Java

Quizmaster
for Beginners

L E AR N , T E S T AN D I M P R O VE YO UR J AVA S KI L L S I N
1 0 5 Q UI Z Z E S , 11 7 AS S I G N M E N T S AN D M AN Y C O D E
E X AM P L E S

Sar Maroof
Don't explain Java to me, but show me how it works!












Copyright © 2017 Sar Maroof
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-975-78178-1

 Table of contents
Introduction 4
Chapter 1—Data Types &
Variables ................................................................. 16
Chapter 2—
Operators ................................................................................................
Chapter 3—Conditional
Statements ................................................................. 40
Chapter 4—Iteration (Loop)
Statements ...................................................... 64
Chapter 5—Classes, Objects And
Constructors ........................................ 87
Chapter 6—
Methods ...................................................................................................
Chapter 7—Strings &
Stringbuffer ................................................................ 121
Chapter 8—Packages & Access
Modifiers ................................................... 137
Chapter 9—Arrays &
Arraylist ........................................................................ 145
Chapter 10—Static
Members ................................................................................. 165
Chapter 11—
Inheritance ..........................................................................................
Chapter 12—Final Classes & The Final
Keyword ............................... 199
Chapter 13—Abstract
Classes ............................................................................ 207
Chapter 14—
Interfaces ........................................................................................... 220
Chapter 15—
Casting .................................................................................................
Chapter 16—Nested
Classes ................................................................................. 242
Chapter 17—
Exceptions ..........................................................................................
 About the author
Sar Maroof is graduated from HBO Amsterdam “higher professional education”
when he had already a bachelor of science degree in Physics. In his academic
study, he also had the opportunity to study information technology. He was a
teacher when he decided to follow several professional trainings to start his
career as a Java, web developer. He has worked for many years for several big as
well as small companies and later as a freelancer.
The combination of his experiences and skills as a teacher and a Java web
developer inspired him to share his knowledge with enthusiastic younger
generations through writing books.
He handles his own method of teaching programming by focusing on a practical
way to learn it. This method is quite obvious in his books namely Java quizmaster
for beginners and Java assignment in practice.

 About this book
Thousands of words cannot describe a face better than a picture. This principle
also applies to learning programming. When I followed several trainings, the
focus was on theoretical explanations. Each lesson contained many terms and
technical words. Because of my background and experience as a teacher, I
wondered if that boring method was the best way to learn programming.
In reality, working as a programmer is quite different than what the most
traditional trainings would teach you. In fact, no one asks whether you know a
particular term, but you will get hundreds of lines of code, and you must be able to
deal with it. You will be asked to build new features. Sometimes you need to
write Java classes or develop a program. If you are not familiar with the code, the
theory can do very little for you. The most efficient way is not to bother with
theories in the beginning, but spend time to work with Java code. Change the
variables, statements and test the code over and over again to see what happens.
This book offers many complete executable small programs (quizzes) to
practice programming from the very beginning. Unfortunately, a computer doesn't
explain how it comes with a specific result, and that is why this book provides a
step by step explanation of the right answers to all the quizzes.
This method helps beginners to focus on testing the code. When the result of
executing the programs doesn't match their expectations, they start to think about
solving the problem.
The good news is that as soon as you start to understand the code, you can't stop
working with it. Many programmers work in the evening or even in the night
because it is a very creative and interesting work. This book prepares students for
what is expected from them and prevents them to memorize technical terms
without understanding it.
I do not mean that theory is not important, but focusing on all kinds of theories
from the beginning is ineffective and slow. If you start with programming, you will
face many problems that require being solved. In such cases, you will also learn a
lot from theories, because it supports what you practice.
If you work as a programmer, you can expect a number of types of assignments.
It doesn't matter what kind of companies you work.
You can expect the following assignments:

1. Understanding code that has been written by other programmers.
2. Building new features for existing software.
 3. Detecting bugs and fixing them in an existing program.
4. Developing new programs from scratch.

For the last point, you usually need a few years’ experience.
Each chapter in this book begins with a brief explanation about a particular
Java topic including one or more examples. Then you start to work with quizzes.

1. To choose the correct answer, you need to understand the code. That is
similar to the first point of our list. If you are unable to find the right
answer, you can read the step-by-step explanation of the answer. This is a
very practical method to understand the process.
2. After each quiz, you will be asked to add a small piece of your own code
to it to achieve a particular goal. Sometimes you will be asked to
investigate different variations to study other possible results.
3. In some quizzes, you will be warned why a certain change in the code can
lead to an infinite loop or a problem.
4. From the fifth chapter, you will get an assignment which requires you to
write a small program regards the whole chapter.
5.
Programming is solving problems, and that is the most interesting method to
learn it. If you have a problem, you start to think about a solution, and that helps
you to search for any information that can possibly help you to understand it. It has
also been taken into account that some Java-topics are not used so often, while
others you see almost in every program.
On www.sarmaroof.com, you can find more information about this book and
how to setup the code in Eclipse.

— Sar Maroof
 Required knowledge
This book focuses on learning how to program by practicing with code. There
will be little theoretical explanation – just enough to solve the quizzes. That is a
challenge because it is not easy to write a tiny executable program about only one
Java topic. In every executable program, you see different topics. All the
programs demonstrate a particular Java topic. This book divides the Java
programming language into some subjects. In each chapter, a number of small
executable programs is offered regards that specific topic. To make this possible,
it is important to be familiar with the following basics. It's not required that you
understand all the points below properly because details will be covered later in
this book.
The only thing you need to learn to start with is what the role of these points is
for the program to compile and run. Each chapter of this book begins with a brief
explanation, after which the quizzes follow. The codes are complete that you can
test, compile, and run.

1. Java editor
We use as Java editor, Eclipse including JDK 7 (Java Development Kit) or higher.
Eclipse is a free Java IDE (integrated development environment). You can find
and download Eclipse on the Internet. The JDK tools are included, which is
necessary when editing Java-programs. The source codes of Java are files with
the extension .java. The compiled bytecode files have the extension .class. Java is
a platform-independent programming language, which is why you can run Java
programs on every operating system.

2. Compiling programs
Compiling is the translation of source code into machine language with the help of
a tool (compiler). After compiling a source code, the program is directly
executable.

3. Java classes and interfaces
Java programs contain classes and interfaces. These two concepts are covered in
details later in this book. You only need for now is to learn that a class in Java
begins with a statement as class Myclass. Myclass is the name of the class, and
you can decide the name of the class. Every class in Java is stored in a file with
the name of the class. The class Myclass should be stored in a file with the name
of the class and the extension .java. The name of the file in our example is thus
MyClass.java. Each class name begins with the keyword class, and each interface
name begins with the keyword interface. Classes and interfaces also have
members like variables and methods. Methods are a block code between curly
braces.

Example 1

class MyClass
{
// code
}

The following interface must also be stored in a file with the name
MyInterface.java.

Example 2

interface MyInterface
{
// code
}

4. Statements
Statements in Java are similar to sentences in natural languages, and they are
executable units. A statement is usually ended with a semicolon (;).

5. Code block in Java
Code in Java is within a start and an end brace. This is called block of code.
Below are some examples of block codes.

Block type Block style
Class class MyClass
 {
// code
}
Method void myMethod
{
// code
}
The keyword void means that
the method doesn't return any
values.
Conditional if(x > 3)
{
// code
}
Iteration for( int i=0; i<5; i ++)
{
// code
}

6. The main method
The main method is a method that is needed to execute a Java program. The main
method begins as follows:

public static void main(String [] args)

For the moment it is important to learn the following about the main method. All
executable programs must have a main method such as below. The statements
within the main method are executed. The execution of the statements is done from
top to bottom. In the next example statement 1 is first executed, then statement 2
and at last statement 3. The following code writes 253 to the standard output.

Example 3

public class MyClass
{
 // statements;
// main method
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.print(2); // statement 1;
System.out.print(5); // statement 2;
System.out.print(3); // statement 3;
}
}

7. Writing values of variables and texts to the standard output
The statement System.out.println(); is used to test your program. It is not necessary
for now to understand all the details about this statement, but it is important to
know what you can do with this. You can use this statement to write values of
variables and texts to the standard output as shown in example 4.

Example 4

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x1 = 25; // Variable x1 is an integer
int x2 = 99; // Variable x2 is an integer
// statement 1 writes the value of x1 to the standard output
System.out.println(x1);
// statement 2 writes the value of x2 to the standard output
System.out.println(x2);
// statement 3 writes the text "My name is Emma." to the standard output
System.out.println("My name is Emma.");
/*
* statement 4 writes a combination of a text and
* a variable to the standard output
*/
System.out.println("Age: " + x1 + " year");
}
}

If you compile and run the code of example 4, the following will be written to the
standard output:

25
99
My name is Emma.
Age: 25 year

To write a text to the standard output, it must be between quotation marks, but for
the value of variables that is not required, see statement 1, 2 and 3 in the previous
example.
To write a combination of texts and variables to the standard output, you need
to use the plus (+) sign, see statement 4. To write the texts and the variables on
one line to the standard output you need to use print instead of println.

8. Comments
Comments are ignored by the compiler. Below are two ways to add comments to
your code.

1. Comment of a single line begins with two slashes //.
Everything on the right side of these characters, see Java as comments:

// comment of a single-line

2. Comment of multiple lines starts with /* and ends with */.
Everything between these two characters sees Java as comments:

/* here is a comment
of multiple lines */

9. Keywords
There are important keywords in Java that we use in the quiz codes such as static
and public. We use those keywords from the beginning because they help to write
small programs. The above-mentioned keywords will be explained in details later
in this book.

The Keyword static

The concept of static is important in Java, and it is treated in a separate chapter.
The only thing you need to learn for now is that this keyword helps to write small
executable programs. That is why we use the keyword static before the name of
some of the variables in the quiz codes. The following example makes this idea
clear.

Example 5

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
// static keyword before the variable name
static int x = 4;
// the main method to execute the program
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// statement 1: writes the value of the variable x
System.out.print(x);
// statement 2: writes the text "My Java code"
System.out.print(" My Java code");
}
}

The previous program writes 4 My Java code to the standard output. If you
remove the keyword static in the previous example, you get the following error
message:

Cannot make a static reference to the non-static field x.

In order to solve this problem, we need to create an object. Creating objects is
explained in chapter 5. Therefore, we declared the variable x static. This little
trick helps to avoid create objects in the beginning. That helps to create a small
executable program, and we focus on the subject that matter. The first statement in
the main method writes the value of the variable x to the standard output. The
second statement writes the text My Java code to the standard output. Don't forget
that we used here print instead of println, therefor the values of the variable and
the text are written on one line to the standard output.

The Keyword public

Java supports controlling access to the classes and class members by using
special keywords. Using the public keyword for the name of the class or the class
members (variables and methods) indicates that the class or the members are
accessible from other classes. This will be explained later in details.


 10. Java standard API (Application Programming Interface)
Java provides a lot of code that can be reused by programmers. It is important for
every Java programmers to use this free rich library, which is why it is introduced
in this book. For some of the assignments, you need to open this document which
helps how to use the code. You can find Java standard API here:

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/

11. Escape sequences
An escape sequence is a character preceded by a backslash. These characters
have a special meaning for the compiler. For example, if you have a double quote
within a double quote, you must use escape sequences. See the following example.
If you need to write the text “He says: “I go to London.”” to the standard output,
you should do that as follows.

System.out.print("He says: \"I go to Amsterdam\".");

Example 6

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
{
System.out.println("Apostrophe: " + "abcde\'fghij");
System.out.println("Double quotation mark : " + "abcde\"fghij");
System.out.println("Backslash: " + "abcde\\fghij");
System.out.println("New line: " + "abcde\nfghij");
System.out.println("New line 2: " + "abcde\ffghij");
System.out.println("Tab : " + "abcde\tfghij");
System.out.print("It was written \"Parking is not Allowed.\".");
}
}
}

If this code is compiled and run, the following is written to the standard output.

Apostrophe : abcde'fghij
Double quotation mark : abcde"fghij
Backslash : abcde\fghij
New line : abcde
fghij
New line 2 : abcdefghij
Tab : abcde fghij
It was written "Parking is not Allowed.".

The table of the escape sequences:

Escape sequence Description
\' single quote
\” double quote
\\ backslash character
\b backspace
\n newline
\r carriage return
\t tab
\f formfeed


 Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
Java is an object oriented programming language. The basic idea of the object-
oriented programming is creating a number of objects that communicate with
each other. Each object contains variables, and they communicate thorough
methods. The important principles of the object-oriented programming are
inheritance, polymorphism, and Encapsulation.

1. Inheritance: Inheritance is an important principle of object oriented
programming. Java supports inheritance to allow reusing code and
extending new classes based on exiting ones. Read chapter 11 for more
details about inheritance.
2. Polymorphism: It is the ability to use one method name to invoke many
different methods. There are two types of polymorphism.
1. Overriding or Dynamic Polymorphism: For method
overriding the choice is determined at runtime.
2. Overloading or Static Polymorphism: For method
overloading the choice is determined at compile time.
Read chapter 11 for more details about Overriding
methods and overloading methods.
3. Encapsulation: It is the ability of hiding data implementation by
restricting access to public accessor and mutator methods. Accessors are
used to get information about the state of an object, while mutators allow
you to modify the state of an object.


Chapter 1—Data Types &

Variables
There are 8 primitive data types in Java, which can be declared by
programmers. Those types are: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char and
boolean, which are divided into 4 categories as shown below.

Data Type (bits) Range, Description and
Examples
Integer Type
byte (8 bits) -27 to 27 – 1 , -128 to 127
The byte type is small and can be
used to save memory. Its default
value is 0.
Example: byte b = 20;
short (16 bits) -2¹5to 2¹ ⁵ - 1
The short type can also be used to
save memory. Its default value is
0.
Example: short s = 500;
int (32 bits) -2³¹ to 2³¹ - 1
The int type can be used for
bigger values. Its default value is
0.
Example: int i = 2500;
long (64 bits) -26³ to 26³ - 1
The long type can be used when
 you need a range of values wider
than those of
int. Its default value is 0.
Example: long l = 23333333333;
Floating-point Type
float (32) ~ -3.4 x 1038 to ~ 3.4 x 1038
The float type can be used when
floating-point types and values
are needed.
Example: float f = 1.4f
double (64) ~ -1.8 x 10308 to ~1.8 x 10308
The double type can be used
when floating-point types and
values are needed.
double is a default choice for
decimal values.
Example: double d = 22.3;
Character Type
char (16) 0 to 65,535
The char type can be used by
character types like a, b, c, d, $
Characters of type char are
always inside single quotes.
For the type char you can use a
unicode character as 'B' or as a
hexadecimal number of '\u0000'
to '\uFFFF'.
Examples:

'\u03A9' = Ω
'\u0045' = E
'\u20AC' = €
Example: char letter = 'd';
Boolean Type
boolean (1) The boolean type has two
 possible values either true or
false. It is false by default.
Example: boolean bool = true;

String A string is used for the texts in
Java, it is not a primary variable,
but it is an object. This book
covers string in a separate
chapter. Texts of the type string
are between double quotes.
Example: String text = “My
name is John”;

Data Type Default Value
byte, short, int, long 0
float, double 0.0
char '\u0000' (the null character)
boolean false
non-primitive data null
types (object) Objects are explained later
in this book.

Declaring and initializing variables
1. Variable type (always required)
2. Identifier (always required)
3. Initial value (not always required)

Examples

double price = 44.00;
int height;

The variable height has the default value of 0, because it is not initialized.
There are three types of variables in Java, namely local variables, instance
 variables and class variables.

1. Instance variables: An instance variable is declared within a class, but
outside of the methods, constructors or other blocks.
2. Local variables: A local variable is a variable that is declared within a
method, constructor or a block.
3. Class variables: Class variables are also called static variables. They are
declared once inside a class but outside the methods, constructors or blocks.
There is only one copy of the class variable is available.

Example

public class MyClass
{
double wage; // instance variable
static int counter; // class variable
void myMethod()
{
char gender = 'm'; // local variable
}
}

Quiz 1: Primitive data types and variables

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Worker
{
static boolean isMarried;

public static void main(String[] args)
{
int age = 29;
long bankAccount = 6552;
double wage = 110.30;
char gender = 'm'; // female: f, male: m
System.out.print(age + ", ");
 System.out.print(bankAccount + ", ");
System.out.print(wage + ", ");
System.out.print(isMarried + ", ");
System.out.print(gender);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "29, 6552, 110.3, false, m" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "29, 6552, 110.3, true, m" to the standard output.

Explanation

All the values of the variables are printed to the standard output.
Since boolean variable "isMarried" is not initialized, its value is by default
false.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. Declare a variable with the name isForeigner to know which workers are
foreigners.
2. We assume that the most workers are foreigners.
3. Add a statement to the program to write the value of the variable isForeigner
to the standard output.
4. Change the position of your previous statement in the code to see what
happens.
5. Try to assign the new values 45, 298888888, 124.89, to the variables age,
bank account, and wages. What is written to the standard output if the program
is compiled and run?

Quiz 2: Primitive data types and variables

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

 public class MyVariable
{
static byte b = 80;
static short s;
static float f1 = 3.50f;
static float f2;
static double d;

public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.print(b + ", ");
System.out.print(s + ", ");
System.out.print(f1 + ", ");
System.out.print(f2 + ", ");
System.out.print(d);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "80, 0, 3.5, 0.0, 0.0" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "80, 0, 3.5, 0, 0" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "80, 0, 3.5, 0.0, 0" to the standard output.

Explanation

The default value of integers is "0", but the default value of floats and doubles are
"0.0".

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. Assign the new values 122, 43.9f, 335.35 to the variables b, f2, d, and execute
the program to see what happens.
2. Declare a character type variable called "myChar".
3. Assign the value "Q" to the variable "myChar".
4. Add a statement to the code to print the value of myChar to the standard
output.
5. Change the position of your statement in the code to see what happens.

Quiz 3: Primitive data types default values

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
static int i;
static double d;
static boolean b;

public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.print(i + ", ");
System.out.print(d + ", ");
System.out.print(b);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "0, 0, false" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "0, 0.0, false" to the standard output.

Explanation

The correct answer is b, because the default value of double is "0.0".

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. Declare a variable called "myVar", and assign the value 1344.98 to it.
2. Declare a variable called "myVar2" directly under myVar, and assign the
 value "g" to it.
3. Declare a variable called "myVar3" directly under myVar2, and assign the
value 766 to it.
4. Add three statements to the the program to write the values of myVar,
myVar2 and myVar3 to the standard output.

Quiz 4: Assigning values to variables

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
static int i1 = 7;
static int i2 = 12;

public static void main(String[] args)
{
i1 = i1 - 3;
i2 = i2 + i1;
System.out.print(i1 + ", ");
System.out.print(i2 + " ");
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "7, 12" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "4, 19" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "4, 16" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "7, 19" to the standard output.
e. This program does not compile.

Explanation

i1 = i1 - 3 = 7- 3 = 4. the new value of i1 is 4, and that is why we use this value
in the second equation, i2 = i2 + i1 = 12 + 4 = 16.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments
1. Add the statement "i1 = 9;" directly under the statement "public static void
main(String[] args)".
2. Add the statement "i2 = 8;" directly under the previous statement.
3. What is written to the standard output if you compile and run the program?






Chapter 2—Operators
Operators are special symbols that are used to operate on one, two or three
operands and return a result. An example is:

age >= 40

In the previous example, age and 40 are operands of >=.
Java supports different types of operators such as: arithmetic, relational,
conditional, assignment, unary and comparison.

Arithmetic operators

Arithmetic operators are used by working with numbers and mathematical
expressions.

Arithmetic Description
operators
+ (Addition) 3 + 6 returns 9
- (subtraction) 8 – 6 returns 2
* (Multiplication) 4 * 5 returns 20
/ (Division) 20/4 returns 5
% (Modulus) Divides left operand by right
operand and returns remainder
17 % 5 returns 2, because
17/5 = 3 and the rest is 17 – (5
* 3) = 2

Relational operators

Relational operators are used by evaluating two operands for equality. The
answer is either true or false.

Relational Description
Operators
== Equal Checks the value of two
operands. If they are equal
returns true else returns false.
int x = 5, int y = 6;
(x == y) returns false.
!= Not equal Checks the value of two
operands. If they are not equal
returns true else returns false.
int x = 5, int y = 6;
(x != y) returns true.
> Greater than If the left operand value greater
than the right one returns true
else returns false.
(8 > 5) returns true.
< Less than If the left operand value is
smaller than the right one
returns true else returns false.
(8 < 5) returns false.
>= Greater or If the left operand value is
equal greater or equal to the right
one, returns true else returns
false.
(7 >= 7) returns true.
<= Less than or If the left operand value is
equal smaller or equal to the right one
returns true else returns false.
(6 <= 9) returns true


Conditional operators

Conditional operators are used by conditional statements. The conditional
statement types that Java supports are AND (&&) and OR( | | )

Conditional Description
operators
&& AND && combines two boolean
variables and returns true only
if both of its operands are true.
if (3 > 2 && 4 < 6 ) returns
true
if(6 > 3 && 3 < 2) returns false
| | OR | | combines two boolean
variables and returns true if one
or both of its operands are true.
If(1 > 2 | | 6 < 13) returns true
? : Ternary operator
Shorthand formulas
if-then-else statement
int n = 6;
int p = (n == 6) ? 4 :5;
The above statement means the
following.

if(n == 6) {
p = 4;
}
else {
p = 5;
}
Returns 4, because n is equal to
6.

