courses

Scope of the Lab

The DLD Lab is for undergraduate coursework related to the course Computer Architecture. It is
one of the core modules of BSCS Computer Science therefore the lab has a significant
importance in the department.

Related Courses

This lab is designed such that the students get a hands on familiarity with the concepts they
come across in the course Computer Architecture that is the Digital Systems course. This is an
undergraduate course which deals with the basics of digital systems design and is a core
module of the BSCS . Computer Science coursework as it provides the prerequisites for
advance courses in digital Computer. Because of the significance of this course the DLD Lab
has been carefully designed to meet the course requirement.

Brief Overview of the Lab

The Lab is well equipped with both hardware and software facilities required by the students to
perform the necessary experiments designed for this lab. Details of the lab equipment has been
discussed in a proceeding section. Experiments are designed in such a way that the students
become well aware of the concepts they learn in the theory sessions. A list of experiments that
are conducted in this lab has also been mentioned in a proceeding section.
 Lab Description & Experiments

Lab Description

Hardware Labs have been designed to familiarize students with the Combinational Digital Logic Design
and Sequential Digital Logic Design through the implementation of Digital Logic Circuits using ICs of basic
logic gates and some simple digital logic circuits. Tools have been used in these labs. Finally, the skills
learnt in the implement some digital logic circuits on, using Kit Portable Advanced Laboratory Board.

Expected Outcomes

Students will learn the fundamentals of computer organization and its relevance to classical and modern
problems of computer design. 2. Students will be able to identify where, when and how enhancements
of computer performance can be accomplished. 3. Student will see how to use concepts of computer
organization in real-life settings using various PC performance improvements. 4. Students will also be
introduced to more recent applications of computer organization in advanced digital systems.

This is an introductory course in Computer Organization designed for students to become familiar with
the fundamentals of computer organization techniques and their application to computer engineering
problems. It provides essential tools that are needed from engineering professionals to measure a
simple PC performance.
 Course Outline
SN# Contents
1) INTRO. TO MASM & LINK SIMULATOR
2) INTRO. TO QTSPIM SIMULATOR
3) EXECUTION OF THREE INSRUCTION PROGRAM
4) ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM
a) ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM STATEMENT FORMAT
b) ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES > ASSUME
* *DEFINED BYTE
* *DEFINED DOUBLE WORD
* *DEFINED QUED WORD
* *DEFINED TEN WORD
* *DEFINED WORD
5) 8086 MICROPROCESSOR
a) PIN DIAGRAM
b) ARCHITECTURE
c) INSTRUCTION SETS
d) ADDRESSING MODES
e) ADDRESSING MODES
f) MIPS INSTRUCTION SETS
g) MIPS ASSEMBLY PROGRAMMING
6) a) Introduction , Print Screen and Commands of Qtspim.
b) Write a program that print hello world
7) a) Add and subtract two number
b) Implementation of IF Else Program in MIPS
8) Implementation of While Loop Program
9) Implementation of Sorting Algorithm
10) Write a program in which user Input data and print output on console
11) Write a program to demonstrate call a subroutine (Function)
12) Implementation of fibonacci series program In MIPS
 Introduction of COAL
Assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer or
other programmable device specific to a particular computer architecture in
contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally
portable across multiple systems.

A processor understands only machine language instructions, which are strings

of 1's and 0's. However, machine language is too obscure and complex for using
in software development. So, the low-level assembly language is designed for a
specific family of processors that represents various instructions in symbolic code
and a more understandable form.

An assembler program creates object code by translating combinations of

mnemonics and syntax for operations and addressing modes into their
numerical equivalents. This representation typically includes an operation
code ("opcode”) as well as other control bits. The assembler also calculates
constant expressions and resolves symbolic names for memory locations and
other entities. The use of symbolic references is a key feature of assemblers,
saving tedious calculations and manual address updates after program
modifications. Most assemblers also include macro facilities for performing
textual substitution – e.g., to generate common short sequences of instructions
as inline, instead of called subroutines.

In electronics engineering and computer engineering, micro-architecture, also

called computer organization and sometimes abbreviated as µarch or uarch, is
the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented in a
particular processor. A given ISA may be implemented with different micro-
architectures; implementations may vary due to different goals of a given
design or due to shifts in technology.

Tools:

1): Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM) is x86 assembler that uses the Intel syntax
for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows.
2): Linker is a computer program that takes one or more object files generated
by a compiler and combines them into a single executable file, library file, or
another object file.

A simpler version that writes its output directly to memory is called the loader,
though loading is typically considered a separate process.