Assignment operators

Assignment operators Description
= Assignment operator Assigns values to
variables.
x = a - b assigns the value
of a - b to x
+= Addition x += 5 is equivalent to x =
Assignment x + 5
-= Subtraction x -= 4 is equivalent to x = x
Assignment – 4
*= Multiplication x *= 3 is equivalent to x = x
Assignment * 3
/= Division x /= 2 is equivalent to x =
Assignment x/2
%= Modulus x %= 2 is equivalent to x =
Assignment x % 2
example 1
int x = 21;
x % 4; is equivalent to x =
x % 4
= 21 % 4 = 1.
x = 21 % 4 = the rest of 21
divided by 4 = 1.

example 2
int x = 17;
x % 3; means x = de rest
van 17/3 = 2.


Unary opeators

Unary operators Description
++ Increment Increments a value by 1.
int x = 20;
++ x returns 21
- - Decrement Decrements a value by 1
int x = 20;
- - x returns 19
! ! reverses the value of a
boolean expression.
boolean isDefected = false;
! isDefected returns true.

Type comparison operator

Comparison Description
operator
instanceof Compares an object to a
specified type.
Objects are later explained in
this book.

The if-block

The blocks of if-statements are only executed if the condition is true.

The following program writes XU to the standard output.

Example

public class IfBlock
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
if (13 == 6)
{
System.out.print("N");
/*
* This Block is ignored. N is not written to
* the standard output, because 13 is not equal to 6
*/
 }
if (12 <= 22)
{
System.out.print("X");
/*
* Writes X to the standard output,
* because 12 is less than 22
*/
}
if (21 > 8 && 3 != 5)
{
System.out.print("U");
/*
* Writes U to the standard output, because
* 21 is greater than 8 and 3 is not equal to 5
*/
}
}
}

Quiz 1: Arithmetic operators

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Calculate
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 20;
int y = 5;
int z = 3;
double d = 2.2;
double d2 = 3.7;
System.out.print(x / y + ", ");
System.out.print(x * z + ", ");
System.out.print(x + y - z + ", ");
System.out.print(x / y + z * 2 + ", ");
 System.out.print(d2 - d);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "4, 60, 22, 10, 1.5" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "4, 60, 22, 14, 1.5 " to the standard output.

Explanation

This exercise is a simple calculation.

x/y = 20/5 = 4;
x*z = 20*3 = 60;
x+y-z = 20+5-3 = 22;
x/y + z*2 = 20/5 + 3*2 = 4 + 6 = 10;
d2- d = 3.7-2.2 = 1.5;

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

What does each of the following three statements write to the standard output if
you add them directly under the statement System.out.println(d2 - d);

System.out.print(x * y / 10 + ", ");
System.out.print(2 * d2 + 2.5 + ", ");
System.out.print(z * 3 - 6);

Quiz 2: Modulus

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
 {
System.out.print(21 % 7 + ", ");
System.out.print(12 % 5 + ", ");
System.out.print(23 % 6);
}
}

Select the correct answer:
a. This code writes "3, 2, 3" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "0, 2, 5" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "3, 2, 5" to the standard output.

Explanation

Modulus % calculates the remainder of the left-hand operand divided by the right
one.

21/7 = 3. The remainder is 21 - (3 * 7) = 0.
12/5 = 2. The remainder is 12 - (5 * 2) = 12 -10 = 2.
23 % 6 = 3. The remainder is 23 - (6 * 3) = 23 -18 = 5

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

What does each of the following three statements write to the standard output if
you add them directly under the statement System.out.println(23 % 6);.

System.out.print(44 % 10 + ", ");
System.out.print(7 % 2 + ", ");
System.out.print(30 % 3);

Quiz 3: Increments & decrements

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 4;
int y = 6;
x--;
y++;
System.out.print(x + ", " + y);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "4, 7" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "4, 6" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "3, 7" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "3, 6" to the standard output.

Explanation
x = 4 and y = 6.
x-- decrements the value of x by 1.
x = x - 1 = 4 -1 = 3;
y++ increments the value of y by 1.
y = y + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

Research the following and execute the program to check out your expectation.

1. Add the statement x++; directly under the statement System.out.print(x + ",
" + y);.
2. Change the position of the statement x++; directly above the statement
System.out.print(x + ", " + y);.

Does the position of the statement x++; in de code make any difference?

Quiz 4: Relational operators

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 3;
int y = 8;
int z = 3;
if (x == z)
{
System.out.print("N");
}
if (x >= y)
{
System.out.print("O");
}
if (x <= z)
{
System.out.print("P");
}
if (z > y)
{
System.out.print("Q");
}
if (y != z)
{
System.out.print("R");
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

 a. This code writes "NOPQR" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "NR" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "NPR" to the standard output.
d. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

The conditional statement if(x == z) returns true, because both variables are equal
to 3.
N will be printed to the standard output.
The conditional statement if(x >= y) returns false because x is not greater or equal
to y.
The conditional statement if(x <= z) returns true, because x is equal to z and equal
to 3.
The letter P is written to the standard output.
The conditional statement if(z > y) is false because z = 3, but y = 8.
The conditional statement if(y != z) is true because z doesn't equal to y.
The letter R is written to the standard output.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. What is written to the standard output if you make the following changes?
2. Assign a new value 15 to the variable x and add the statement
3. System.out.print("Z"); directly under the statement System.out.print("O");
4. Execute the program to check out your expectation.

Quiz 5: Conditional operators

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
boolean isDefect = true;
 int x = 2;
int y = 7;
int z = 9;
if (x < y && x > 1)
{
System.out.print("N");
}
if (z > y || x > y)
{
System.out.print("O");
}
if (!isDefect)
{
System.out.print("P");
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "NO" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "OP" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "NP" to the standard output.

Explanation

The condition if(x < y && x > 1) returns true, because both operands are true.
The condition if(z > y || x > y) returns true, because the operand z > y is true.
|| (conditional or) returns true if one or both operands are true.
The condition if( ! isDefect) returns false, because isDetected is true and the sign !
reverses the value of the boolean.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

What is written to the standard output if you make the following changes to the
program?
Compile and run the code to check out your expectation.
1. Assign the value false to the variable isDefect.
2. Assign the value 1 to the variable x.

Quiz 6: Conditional operators

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
boolean isOld = false;
int x = 5;
int y = 14;
int z = 18;
if (y > x && z > y && (x + 12) >= z)
{
System.out.print("P");
}
if (x >= 6 || z <= y || z <= 18)
{
System.out.print("Q");
}
if (!isOld || y > z)
{
System.out.print("R");
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "PR" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "QR" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "PQR" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "PQ" to the standard output.

Explanation

The condition if(y > x && z > y && (x + 12) >= z) returns false, because one of
the operands namely (x + 12) >= z returns false.
The condition if(x >= 4 || z <= y || z <= 18) returns true, because one of the
operands return true namely z <= 18.
if( ! isOld || y > z) returns true, because one of the operands namely !isOld is true.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

What is written to the standard output if you make the following changes to the
program?
Compile and run the code to check out your expectation.

1. Assign the value "true" to the variable isOld.
2. Assign the value "17" to the variable "z".

Quiz 7: Assignment operators

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i1 = 3;
int i2 = 5;
int i3 = 12;
int i4 = 20;
i1 += 4;
i2 *= 3;
i3 /= 3;
i4 -= 12;
 System.out.print(i1 + ", ");
System.out.print(i2 + ", ");
System.out.print(i3 + ", ");
System.out.print(i4 + " ");
}
}

Select the correct answer:
a. This code writes "3, 5, 12, 20" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "4, 3, 3, 12" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "7, 15, 3, 8" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "7, 15, 4, 8 " to the standard output.

Explanation

i1 += 4 is equivalent to i1 = i1 + 4 = 3 + 4 = 7
i2 *= 3 is equivalent to i2 = i2 * 3 = 5 * 3 = 15
i3 /= 3 is equivalent to i3 = i3 / 3 = 12 / 3 = 4
i4 -= 12 is equivalent to i4 = i4 - 12 = 20 - 12 = 8

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

What is written to the standard output if you add the following statements to the
program?
Compile and run the code to check out your expectation.
Add the following statements directly under the statement i4 -= 12;.
1. i1 ++ ;
2. i2 -= 3;
3. i3 *= 2;
4. i4 /= 4;

Quiz 8: Assignment operators

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

 public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i1 = 22;
int i2 = 17;
int i3 = 30;
i1 %= 6;
i2 %= 5;
i3 %= 6;
System.out.print(i1 + " ");
System.out.print(i2 + " ");
System.out.print(i3 + " ");
}
}

Select the correct answer:
a. This code writes "3, 3, 5" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "4, 2, 0" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "3, 3, 1" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "2, 2, 0" to the standard output.

Explanation

22 %= 6. is equal to 4
17%= 5 is equal to 2
30%= 3 is equal to 0

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

What is written to the standard output if you add the following statements to the
program?
Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Add the following statements directly under the statement i3 %= 6;.

1. i1 %= 3;
2. i2 %= 7;

Quiz 9: Ternary operator

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 3;
int x2 = 8;
int y = (x == 3) ? 24 : 8;
int z = (x2 == 4) ? 33 : 21;
System.out.print(y);
System.out.print(z);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "833" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "2433" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "821" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "2421" to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement int y = (x == 3) ? 24: 8; is equivalent to:
if x is equal to 3, y is equal to 24;
if x is not equal to 3, y is equal to 8.
This returns 24, because x is equal to 3.
The statement int y = (x2 == 4) ? 33 : 21; returns 21, because x2 is not equal to 4.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

Assign the value 6 to the variable x and 4 to the variable x2. Wat is written to the
standard output if you compile and run the program?

Chapter 3—Conditional
Statements

if statements
The if statement tells the program to execute a certain block of code only if the
condition is true.
In the following example the statement if(11 != 11) returns false. Therefore the
body of the block is ignored. The letter A is not written to the standard output.
The statement if(12 > = 8) returns true, therefore the second block is executed,
and the letter B is written to the standard output.
The statement if(6 <= 13) returns true, therefore the third block is executed. The
letter C is written to the standard output.
The statement if(5 >= 7) returns false. Therefore the fourth block is ignored.
The letter D is not written to the standard output.

Example 1

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Block 1
if (11 != 11)
{
System.out.print("A");
}
// Block 2
if (12 >= 8)
 {
System.out.print("B");
}
// Block 3
if (6 <= 13)
{
System.out.print("C");
}
// Block 4
if (5 >= 7)
{
System.out.print("D");
}
}
}

if/else statements
The if statement allows executing a certain block of code only if the condition is
evaluated as true. If the condition returns false, the else block will be executed. In
the following example, The statement if(8 != 9) returns true. Therefore the first
block is executed. The letter X is written to the standard output.
The statement if(6 >= 8) returns false. Therefore the second block is ignored.
The letter Y is not written to the standard output.
The else block (block 3) is executed because the last if-block (block 2) returns
false.
The letter Z is written to the standard output.

Example 2

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Block 1
if (8 != 9)
{
 System.out.print("X");
}
// Block 2
if (6 >= 8)
{
System.out.print("Y");
}
// Block 3
else
{
System.out.print("Z");
}
}
}

if-/else-if statements
By working with a ladder of if/ else-if statements, the program starts with the first
if statement. As soon as a block is evaluated as true, the block associated with that
statement is executed. The remaining part of the ladder is ignored by the program.
If the condition returns false, the block is ignored, and the program continues with
the next else-if statement. As soon as a block is evaluated as true, the block is
executed and the program will ignore the remaining part of the else-if series.
In the following example, The statement if(6 == 9) returns false Therefore the
first block is ignored, and P is not written to the standard output. The program
continues with the next statement.
The statement if(4 >= 3) returns true, therefore the second block is executed.
The letter Q is written to the standard output. The rest of the blocks are ignored,
regardless whether the conditions return true or false.

Example 3

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Block 1
 if (6 == 9)
{
System.out.print("P");
}
// Block 2
else if (4 >= 3)
{
System.out.print("Q");
}
// Block 3
else if (5 > 4)
{
System.out.print("R");
}
// Block 4
else
{
System.out.print("S");
}
}
}

switch-/case statements
The switch statement is used to make a choice from several options. In such cases,
if-else statements are not handy, because you need to write a lot of statements to
achieve the same goal that can be easier achieved with a switch statement. See
example 4. A switch statement starts with the keyword switch.

switch-expression

The switch expression starts after the keyword switch in switch statements. A
switch expression is between parentheses. The switch expression must be of type
int , char , byte, or short. An example is: switch(day) .

case-label

 The constants that are behind the word case are case-labels. The case labels
are of the same variable type as the switch-expression, and they are ended with a
colon.

Examples

case 1: // A switch expression of the type int
case 'g': // A switch expression of the type char

Break statements

Without the break statement, the next case statement is executed. In most cases,
each case statement should use a break statement.

Default options

The default option is usually the last option in a switch statement. If none of the
cases match the switch expression, the default block will be executed. In example
4, an integer variable is declared, for the days of the week.
The day Sunday is 1, Monday is 2, and so on. If the variable day is equal to 1,
the statement after case, 1 is executed. In this case, Sunday is written to the
standard output. If the variable day is equal to 5, the statement under case 5 is
executed. In this case Thursday is written to the standard output, and so on.
If you choose a number that will not match with any of the case labels, the
default statement is executed. In that case, Invalid is written to the standard output.
Note that the execution of the program continues with the rest of the cases if you
remove all the break statements. In example 4, the day is an integer variable that is
equal to 5. Therefore, the statement after case 5 is executed, and Thursday is
written to the standard output. The program will not continue with the execution of
the rest of the statements because case 5 is ended with a break statement.

Example 4

public class Days
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
 int day = 5;

switch (day)
{
case 1:
System.out.print("Sunday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.print("Monday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.print("Tuesday");
break;
case 4:
System.out.print("Wednesday");
break;
case 5:
System.out.print("Thursday");
break;
case 6:
System.out.print("Friday");
break;
case 7:
System.out.print("Saturday");
break;
default:
System.out.print("Invalid");
}
}
}

You can also write the cases behind each other, as you see in example 5. If the
variable day is equal to 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the word Business day is written to the
standard output. If the variable day is equal to 6 or 7 the word Weekend is written
to the standard output. For all other numbers, the word Invalid is written to the
standard output.

 Example 5

public class Days
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int day = 4;
switch (day)
{
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5:
System.out.print("Business day.");
break;
case 6:
case 7:
System.out.print("Weekend.");
break;
default:
System.out.print("Invalid");
}
}
}

You can write the previous program using if-else-statements.

Example 6

public class Days
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int day = 4;

if (day > 0 && day <= 5)
 {
System.out.print("Business day.");
}
else if (day == 6 || day == 7)
{
System.out.print("Weekend.");
}
else
{
System.out.print("Invalid.");
}
}
}

Quiz 1: if statements

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 2;

if (i > 0)
{
System.out.print("X");
System.out.print("Y");
}
if (i > 3)
{
System.out.print("Z");
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "X" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "XY" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "Z" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "XYZ" to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement if(i > 0) is true, therefore the block is executed.
The statement System.out.print(“X”); writes X to the standard output.
The statement System.out.print(“Y”); writes Y to the standard output.
The statement if(i > 3) is false, because i is equal to 2, therefore this if block is
ignored.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

Add your own conditional statement to the program, and check out whether i is
equal to 2.
If your statement is true, the program should write "NXY" to the standard output.
Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Quiz 2: if statements

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = 3;
int b = 1;
int x = 0;

if (a > b)
{
 x++;
if (a > x)
{
x += 5;
}
x -= 4;
}
if (b == a)
{
x += 2;
if (x < b)
{
x += 3;
}
}
System.out.print(x);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "0" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "1" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "3" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "2" to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement if(a > b) is true. Therefore, the program executes the block.
The statement x++; adds one to the initial value of x.
x = 0 + 1.
The statement if(a > x) returns true.
The statement x += 5; adds 5 to the value of x.
x = 1 + 5= 6
The statement x -= 4; is equivalent to x = x - 4 = 6 – 4 = 2.
The next if block is:
if(b == a) which returns false. That is why the whole block is ignored.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

Add your own conditional statement to the program, and check out whether the
variable a is equal or smaller than 4.
If your statement returns true, the program should write 2G to the standard output.

Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Quiz 3: if-else statements

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
char c1 = 'g';
char c2 = 'h';

if (c1 == 'k')
{
System.out.print('w');
}
if (c2 == 'h')
{
System.out.print('x');
System.out.print('p');
}
if (c1 != c2)
{
System.out.print('y');
}
else
{
 System.out.print('z');
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "x" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "xpy" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "y" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "xz" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "xy" to the standard output.

Explanation

The first statement if(c1 == 'k') is false, therefore the block is ignored.
The Second statement if(c2 == 'h') is true, therefore the block is executed.
The letters x and p is printed to the standard output.
The third statement if(c1 != c2) is true, and the letter y is printed to the standard
output.
The last if statement is true, which is why the else block will not be executed.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

Add your own conditional statement to the program, and check out whether c1 is
equal to 'd'.
If your statement is false, the program should write "xpyz" to the standard output.
Note that position of your control statement is important.
Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Quiz 4: if/else-if statements

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = 2;
int b = 2;
int x = 5;

if (a == b)
{
x++;
}
else if (b == 2)
{
x += 2;
}
else
{
x += 3;
}
System.out.print(x);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "5" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "6" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "8" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "7" to the standard output.

Explanation
The first statement if(a == b) is true.
The second statement else-if is also true, but it is ignored by the program.
By if-/else-if statements, only the first true condition is executed.
In this example, the first true statement is the first statement.
The statement x++; increments the value of x by one.
x = 5 + 1 = 6

The correct answer is b.

Assignments
Change the first conditional statement to if(a != b) and add your own conditional
statement to the program. Check out whether the variable b is equal or greater than
1. Your statement should be somewhere between the first statement if(a != b) and
the last else statement.
The program should write X5 to the standard output.

Quiz 5: if/else-if statements

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 1;
int i2 = 4;
int x = 2;

if (i == (i2 - 3) && i2 > 5)
{
x++;
}
else if (i2 == 4)
{
x += 2;
}
else if (i2 > 3)
{
x += 3;
}
else
{
x += 4;
 }
System.out.print(x);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "2" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "3" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "4" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "7" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "5" to the standard output.

Explanation

The first if statement if(i == (i2 - 3) && i2 > (i + 3)) is false, because i2 is not
greater than
(i + 3).
The second statement else-if(i2 == 4) is true, therefore this block is executed. The
rest of the blocks are ignored because the first true else-if statement is found.
The statement x += 2 increments the value of x by 2.
x = 2 + 2 = 4.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

Add another else-if statement to the program that checks out whether i + i2 = 5.
If your statement returns true, the program should write D2 to the standard output.
Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Quiz 6: A combination of conditional statements

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
 public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i1 = 3;
int i2 = 9;
int i3 = 12;
int x = 0;

if (x > -1)
{
x++;
if (i3 == (i1 + i2))
{
x += 4;
if (i1 < 5)
{
x += 2;
}
else if (i2 == 9)
{
x++;
}
else
{
x -= 2;
}
x -= 6;
}
if (i3 < 10)
{
x += 7;
}
else
{
x += 5;
}
}
System.out.print(x);
 }
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "5" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "13" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "7" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "12" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "6" to the standard output.

Explanation

The first statement if(x > - 1) returns true, therefore the block is executed.
The statement x ++; adds one to the value of x.
x = 0 + 1 = 1;
The statement if(i3 == (i1 + i2)) also returns true.
The statement x += 4; adds 4 to the value of x.
x = 1 + 4 = 5;
The statement if(i1 < 5) returns true. The statement x += 2; adds 2 to the value of
x.
x = 5 + 2 = 7;
The rest of the if/else-if blocks are ignored. Read the explanation of if/else-if
statements.
The statement x -= 6; decrements the value of x by 6.
x = x - 6 = 7 - 6 = 1;
The statement if(i3 < 10) is false, therefore the block is ignored.
The else statement is executed because the last if statement if(i3 < 10) is false.
The statement x += 5; increments the value of x by 5.
x = x + 5 = 1 + 5 = 6;

The correct answer is e.

Assignments

Add another statement System.out.print(x); to this program.
Choose a position that the code writes "76" to the standard output.
Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Quiz 7: Conditional statements inside each other

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 2;
int i2 = 5;
int i3 = 9;
int x = 3;
boolean isSlow = true;

if (isSlow)
{
x++;
if (i >= 2 && i2 > 7)
{
x += 4;
System.out.print("x" + x + ", ");
if (i3 == 9)
{
x += 5;
System.out.print("x" + x + ", ");
}
}
else
{
x += 6;
System.out.print("x" + x + ", ");
if (i3 >= 3)
{
x += 7;
}
 System.out.print("x" + x + ", ");
}
x += 3;
}
System.out.print("x" + x);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "x8, x13, x10, x17, x20" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "x10, x17, x20" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "x8, x13, x16" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "x10, x10, x20" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "x10, x10, x17" to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement if(isSlow) returns true, the block is executed and the statement x++;
increments the value of x by 1.
x = 3 + 1 = 4;
The statement if(i >= 2 && i2 > 7) returns false, because i2 is not greater than 7.
The block is ignored.
The program starts to execute the else block. The statement x += 6; increments the
value of x by 6.
x = 4 + 6 = 10;
The statement System.out.print("x" + x + ", "); writes x10 to the standard output.
The statement if(i3 >= 3) returns true, therfore the statement x += 7; adds 7 to the
value of x.
x = 10 + 7 = 17;
The statement System.out.print("x" + x + ", "); writes x17 to the standard output.
The statement x+=3; increments the value of x by 3.
x = 17 + 3 = 20.
The statement System.out.print("x" + x ); writes x20 to the standard output.

The correct answer is b.

Assignment

What is written to the standard output if you add the statement
System.out.print("x" + x + ", "); to the program directly under the statement x ++.
Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Quiz 8: A simple switch statement

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 8;

switch (x)
{
case 6:
x += 5;
case 7:
x += 3;
case 8:
x += 2;
case 9:
x++;
break;
default:
x += 4;
}
System.out.print(x);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "8" to the standard output.
 b. This code writes "15" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "10" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "11" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "14" to the standard output.

Explanation

The cases 6, 7 are ignored, because x is equal to 8
case 8 is executed, and the statement x+=2 adds 2 to the initial value of x.
x = 8 + 2 = 10.
case 8 doesn't end with a break statement, therefore case 9 is also executed.
The statement x++; increments the value of x by one.
x = 10 + 1 = 11; case 9 ends with a break statement, therefore the default block is
ignored.
The statement System.out.print(x); prints the value of x to the standard output.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. What is written to the standard output if you remove the break statement?
2. What is written to the standard output if you add another break statement under
the statement x +=2; of the case 8.

Quiz 9: A switch statement to demonstrate the months of the year

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Year
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int intMonth = 10;
String strMonth;

switch (intMonth)
{
 case 1:
strMonth = "JAN ";
case 2:
strMonth = "FEB ";
case 3:
strMonth = "MAR ";
case 4:
strMonth = "APR ";
case 5:
strMonth = "MAY ";
case 6:
strMonth = "JUN ";
case 7:
strMonth = "JUL ";
case 8:
strMonth = "AUG ";
case 9:
strMonth = "SEP ";
case 10:
strMonth = "OCT ";
case 11:
strMonth = "NOV ";
case 12:
strMonth = "DEC ";
break;
default:
strMonth = "INVALID ";
}
System.out.println(strMonth);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "NOV" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "OCT NOV DEC" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "INVALID" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "DEC" to the standard output.
f. This code writes "OCT" to the standard output.


Explanation

case 10 matches the variable of the variable intMonth.
OCT is assigned to strMonth, but case 10 is not ended with a break statement.
That is why the case 11 is also executed and the value NOV is assigned strMonth.
Since there is no break in case 11, case 12 is also executed. The value DEC is
assigned to strMonth.

The correct answer is e.

Assignments

This program doesn't function correctly. The goal is that for each value of
intMonth the program should write the right month symbol to the standard output
as follows.

1. If intMonth is equal to 1, the code must write JAN to the standard output.
2. If intMonth is equal to 2, the code must write FEB to the standard output.
3. If intMonth is equal to 3, the code must write MAR to the standard output.
4. If intMonth is equal to 4, the code must write APR to the standard output.
5. If intMonth is equal to 5, the code must write MAY to the standard output.
6. If intMonth is equal to 6, the code must write JUN to the standard output.
7. If intMonth is equal to 7, the code must write JUL to the standard output.
8. If intMonth is equal to 8, the code must write AUG to the standard output.
9. If intMonth is equal to 9, the code must write SEP to the standard output.
10. If intMonth is equal to 10, the code must write OCT to the standard
output.
11. If intMonth is equal to 11, the code must write NOV to the standard
output.
12. If intMonth is equal to 12, the code must write DEC to the standard
output.
13. By other values, the program should write INVALID to the standard
 output.

Compile and run the program for each value of intMonth to check out your answer.

Quiz 10: A switch statement represents student's grades

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Examen
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
char grade = 'C';
switch (grade)
{
case 'A':
System.out.print("Excellent! ");
break;
case 'B':
System.out.print("Very good ");
break;
case 'C':
case 'D':
System.out.print("Good ");
case 'E':
System.out.print("Try again ");
break;
default:
System.out.print("Invalid ");
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "Good" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "Try again" to the standard output.
 c. This code writes "Invalid" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "Good Try again" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

There are no statements in case C not even a break. Therefore case D is executed.
case D writes Good to the standard output. There is no break in case D, therefore
case E is executed. The statement writes Try again to the standard output.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

This program doesn't function correctly.

1. If the variable grade is equal to C, the program should write Good to the
standard output.
2. If the variable grade is equal to D, the program should write Fair to the
standard output.
3. What would happen if grade is equal to N? Compile and run the program to
check out your expectation.



Chapter 4—Iteration
(Loop) Statements

Iteration or loop statements are used to handle processes that are one or more
times repeated. There are three types of loops in Java namely: for, while and do
while.
A loop consists of two parts:

1. A control part: the repetitions are determined in the control part.
2. A body: the body contains the statements that have to be repeated.

for loop
The for-loop is used very frequently in Java. If you know in advance how often a
loop must be repeated, the for loop is probably the best choice. In the following
example, you see that the initial value of the integer variable i is 0. By each
execution of the body the statement i ++ increments the value of the variable i by
one. The repetition continues as long as the condition i < 4 is true.

1. In the beginning, the variable i is equal to 0 . The body is executed, and
the letter x is written to the standard output.
2. In the second repetition, the variable i is equal to 1. The body is for the
second time executed, and the letter x is again written to the standard
output.
3. In the third iteration, the variable i is equal to 2. The body is for the third
time executed, and the letter x is again written to the standard output.
4. In the fourth iteration, the variable i is equal to 3. The body is for the
fourth time is executed, and the letter x is again written to the standard
output.

After the fourth repetition the body is no longer executed, because after the fourth
time the variable i is equal to 4. This loop writes xxxx to the standard output.

Example 1

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) // the control part
{
System.out.print("x"); // the body
}
}
}

while loop
The while loop begins with an evaluation of a condition. If the condition returns
true, the body will be executed. The execution of the body of the loop is repeated
as long as the condition returns true. If the condition returns false the loop will be
terminated. In the following example, the variable number is equal to 1. As long
as the variable number is smaller than or equal to 5, the body of the loop is
executed. If the body is executed the statement number ++; increments the value of
the variable number by one. This loop writes 12345 to the standard output.

Example 2

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int number = 1;
while (number <= 5) // the control part
{
System.out.print(number); // the body
 number++;
}
}
}

do-while loop
The body of the do-while loop is executed at least once because the condition
is evaluated after executing the body. The execution of the loop is continued until
the condition returns false. When the condition is false, the loop is terminated. In
the following example, the loop starts with the statement i ++, which increments
the value of i by 1. As long as the variable i is unequal to 3, the body of the loop
is executed, and the letter z is written to the standard output. The following
example writes zz to the standard output.

Example 3

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 1;
do
{
i++;
System.out.print("z"); // the body
}
while (i != 3); // the control part
}
}

The break statement
Sometimes there is no need for a loop to continue, once a certain information is
found, or a specific goal is achieved. In this kind of cases, we can terminate the
loop with the break statement. In the following example, the execution of the loop
terminates as soon as the variable i is equal to 7. Without the break statement, the
repetition continues as long as the variable i is smaller than 20. The following
loop writes 0123456 to the standard output.

Example 4

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
{
if (i == 7)
{
break;
}
System.out.print(i);
}
}
}

The continue statement
The continue statement skips a certain execution of a loop. The following loop
writes 12467 to the standard output because the continue statement is used. If the
variable i is equal to 3 or 5 the continue statement skips these two iterations, that
is why these two numbers are not written to the standard output.

Example 5

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 7; i++)
{
if (i == 3 || i == 5)
{
continue;
 }
System.out.print(i);
}
}
}

The label
Labels are used to manage two or more loops within each other. Java supports
labels to refer to a specific line of the code. In the following example is a seat
number determined by its row number and column number. We are looking for a
seat with a row number 1 and column number 3. As soon as the seat is found, the
execution of the loops should be terminated. We first try to achieve this with the
break statement.

Example 6

package _04_iteration_statements.ex._06;

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for (int row = 1; row < 3; row++)
{
for (int col = 1; col < 4; col++)
{
if (row == 1 && col == 3)
{
System.out.println("row: " + row + " col: " + col + " is found");
break;
}
System.out.println("row: " + row + " col: " + col + ", ");
}
}
}
}

After the seat has been found, the outer loop continues with the second row and
writes the seats of the second row to the standard output as shown below.

row: 1 col: 1,
row: 1 col: 2,
row: 1 col: 3 is found
row: 2 col: 1,
row: 2 col: 2,
row: 2 col: 3,

To terminate both loops, we need to label the first loop as outer for example. In
example 7 we use the statement break outer to terminate the loops when the seat is
found.

Example 7

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
outer:for (int row = 1; row < 3; row++)
{
for (int col = 1; col < 4; col++)
{
if (row == 1 && col == 3)
{
System.out.println("row: " + row + " col: " + col + " is found");
break outer;
}
System.out.println("row: " + row + " col: " + col + ", ");
}
}
}
}

If the code of example 7 is compiled and run, it writes the following to the
standard output.
row: 1 col: 1,
row: 1 col: 2,
row: 1 col: 3 is found

Quiz 1: While loop statement

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyLoop
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 4;
while (i > 1)
{
i--;
System.out.print(i);
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "4321" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "321" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "432" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "123" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "234" to the standard output.
f. This code writes "1234" to the standard output.

Explanation

The value of i is equal to 4.
The condition while(i > 1) is true, because i = 4.
i-- decrements the value of I by one.
i = 4 - 1 = 3.
 The statement System.out.print(i); prints 3 to the standard output.
The condition while(i > 1) is still true, because i = 3.
i-- decrements the value of I by one.
i = 3 - 1 = 2
The statement System.out.print(i); prints 2 to the standard output.

The condition while(i > 1) is still true, because i = 2.
i-- decrements the value of i by one.
i = 2 - 1 = 1
The statement System.out.print(i); prints 1 to the standard output.
The condition while(i > 1) is false, because i = 1.
The loop is terminated.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. Assign the value 3 to the variable i. What is written to the standard output if
you compile and run the program?
2. Assign the values 1, 2 and 5 to the variable i. Compile and run the program to
see what happens.

Quiz 2: While loop statement

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyLoop
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 8;
while (i > 1)
{
i++;
System.out.print(i);
i -= 5;
}
 }
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "95" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "9876543" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "84" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "9753" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "975" to the standard output.
f. This code writes "864" to the standard output.

Explanation

The initial value of i is 8.
The condition while(i > 1 returns true, i++ increments i by one
i = 8 + 1 = 9.
The statement System.out.print(i); prints 9 to the standard output.
i -= 5 decrements i by 5.
i = 9 - 5 = 4.
The condition while(i > 1) is still true, because i is equal to 4.
i = i + 1 = 5.
The statement System.out.print(i); prints 5 to the standard output.
i -= 5 decrements i by 5.
i = 5 - 5 = 0.
The condition while(i > 1) returns false, because i is not greater than 1.
The loop is terminated.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

If you remove the statement i -= 5 from the program, the program loops endlessly.
What is your explanation for that?

Quiz 3: do-While loop

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyLoop
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 2;
do
{
i += 5;
System.out.print(i);
}
while (i <= 12);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "712" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "7" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "2712" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "2" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "71217" to the standard output.
f. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

The first execution of the loop:
The initial value of i is 2.
I += 5; increments I by 5.
i = 2 + 5 = 7.
The statement System.out.print(i); prints 7 to the standard output.
The condition while(i <= 12); is true, because i = 7 and it is smaller than 12

The second execution of the loop:
i = 7 + 5 = 12.
The statement System.out.print(i); prints 12 to the standard output.
The condition while(i <= 12); is still true, because i = 12.

The third execution of the loop:
i = 12 + 5 = 17.
The statement System.out.print(i); prints 17 to the standard output.
The condition while(i <= 12); is false, because i = 17 and it is greater than 12.
The loop is terminated.

The correct answer is e.

Assignments

What is the result if you change the initial value of i to 4 and replace the statement
i += 5; with i += 6;? Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Quiz 4: do-While loop

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyLoop
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 1;
do
{
i += 3;
if (i != 4)
{
System.out.print("x");
}
else
{
System.out.print("y");
}
}
while (i != 10);
 }
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "xyy" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "yxyy" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "xxy" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "yxxx" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "yxx" to the standard output.
f. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

The first execution of the loop:
The initial value of i is 1, i += 3.
i = 1 + 3 = 4.
The condition if(i != 4) returns false, because i is equal to 4.
The statement System.out.print("y"); prints y to the standard output.
The condition while(i != 10); is true, because i = 4.

The second execution of the loop:
i = 4 + 3 = 7.
The condition if(i != 4) returns true, because i is equal to 7.
The statement System.out.print("x"); prints x to the standard output.
The condition while(i != 10); is true, because i = 7.

The third execution of the loop:
i = 7 + 3 = 10.
The condition if(i != 4) returns true, because i is equal to 10.
The statement System.out.print("x"); prints x to the standard output.
The condition while(i != 10); is false, because i = 10.

The loop is terminated.

The correct answer is e.

 Assignments

1. What happens if you change the initial value of i to 2?
2. What is written to the standard output if you change the initial value of i to 2,
and you replace the statement while(i != 10) with the statement while(i < 10).

Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Quiz 5: for loop statement

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyLoop
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for (int i = 4; i < 7; i++)
{
System.out.print(i);
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:
a. This code writes "4567" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "456" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "56" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "567" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "45" to the standard output.
f. This code writes "654" to the standard output.

Explanation

The first loop execution:
The condition for(int i = 4; i < 7; i ++ ) is true, because the initial value of i = 4
and that is smaller than 7.
As long as i is smaller than 7 the program adds one to the value of i executes the
body of the loop. The statement System.out.print(i); prints 4 to the standard output.

The second loop execution:
The condition for(int i = 4; i < 7; i ++ ) is still true, because i = 4 + 1 = 5.
5 is smaller than 7.
The statement System.out.print(i); prints 5 to the standard output.

The third loop execution:
The condition for(int i = 4; i < 7; i ++ ) is still true, because i = 5 + 1 = 6.
6 is smaller than 7.
The statement System.out.print(i); prints 6 to the standard output.

After that the loop is terminated, because i = 6 + 1 = 7 and that is not smaller than
7.

The correct answer is b.

Assignment

What happens when you replace the statement for(int i = 4; i < 7; i ++ ) with
for(int i = 1; i < 10; i += 3 )? Compile and run the program to check out your
expectation.

Quiz 6: for loop statement

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyLoop
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 1;
for (int i = 1; i < 7; i += 2)
{
x += i;
}
x -= 2;
 System.out.print(x);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "8" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "7" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "2" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "5" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "9" to the standard output.
f. This code writes "0" to the standard output.

Explanation

The first loop execution:
The condition for(int i = 1; i < 7; i += 2) is true, because the initial value of i = 1
and that is smaller than 7.
As long as i is smaller than 7 execute the body of the loop.
The initial value of x is 1.
x += i, x = 1 + i = 1 + 1 = 2.

The second loop execution:
The condition for(int i = 1; i < 7; i += 2) is ture, because the value of i = 1 + 2 = 3
and that is smaller than 7.
As long as i is smaller than 7 execute the body of the loop.
x += i, x = 2 + i = 2 + 3 = 5.

The third loop execution:
The condition for(int i = 1; i < 7; i += 2) is ture, because the value of i = 3 + 2 = 5
and that is smaller than 7.
As long as i is smaller than 7 execute the body of the loop.
x += i, x = 5 + 5 = 5 + 5 = 10.

The condition for(int i = 1; i < 7; i += 2) is now false because i = 5 + 2 = 7 and 7
is not smaller than 7.
The loop is terminated.
x -= 2 decreases two from the value of x. x = 10 - 2 = 8.
The statement System.out.print(x); prints the value of x, which is 8 to the standard
output.

The correct answer is a.

Assignment

What happens when you replace the statement for(int i = 1; i < 7; i += 2) with the
statement for(int i = 3; i < 13; i += 5)? Compile and run the program to check out
your expectation.

Quiz 7: for loop and if-else statements

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyLoop
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
char c = 'a';
char c2 = 'b';
for (int i = 4; i >= 0; i--)
{
if (i >= 3 || i == 1)
{
System.out.print(c2);
}
else
{
System.out.print(c);
}
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "baaba" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "baab" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "aaba" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "bbaba" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "aabab" to the standard output.
f. This code writes "aaba" to the standard output.

Explanation

The first loop execution.
By each execution of the loop body, the value of i decreases by one.
The condition for(int i = 4; i >= 0; i -- ) is true, the initial value of i = 4.
As long as i is greater or equal to 0 execute the body of the loop.
The initial value of i = 4.
The condition if(i >= 3 || i == 1) returns true. because i is greater than 3.
The statement System.out.print(c2); prints “b” to the standard output.

The second loop execution.
The condition for(int i = 4; i >= 0; i -- ) is true, i = 4 - 1 = 3.
As long as i is greater or equal to 0 execute the body of the loop.
The value of i = 3.
The condition if(i >= 3 || i == 1) returns true. because i is equal to 3.
The statement System.out.print(c2); prints “b” to the standard output.

The third loop execution.
The condition for(int i = 4; i >= 0; i -- ) is true, i = 3 - 1 = 2.
As long as i is greater or equal to 0 execute the body of the loop.
The value of i = 2.
The condition if(i >= 3 || i == 1) returns false. because i is equal to 2.
The statement System.out.print(c); prints “a” to the standard output.

The fourth loop execution.
The condition for(int i = 4; i >= 0; i -- ) is true, i = 2 - 1 = 1.
As long as i is greater or equal to 0 execute the body of the loop.
The value of i = 1.
The condition if(i >= 3 || i == 1) returns true. because i is equal to 1.
The statement System.out.print(c2); prints “b” to the standard output.

The fifth loop execution.
The condition for(int i = 4; i >= 0; i -- ) is true, i = 1 - 1 = 0.
As long as i is greater or equal to 0 execute the body of the loop.
The value of i = 0.
The condition if(i >= 3 || i == 1) returns false. because i is equal to 0.
The statement System.out.print(c); prints “a” to the standard output. The loop is
terminated.

The correct answer is d.

Assignment

What happens when you replace the statement if(i >= 3 || i == 1) with the statement
if(i < 2 || i == 4)? Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Quiz 8: for loop and break

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyLoop
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 17;
int y = 3;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
x += 2;
y += 5;
if (x >= 21)
{
break;
}
}
System.out.print(y);
 }
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "53" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "18" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "13" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "23" to the standard output.

Explanation

The first loop execution.
The condition for(int i = 0; i < 10; i ++ ) is true, because the initial value of i = 0
and that is smaller than 10.
As long as i is smaller than 10 the program executes the body of the loop.
The initial value of x is 17.
x += 2, x = 17 + 2 = 19.
The initial value of y = 3;
y = 3 + 5 = 8;
The condition if(x >= 21) is false, because x is smaller than 21.

The second loop execution.
The condition for(int i = 0; i < 10; i ++ ) is true, because the value of i = 1 and that
is smaller than 10.
As long as i is smaller than 10 the program executes the body of the loop.
The value of x is 19.
x += 2, x = 19 + 2 = 21.
The value of y = 8;
y = 8 + 5 = 13;
The condition if(x >= 21) is true, because x is equal to 21.
The break statement is reached and it terminates the loop

The statement System.out.print(y); prints the last value of y to the standard output,
which is 13.

The correct answer is c.

Assignment

1. What happens when you change the initial value of x to 14 and y to 5?
2. Remove the break statement from the program to see the difference.

Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Quiz 9: for loop and continue

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class LeapYear
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for (int year = 1993; year <= 2001; year++)
{
if ((year % 4 != 0))
{
continue;
}
System.out.print(year + " ");
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001" to the
standard output.
b. This code writes "1994 1996 1998 2000" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "1996 2000" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2001" to the standard
output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

 Explanation

The first loop execution.
The condition for(int year = 1993; year <= 2001; year ++) is true the body of the
loop is executed.
The condition if((year % 4 != 0)) means year/4 is not equal to 0.
When the above condition is true, the continue statement ignores that specific year.
When year/4 is equal to 0, the year is written to the standard output.
Only 1996 and 2000 are written to the standard output.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. Change this program to write all the common (not leap) years between 2016 to
2040 to the standard output.
2. Remove the continue statement to see the difference.

Compile and run the code to test your changes.

Quiz 10: A combination of two loops

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MiniTheater
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for (int row = 1; row < 3; row++)
{
for (int column = 1; column < 4; column++)
{
System.out.print(row + "," + column + " ");
}
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "1,1 2,2 3,3" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "1,2 1,3 2,2 2,3" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "1,1 1,2 2,1 2,2" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "1,1 1,2 1,3 2,1 2,2 2,3" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

The first-time execution of the outer loop.
The condition for(int row = 1; row < 3; row ++ ) is true
The initial value of row = 1.
For each value of row, the loop body of the inner (col) loop is executed three
times.
when row = 1, col = 1, 2, 3.
The statement System.out.print(row + "," + col + " "); prints 1,1 1,2 1,3 to the
standard output.

The second time execution of the outer loop.
The condition for(int row = 1; row < 3; row ++ ) is true and the value of row is
equal to 2.
For each value of row, the inner loop is executed three times.
when row = 2, col = 1, 2, 3.
The statement System.out.print(row + "," + col + " "); prints 2,1 2,2 2,3 to the
standard output.

the value of the row is 3, and that is why for(int row = 1; row < 3; row ++ )
returns false, and
the outer loop is terminated followed by the termination of the inner loop.

The correct answer is: 1,1 1,2 1,3 2,1 2,2 2,3

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. In this program, you have two rows and three columns. Change the row
numbers to five instead of two.
2. Add a statement to this code to write only the rows 2, 4, 5 to the standard
output. The output must be 2,1 2,2 2,3 4,1 4,2 4,3 5,1 5,2 5,3. Compile and run
the code to test your changes.

Quiz 11: A combination of two loops with labels

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Theater
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
outer:for (int row = 1; row < 4; row++)
{
for (int column = 1; column < 5; column++)
{
if (row == 2 && column == 3)
{
break outer;
}
System.out.print(row + "," + column + " ");
}
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "1,1 1,2 1,3 2,1 2,2 2,3" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 2,1 2,2" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 2,1 2,2 2,3" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "1,1 1,2 1,3" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

The first-time execution of the outer loop.
The condition for(int row = 1; row < 4; row ++ ) is true
The initial value of row = 1.
For each value of row, the inner loop is executed four times.
for(int col = 1; col < 5; col ++ )

when row = 1, col assigns the values 1, 2, 3, 4.
The statement System.out.print(row + "," + col + " "); prints 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 to the
standard output.

The second execution of the outer loop.
The condition for(int row = 1; row < 3; row ++ ) is true and the value of row is
equal to 2.
For each value of row, the inner loop is executed four times.
for(int col = 1; col < 5; col ++ )
when row = 2, col = 1, 2, 3, 4.

if(row == 2 && col == 3)
break outer; the program jumps to the outer loop and is terminated.

The statement System.out.print(row + "," + col + " "); prints 2,1 2,2 to the
standard output.

The correct answer is b.

Assignment

Give the loop for(int col = 1; col < 5; col ++ ) the label inner, and change the
statement break outer; to break inner;. What is written to the standard output if you
compile and run the code? Check out your expectation.



Chapter 5—Classes,
Objects & Constructors
What is a class?
A class is a sort template which can be used to instantiate objects. Java programs
contain either classes or interfaces, which would be discussed later in this book.
Each class has variables and methods, which are called class members. The class
name in Java starts with a capital letter. Programmers can choose an appropriate
class name. Class name examples are: Worker, Account, and Student.

What is an object?
By creating a class you have only the description, but no objects are created. You
can use a class to instantiate as many objects as you want. It is also said that an
object is an instance of a class. A class contains variables and methods, while An
object is the implementation of a class and represents the data.
The following class Student contains the variables name and gender. The
objects of the class Student represent the data, such as: William, man or Sophia
woman. The class determines which data you can have about the students.

Example 1

public class Student
{
// instance variable
String name;
// instance variable
char gender = 'm'; // m: male, f: female
}

In example 1 we can’t access information about William's or Sophia's age because
the class Student doesn’t contain the attribute age. If you want to know the age of
the students, you need to add an extra field to the class Student named age as
shown in example 2.

Example 2

public class Student
{
String name;
char gender = 'm'; // m: male, f: female
int age;
}

Creating objects from a class?
To create an object from a class we use the keyword new as follows:
ClassName objectName = new ClassName();
Student student; // student, is a reference to an object. Keep in mind that the
student object is created if you use the statement new Student();. The statement
Student student; creates only a reference student. The following statement
instantiates the object student from the class Student.
Student student = new Student();

To assign a value to an instance variable, we use the name of the object separated
from the variable name by a dot. The following statement assigns the value 25 to
the variable age of the object student.

student.age = 25;

To access the variables of the object student we use the name of the object and
the name of the variable separated by a dot.
student.age

Example 3

public class Student
{
String name;
char gender = 'm'; // m: male, f: female
int age;

public static void main(String[] args)
{
Student st = new Student();
st.name = "David";
st.age = 31;
System.out.println("Name: " + st.name);
System.out.println("Gender: " + st.gender);
System.out.println("Age: " + st.age);
}
}

If the previous example is compiled and run, the following is written to the
standard output.

Name: David
Gender: m
Age: 31

Object References
It is allowed in Java to create one or more references to a single object. Below,
we create three references namely student, student2, and student3 to an object.

Student student = new Student();
student.name = "Emma";
Student student2 = student;
Student student3 = student2;

All three references student, student2, and student3 refer to the same object, and
the value of the variable name of all the three objects is Emma.

 student.name is Emma;
student2.name is Emma;
student3.name is Emma;

What is a constructor?
A constructor is a special method that has the same name as the class name in
which it exists. You can use a constructor to create an object. You can also use a
constructor to initialize the instance variables of a class. This will be explained
later in this chapter.

Example 4

public class Student
{
String name;
char gender = 'm'; // m: male, f: female
int age;

// no-argument constructor
public Student()
{
}
}

In the previous example, there is a no-argument constructor in the class Student.
You can use it to create the object student as follows:

Student student = new Student();

The parentheses can also include variables (arguments). We call the previous
Student () constructor a no-argument constructor because the constructor does not
contain variables (arguments). In every class, you can call the no-argument
constructor when the class doesn't have any constructor. The reason is that the no-
argument constructor is automatically arranged by Java.

How to define a constructor ?
It is important to understand that the default (no-argument) constructor, can only
call if the class doesn't have any constructor. When you define a constructor with
one or more arguments, you can no longer call the default constructor. You can use
a constructor with arguments to assign values to the instance variables. In the
following class Student a constructor with two arguments is defined, therefore you
can no longer call the default constructor to instantiate objects.
If you want to instantiate an object of the class Student, you can call the
constructor with two arguments as follows.

Student student = new Student("David", 31);

The statement this.name = name; assigns the value of the argument name in this
case David to the instance variable name and the statement this.age = age;
assigns the value 31 to the instance variable age.

Example 5

public class Student
{
String name;
int age;

// a constructor with two arguments
public Student(String name, int age)
{
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Student st = new Student("David", 31);
System.out.println("Name: " + st.name);
System.out.println("Age: " + st.age);
}
}

If the previous code is compiled and run the following is written to the standard
output.

Name: David
Age: 31

In the previous example you cannot call the no-argument constructor. If you
want to instantiate objects from the class Student by calling the no-argument
constructor, you need to add the following constructor to the code.

// no-argument constructor
public Student()
{
}

Calling a constructor within another constructor
You can define one or more constructors in one class. It is also possible to call a
constructor from another constructor. To call a constructor, within another
constructor we use the keyword this. In the following example, we call the
constructor with two arguments from the constructor with one argument by using
the statement this(name, 20);. If you call the one-argument constructor to create an
object, the value of 20 is assigned to the variable age. See the following program:

Example 6

public class Student
{
String name;
int age;

// one-argument constructor
public Student(String name)
{
// calling the two-argument constructor
this(name, 20);
}
// two-argument constructor
 public Student(String name, int age)
{
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Student st = new Student("Emma");
System.out.println("Name: " + st.name);
System.out.println("Age: " + st.age);
}
}

If you compile an run the program, the following is written to the standard output.
Name: Emma
Age: 20

Quiz 1: Instantiating objects

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Employee
{
String name = "Anna";
int age = 22;

public static void main(String[] args)
{
Employee emp = new Employee();
Employee emp2 = new Employee();
emp.name = "John";
emp.age = 20;
System.out.print(emp.name + " ");
System.out.print(emp2.age + " ");
}
}

 Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "Anna 22" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "John 22" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "John 20" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "Anna 20" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.


Explanation

The statement Employee emp = new Employee(); create the object emp.
The statement emp.name = "John"; assigns the value John to the name variable.

The statement Employee emp2 = new Employee(); create the object emp2.
By default, the name and age of all the objects are assigned to Anna and 22.
That is why emp2.age prints 22 to the standard output.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. We need to know extra information about each employee namely, their phone
numbers and the city where they live.
2. Create a new employee object called employee; name is Emma, age 25, phone
number 00233-786854 and she lives in New York.
3. Add a piece of code to write all the information (including phone number and
city) of "Emma" to the standard output.
4. Add a piece of code to write all the information about "John" to the standard
output. John lives in California and assume that his phone number is 00383-
384833

Quiz 2: Objects and object references

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
int x;
int y = 7;

public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.x = 5;
mc.y = 8;
MyClass mc2 = new MyClass();
MyClass mc3 = mc;
System.out.print(mc.x + ", " + mc2.x + ", " + mc3.y);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "5, 0, 8" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "5, 5, 7" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "5, 0, 7" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "5 5 8" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

MyClass contains two variables namely x & y.
The statement MyClass mc = new MyClass(); instantiates the object mc.
mc.x = 5; assigns the value of 5 to x.

The statement MyClass mc2 = new MyClass(); instantiates the object mc2.
The default value of x is 0, because x is not initialized.
mc2.x = 0;

The statement MyClass mc3 = mc; creates a reference mc3 to the object mc.
mc3.y is the same as mc.y, because mc3, mc are both references to the same
object.
mc.y = 8, and that is why mc3.y is also equal to 8.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

Create an object called myClass and refer it to the object mc3. Add a statement to
the program to write the variables x and y of the object myClass to the standard
output.

Quiz 3: Three constructors in one class

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
int x = 2;
int y = 5;

// no-argument constructor
MyClass()
{
}
// one-argument constructor
MyClass(int x)
{
this.y = x;
}
// two-arguments constructor
MyClass(int x, int y)
{
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
MyClass mc2 = new MyClass(7);
 MyClass mc3 = new MyClass(9, 3);
System.out.print(mc.y + ", " + mc2.y + ", " + mc3.x);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "5, 7, 2" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "5, 2, 9" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "5, 2, 2" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "5, 7, 9" to the standard output.
e. This code does not compile.

Explanation

The statement MyClass mc = new MyClass(); creates the object mc.
mc.y = 5 the value of y is equal to 5.

The statement MyClass mc2 = new MyClass(7); creates the object mc2 using the
one-argument constructor.
The statement this.y = x; assigns 7 to the value of y.

The statement MyClass mc3 = new MyClass(9,3); uses the two-argument
constructor.
the value of x assigned to the first arg, which is 9.
this.x = x;

The correct answer is d.


Assignments

1. Call the third (two-argument) constructor within the first constructor so
that all the new created objects by default have x = 6 and y = 3.
2. Instantiate a new object called myObject using the first (no-argument)
constructor.
3. Add a statement to write both variables x and y of your object myObject
 to the standard output.

The x value of your object should be 6 and the y value 3.

Quiz 4: Calling a constructor within a constructor

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Staff
{
String name = "Ron";
double salary = 400.0;

Staff(String name)
{
this(name, 780.0);
}
Staff(String name, double salary)
{
this.name = name;
this.salary = salary;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Staff st = new Staff("Ben");
System.out.print(st.name + ", " + st.salary);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "Ben, 780.0" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "Ron, 400.0" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "Ben, 400.0" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "Ron, 780.0 Ron 400.0" to the standard output.
e. This code does not compile.

 Explanation

The statement Staff st = new Staff("Ben"); instantiate the object st.
By calling the one-argument constructor the statement this(name,780.0); calls the
two-argument constructor.
which assigns new values to the variables name and salary.
name = "Ben";
salary = 780.0;

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. Create n staff object called "staffObject" for Mary, her salary is 2000.55. Use
the (two-argument) constructor.
2. Add a statement to the program to write the name and the salary of the
staffObject to the standard output.

Compile and run the program to check out your answer.

Quiz 5: Calling a constructor within another constructor

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
int x = 3;
int y = 5;

MyClass()
{
this(4, 6);
}
MyClass(int x, int y)
{
this.y = y;
}
 public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
MyClass mc2 = new MyClass(9, 7);
System.out.print(mc.x + ", " + mc.y + ", " + mc2.x + ", " + mc2.y);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "4, 6, 9, 7" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "3, 5, 9, 7" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "4, 6, 3, 7" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "3, 6, 3, 7" to the standard output.
e. This code does not compile.

Explanation

The statement MyClass mc = new MyClass(); instantiates the mc object.
The no-argument constructor calls the two-argument constructor by using the
statement this(4,6);
The two-argument constructor assigns the y parameter to the value of y by using
the statement this.y = y;
The value of x is not assigned to the x parameter, and that is why the x value
remains the initial value 3.

mc.x = 3;
The statement this(4,6); assigns the value of y to 6. mc.y = 6
The statement MyClass mc2 = new MyClass(9,7); assigns the value of y to 7, but x
remains 3.
mc2.x = 3;
mc2.y = 7;
The result is 3, 6, 3, 7

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. Add an uninitialized integer variable "z" to the class MyClass.
2. Add a three-argument constructor to MyClass, and pass all the variable x, y, z
to it.
3. Use your own created constructor to instantiate an object of MyClass called
mc3, and pass the values 7, 8, 9 to it.
4. Add a statement to write the values of the variables to the standard output.

Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Assignment chapter 5: Create a class Employee with and without a
constructor

1. Create a class Employee.
2. We want the following information about the employees: name, salary, and the
country of origin. Most employees have a standard monthly salary of $
2400.55 and most of them are from France.
3. Create the employee object for Olivia who is from Canada and her salary is $
3100.45.
4. Repeat step 3 for Daniel, his salary is $ 2400.55 and he is from France.
5. Add a piece of code to the program to write all the data of Olivia and Daniel
to the standard output. There are two methods to achieve the goal. Write the
program first by using a constructor and also without a constructor. The result
would be something like the following.

-------- Employees -----------

Name: Olivia
Salary: $ 3100.45
Country: Canada

-----------------
Name: James
Salary: $ 2400.55
Country: France




Chapter 6—Methods
Every class in Java has members, namely, variables and methods. You can't write
a useful class in Java without methods. In the previous chapters, we avoided
writing methods in the classes except for the main method. The reason was
because you were not familiar with methods yet. You will learn in this chapter to
write different types of methods. Each method has a block code that starts with an
opening curly brace and ends with a closing brace. The body of the method
contains the code between the curly braces.
A method name in Java begins with a lowercase letter and ends with an open
and a close parenthesis. Examples are: getNetSalary( ), setPrice(), getPrice(). The
empty parentheses indicate that there are no values passed to the method.
Methods allow you to decide what you want to do with objects. You can call a
method using the name of an object followed by the name of the method, separated
by a dot. In the following class Item, we define the method getDiscountPrice(). We
can call that method by creating an object of the class Item as follows:

Item item = new Item();
item.getDiscountPrice();

There are two types of methods, namely: methods that return a value and methods
that doesn't return any value.

1. Methods that return a value
If a method reads data, it usually returns a primitive variable or an object. If a
variable type or an object type appears before the name of the method, that method
returns that variable type. The data type for the name of the method is the same
type variable that the method returns. In Java, the keyword return is used before
the returned result. As soon as a return statement is reached, the rest of the body of
the method is ignored.
 In example 1 the method getDiscountPrice calculates the price with a 20%
discount. The double variable before the name of the method means that the
method returns a value of the type of double.

Example 1

public class Item
{
double price = 160.0;

double getDiscounPrice()
{
double discount = price * 0.20;
double discountPrice = price - discount;
return discountPrice;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Item itm = new Item();
System.out.println("Price with 20% $ " + itm.getDiscounPrice());
}
}

If the program is compiled and run, it writes the following to the standard output.

Price with 20% $ 128.0

2. Methods that doesn't return any value
The methods that you use to set or change values they usually don't return values.
If the keyword void appears before the name of the method means that the method
doesn't return any value.
With methods that don't return value, you can change or set values of the
variables. In the following example, the method setPrice increases the value of the
variable price by $ 10. This method doesn't return any value, therefore it begins
with the keyword void.

 Example 2

public class Item
{
double price = 70.0;

// the following method changes the price
void setPrice()
{
this.price = 80.0;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Item itm = new Item();
System.out.println("The price was: $ " + itm.price);
// when you invoke the method, the price will be changed
itm.setPrice();
System.out.println("The price is: $ " + itm.price);
}
}

This program writes the following to the standard output if it compiled and run.

The price was: $ 70.0
The price is: $ 80.0

The method setPrice changes the variable price from $ 70 to $ 80 .

If you need to change the price to other amounts this method is inconvenient. To
solve this problem we use parameters.

Parameters

A parameter could be a primitive variable or an object, and you can pass zero or
more parameters to a method. In the example 1, the method getDiscountPrice
calculates only the price with a discount of 20%. If we need to calculate different
discount rates to our choice, that method doesn't fit our need. To do this more
efficiently, we use a parameter. So We need to pass a value of a type double to the
method as follows:

double getPrice(double discountPercentage)
Parameters are listed between parentheses.
In the following, you can pass any discount percentage to the method, and the
method returns the right discount price.

Example 3

public class Item
{
double price = 160.0;

double getDiscounPrice(double discountPercentage)
{
double discount = price * discountPercentage;
double discountPrice = price - discount;
return discountPrice;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Item itm = new Item();
System.out.println("12%: $" + itm.getDiscounPrice(0.12));
System.out.println("20%: $" + itm.getDiscounPrice(0.20));
System.out.println("25%: $" + itm.getDiscounPrice(0.25));
System.out.println("30%: $" + itm.getDiscounPrice(0.30));
}
}

If the program is compiled and run the following is written to the standard
output:

12%: $140.8
20%: $128.0
25%: $120.0
30%: $112.0

In the next method setPrice() you can assign any value you want to the variable
price. In this method, we can also pass any price as a parameter to the method.

Example 4

public class Item
{
double price = 70.0;

/* in the following method you can assign
* any value to the variable price
*/
void setPrice(double price)
{
this.price = price;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Item itm = new Item();
System.out.println("The price was: $" + itm.price);
itm.setPrice(40.55);
System.out.println("The price is: $" + itm.price);
itm.setPrice(61.35);
System.out.println("The price is: $" + itm.price);
itm.setPrice(54.25);
System.out.println("The price is: $" + itm.price);
}
}

If the code is compiled and run the following is written to the standard output.

The price was: $70.0
The price is: $40.55
The price is: $61.35
The price is: $54.25

 A method with three parameters
In the following example the method getSum calculates the sum of three integers
and returns the sum as an integer. We can pass any three desired integers we want
to the method.

Example 5

public class Calculation
{
int getSum(int number1, int number2, int number3)
{
int sum = number1 + number2 + number3;
return sum;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Calculation cal = new Calculation();
System.out.println("17 + 340 + 23 = " + cal.getSum(17, 340, 23));
System.out.println("23 + 450 + 353 = " + cal.getSum(23, 450, 353));
System.out.println("354 + 12 + 578 = " + cal.getSum(354, 12, 578));
System.out.println("37 + 670 + 45 = " + cal.getSum(37, 670, 45));
}
}

If the program is compiled and run the following is to the standard output.

17 + 340 + 23 = 380
23 + 450 + 353 = 826
354 + 12 + 578 = 944
37 + 670 + 45 = 752

The variable sorts
The three sorts variables in Java are Instance variables, local variables and class
variables.

1. Instance variables
An instance variable is declared within a class, but outside of the methods,
constructors or other blocks. The instance variables are created when an object is
created. They are visible for all methods, constructors, and blocks in the class.
Instance variables don’t need to be necessarily initialized because they have
default values. The default values of the variables are already mentioned in
chapter 1 data Types and variables. To access the variables of the object em, use
the name of the object and the name of the variable separated by a dot, as shown
in example 6.

2 Local variables
A local variable is a variable that is declared within a method, constructor or a
block. Local variables must be initialized because they don't have default values.
Local variables are visible only within the method, constructor or block of code
in which they are located, such as the variable taxRate in Example 6.

3 Class variables
Class variables are also called static variables. They are declared inside a class
but outside the methods, constructors or blocks. There is only one copy of the
class variable available for all the objects. You can get access to a class variable
with the name of an object of the class as well as the name of the class separated
by a dot, as shown in example 6.

Example 6

The following program writes 3300.0, 300 to the standard output.

public class Employee
{
String name; // instance variable
double grossSalary = 3300; // instance variable
static int numberEmployees = 300; // class variable

public double getNetSalary()
{
double taxRate = 0.30; // local variable
double netSalary = grossSalary - (grossSalary * taxRate);
 return netSalary;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Employee em = new Employee();
System.out.print(em.grossSalary + ", ");
System.out.print(Employee.numberEmployees);
}
}

Wrapper classes
Java is an object oriented programming language and treats everything as an
object. Primitive variables in Java are not objects. Sometimes it is useful to
convert primitive variables to objects, and the other way around. For each
primary variable, there is a wrapper class in the Java-library, that has the same
name but starts with a capital letter. You sometimes need a wrapper object if a
method expects an object as parameter rather than a primitive variable. You can
also use methods of the wrapper classes to convert primitive variables to objects
or the other way around. You can find out more about Wrapper classes and their
methods in Java API-documentation.

Primitive type Wrapper class
boolean Boolean
byte Byte
char Character
double Double
float Float
int Integer
long Long
short Short

Example 7

In the following program the int variable is converted to an Integer object, and
the other way around.

public class WrapperClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 23;
// convert an integer variable to an object
Integer intObject = new Integer(i);
// convert an object to an integer variable
int intVar = intObject.intValue();
}
}

Example 8
In the following program, a String representation of an integer is converted to
an int type. We use the wrapper Integer.

public class WrapperClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str = "8";
Integer intObject = Integer.valueOf(str);
int intVar = intObject.intValue();
System.out.print(intVar);
}
}

Example 9

Another method to convert a String representation of an integer to an int type.

public class WrapperClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
 String str = "8";
int intVar = Integer.parseInt(str);
System.out.print(intVar);
}
}

Quiz 1: Calculate the price of gold/ silver in dollars

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class PreciousMetal
{
double ocGoldPrice = 1300.0; // the price of one ounce of gold
double ocSilverPrice = 20.0; // the price of one ounce of silver
boolean isGold = true;

public double getMetalPrice(boolean isGold, int ounce)
{
if (isGold)
{
return ocGoldPrice * ounce;
}
else
{
return ocSilverPrice * ounce;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
PreciousMetal pm = new PreciousMetal();
System.out.print(pm.getMetalPrice(false, 4));
System.out.print(", ");
System.out.print(pm.getMetalPrice(true, 2));
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "20.0, 1300" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "2600.0, 80.0" to the standard output.
c. This code writes “80.0, 2600.0” to the standard output.
d. This code writes "5200.0, 40.0" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

The method getMetalPrice() calculates the price of gold and silver in dollar. If
the first parameter is true, that means the metal is gold other wise it is silver.
The second parameter is the amount of ounces of the metal to be calculated in
dollar. The double before the name of the method means that the method returns a
data type of double. The first statement mc.getMetalPrice(false, 4) calculates the
price of 4 ounces of silver, which is 4 * 20.0 = 80.0. The second statement
mc.getMetalPrice(true, 2) calculates the price of 2 ounces of gold, which is 2 *
1300.0 = 2600.0.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

If you know that the price of one ounce of Platinum = $ 936.
1. Add a method to the class called getPlatinumPrice to calculate the price of the
amount ounces of Platinum in dollar.
2. Try to test your method whether it returns the price of $ 5148 for 5.5 ounces of
Platinum.
3. Test Your method further and find the prices of 4.5 ounces, 6 ounces of
Platinum.

Quiz 2: A method that returns an integer data type

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Calculation

{
int i = 5;
 int i2 = 3;

public int getResult()
{
i++;
if (i <= i2)
{
return i * i2;
}
else if ((i + i2) >= 9)
{
return i + i2 + 5;
}
return i * i2 + 3;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Calculation cal = new Calculation();
System.out.print(cal.getResult());
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "13" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "14" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "18" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "21" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement "int getResult()" means that the method returns a data type of
integer.
The statement i++; increments the value of i by one.
i = i + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6;
The statement if(i <= i2) is false.
The statement else if((i + i2) >= 9) is true, because 6 + 3 = 9.
The body of the else if statement is executed and a return statement is reached.
The statement returns i + i2 + 5; returns 6 + 3 + 5 = 14;

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. Write a method called calculate that multiplies two integers.
2. Calculate (22 * 4) using your method, and check out whether the result is 88.
3. Test your method further for the numbers 9, 12 and 41, 11.

Quiz 3: A method that doesn't return any value

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass

{
int i = 3;
int i2 = 8;

public MyClass()
{
i += 4;
i2 += 2;
}
public void print()
{
int x = i + i2;
System.out.print(x);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.print();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "11" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "15" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "17" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "6" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

By creating a new object, the constructor MyClass() is invoked.
The statement i += 4, increments the value of i by 4.
i = 3 + 4 = 7;
The statement i2 += 2, adds 2 to the initial value of i2.
i2 = 8 + 2 = 10.
The method public void print() does not return any data types because it is of the
type of void. The statement mc.print(); invokes the print method.
The body of the method is executed:
The value int x = i + i2 = 7 + 10 = 17;
The statement System.out.print(x); prints the value of x to the standard output.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. Write a method called "getNetSalary" that calculates net salaries based on
gross salaries. Assume that the tax rate is 20%.
2. Test your method for each of the following gross salaries.
3. Repeat step 2 for the following gross salaries if tax rate is 30%.
a. $3000
b. $2400
c. $1466

Quiz 4: A method that doesn't return any value

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?


public class MyClass
{
int x = 2;

public void print()
{
for (int i = 0; i <= 3; i++)
{
if (i < 2)
{
x++;
}
else
{
x += 2;
}
}
System.out.print(x);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.print();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "6" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "8" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "10" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "2" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation
The statement for(int i = 0; i <= 3; i ++ ) indicates that the loop's body is 4 time
 executed.
The condition if(i < 2) is true for the i values of 0, 1
The initial value of x = 2; Since the condition if(i < 2) is true for two values of i.
x ++; adds one to the value of x.
x ++; adds one more to the value of x.
x = 2 + 2 = 4;
For the values of i = 2 and 3 the else block is executed.
By executing the else block twice.
x += 2;
x += 2;
x = 4 + 2 + 2 = 8

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. Write a simple method called getGreaterNumber that users can pass two
numbers to it. The method must write the greater number to the standard
output.
2. If users pass two equal numbers to the method, it should return -1.
3. Enter the following combinations of two numbers as a parameter to your
method to test it.
57, 57
49, 22
7, 89
0, -3

Quiz 5: Writing a method to convert currencies

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Currency
{
// dollar exchange rate
double euro = 0.907; // $1 = € 0.907
double britishPound = 0.762; // $1 = £ 0.762
double swissFranc = 0.986; // $1 = 0.986 CHF
 double chineseYuan = 6.674; // $1 = ¥6.674
double russianRuble = 64.459; // $1 = 64.459 RUB

public void convertToDollar(char currency, int amount)
{
switch (currency)
{
case ('e'):
System.out.print(amount * euro);
break;
case ('p'):
System.out.print(amount * britishPound);
break;
case ('f'):
System.out.print(amount * swissFranc);
break;
case ('y'):
System.out.print(amount * chineseYuan);
break;
case ('r'):
System.out.print(amount * russianRuble);
break;
default:
System.out.print("Invalid");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Currency cr = new Currency();
cr.convertToDollar('f', 100);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "98.6" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "98.6 Invalid" to the standard output.
 c. This code writes "Invalid" to the standard output.
d. This code does not compile.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

This method has two parameters.
The first parameter char currence determines the currency type.
The second parameter int amount determines the amount of money you want to
convert to US dollar.
We pass 'f' as parameter, which represents Swiss franc.
The statement System.out.print(amount * swissFrank); prints 100 * 0.986 = 98.6 to
the standard output.
The break statement terminates the program.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

From the variables, you can conclude that 1 dollar is equal to 0.907 euro and also
equal to 6.674 yuan.

1. Write a new method called convertEuroToChineseYuan, the method can
convert every amount of euros to yuan.
2. Try to convert the amount of 100 euro to test the method.
3. Try step 2 for the amounts: 220, 300, 2.

Compile and run the program to test your method.

Quiz 6: Passing two parameters to a void type method

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public void myMethod(int x, int y)
{
 int z = 4;
int i = 3;
i++;
if (x < y)
{
z += 4;
}
if (x * x > y)
{
z += 2;
}
else
{
z += 6;
}
z++;
System.out.print(z);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.myMethod(3, 9);
}
}

Select the correct answer:
a. This code writes "18" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "16" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "14" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "15" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

The initial value of i is 3.
The initial value of z is 4;
The statement if(x < y) is true. z += 4 adds 4 to the initial value of z.
 z = 4 + 4 = 8.
The statement if(x * x > y) is false, because 3 * 3 is not greater than 9.
The else body is executed.
The statement z += 6; adds 6 to the value of z.
z = 8 + 6 = 14.
z++; adds one to the value of z.
z = 14 + 1 = 15.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. Add a new method called getSmallestNumber to the class that print the
smallest value of three integer to the standard output. If two or more of the
values are equal the method should write 0 to the standard output.
2. Test your method by passing the set numbers 78, 44, 33, your method should
print 33 to the standard output.
3. Test your method for the following set of numbers:
-2, 3, 0
55, 23, 123
44, 44, 20
34, 34, 34
11, 11, 55
Compile and run the program to test your method.

Assignment chapter 6: A method that calculates amount ounce of gold

1. Create a new class with the name Gold.
2. Assume that the price of 1 ounce of gold is $ 1300.00.
3. Write the method getOunce in the class Gold . The method provides the
amount of ounce of gold for any amount of money that passes through the
method.
4. Test your method for the amount of $ 7150, which should return almost
5.5 ounce of gold.
5. Test your method for the amounts $ 1300, $ 2600 and $ 5525.
Compile and run the program to test the method.



Chapter 7—Strings &

StringBuffer

Java API documentation
There is a rich library of classes and methods available in Java. This huge amount
of free source code helps programmers to develop software faster. The
documentation of the Java library is online available. For some of the assignments
of this book, you will be asked to use this API documentation (Application
Programming Interface), because every Java programmer should be able to use
this API. String and StringBuffer are both two classes of this Java library.

String class
A string in Java is an object that consists of a random series of characters. A
String is enclosed in quotation marks. The String class contains a number of
important methods to manipulate it. There are two methods for the declaring of the
string object. The most commonly used method is:

String str = "I feel good";

You can also declare a string object in the common way as following.

String str = new String ("I feel good");

Strings can not be changed once they are created, because they are immutable.

String str = "California";
str = "large";

It seems as if the second line reassigns the value large to the object str, but they
are in fact two different objects. Since strings are immutable that makes the
process faster.

Methods of the String class
The String class has a number of useful methods. Below, we describe some of
those methods. For more methods and info about strings, see the API
documentation.

Method Return Description
data type
length () int Returns the length of
the String.
toUpperCase String Converts all the
() characters to uppercase
toLowerCase String Converts all the
() characters to lowercase
equals boolean Returns true if the
(Object o) Strings have the same
length and same
characters (case
sensitive)
charAt (int char Returns the character
index) at a specific index
indexOf () int Returns the index of
the first or last
occurrence of a character
of substring
substring(int String Returns a substring,
beginIndex, int begins at the specified
endIndex) beginIndex and extends
to the character at index
endIndex -1 .
 Example: “Hello
World”.substring(4, 8)
returns "llo"
trim() String Returns a copy of the
String with leading and
trailing white space
removed
replace(char String Returns a new string and
old, char new) replaces all the old chars
with the new chars

In the following example you learn what you can do with some of the above
methods. For more methods and information about strings visit the API
documentation.

Example 1

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String text = "If you love what you do, you will never have to work.";
String text2 = "Julia";
String text3 = "Julia";
String text4 = "julia";
String text5 = "Java #is a #popular programm#ing language.";
System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
System.out.println("Number of characters: " + text.length());
System.out.println("Uppercase: " + text.toUpperCase());
System.out.println("Small letters: " + text.toLowerCase());
System.out.println("From 12th to 28th: " + text.substring(12, 30));
// the index starts with 0
System.out.println("The seventh character: " + text.charAt(7));
System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
System.out.println("is text2 = text3: " + text2.equals(text3));
// case-sensitive
 System.out.println("is text3 = text4: " + text3.equals(text4));
System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
System.out.println("Remove the hash: " + text5.replace("#", ""));
}
}

This program writes the following to the standard output if it is compiled and
run.

--------------------------------------
Number of characters: 53
Uppercase: IF YOU LOVE WHAT YOU DO, YOU WILL NEVER HAVE TO
WORK.
Small letters: if you love what you do, you will never have to work.
From 12th to 28th: what you do, you w
The seventh character: l
--------------------------------------
is text2 = text3: true
is text3 = text4: false
--------------------------------------
Remove the hash: Java is a popular programming language.

Example 2

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str = "his ";
str += "name ";
str += "is James.";
System.out.print(str);
}
}

This program writes his name is James to the standard output.

 StringBuffers

If you need to change a string frequently, it might be better to use StringBuffer. A
String is immutable and can not be changed, but a StringBuffer is changeable. You
can instantiate a StringBuffer the same way you instantiate any other objects from
a class. The disadvantage of the StringBuffer is that it is slower than the String.

Constructors and Description
StringBuffer() Creates a StringBuffer with no
characters in it with an initial
capacity of 16 characters.
StringBuffer(String Creates a StringBuffer
str) initialized to the contents of the
specified string.


Method Return Description
data type
append(int i) StringBuffer Appends the string
representation of
the int argument to
this sequence.
append(String StringBuffer Appends the
str) specified string to
this character
sequence.
delete(int start, StringBuffer Removes the
int end) characters in a
substring of this
sequence.
deleteCharAt(int StringBuffer Removes the char at
index) the specified position
in this sequence.
insert(int offset, StringBuffer Inserts the string
String str) into this character
sequence.
replace(int start, StringBuffer Replaces the
int end, Strin str) characters in a
substring of this
sequence with
characters in the
specified string.
toString() String Returns a string
representing the data
in this sequence.

In the following example you learn what you can do with some of the above
methods. For more methods and information about StringBuffers visit the Java API
documentation.

Example 3

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("The universe is 13.8 billion years");
sb.append(" old.");
System.out.println(sb);
sb.insert(16, "approximately ");
System.out.println(sb);
sb.delete(3, 12);
System.out.println(sb);
}
}

This program writes the following to the standard output if it is compiles and
run.

The universe is 13.8 billion years old.
The universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old.
The is approximately 13.8 billion years old.

Quiz 1: Some standard methods of the string object

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Quote
{
String strQuote = "The weak can never forgive.";

public void myMethod()
{
System.out.print(strQuote.charAt(4));
System.out.print(", " + strQuote.indexOf("k"));
System.out.print(", " + strQuote.indexOf("e"));
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Quote qt = new Quote();
qt.myMethod();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "e, 8, 3" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "w, 7, 0" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "w, 7, 2" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "e, 8, 0" to the standard output.
e. This code writes ", 8, 0" to the standard output.
f. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement System.out.print(strQuote.charAt(4)); prints the fourth character to
the standard output.
 Starting with 0, the fourth character in the quote is "w".
The statement System.out.print(" " + strQuote.indexOf('k')); searches the index of
the first character "k" in the text, which is 7 and print it to the standard output.
The statement System.out.print(" " + strQuote.indexOf('e')); finds the index of the
first "e" in the text.
Remember that the text contains several e characters,
but the indexOf('e') finds the index of the first one.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. Declare a string variable and assign the value "I feel good" to it.
2. Add a statement to write the 7th character from your string.
3. Add a statement to find the index of the character l.

Quiz 2: Java strings

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
String str1 = "Jack";
String str2 = new String("Jack");

public void myMethod()
{
if (str1 == str2)
{
System.out.print("X");
}
if (str1.equals(str2))
{
System.out.print("Y");
}
else
{
 System.out.print("Z");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.myMethod();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "X Z" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "X Y" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "Y" to the standard output.
d. This code writes null to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation
The statement if (str1 == str2) returns false because str1 and str2 are two different
objects.
The statement if(str1.equals(str2) returns true, because both objects contain the
same set of chars “Jack”.
The statement System.out.print(“Y”); prints Y to the standard output.
The else block is ignored.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. Write a method that compares two strings. If the content of the strings are
equal, the method returns true, otherwise false.
2. Pass the two strings France and france to your method. Does your method
return false or true?
3. Test your method for the following couple of strings. (Hello, Hello), (123Str,
1234Str) and (He is my friend, He is my friend)

Quiz 3: The substring method

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
String strQuote = "We cannot solve our problems with the same " +
"thinking we used when we created them. Albert Einstein";

public void myMethod()
{
System.out.println(strQuote.substring(21, 26));
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.myMethod();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "proble" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "problems" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "r prob" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "roble" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement strQuote.substring(21,26) returns a substring of the strQuote, which
starts from the 21th character to the 26th.
Remember that:
beginIndex - the beginning index, inclusive.
endIndex - the ending index, exclusive.

The correct answer is d.

Assignment

1. Write a statement that prints the substring "Albert Einstein from strQuote to the
standard output.
2. Test your code by compiling and running the program.

Quiz 4: Some standard methods of the string object

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
String str = "He$llo $World$";

public void myMethod()
{
System.out.println(str.replace("$", ""));
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mk = new MyClass();
mk.myMethod();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "Hello World$" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "He$llo $World$" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "Hello $World$" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "Hello World" to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement System.out.print(strQuote.replace("$","")); replaces all the dollar
symbols with nothing or removes them.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. Write a method that replaces euro (€) symbols from a string with a dollar ($)
symbol.
2. Test your method for the following amounts "€ 233, € 12, € 90, € 62".

Quiz 5: Some standard methods of the class String

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
String str = " the subconscious mind ";

public void myMethod()
{
int strLength = str.length();
str = str.toUpperCase();
str = str.trim();
System.out.println(strLength + " " + str + " " + str.length());
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.myMethod();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "23 THE SUBCONSCIOUS MIND 21" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "23 The subconscious mind 21" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "23 THE SUBCONSCIOUS MIND 23" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "21 THE SUBCONSCIOUS MIND 21" to the standard output.

Explanation

The method length(); returns the number of characters of the str object including
all the white spaces, which is 23.
The method toUpperCase(); returns a new String with all upper case letters.
The method trim(); returns a new String with leading and trailing white space
removed.
That is the reason the last str.length returns 21 because the trim() method removes
the leading and the trailing white spaces.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. Write a method that returns the numbers of character in a string.
2. Test your method for the following Strings.
a. "What we think, we become." Buddha
b. "Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere."
Albert Einstein

Quiz 6: Some standard methods of the class StringBuffer

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("Jack");

public void myMethod()
{
sb.append("Elvis ");
sb2.append(" Ben");
sb.append(22);
System.out.print(sb + ", " + sb2);
}
 public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.myMethod();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "Elvis, Jack Ben" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "Elvis 22, Jack Ben" to the standard output.
c. This code writes ", 22 Ben" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "Elvis, Jack" to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(); creates an empty StringBuffer
object.
The statement sb.append("Elvis "); adds the string Elvis to the sb object.
The statement sb.append(22); adds the integer 22 to the sb object.
The statement StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("Jack"); creates a new
StringBuffer object contains "Jack".
The statement sb2.append(" Ben"); adds the name Ben to the sb2 object.

The correct answer is b.

Assignment

1. Add the string " music" to the object sb.
2. Add the string " 2000" to the object sb2.
3. Compile and run the program to test your changes.

Quiz 7: Some standard methods of the class StringBuffer

When this program is compiled and run, it should write "He is my friend" to the
standard output.

 public class MyClass
{
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("He is friend.");

public void myMethod()
{
// insert the code here
System.out.print(sb);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.myMethod();
}
}

Which one of the following statements you need to use instead of the comment
"// insert code here"?

a. sb.insert(6,"my ");
b. sb.insert(5,"my ");
c. sb.insert(7,"my");
d. sb.insert(5,"my");


Explanation

The statement sb.insert(6,"my "); inserts the right string "my " to the position of the
6th character of the text.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. Declare a StringBuffer called sb2, sb2 contains the text "He is from ,,, India".
2. Write a statement to remove all the commas from the text.
3. Test your code.

Quiz 8: Some methods of the class StringBuffer

When this program is compiled and run, it should write "He was your friend" to
the standard output.

public class MyClass
{
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("He was her friend");

public void myMethod()
{
// insert the code here
System.out.print(sb);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.myMethod();
}
}

Which one of the following statements you need to use instead of the comment "//
insert code here"?

a. sb.replace(8,11,"your");
b. sb.replace(6,9,"your");
c. sb.replace(7,10,"your");
d. sb.replace(6,11,"your");

Explanation

The statement sb.replace(7,10,"your"); replaces "her" with the "your" string. For
more see Java standard API StringBuffer.

The correct answer is c.

Assignment Chapter 7: Methods of the String class

Use Java standard API and Search for the class String. You can find the link to the
Java standard API at the beginning of this book.

The text is: "Brazil $ is $ one $of the largest country in the $ world."

1. Create a class called TextManipulation.
2. Write a method called stringDemo, that writes the following to the
standard output:
a. The upper case of the text.
b. The lower case of the text.
c. The number of the characters of the text.
d. Writes the text without all the $ symbols.
e. Writes the text without the first 14 characters.
f. The last index of the $ symbol.
g. Replaces the word Brazil with Canada

The result should look like:

Upper case: BRAZIL $ IS $ ONE $OF THE LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE $
WORLD.
Lower case: brazil $ is $ one $of the largest country in the $ world.
Number chars: 57
Remove $: Brazil is one of the largest country in the world.
Remove first 14 chars: one $of the largest country in the $ world.
Return only largest country:largest country
The index of the first $:7
The index of the Last $:49
Replace Brazil:Canada $ is $ one $of the largest country in the $ world.



Chapter 8—Packages &

Access Modifiers

Usually, at the top of a Java class, there is a statement as package java.util.date;
Java classes are saved in a file with a “.java” extension. Packages are essentially
directories, and they are separated from subdirectories with “.”. Java supports the
import statement to use classes of other packages as: import java.util.Iterator;

Java supports packages for the following reasons:

1. Packages are helpful by organizing your program.
2. Packages could be reused in other programs.
3. Using packages allow programmers to reuse class names.
4. Packages and access modifiers allow programmers to control access to
the classes.

Access modifiers
Java supports accessibility of the classes and class members with the following
keywords. All group members are accessible from classes in which they exist,
regardless of what their keywords are.

1. public
A public class or member is accessible from any other classes.

2. protected
A protected class or member is accessible from classes of the same package. You
can also access protected members of a class in other packages if your class
extends that class or use it as a superclass. Subclasses and superclasses are
covered in chapter 11 Inheritance.

3. package/default
Package or default modifier does not have a keyword. A package class or member
is accessible only from classes and members in the same package.

4. private
A private class or member is accessible only from the class where it is defined.

The following table shows the access level of the above access modifiers.

Keyword Class Package Subclass Outside
package
public Yes Yes Yes Yes
package/default Yes Yes No No
protected Yes Yes Yes No
private Yes No No No

To use a public class from other packages in your own classes, you must import
it.
In chapter 7, we have used the classes Strings and StringBuffers in our classes
without importing them. The reason is that Strings and StringBuffers are in the
package java.lang which is automatically imported in all your classes. If you have
a class defined in a different Java package, you cannot use them without importing
them.
If you, for example, want to use the class ArrayList in the package java.util, you
need to use the following import statement in your class: import
java.util.ArrayList; If you need to use many classes in the package java.util, you
don't need to import each class separately instead you can use .* at the end of the
package. This statement means that you import the whole package:

import java.util.*;

Example

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class MijnKlasse
{
public static void main()
{
ArrayList<String> automerken = new ArrayList<String>();
automerken.add("Volvo");
automerken.add("BMW");
automerken.add("Toyota");
}
}

So far we have used only one class in each quiz. From now on you can expect one
or more classes in the quizzes.

Quiz 1: Access class members from the same package

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class ClassB
{
public int w = 1;
protected int x = 2;
int y = 3;
private int z = 4;
}

public class ClassA
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ClassB cb = new ClassB();
// System.out.print(cb.w); /* 1 */
 // System.out.print(cb.x); /* 2 */
// System.out.print(cb.y); /* 3 */
// System.out.print(cb.z); /* 4 */
}
}

Which statement(s) are true? Choose all that apply.

a. If statement 1 is uncommented, the code writes "1" to the standard output.
b. If statement 2 is uncommented, the code writes "2" to the standard output.
c. If statement 3 is uncommented, the code writes "3" to the standard output.
d. If statement 4 is uncommented, the code writes "4" to the standard output.

Explanation

The answers a, b and c are true because both classes are in the same package.
Within the same package, access is allowed to the public, protected and default
modifiers.
Answer "d" is incorrect because private members cannot be accessed from other
classes.

The correct answers are a, b, c.

Assignments

1. Declare a character type variable myChar in the class ClassB, the variable
myChar shouldn't be accessible through the object cb.
2. Add a statement to the classA to test whether myChar is accessible.

Quiz 2: Different packages and access modifiers

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

package package_02;

public class ClassB
{
 public int w = 1;
protected int x = 2;
int y = 3;
private int z = 4;
}

package package_01;

import package_02.ClassB;

public class ClassA
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ClassB cb = new ClassB();
// System.out.print(cb.w); /* 1 */
// System.out.print(cb.x); /* 2 */
// System.out.print(cb.y); /* 3 */
// System.out.print(cb.z); /* 4 */
}
}

Which statement(s) are true? Choose all that apply.

a. If statement 1 is uncommented, the code writes "1" to the standard output.
b. If statement 2 is uncommented, the code writes "2" to the standard output.
c. If statement 3 is uncommented, the code writes "3" to the standard output.
d. If statement 4 is uncommented, the code writes "4" to the standard output.

Explanation

a. is the only correct answer because the variable "w" is defined as public.
The variable "x" is protected, and it is in the class ClassB, which is outside the
package.
That applies to the variables "y" and "z" as well, because their access modifiers
are package and private.

 The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. Declare an integer variable called myInt in the ClassB; the object cb should
have access to your variable.
2. Write a statement in ClassA to check out the accessibility of your variable.
3. ClassA and ClassB in this example are in two different packages, while in the
previous one, they were in the same package.

Analyze the difference between this code and the previous one (qz01).

Quiz 3: Different packages and access modifiers

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

package package_02;

public class ClassB
{
public int w = 1;
protected int x = 2;
int y = 3;
private int z = 4;

public void myMethod()
{
System.out.print(w);
System.out.print(x);
System.out.print(y);
System.out.print(z);
}
}

package package_01;

import package_02.ClassB;

public class ClassA
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ClassB cb = new ClassB();
cb.myMethod();
}
}

Which statement(s) are true? Choose all that apply.

a. This code writes "1234" to the standard output.
b. If you remove the "public" modifier from the ClassB, the code writes "1234" to
the standard output.
c. If you remove the "public" modifier from the method myMethod, the code
writes "1234" to the standard output.
d. This code does not compile.

Explanation

a. ClassA can access all the public methods of the ClassB.
ClassA can access the private, protected and default members of classB indirectly
through the public method myMethod.
b. If you remove the public modifier from the ClassB, you cannot access it
anymore from ClassA. Because the two classes are in two different packages.
c. If you remove the public modifier from the method myMethod, you can not
access the method from the ClassA.
Answer d is not correct.

The correct answer is a.

Assignment

What do you expect if you remove the public keyword from the classB?

Assignment chapter 8: The classes Date and Student in different packages

1. Create two packages, calendar, and personal_data
2. Create a class called DateInfo inside the package calendar
3. The class DateInfo has only three variables, day (type integer), month
(integer), year (integer).
4. The three variables day, month and year, are invisible outside the class
DateInfo.
5. Define a constructor for the class DateInfo with three-arguments to
initialize the variables day, month and year.
6. Write a method called getDateFormat, that returns a date format example;
19/4/2016 (the method returns a String type for simplification)
7. Create a class called Student inside the package personal_data.
8. The Student class has only two variables, name (type String) and
birthDate (type DateInfo).
9. Create two student objects for Isabella and David, Isabella's birthDate is
28/8/1998 and David's birthDate is 13/9/1996
10. Write an extra piece of code to write the names and the birth dates of the
two students to the standard output as shown below.

---First Student---
Name: Isabella
Birth date: 28/8/1998
---Second Student---
Name: David
Birth date: 13/9/1996



Chapter 9—Arrays &

ArrayList
An array is a collection of elements of the same type. The number of the elements
of arrays is fixed, and each element has a position in the array. The position of the
elements is indicated by an integer value called index, which starts from 0. The
number of the elements that can fit in an array is called length. An array in Java is
not a primitive data type, but an object.
You define an array as follows:

1. Declare a name for the array.
2. You can create an array object as usual with the keyword new.
3. Specify the data type of the array.
4. Specify the length of the array.
5. Add elements to the array.

See the following example:
Here below we define an array of an integer type data. The size of the array is
7, which indicates that only 7 elements can fit in it.

int [] myArray = new int [7]

The section int [] myArray indicates that the array is of the primitive variable
int declared with the name or reference myArray. The square brackets [] indicate
that it is a reference to an array. The section new int[7] indicates that a new array
object is created. The number between the square brackets means that the length of
the array is equal to 7. The index of the elements of myArray consists of the
numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. There are seven elements totally. To find out the
element for example at index 2, we use the name of the array, and between square
brackets the index of the element: myArray[2]. In our example, all the seven
elements are equal to 0, because they are not initialized. If an int type variable is
not initialized its value is by default equal to 0.
The program of example 1 writes seven zeros to the standard output: 0000000

int [] myArray = new int [7]

The following code changes the value of the fourth element in the array to 11.
Remember that the first element index is 0.

intArray [3] = 11

Try to import the package java.util.Arrays of the Java standard API, to learn
how to sort the elements of an array. See the standard methods of java.util.Arrays
to learn what you can do with the elements of arrays.

Example 1

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] myArray = new int[7];
System.out.print(myArray[0]);
System.out.print(myArray[1]);
System.out.print(myArray[2]);
System.out.print(myArray[3]);
System.out.print(myArray[4]);
System.out.print(myArray[5]);
System.out.print(myArray[6]);
}
}

You can assign other values to the elements of myArray. In the next example we
assign new values of 7, 4 and 1 to the elements at index 0, 3, 5 as follows.

myArray[0] = 7;
myArray[3] = 4;
myArray[5] = 1;

The following program writes 7004010 to the standard output, because we
reassigned the values of the element indexes 0, 3 and 5, to the new values of 7, 4
and 1.

Example 2

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] myArray = new int[7];
myArray[0] = 7;
myArray[3] = 4;
myArray[5] = 1;
System.out.print(myArray[0]);
System.out.print(myArray[1]);
System.out.print(myArray[2]);
System.out.print(myArray[3]);
System.out.print(myArray[4]);
System.out.print(myArray[5]);
System.out.print(myArray[6]);
}
}

The array myArray has only seven elements, therefore it was not difficult to write
each element value separately to the standard output. If you have an array of
hundreds of elements, it would not be practical to use the previous method. To
write each element value of that kind of arrays to the standard output, we can use a
loop statement such as a for-statement as follows.

Example 3

public class MyClass
{
 public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] myArray = new int[7];
myArray[0] = 7;
myArray[3] = 4;
myArray[5] = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < myArray.length; i++)
{
System.out.print(myArray[i]);
}
}
}

This program writes 7004010 to the standard output if it is compiled and run.

Sorting the elements of an array
To sort elements of an array, we use the class Arrays. This class is located in the
package java.util of the Java standard API. Below is what you can do with some
methods of the class java.util.Arrays.

Methods of Arrays (See Java standard API for more details)

Method Return Description
data type
sort(Object [] o) void Sorts the specified
array
copyOf (char[] void Copies the specified
original, int array
newLength)
binarySearch(char[] void Searches the specified
c, char key) array chars for a specific
value.
equals(char[] c, boolean Returns true if the two
char[] c2) specified arrays of chars
are equal.

In the following program we sort the elements of an array

Example 4

import java.util.Arrays;

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String[] strArray = new String[5];
strArray[0] = "Nora";
strArray[1] = "Sam";
strArray[2] = "Anna";
strArray[3] = "Lisa";
strArray[4] = "Julian";
System.out.println("The names are not sorted alphabetically.");
for (int i = 0; i < strArray.length; i++)
{
System.out.print(strArray[i] + ", ");
}
// the sort method sorts the names alphabetically
Arrays.sort(strArray);
System.out.println("\n---------");
System.out.println("The names are sorted alphabetically.");
for (int i = 0; i < strArray.length; i++)
{
System.out.print(strArray[i] + ", ");
}
}
}

When this program is compiled and run, the following is written to the standard
output.

The names are not sorted alphabetically.
Nora, Sam, Anna, Lisa, Julian,
---------
The names are sorted alphabetically.
Anna, Julian, Lisa, Nora, Sam,

There is a faster method to define an array and add elements to it.

String[] strArray = {"Nora","Sam","Anna","Lisa","Julian"};
The previous method can replace the following method.
String[] strArray = new String[5];
strArray[0] = "Nora";
strArray[1] = "Sam";
strArray[2] = "Anna";
strArray[3] = "Lisa";
strArray[4] = "Julian";

Example 5

import java.util.Arrays;

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// second method
String[] strArray = { "Nora", "Sam", "Anna", "Lisa", "Julian" };
System.out.println("The names are not sorted alphabetically.");
for (int i = 0; i < strArray.length; i++)
{
System.out.print(strArray[i] + ", ");
}
// the sort method sorts the names alphabetically
Arrays.sort(strArray);
System.out.println("\n---------");
System.out.println("The names are sorted alphabetically.");
for (int i = 0; i < strArray.length; i++)
{
 System.out.print(strArray[i] + ", ");
}
}
}

The code of example 5 writes the following to the standard output.

The names are not sorted alphabetically.
Nora, Sam, Anna, Lisa, Julian,
---------
The names are sorted alphabetically.
Anna, Julian, Lisa, Nora, Sam,

The element strArray[i] is a String object in the index position i . In chapter 7
Strings and StringBuffer is explained how you can access the methods of objects.
To find the number of characters of each String, we can use the method length() as
follows:

strArray[i].length()

Example 6

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String[] strArray = new String[5];
strArray[0] = "Nora";
strArray[1] = "Sam";
strArray[2] = "Anna";
strArray[3] = "Lisa";
strArray[4] = "Julian";
System.out.println("The number of characters of the names.");
for (int i = 0; i < strArray.length; i++)
{
System.out.print(strArray[i] + ":" + strArray[i].length() + ",");
}
 }
}

The number of characters of the names.
Nora:4,Sam:3,Anna:4,Lisa:4,Julian:6,

The class ArrayList
An ArrayList is a data structure that allows you to collect elements in a list. An
ArrayList is often used because it's size can change. It is one of the classes in the
Java library, which contains different methods to add, remove, sort elements in
alphabetical order and more. Each element of an ArrayList has an index which
starts from 0. To use an ArrayList in your own classes, you need to import it from
the Java library as shown below.

import java.util.ArrayList;

Some Methods of ArrayList (see ArrayList in the Java standard API)

Method Return Description
data type
add(int index, E void Inserts an element at
element) a specified position in
the list.
add(E element) boolean Appends the
specified element to the
end of the list.
get(int index) Element Returns the element
at a specified position.
remove(int Element Removes the element
index) at the specified
position
size() int Returns the number
of elements in the list.

Example 7

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList arrayList = new ArrayList();
}
}

Quiz 1: A simple array

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyArray

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arrayInt = new int[3];
for (int i = 0; i < arrayInt.length; i++)
{
System.out.print(arrayInt[i] + " ");
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "0 0" to the standard output.

b. This code writes "0 0 0" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "0" to the standard output.
d. This code writes null to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation
The statement int[] arrayInt = new int[3]; creates an array of integer.
the new int[3] means that the array length is 3 and only three elements fit in it.
The statement System.out.print(arrayInt[i] + " "); prints the elements of the array to
the standard output.
The value of each element of an array is automatically set to a default value. In
this case is a default value of an integer, which is 0.

The correct answer is b.

Assignment

Change the declaration of the array to "int[] arrayInt = new int[11];". What would
be the result?
Compile and run the program to test your expectation.

Quiz 2: Adding integer elements to an Array

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyArray
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] arr = new int[5];
arr[0] = 3;
arr[1] = 7;
arr[4] = 3;
arr[3] = 1;
arr[1] = 8;
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
{
System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:
a. This code writes "3 8 7 1 3" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "3 7 0 1 3" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "3 7 1 3 8" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "3 7 3 1 8" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "3 8 0 1 3" to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement int[] arr = new int[5]; creates an array of integer with 5 places.
The statement arr[0] = 3; assigns the value of the first (index = 0) element to 3.
The statement arr[1] = 7; sets the value of the second element to 7.
The statement arr[1] = 8; reassigns the value of the second element to 8.
The third element is not assigned, the default value is 0.
The statement arr[3] = 1; sets the fourth element to 1.
The statement arr[4] = 3; sets the fifth element to 3.

The correct answer is e.

Assignments

1. In the above program, we want to write to the standard output only the
elements that are greater or equal to 3, add your control to achieve that.
2. compile and run the code to test your expectation.

Quiz 3: Sorting elements of an array

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

import java.util.Arrays;

public class Animal
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String[] arrAnimal = new String[5];
arrAnimal[0] = "Wolf ";
 arrAnimal[1] = "Lion ";
arrAnimal[2] = "Leopard ";
arrAnimal[3] = "Elephant ";
arrAnimal[4] = "Tiger ";
// See the class "Arrays" of the Java standard API
Arrays.sort(arrAnimal);
for (int i = 0; i < arrAnimal.length; i++)
{
if (i > 1)
{
System.out.print(arrAnimal[i]);
}
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "Lion Tiger Wolf" to the standard output.

b. This code writes "Leopard Elephant Tiger" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "Elephant Leopard Lion Tiger Wolf" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "Leopard Lion Tiger Wolf" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "null" to the standard output.

Explanation

The Arrays.sort(arrAnimal); statement sorts the names alphabetically as
following.
Elephant, Leopard, Lion, Tiger, Wolf
The statement if(i > 1) prints only the element indexes greater than 1, which are:
Lion, Tiger, Wolf

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. Add three more animals to the arrAnimal namely, Bear, Zebra, and Monkey, in
 the positions 5, 6 and 7.
2. By compiling and running the program, the error
"java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException" would be written to the
standard output. Try to fix the error.
3. Change the program so that you print all the elements of the array to the
standard output.

Quiz 4: Copying a Java array and sorting its elements

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

import java.util.Arrays;

public class MyArray
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
char[] arrCharA = new char[4];
arrCharA[0] = 'g';
arrCharA[1] = 'h';
arrCharA[2] = 'e';
arrCharA[3] = 'f';
// see the class "Arrays" of the Java standard API
char[] arrCharB = Arrays.copyOf(arrCharA, arrCharA.length);
Arrays.sort(arrCharA);
System.out.print(arrCharA[2]);
System.out.print(arrCharB[3]);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "he" to the standard output.

b. This code writes "ef" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "gf" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "ee" to the standard output.
e. This code writes null to the standard output.
f. This code writes nothing to the standard output.
g. This code does not compile.

Explanation

The statement char[] arrCharA = new char[4]; creates an array of char.

The statement char[] arrCharB = Arrays.copyOf(arrCharA,arrCharA.length);
copies the array with all its elements.
The statement Arrays.sort(arrCharA); sorts the original arrCharA.
The elements of the arrCharA are indexed as: e f g h
The elements of the array copy arrCharB are indexed as g h e f.
The statement System.out.print(arrCharA[2]); prints the third element(g) of the
arrCharA to the standard output.
The statement System.out.print(arrCharB[3]); prints the fourth element(f) of the
arrCharB to the standard output.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. Declare a new array of integers called "arrayInt" and add the elements 3, 4, 2,
7 and 9 to it.
2. Add a piece of code to write all the values of the elements of your array to the
standard output.

Quiz 5: Using methods of the class Arrays

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

import java.util.Arrays;

public class MyArray
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
char[] arrCharA = new char[4];
arrCharA[0] = 'w';
 arrCharA[1] = 'k';
arrCharA[2] = 'd';
arrCharA[3] = 'r';
char[] arrCharB = Arrays.copyOf(arrCharA, arrCharA.length);
// returns the index of the element 'k'
int i = Arrays.binarySearch(arrCharA, 'k');
// checks whether the two arrays are equal
boolean b = Arrays.equals(arrCharA, arrCharB);
System.out.print(i + " " + b);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "0 false" to the standard output.

b. This code writes "0 true" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "1 false" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "1 true" to the standard output.
e. This code does not compile.

Explanation

The statement char[] arrCharB = arrCharA.clone(); clones the arrCharA.
The statement int i = Arrays.binarySearch(arrCharA,'k'); returns the index of the
'k', see Java API.
The index of 'k' is 1.
The statement boolean b = Arrays.equals(arrCharA,arrCharB); returns true if the
two arrays are equal otherwise false, see Java API
ArrayB is a clone of ArrayA, and that is why the method equals returns true.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. Declare an array of character called arrayChar add the elements R, N, B, S,
M, O, A and C to it.
2. Check out whether your array (arrayChar) is equal to the array "arrCharA".
3. Sort the elements of your array alphabetically, use the "Arrays" class of the
Java standard api, import java.util.Arrays; .
4. Add a piece of code to write the elements of your array to the standard output.
The result should look like: A, B, C, M, N, O, R, S,

Quiz 6: Array elements & conditional statements

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
void myMethod()
{
String strArray[] = { "n", "b", "a", "z" };
for (int i = 0; i < strArray.length; i++)
{
if (strArray[i].equals("z"))
{
System.out.print("x1 ");
}
else if (strArray[i].equals("a"))
{
System.out.print("x2 ");
}
else if (strArray[i].equals("B"))
{
System.out.print("x2 ");
}
else
{
System.out.print("x3 ");
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
 mc.myMethod();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "x3 x2 x2 x1" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "x3 x3 x3 x3" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "x1 x2 x3 x3" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "x3 x3 x2 x1" to the standard output.
e. This code does not compile.

Explanation

When “i” is equal to 0, the if statements, checks whether the first element of the
array is z, a or B.
The first element of the array is “n”, and that is why x3 is printed to the standard
output.
The second element of the array is “B”, which is no equal to small “b”, x3 is
printed to the standard output.
The third element is equal to “a”, and that is why x2 is printed to the standard
output.
The fourth element is z, and that is why x1 is printed to the standard output.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. What is written to the standard output if the statement else
if(strArray[i].equals("B")) is replaced by the statement else
if(strArray[i].equals("b")) .
2. Compile and run the program to check.

Quiz 7: Add and retrieve elements from an ArrayList

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class CountryList
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList<String> counties = new ArrayList<String>();
counties.add("Germany");
counties.add("United States");
counties.add("Russia");
counties.add("United Kingdom");
counties.add(2, "India");
for (int i = 0; i < counties.size(); i++)
{
System.out.print(" " + counties.get(i));
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "Germany United States Russia United Kingdom" to the
standard output.
b. This code writes "Germany India United States Russia United Kingdom" to the
standard output.
c. This code writes "Germany United States Russia United Kingdom India" to the
standard output.
d. This code writes "Germany United States India Russia United Kingdom" to the
standard output.

You can find the link to the Java standard API at the beginning of this book. Write
a method called printInfo that writes the following to the standard output.

Explanation

The program inserts India at the second index position in the list. Since the index
of an ArrayList starts with 0.
The position of India will be the third position in the list.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

Use Java standard API and search for the class ArrayList.

1. Check whether the ArrayList countries is empty.
2. Check whether "Spain" is on the list.
3. Check whether "Russia" is on the list.
4. The index of the United States.
5. The size of the ArrayList countries.
6. Remove Germany from the list.

Quiz 8: Add and retrieve elements from a student ArrayList

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Student
{
String name;
int age;
String email;

public Student(String name, int age, String email)
{
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.email = email;
}
}

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class College
{
 ArrayList<Student> studentList = new ArrayList<Student>();

public void populateStudentArray()
{
Student st1 = new Student(" Smith", 24, "smith@itmail.com");
Student st2 = new Student(" Jennifer", 22, "jennifer@dzork.com");
Student st3 = new Student(" Thomas", 33, "thomas@ysmail.com");
Student st4 = new Student(" Susan", 25, "susan@rzmail.com");
studentList.add(st1);
studentList.add(st2);
studentList.add(st3);
studentList.add(st4);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
College cl = new College();
cl.populateStudentArray();
for (int i = 0; i < cl.studentList.size(); i++)
{
if (i == 2)
{
System.out.print(cl.studentList.get(i).name +
", " + cl.studentList.get(i).age +
", " + cl.studentList.get(i).email);
}
}
}
}

a. This code writes "Jennifer, 22, jennifer@dzork.com" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "Susan, 25, susan@rzmail.com" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "Thomas, 33, thomas@ysmail.com" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "Smith, 24, smith@itmail.com" to the standard output.

Explanation

If you remove the statement "if(i == 2)", the program retrieves all the four students
 names and emails.
The previous statement selects only the second student. Since the ArrayList index
starts from 0.
The information about the third student(Thomas) is printed to the standard output.
We added four elements to the ArrayList, and that means the size of the ArrayList
is 4.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. Add another student to the list, whose name is "Rita", age 28 and her email is
"rita@online.com".
2. What is the result if you remove the conditional statement "if(i == 2)" ?
3. What is the result if you remove the statement "cl.populateSutdentArray();"
4. Compile and run the program to test your expectation.

Assignment chapter 9: Add items to a shopping cart

1. Create a new class named Item. Declare two variables within this class,
namely, name and price .
2. Define a constructor for the class Item to intitialize the names and the prices of
the items.
3. Create a class shopping Cart with an object ArrayList for the items.
4. Add the following items to the ArrayList.

Shirt price $ 20.39
Pants price $ 32.85
Socks price $ 11.25
Jacket price $ 120.65

Write a method with the name printItems to write the names and the prices of the
items to the standard output.



Chapter 10—Static
Members
Static members are variables, methods, or nested classes, the last one will be
explained later in this book. All objects have their own copy of the instance
variables, but for the static variable, there is only one copy available for all the
objects of the class. You can call static variables with the name of the class as
well as the name of each instance of the class. A static variable is also called
class variable; it starts with the keyword static.

Class variables
In the following class Student, we want to keep track of the numbers of objects we
instantiate from the class student. To do this, we need to declare a static int
variable numberStudents. Each time you instantiate a student object, the
constructor increments the number of students by one. In the following program,
three objects are created, namely st1, st2 and st3.

Example 1

public class Student
{
String name;
static int numberStudents;

public Student()
{
numberStudents++;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Student st1 = new Student();
 Student st2 = new Student();
Student st3 = new Student();
st1.name = "Allan";
st2.name = "Erica";
st3.name = "Emma";
System.out.println("Name st1: " + st1.name);
System.out.println("Number of students: " + st1.numberStudents);
System.out.println("Name st2: " + st2.name);
System.out.println("Number of students: " + st2.numberStudents);
System.out.println("Name st3: " + st3.name);
System.out.println("Number of students: " + st3.numberStudents);
/*
* you can access static variables using the Name of the class
*/
System.out.println("Number of students: " + Student.numberStudents);
}
}

The previous example writes the following to the standard output.

Name st1: Allan
Number of students: 3
Name st2: Erica
Number of students: 3
Name st3: Emma
Number of students: 3
Number of students: 3

This kind of information cannot be provided by the instance variables because
each object has information about itself. Objects have no information about the
history of their classes. If we remove the keyword static from the variable
numberStudents the number of students remains 1, regardless of the number of
objects that you create.

How to prevent instantiation of a class with only static
members?
It is unnecessary to instantiate classes that have only static variables and methods
such as the Math class of the Java standard API. To prevent instantiating such a
class you need to define its constructor private.

Static methods
You can call static members with the name of the class, and that also applies to the
static methods. You can call static methods with the name of the class as well as
the name of the objects.
There are some important rules, which apply to static methods.

1. The keyword this can't be used inside static methods because this is
associated with the current instance.
2. You can not have instance variables within a static method because the
instance probably does not exist at the time that the method is called.

An example of a static method is the following method, which returns the sum
of four integers. This method is static because there is no need to create an object
to calculate the sum of four integers. In order to call this method, we use the name
of the class.

Example 2

public class Calculate
{
public static int getSum(int i, int i2, int i3, int i4)
{
return i + i2 + i3 + i4;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = getSum(5, 4, 6, 2);
// or
// int x = Calculate.getSum(5, 4, 6, 2);
System.out.print(x);
}
}

The previous example writes 17 to the standard output.

Quiz 1: Comparing static variables with instance variables

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Employee
{
int nr; // instance variable
static int stNr; // class variable

public Employee()
{
nr++;
stNr++;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Employee emp1 = new Employee();
Employee emp2 = new Employee();
Employee emp3 = new Employee();
System.out.print(Employee.stNr + ", ");
System.out.print(emp1.nr + ", ");
System.out.print(emp2.nr + ", ");
System.out.print(emp3.nr);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "3, 1, 2, 3" to the standard output.
b. This code writes ”3, 1, 1, 1” to the standard output.
c. This code writes "1, 1, 1, 1" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "3, 3, 3, 3" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

 Explanation

The no-argument constructor is called each time we create an employee object.
We have created 3 employee objects and by creating an object the statement
stNr++ adds one to the static variable. After creating the three objects stNr = 3.
For all the instances the stNr remains the same because it is static.

Usually, you don't need to use the name of objects to access static members. You
can also use the name of the class.
The instance variable nr belongs to the objects. The value of the instance variable
nr for all the objects is equal to one.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. Create two more employee objects namely; emp4 and emp5.
2. Does the instantiation of the two previous objects affect the static variable
stNr?
3. Compile and run the program to test your expectation.

Quiz 2: Java static members

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
static int x = 3;

public MyClass()
{
x++;
}
public static int method(int i, int i2)
{
x += (i - i2);
return x;
 }
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc1 = new MyClass();
MyClass mc2 = new MyClass();
System.out.print(MyClass.x + ", ");
MyClass mc3 = new MyClass();
MyClass.method(8, 3);
System.out.print(MyClass.x);
}
}

Select the correct answer:
a. This code writes "0, 0" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "5, 5" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "11, 11" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "5, 11" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "3, 3" to the standard output.

Explanation

The no-argument constructor is called each time we create a MyClass object.
By instantiating the objects mc1 and mc2 the no-argument constructor adds each
time 1 to the
value of x which is initially equal to 3.
x = 3 + 1 + 1 = 5.
By instantiating the object mc3 the no-argument constructor adds one more to the
value of x.
x = 5 + 1 = 6.
The statement MyClass.method(8,3); invokes the method, which adds (i - i2) to
the value of x.
x = 6 + (8 - 3) = 11.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. Write a method called resetX to reset the value of the variable x to any integer
number you wish.
2. Test your method.

Quiz 3: Class variables and instance variables

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
static int x = 6;
int y = 3;

MyClass()
{
x += 3;
y += 2;
}
void method(int i)
{
this.y = y - i;
x++;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc1 = new MyClass();
MyClass mc2 = new MyClass();
MyClass mc3 = new MyClass();
mc1.method(3);
System.out.print(MyClass.x + ", " + mc1.y);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "16, 6" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "16, 2" to the standard output.
 c. This code writes "12, 2" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "13, 5" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "15, 5" to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement MyClass mc1 = new MyClass(); creates the object mc1.
By creating an object, the program calls the no-argument constructor.
It adds 3 to the value of x and 2 to the value of y.
x = 6 + 3 = 9. x is static and it belongs to the class.
y = 3 = 2 = 5. y is an instance variable and its value belongs to the object mc1.
The statement MyClass mc2 = new MyClass(); creates the object mc2.
It calls the no-argument constructor and adds more 3 to the value of x.
x = 9 + 3 =12. The value of y of the object mc1 remains the same.
The statement MyClass mc3 = new MyClass(); creates the object mc3.
It calls the no-argument constructor and adds more 3 to the value of x.
x = 12 + 3 = 15.
The statement mc1.method(3); invokes the method, which adds one to the value of
x.
x = 15 + 1 = 16.
By invoking the method
this.y = (y - i)
The value of the variable y of the object mc1 is equal to 5.
y = 5 - i = 5 - 3 = 2.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. Create five object references of the class MyClass namely mc4, mc5, mc6,
mc7 and mc8.
2. Does that affect the static variable x?
3. Test your code.

Quiz 4: Static variables and methods

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
static int x = 2;

MyClass()
{
x += 4;
}
static void methodA(int i)
{
x = x - i;
}
int methodB(int i)
{
return x + i;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc1 = new MyClass();
MyClass.methodA(2);
MyClass mc2 = new MyClass();
System.out.print(mc2.methodB(3));
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "11" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "12" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "14" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "7" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "9" to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement MyClass mc1 = new MyClass(); calls the no-argument constructor,
 which adds 4 to the value of x.
x = 2 + 4 = 6.
The statement MyClass.methodA(2); invokes the methodA.
x = x - i = 6 - 2 = 4.
The statement MyClass mc2 = new MyClass(); calls the no-argument constructor,
which adds 4 to the value of x.
x = 4 + 4 = 8.
The statement System.out.print(mc2.methodB(3)); invokes the methodB.
x = x + i = 8 + 3 = 11.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. What is the result if you replace the statement x += 4; with the statement x ++
2. Compile and run the program to test the result.

Quiz 5: A static StringBuffer example

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
static int x;
static StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();

public MyClass()
{
myMethod();
}
public void myMethod()
{
x += 3;
sb.append(x);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
 MyClass mc = new MyClass();
MyClass mc2 = new MyClass();
MyClass mc3 = new MyClass();
System.out.println(MyClass.sb);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "333" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "0" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "3" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "369" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "18" to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement MyClass mc = new MyClass(), creates an object, which calls the
MyClass no-argument constructor.
The constructor invokes the method myMethod().
The statement x += 3 increments the value of x by 3, x = 0 + 3 = 3.
The statement sb.appends(x), appends the string representation of the x argument,
which is 3.

By creating the second object “mc2” the x += 3 increments the value of x by 3, x =
3 + 3 = 6.
The statement sb.appends(x), appends the string representation of the x argument,
which is 6.

By creating the third object “mc3” the x += 3 increments the value of x by 3, x = 6
+ 3 = 9.
The statement sb.appends(x), appends the string representation of the x argument,
which is 9.

Remember that x and sb are both static, and that is why both of them belong to the
class. The value of x and sb are the same for all the objects.

 The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. Remove the keyword static from the class variable x .
2. Does the previous step affect the program?
3. Compile and run the program to check your expectation.
4. Remove both static keywords from the class variables x and sb .
5. Do you think that the previous step changes the result of the execution of the
program?
6. Compile and run the program to check your expectation.

Assignment chapter 10: Track the names of programming languages in a
string

1. Create a new class ProgrammingLanguage.
2. Declare an integer variable numberOfLanguages and a String variable
language inside the class.
3. Instantiate the following five objects of the class ProgrammingLanguage as
follows: Java , C++ , Python , PHP and Ruby .
4. Each time an object is created, the variable language keeps the track of the
name of the objects as follows: Java , C++ , Python , PHP , Ruby .
5. The variable numberOfLanguages should also keep track the number of the
created objects.
6. Compile and run your program to test your code.

Use the operator += to keep track of the variable language of all the created
objects, as follows :
String language = "".
language += "Java".
language += "C++".. etc.



Chapter 11—Inheritance
Java supports inheritance to allow reusing code and extending new classes based
on existing ones. Inheritance is an important concept in object-oriented
programming.
An example of inheritance is an Employee class, which contains the fields,
name, age, and salary. If we need to know which programming language a
programmer use, we cannot add that field to the employee class. That is because
not every employee works with a programming language. The mentioned field
would be redundant for the managers and other employees, who are not
programmers.

Example 1

public class Employee
{
String name;
int age;
double salary;
String language; // redundant

public void printInfo()
{
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
System.out.println("Salary $ " + salary);
System.out.println("Language: " + language);
}
}

Another solution is creating a new class called programmer with the fields name ,
age , salary and language as following.

public class Programmer
{
String name; // redundant
int age; // redundant
double salary; // redundant
String language;

public void printInfo()
{
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
System.out.println("Salary: " + salary);
System.out.println("Language: " + language);
}
}

This solution also uses unnecessary fields, because we have already defined the
fields name, age, and salary in the class Employee. To reuse the code of the class
Employee, we will extend the class Programmer with the keyword extends. In this
way, the class Programmer inherits all the fields and the behavior of the class
Employee. The class Programmer inherits the fields name, age, and salary from
the class Employee and keeps its own field language. The term superclass is used
for the parent class and the term subclass for the child class. In our example, the
class Programmer becomes a subclass of the superclass Employee as shown in
example 2. The keyword protected is used for the members of the superclass to
give the subclass access to those members. The method printInfo in the class
Employee writes the name, age, and salary of the employees to the standard
output. We can override this method in the class Programmer to write those
attributes of each programmer in addition to the programming language to the
standard output. We don't need to rewrite the whole method printInfo of the
superclass in the subclass, but we use the statement super.printInfo();. The
keyword super in the subclass Programmer refers to its superclass Employee.

Example 2

public class Employee
{
protected String name;
protected int age;
protected double salary;

public void printInfo()
{
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
System.out.println("Salary: $" + salary);
}
}

public class Programmer extends Employee
{
String language;

public void printInfo()
{
super.printInfo();
System.out.println("Language: " + language);
}
}

public class TestEmployee
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Employee emp = new Employee();
Programmer prog = new Programmer();
emp.name = "Jack";
emp.age = 23;
emp.salary = 2100.55;
prog.name = "Emma";
prog.age = 32;
 prog.salary = 3200.45;
prog.language = "Java";
emp.printInfo();
prog.printInfo();
}
}

If the code is executed the following is written to the standard output.

Name: Jack
Age: 23
Salary: $ 2100.55
Name: Emma
Age: 32
Salary: $ 3200.45
Language: Java

Superclass constructor
When you instantiate an object of the subclass Programmer, the no-argument
constructor of the superclass Employee is called. The following program writes
Peter Eva to the standard output. By creating objects of the subclass Programmer,
the no-argument constructor of the superclass Employee is called, and this one
writes Peter to the standard output. Then the constructor of the subclass is called,
and this one writes Eva to the standard output.

Example 3

public class Employee
{
protected String name;
protected int age;
protected double salary;

public Employee()
{
System.out.print("Peter ");
 }
}

public class Programmer extends Employee
{
String language;

public Programmer()
{
System.out.print("Eva");
}
}

public class TestEmployee
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Programmer prog = new Programmer();
}
}

If you pass the argument name to the constructor of the class Employee, the code
will have an issue. The reason is that by creating the object prog, the no-argument
constructor of the superclass is called.
If it does not exist, you need to call the constructor of the superclass explicitly.
You can use the keyword super to call the constructor of the superclass.

Example 4

public class Employee
{
protected String name;
protected int age;
protected double salary;

public Employee(String name)
{
 this.name = name;
System.out.print(name + " ");
}
}

public class Programmer extends Employee
{
String language;

public Programmer()
{
// Calling one-argument constructor of the superclass
super("Peter");
System.out.print("Eva");
}
}

public class TestEmployee
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Programmer prog = new Programmer();
}
}

Overriding Methods
Overriding methods of super classes in subclasses allows the subclass to inherit
and modify the behavior of the superclass as needed. The overridden method has
the same name, type, and a number of parameters, and returns the same type of the
data as the method that overrides.
See the method printInfo() in the example 2. Remember that you don't need to
rewrite the printInfo() method of the super class Employee in the class
Programmer. The keyword super allows you to access variables and methods of
the superclass from the subclass.
The method printInfo in the superclass Employee.

public void printInfo()
{
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
System.out.println("Salary: $ " + salary);
}

The subclass Programmer override the method printInfo of its superclass.

public void printInfo()
{
super.printInfo();
System.out.println("Language: " + language);
}

It is not necessary to rewrite the whole method printInfo of the superclass in the
subclass. You can instead use the statement super.printInfo(); to access the method
printInfo of the superclass.

Overloading Methods
Overloading of methods is the possibility to reuse the same method name in a
class as often as needed. To do so the methods should comply with the following
requirements:

1. The methods can have the same name and a different number of parameters,
such as the method getNetSalary.

double getNetSalary()
double getNetSalary(double grossSalary)
double getNetSalary(double grossSalary, int taxRate)

2. The methods can have the same number of parameters, but their parameters
may not have the same data types. Below is the method name getNetSalary
reused and that is correct, because the data types of the parameters are
different.

 double getNetSalary(double grossSalary)
double getNetSalary(int taxRate)

3. The parameters of the methods can have the same number of parameters and
the same data types, provided that the order of the parameters variable type is
different.

double getNetSalary(double grossSalary, int taxRate)
double getNetSalary(int taxRate, double grossSalary)

Note: the following two methods do not have the requirements of the overloaded
methods, although they return different data types.

int getNetSalary(double grossSalary)
double getNetSalary(double grossSalary)

See the method getNetSalary in the following program.

Example 5

public class Employee
{
public double getNetSalary()
{
double netSalary = 3000 - (3000 * 30) / 100;
return netSalary;
}
public double getNetSalary(double grossSalary)
{
double netSalary = -(grossSalary * 30) / 100;
return netSalary;
}
public double getNetSalary(int taxRate)
{
double netSalary = 2400 - (2400 * taxRate) / 100;
return netSalary;
}
 public double getNetSalary(double grossSalary, int taxRate)
{
double netSalary = grossSalary - (grossSalary * taxRate) / 100;
return netSalary;
}
public double getNetSalary(int taxRate, double grossSalary)
{
double netSalary = grossSalary - (grossSalary * taxRate) / 100;
return netSalary;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Employee emp = new Employee();
System.out.println(emp.getNetSalary());
System.out.println(emp.getNetSalary(2500.65));
System.out.println(emp.getNetSalary(25));
System.out.println(emp.getNetSalary(2000.0, 35));
System.out.println(emp.getNetSalary(40, 2000.0));
}
}

The previous program writes the following to the standard output.

2100.0
-750.195
1800.0
1300.0
1200.0

Quiz 1: A simple inheritance example

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MySuper
{
protected int x;
}

public class MySub extends MySuper
{
private int y = 3;

MySub()
{
x += 2;
y++;
System.out.print(x + ", " + y);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MySub ms = new MySub();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "0, 3" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "2, 3" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "2, 2" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "2, 4" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.
f. This code doesn't compile.