3): Spim is a self-contained simulator that runs MIPS32 programs. It reads and
executes assembly language programs written for this processor. Spim also
provides a simple debugger and minimal set of operating system services.
Spim does not execute binary (compiled) programs.
Lab Experiment #1
Task : Make Assembly language program to multiply
two numbers.
Introduction :
In following experiment we will use MASM and LINK program to produce
assembly language program to do the multiplication. .asm file is
converted through masm to obj file then linker is used to link code
together. debug is used to create exe file and register commands are
used to move, store and execute arithmetic functions in register.

Commands: masm TEST12.asm

Link TEST12.obj

Debug TEST12.exe

l100

d100

g100

d100

Program :
DATA_HERE SEGMENT

NUM1 DW 204AH

NUM2 DW 3B6AH

PROD DW 2 DUP(0)

DATA_HERE ENDS

CODE_HERE SEGMENT
 ASSUME CS:CODE_HERE, DS:DATA_HERE

START: MOV AX, DATA_HERE

MOV DS, AX

MOV AX, NUM1

MUL NUM2

MOV PROD, AX

MOV PROD+2, DX

mov AH,4CH

INT 21H

CODE_HERE ENDS

END START

RESULT
Lab Experiment #2
Task : Make Assembly language program to subtract
two numbers.
Introduction :
In following experiment we will use MASM and LINK program to produce
assembly language program to do the multiplication. .asm file is
converted through masm to obj file then linker is used to link code
together. debug is used to create exe file and register commands are
used to move, store and execute arithmetic functions in register.

Commands: masm sub.asm

Link sub.obj

Debug sub.exe

l100

d100

g100

d100

Program :
DATA SEGMENT

NUM DW 6235H, 0F325H

SUB DW 2 DUP(0)

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

ASSUME CS: CODE, DS:DATA

START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX
 MOV AX,NUM ; First number loaded into AX

SUB AX,NUM+2 ; Second number added with AX

DOWN: MOV SUB,AX ; Storing the sum value

MOV AH,4CH

INT 21H

CODE ENDS

END START
Lab Experiment #3
Task : Make Assembly language program to divide
two numbers.
Introduction :
In following experiment we will use MASM and LINK program to produce
assembly language program to do the division .asm file is converted
through masm to obj file then linker is used to link code together. debug is
used to create exe file and register commands are used to move, store
and execute arithmetic functions in register.

Commands: masm divi.asm

Link divi.obj

Debug divi.exe

l100

d100

g100

d100

Program :
DATA SEGMENT

NUM1 DB 72H

NUM2 DB 2H

QUO DB 1 DUP (0)

REM DB 1 DUP (0)

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

ASSUME CS: CODE, DS:DATA

 START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV AX ,Data

MOV DS ,AX

MOV AL , NUM1

MOV AH, 0H

DIV NUM2

MOV QUO, AL

MOV REM ,AH

MOV AH,4CH

INT 21H

CODE ENDS

END START
EXPERIMENT # 4

Statement:
Using the command prompt generate masm and link files and also check if a number is positive or
negative?

Step 1:
Open the notepad to write the code which is given below and later save it as pn.asm in the same folder
i.e. D drive where masm and link are installed.

DATA SEGMENT

NUM DB 12H

MES1 DB 10,13,'DATA IS POSITIVE $'

MES2 DB 10,13,'DATA IS NEGATIVE $'

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV AL,NUM

ROL AL,1

JC NEGA

;Move the Number to AL.

;Perform the rotate left side for 1 bit position.

;Check for the negative number.

MOV DX,OFFSET MES1 ;Declare it positive.

JMP EXIT ;Exit program.

NEGA: MOV DX,OFFSET MES2;Declare it negative.

EXIT: MOV AH,09H

INT 21H

MOV AH,4CH

INT 21H

CODE ENDS

END START

Step 2:

Open the command prompt and enter the first command:

d: //this tells the location of masm and link

d: masm.pn.asm // this is used to generate the masm file and enter thrice until no
error is to be found

Step 3:

Now generate the object file using the link command. Commands are as follows:

Link pn.obj // enter thrice until no error is to be found.

Step 4:

Use the debug command to create the exe file

Debug pn.exe

L100

D100

The number that have been mentioned in the data will be shown on the screen as
shown in the result 1 below:
Step 5:

Enter the following commands

G100 //the program terminates

D100

The output of the pn will be shown which will tell that the data is positive number
EXPERIMENT # 5

Statement:
Using the command prompt generate masm and link files and also check if a number is positive or
negative?

Step 1:
Open the notepad to write the code which is given below and later save it as pn-ve.asm in the same
folder i.e. D drive where masm and link are installed.

DATA SEGMENT

NUM DB -12H

MES1 DB 10,13,'DATA IS POSITIVE $'

MES2 DB 10,13,'DATA IS NEGATIVE $'

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV AL,NUM

ROL AL,1

JC NEGA

;Move the Number to AL.

;Perform the rotate left side for 1 bit position.

;Check for the negative number.

MOV DX,OFFSET MES1 ;Declare it positive.

JMP EXIT ;Exit program.

NEGA: MOV DX,OFFSET MES2;Declare it negative.

EXIT: MOV AH,09H

INT 21H

MOV AH,4CH

INT 21H

CODE ENDS

END START

Step 2:

Open the command prompt and enter the first command:

d: //this tells the location of masm and link

d: masm.pn-ve.asm // this is used to generate the masm file and enter thrice until
no error is to be found

Step 3:

Now generate the object file using the link command. Commands are as follows:

Link pn-ve.obj // enter thrice until no error is to be found.

Step 4:

Use the debug command to create the exe file

Debug pn-ve.exe

L100

D100

The number that have been mentioned in the data will be shown on the screen as
shown in the result 1 below:
Step 5:

Enter the following commands

G100 //the program terminates

D100

The output of the pn-ve.asm file will be shown which will tell that the data is
negative number
Lab-6 :

Task-1:

Introduction to QTSpim Tool - A simulator of MIPS architecture.

QTSpim:

SPIM is an emulator for MIPS RISC computers written by James Larus at the University
of Wisconsin. It allows users to run programs written in MIPS RISC assembly language without
having access to a computer running a MIPS RISC chip.

There are two versions of SPIM (each is available both for Unix and for PCs). The simplest is a
command line version in which you type commands in response to a user prompt (this is the
version available here on osf1). The PC version of this can be run in a DOS window. The more
elaborate, and much more useful, version of SPIM has a graphical user interface and can be
used as a visual debugger as well as for running MIPS programs. Under Unix the graphical user
interface version requires X-Windows. The PC version runs under MS Windows.

Commands for Dos version:

The spim terminal interface provides the following commands:

exit Exit the simulator.

read “file” Read file of assembly language into

SPIM. If the file has already been read
into SPIM, the system must be cleared
(see reinitialize, below) or global
labels will be multiply defined.

load “file” Synonym for read.

execute “a.out” Read the MIPS executable file

a.out into SPIM. This command is only
available when SPIM runs on a sys- tem
containing a MIPS processor.

run <addr> Start running a program. If the

optional address addr is provided, the
program starts at that address. Oth-
erwise, the program starts at the
global label
 _ _start, which is usually the default
start-up code that calls the routine at the
global label main.

step <N> Step the program for N (default: 1) instructions.

Print instructions as they execute.

continue Continue program execution without stepping.

print $N Print register N.

print $fN Print floating-point

register N. print_all_regs Print all
registers. print_all_regs hex Print all
registers in hexadecimal.

print addr Print the contents of memory at address addr.

print_sym Print the names and addresses of the

global labels known to SPIM. Labels
are local by default and become global
only when declared in a .globl
assembler directive (see "Assember
Syntax" section on page A-47).

reinitialize Clear the memory and registers.

breakpoint addr Set a breakpoint at address addr. addr can be either a

memory address or symbolic label.

delete addr Delete all breakpoints at address addr.

list List all breakpoints.

Rest of line is an assembly instruction that is stored in

memory.
<nl> A newline reexecutes previous command.

? Print a help message.

Most commands can be abbreviated to their unique prefix (e.g.,

ex, re, l, ru, s,

p). More dangerous commands, such as reinitialize, require a

longer prefix.

Print Screens of GUI Version of QTSpim

Load A file:
Consol Result:
Task-2:

Writhe a program that print “Hello World”?

Code:

.data

msg: .asciiz "Hello World"

.extern foobar 4

.text

.globl main

main: li $v0, 4 # syscall 4 (print_str)

la $a0, msg # argument: string

syscall # print the string

lw $t1, foobar

jr $ra # retrun to caller

Output:

“Hello World”
******************-*-*-*-*-******************
Lab # 02 Task-1:

Write a program that Add and Subtract Numbers?

Code:

.globl main

.text #empty

main:

ori $t1,$0,25 #loading 25 in t1 register

ori $t2,$0,12 #loading 12 in t2 register

add $s1,$t1,$t2 #adding t1 and t2 in s1 register

sub $s2,$t1,$t2 #Sub t1 and t2 in s2 register

ori $v0,$0,10 #loading value 10 in v0 register for ending program

syscall #System call

Output Print Screen:

Add Result :

Subtraction Result:
Lab # 07

Task-2:

Writhe a program that implements IF Else Statement In MIPS?