Explanation

The statement MySub ms = new MySub(); calls the no-argument constructor
MySub().
The statement x += 2; adds 2 to the value of x of MySuper class.
The variable x is equal to 0, because it is not initialized.
x = 0 + 2 = 2.
the statement y++ adds one to the value of y.
y = 3 + 1 = 4

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. What is written to the standard output if the value of x = 5 and y = 8;
2. Compile and run the program to test your expectation.

Quiz 2: A superclass constructor

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MySuper
{
protected int x = 1;

MySuper()
{
x += 2;
}
}

public class MySub extends MySuper
{
MySub(int y)
{
x += y;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MySub ms = new MySub(4);
System.out.print(ms.x);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "7" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "5" to the standard output.
 c. This code writes "1" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "0" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.
f. This code doesn't compile.

Explanation

The statement MySub ms = new MySub(3); instantiate the object ms.
It calls the no-argument constructor of the super class, which adds 2 to the value
of x.
x = 1 + 2 = 3;
By creating the object ms, the program calls the one-argument constructor of
MySub.
the parameter y = 4.
x += y; is equivalent to x = 3 + 4 = 7;

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. Create a new MySub object called ms2, and pass the value 6 to the
constructor.
2. What would be the x value of the ms2 object?

Quiz 3: Overriding methods

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MySuper
{
protected char c = 'G';

void method()
{
System.out.print(c);
}
}

class MySub extends MySuper
{
char c2 = 'A';

MySub()
{
this('N');
System.out.print(c2);
}
MySub(char c)
{
System.out.print(c);
}
void method()
{
super.method();
System.out.print(c2);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MySub mySub = new MySub();
mySub.method();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "NGA" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "NAGA" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "AGA" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "GA" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.
f. This code doesn't compile.

Explanation

The statement MySub mySub = new MySub(); calls the the no-argument
constructor of MySub class.
The statement this('N'); calls the one-argument constructor of MySub class, which
prints "N" to the standard output.
The statement System.out.print(c2); prints "A" to the standard output.
The statement mySub.method(); invokes the method.
The statement super.method(); calls the method in the super class which prints "G"
to the standard output.
The statement System.out.print(c2); prints "A" to the standard output.
The result is NAGA

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. What would be the result if you add the following constructor to MySuper
class? MySuper() {
System.out.print('Q');
}
2. Test your program to test your expectation.

Quiz 4: A complicated inheritance

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class SuperB
{
protected int x = 3;

public SuperB()
{
x += 2;
System.out.print(" x" + x);
}
}

public class SuperA extends SuperB
{
int y = 7;

public SuperA()
{
y++;
System.out.print(" y" + y);
}
}

public class MySub extends SuperA
{
public MySub()
{
x += 2;
y += 3;
System.out.print(" x" + x);
System.out.print(" y" + y);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MySub mySub = new MySub();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "x5 y10" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "y8 x5 y11" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "x5 y8 x7 y11" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "x0 y0" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.
f. This code doesn't compile.

Explanation

The statement MySub mySub = new MySub(); calls the no-argument constructor of
the superclass SuperA.
The SuperA constructor calls the no-argument constructor of the SuperB, which
adds 2 to the value of x.
x = 2 + 3 = 5.
The statement System.out.print(" x" + x); prints x5 to the standard output.

The SuperA constructor increments the value of y by one.
y = 7 + 1 = 8.
The statement System.out.print(" y" + y); prints y8 to the standard output.

The constructor MySub() adds 2 to the value of x.
The last value of x of the class SuperA is 5.
x = 5 + 2 = 7.
The statement y += 3 increments the value of y by 3.
y = 8 + 3 = 11;
The statement System.out.print(" y" + y); prints y11 to the standard output.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. Add an integer variable called x (not initialized) to the class MySub.
2. What would be the result if you compile and run the program?

Quiz 5: Overriding methods

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MySuper
{
protected int x = 2;

int method(int i)
{
return x + i;
}
}

public class MySub extends MySuper
{
int method(int i, int i2)
{
return method(i) + x + i2;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MySub mySub = new MySub();
System.out.print(mySub.method(3, 6));
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "12" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "13" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "11" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "14" to the standard output.
e. This code writes nothing to the standard output.
f. This code doesn't compile.

Explanation

The statement MySub mySub = new MySub(); calls the no-argument constructor of
the MySub class.
The statement System.out.print(mySub.method(3,6)); invokes the one parameter
method of the the class MySuper. It returns x + i = 2 + 3 = 5;

method(i) + x + i2 = 5 + 2 + 6 = 13.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. Replace the values of the parameters of the statement
 "System.out.print(mySub.method(3,6));" with (2,8).
2. What would be printed to the standard output?

Quiz 6: Using the keyword super

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MySuper
{
protected int x = 3;
protected char e = 'd';

void myMethod()
{
x += 4;
System.out.print(e);
System.out.print(x);
}
}

public class MySub extends MySuper
{
void myMethod()
{
x++;
System.out.print(e);
super.myMethod();
x += 2;
System.out.print(x);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MySub ms = new MySub();
ms.myMethod();
}
}

 Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "dd79" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "dd89" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "d6" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "dd810" to the standard output.
e. This code doesn't compile.

Explanation

The statement ms.myMethod(), invokes the overridden method myMethod of the
subclass.
x++ increments the value of x by 1.
x = 3 + 1 = 4.
System.out.print(e), prints the letter “d” to the standard output.

The statement super.mythod(), invokes the method myMethod of the superclass.
x+=4 increments the value of x by 4.
x = 4 + 4 = 8.
System.out.print(e), prints the letter “d” to the standard output.
System.out.print(x), prints “8” to the standard output, because that is the current
value of x.

Back to the overridden method myMethod of the subclass.
x+= 2, adds 2 to the value of x.
x = 8 + 2 = 10.
The statement System.out.print(x), prints the current value of x, which is 10.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. Declare a char variable called "e". Assign the value "p" to it.
2. What is written to the standard output if you execute the code?

Quiz 7: Using the keywords super and this to call constructors

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MySuper
{
MySuper(String name)
{
this(name, "d");
System.out.print(name);
}
MySuper(String name, String name2)
{
System.out.print(name);
System.out.print(name2);
}
}

public class MySub extends MySuper
{
MySub(String name)
{
super(name);
System.out.print(name);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MySub ms = new MySub("x");
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "xdd" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "xd" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "dxx" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "xdxx" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "xx" to the standard output.
f. This code doesn't compile.

Explanation

The statement MySub ms = new MySub(“x”), calls the one-argument constructor
of mySub.
The statement super(name), calls the one-argument constructor of MySuper class
and passes the arguments “x” to it.

The statement this(name, "d"), calls the two-argument constructor of MySuper
class, and passes the arguments “x” and "d" to it.
The statement System.out.print(name), prints x to the standard output.
The statement System.out.print(name2), prints “d” to the standard output.

The statement System.out.print(name); prints another x to the standard output.

Back to the MySub one-argument constructor.
The statement System.out.print(name), prints “x” to the standard output.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. Replace the String parameter "name" at the statement super(name); with "s" in
the class MySub
2. What is written to the standard output if the program is executed?

Quiz 8: Inheritance from different packages

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

package package_02;

public class MySuper
{
public String str1 = "String 1";
protected String str2 = "String 2";
String str3 = "String 3";
 private String str4 = "String 4";
}

package package_01;

import package_02.MySuper;

public class MySub extends MySuper
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MySuper mySuper = new MySuper();
MySub mySub = new MySub();
// System.out.print(mySuper.str1); /* 1 */
// System.out.print(mySuper.str2); /* 2 */
// System.out.print(mySuper.str3); /* 3 */
// System.out.print(mySuper.str4); /* 4 */
// System.out.print(mySub.str2); /* 5 */
}
}

Which statement(s) are true? Choose all that apply.

a. If statement 1 is uncommented, the code writes "String 1" to the standard output.
b. If statement 2 is uncommented, the code writes "String 2" to the standard output.
c. If statement 3 is uncommented, the code writes "String 3" to the standard output.
d. If statement 4 is uncommented, the code writes "String 4" to the standard output.
e. If statement 5 is uncommented, the code writes "String 2" to the standard output.

Explanation

a. The subclass MySub has access to all the public members of the class MySuper.
b, c, d are incorrect, because the two classes are in different packages and their
access modifiers restrict the access from outside the package. Remember that
mySub object has no access to to even protected members of MySuper objects.
e. The objects of MySub can access all the protected members of its superclass
MySuper.

The correct answers are a, e.

Assignments

1. Declare a protected integer variable called myInt in the class MySuper.
2. Which one of the two objects mySuper and mySub can access myInt variable?
3. Add apiece of code to the class MySub, compile and run the program to test
your expectation.

Assignment chapter 11: Inheritance and overriding methods

1. Create three new classes namely Car , Truck and Vehicle.
2. We want to know about cars the brand, manufacture year, color and maximum
number of passengers that fits in it.
3. We want to know about trucks the brand, manufacture year, color and the
maximum allowable load.
4. Create two car objects and two truck objects, see the information below.
5. Create another class with a main method to test the program.
6. Write a method to print all the information about the cars and the trucks to the
standard output. Use inheritance to make your code reusable. If your program
is compiled and run, the following is written to the standard output.

----------------Car------------------------
Brand: Toyota
Manufacture year: 2013
Color: red
Max passengers: 5
----------------Car------------------------
Brand: Mazda
Manufacture year: 2017
Color: blue
Max passengers: 8
----------------Truck---------------
Brand: BMW
Manufacture year: 2016
Color: green
Maximum Load: 6550.0
----------------Truck---------------
Brand: Volvo
Manufacture year: 2014
Color: black
Maximum Load: 4000.0

Chapter 12—Final
Classes & the Final Keyword

What is a final class?
Declaring a class final prevents programmers to use it as a superclass.
A final class in Java is a class that cannot be extended or cannot be subclassed,
but it can be a subclass of another class.

What is a final method?
A final method is a method that cannot be overridden in sub classes.
By declaring the method getSum final, you guarantee that the method cannot be
overridden in subclasses of MyClass.

Example 1

public class MyClass
{
final int getSum(int x, int y)
{
return x + y;
}
}

What is a final variable?
A final variable is actually a constant and its value may not be changed once it is
initialized. In the following example, the method changeIP tries to change the
value of the final variable PI, but that causes an error in the program. The reason
is that a final variable is a constant.

Example 2

public class Circle
{
final double PI = 3.14;

void changePI()
{
PI++;
}
}

Quiz 1: Final variables

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass

{
final int x = 3;

int getResult(int y, int z)
{
if (y >= z)
{
return y + x;
}
else
{
// y = 5; /* 1 */
// z += 3; /* 2 */
// z = x / 2; /* 3 */
// int x = 6; /* 4 */
// x ++; /* 5 */
return z + x;
 }
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
System.out.println(mc.getResult(4, 6));
}
}

Choose all the correct statements.

a. If comment 1 is turned off, this code cannot be compiled.

b. If comment 2 is turned off, this code cannot be compiled.
c. If comment 3 is turned off, this code cannot be compiled.
d. If comment 4 is turned off, this code cannot be compiled.
e. If comment 5 is turned off, this code cannot be compiled.

Explanation

By turning off the comments a, b, c and d, the code can be compiled.
The fifth statement x ++; tries to change the value of the variable x, but that is not
allowed. The reason is that the variable x is final and that makes him a constant.
The only correct answer is e.

Assignments

If you add the keyword final to the class MyClass:
1. Is it possible for MyClass to extend another class?
2. Is it possible for other classes to extend MyClass?

Quiz 2: Final methods

Which of the following statements causes an error if you try to replace the name of
the method myMethod?

public class MySuper
{
 final void methodA()
{
System.out.print("x");
}
final void methodB(int i)
{
System.out.print("x" + i);
}
final void methodC(String str)
{
System.out.print("x");
}
}

public class MyClass extends MySuper
{
int z = 5;

void myMethod(int x)
{
System.out.print("x");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. The names methodA, methodB and methodC are not allowed.
b. The names methodB and methodC are not allowed .
c. The name methodB is not allowed.
d. The name methodC is not allowed.

Explanation

It is not allowed to override final methods.
Since the superclass MySuper contains a final method methodB(int i) with one int-
argument, this method matches the method with one int-argument in the subclass.
That is the reason that only the name methodB is not allowed.
The other method names, with no-argument or different type of arguments, are
allowed.

The correct answer is c.

Assignment

Can you add the following method to the class MyClass without causing errors in
the program?

int methodB(int x)
{
System.out.print("x");
return x;
}

Quiz 3: Final methods and variables

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MySuper
{
final int x = 4;

final String methodA(int i, String s)
{
String str = i + ", " + s;
return str;
}
}

public class MyClass extends MySuper
{
 int x = 3;

String methodA(String s, int i)
{
String str = s + ", " + i;
return str;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MySuper ms = new MySuper();
System.out.print(ms.methodA(23, "Emma"));
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This program writes Emma, 23" to the standard output.
b. This program writes 23, Emma" to the standard output.
c. This program has a problem, because methodA is final and it is overridden in
the subclass.
d. This program has a problem, because the variable int x is final in the superclass
and you can't use it in the subclass.

Explanation

claim c is incorrect because the methodA has different arguments in the subclass,
which cannot be considered as overriding methods.
claim d is incorrect, because int x is another variable and it is not considered as
changing value of the final variable in the superclass.
The statement System.out.print(ms.methodA(23,"Emma")); invokes methodA of
the superclass, and that is why the age is printed before the name Emma.

The correct answer is: b

Assignments

1. Does this program work if we add the statement super.x++; right under the
 statement String str = s + ", " + i; in the methodA of the class MyClass
2. Clarify your answer.

Quiz 4: Final methods and variables

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MySuper
{
final void methodA(int x, double y)
{
double z = x * y;
System.out.print(z);
}
}

public final class MyClass extends MySuper
{
void methodA(int x, int y)
{
int z = x - y;
System.out.print(z);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.methodA(5, 3.0);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This program writes "2.0" to the standard output.
b. This program writes "15.0" to the standard output.
c. This program writes "15" to the standard output.
d. This program has a problem, because methodA is final, but it seems to be
overridden in the class MyClass.
e. This program has a problem, because MyClass is final and it extends another
class.

Explanation

claim d is incorrect, because the methodA has different types of arguments.
claim e is incorrect, because final classes are allowed to extend other classes.
The statement mc.methodA(5, 3.0) matches the methodA of the subclass.
The statement mc.methodA(5, 3.0); applies to the method in the superclass,
because it has the same types of parameters.

The double variable z = z = x * y = 5 * 3.0 = 15.0

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. What is written to the standard output if you replace the statement
mc.methodA(5,3.0); with the statement mc.methodA(6,4)?
2. Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.

Assignment chapter 12: How to use the class Math in the Java standard-API

Create a class MyCalculation. You don’t need to import the class Math in your
class because it is in the package java.long. This package is automatically
imported in all your classes.

1. Try to extend the class Math in your class.
2. What would be your explanation if you cannot use the class Math as
superclass for your class?
3. Do you need to create objects of the class Math to use its methods?
4. Which method of the class Math provides the larger number of two
numbers? Use that method, and pass the numbers 35 and 46 as parameter
by the method to check the result.
5. Find the smaller number of the numbers 46.98 and 44.99.
6. Find the square root of the number 81.0.



Chapter 13—Abstract
Classes
What is an abstract class?
An abstract class is a class in which one or more methods are abstract. All
abstract classes and abstract methods are provided with the keyword abstract. An
abstract method has no body and it is not defined, but only declared. In the
following example, the method getArea is abstract, therefore it has no body.

protected abstract double getArea();

It is important to know that you cannot instantiate objects from abstract classes,
because they are incomplete. A subclass of an abstract class must override all its
abstract methods, otherwise, it cannot be instantiated either.

Important concepts of abstract classes and methods
1. You cannot instantiate abstract classes.
2. The main purpose of abstract classes is extending them and overriding
their methods.
3. When a class contains one or more abstract methods, It should be
declared abstract.
4. Abstract methods do not have a body.
5. A class can be declared abstract even if they do not contain abstract
methods.

Subclasses of abstract classes
1. A subclass of an abstract class must override all the abstract methods of
 its superclass, otherwise, it should also be declared abstract.
2. It is possible to instantiate a subclass of an abstract class that overrides
all the abstract methods of its superclass.
3. A subclass of an abstract class can also be declared abstract.

Using abstract classes
An example of using abstract classes is the two-dimensional shape. All 2D shapes
have an area and a circumference. By creating a class shape and declaring the two
abstract methods getArea and getPerimeter, we enforce any class that extends the
class shape implement those two methods. If a subclass does not override these
two methods, it should also be declared abstract. In the following example, we
enforce the subclasses Rectangle and Circle to override the methods getArea and
getPerimeter of their superclass Shape.
Don't forget that subclasses of the class Shape can override the abstract
methods on their own way, as shown in the following example.

Example

public abstract class Shape
{
protected abstract double getArea();
protected abstract double getPerimeter();
}

public class Rectangle extends Shape

{
private double width;
private double length;

public Rectangle(double width, double length)
{
this.width = width;
this.length = length;
}
public double getArea()
{
 return width * length;
}
public double getPerimeter()
{
return 2 * (width + length);
}
}

public class Circle extends Shape

{
private double radius;
final double PI = 3.14;

public Circle(double radius)
{
this.radius = radius;
}
public double getArea()
{
return PI * radius * radius;
}
public double getPerimeter()
{
return 2 * PI * radius;
}
}

public class Test

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Rectangle rec = new Rectangle(6, 8);
Circle cir = new Circle(4.0);
System.out.println("Rectangle area: " + rec.getArea());
System.out.println("Rectangle perimeter: " + rec.getPerimeter());
System.out.println("Circle area: " + cir.getArea());
System.out.println("Circle perimeter: " + cir.getPerimeter());
 }
}

If this code is executed, the following is written to the standard output.
Rectangle area: 48.0
Rectangle perimeter: 28.0
Circle area: 50.24
Circle perimeter: 25.12

Quiz 1: Extending an abstract class

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public abstract class MyAbstract
{
protected int x = 6;

public MyAbstract()
{
x += 2;
}
abstract int getSum(int x);
}

public class MyClass extends MyAbstract

{
int getSum()
{
return x + 5;
}
@Override
int getSum(int x)
{
return super.x + x;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
 MyClass mc = new MyClass();
System.out.print(mc.getSum(4));
}
}

Which claim(s) are true? (Choose all that apply.)
Select all the correct answers.

a. It is not allowed to change the name of the method getSum() (no-arg) of the
class MyClass. b. It is not allowed to change the name of the method getSum(int x)
of the class MyClass.
c. By executing this code, 12 is printed to the standard output.
d. By executing this code, 10 is printed to the standard output.

Explanation

You can change the method name getSum() no-argument to any name you wish, but
the getSum(int x) one-argument overrides the method in the abstract super class.
Any class that extends an abstract class must override all its abstract methods,
otherwise, you cannot instantiate it.
The initial value of x is equal to 6.
The statement MyClass mc = new MyClass(); creates an object of the type of
MyClass, which calls the no-argument constructor of the superclass MyAbstract
class.
The statement x += 2; adds 2 to the value of x.
x = 6 + 2 = 8;
The statement System.out.print(mc.getSum(4)); invokes the method getSum(int
arg) and prints the result to the standard output.
super.x + x = 8 + 4 = 12.

The correct answers are b and c.

Assignments

1. Add an abstract method printName that does not return value with one string
parameter.

 abstract void printMyName(String name);

2. Override the method printName in the class MyClass. The method should
write the value of the parameter name to the standard output.
3. Compile and run the program to test the code.

Quiz 2: A subclass of a subclass of an abstract class

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public abstract class MyAbstract
{
MyAbstract()
{
System.out.print("n");
}
abstract void printLetter(char c);
}

public class MySuper extends MyAbstract
{
MySuper()
{
}
MySuper(int i)
{
System.out.print(i);
}
@Override
void printLetter(char c)
{
System.out.print(c);
}
}

public class MySub extends MySuper
{
 MySub()
{
System.out.print("p");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new MySub().printLetter('s');
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes ps to the standard output.
b. This code writes pns to the standard output.
c. This code writes spn to the standard output.
d. This code requires nsip to the standard output.
e. This code requires nps to the standard output.
f. This code writes nothing to the standard output.

Explanation

The statement
new MySub().printLetter('s'); creates a new object of the subclass.
By creating a new object of the Subclass the no-argument constructor of its
superclass is called and this calls the no-argument constructor of its superclass
MyAbstract.
The statement System.out.print("n"); writes n to the standard output.
The no-argument constructor of the Superclass writes nothing to the standard
output.
The no-argument constructor of the Subclass writes p to the standard output.
The statement MySub.printLetter('s'); invokes the method printLetter.
This writes the parameter s of the method to the standard output.

The correct answer is e.

Assignments

1. What is written to the standard output if you add the statement super(10); right
above the statement System.out.print("p"); in the class