Code:

globl main

.text #empty

main:

ori $t1,$0,25 #loading 25 in t1 register

ori $t2,$0,12 #loading 12 in t2 register

bne $t1,$t2, ELSE

add $s1,$t1,$t2 #adding t1 and t2 in s1 register

j Exit

ELSE:

sub $s2,$t1,$t2 #Sub t1 and t2 in s2 register

Exit:

ori $v0,$0,10 #loading value 10 in v0 register for ending program

syscall #System call

Output Print Screen:

Loading The program:

Insert value in a0 register:

Result of the statement in Register t1:

Lab # 08

Write a program that implements While Loop In MIPS?

Code:

.globl main

.text #empty

main:

ori $t1,$0,6 #loading 25 in t1 register j

ori $t2,$0,2 #loading 2 in t2 register k

ori $t3,$0,1 #loading 1 in t3 register i

ori $t4,$0,2 #loading 5 in t4 register result

ori $t5,$0,1

LOOP:

beq $t3,$t1,EXIT

add $t4,$t4,$t2 #adding t1 and t2 in s1 register

add $t3,$t3,$t5

j LOOP

EXIT:

ori $v0,$0,10 #loading value 10 in v0 register for ending program

syscall #System call

Output Print Screen:

First Input in register a0:

Inputs in Register a0 and v0:

Output in registers :
Final output:
Lab # 09

Write a program that implements Sorting Algorithm In MIPS?

Code:

.text

.globl main

main:

la $a0, Array # sets the base address of the array to $a0

loop:

lw $t0, 0($a0) # sets $t0 to the current element in array

lw $t1, 4($a0) # sets $t1 to the next element in array

blt $t1, $t0, swap # if the following value is greater, swap them
addi $a0, $a0, # advance the array to start at the next location

#from last time

j loop

# jump back to loop so we can compare next two elements

swap:

sw $t0, 4($a0) # store the greater numbers contents in the higher

#position in array (swap)

sw $t1, 0($a0) # store the lesser numbers contents in the lower

#position in array (swap)

li $a0, 0 # resets the value of $a0 back to zero so we can

#start from beginning of array

j loop # jump back to the loop so we can go through and

#find next swap

.data

Array: .word 14, 12, 13, 5, 9, 11, 3, 6, 7, 10, 2, 4, 8, 1

Output Print Screen:

Input:

Values In Registers:
Final Output:
Lab # 10

Task:

Write a program in which user Input data and print out on console

Code:

.globl main

.data

f: .word 0

.text

main:

lw $t0, f

li $t1, 5

sw $t1, f

li $v0, 5

syscall

sw $v0, f

lw $t3, f

li $v0, 1

move $a0, $t3

syscall

ori $v0, $0, 10

syscall
Output Print Screen:

Input:

Final Output:
Lab # 11

Task:

Write a program to demonstrate call a subroutine (Function).

Code:

# a program to demonstrate calling a subroutine.

# functions/subroutine computers power

.data

x: .word 3

y: .word 5

.text

.globl main

.ent main

main:

lw $a0,x

lw $a1,y

jal power

sw $s1,power

li $v0,10

syscall

.end main

.globl power

.ent power

power:

li $s1, 1
 li $t0, 0

powloop:

mul $s1,$s1,$a0

add $t0,$t0,1

blt $t0,$a1,powloop

jr $ra

.end power

Output Print Screen:

Input:

Values In registers :
Final Output:
Lab # 12

Task:

Implementation of fibonacci series program In MIPS:

Assembly Code :

main: addi $sp, $sp, -4

sw $ra, 0($sp)

addi $a0, $zero, 5

jal fibo;

lw $ra, 0($sp)

addi $sp, $sp, 4

fibo: addi $sp, $sp, -12

sw $s0, 0($sp)

sw $s1, 4($sp)

sw $ra, 8($sp)

slti $t0, $a0, 2

beq $t0, $zero, ELSE

addi $v0, $zero, 1

jr $ra

ELSE: addi $s0, $a0, 0

addi $a0, $a0, -1

jal fibo;
addi $s1, $v0, 0

addi $a0, $s0, -2

jal fibo

add $s1, $s1, $v0

j EXIT

EXIT: lw $s0, 0($sp)

lw $s1, 4($sp)

lw $ra, 8($sp)

addi $sp, $sp, 12

jr $ra

Output Print Screen:

INput:
Values In registers:

Values In registers:
Final Output: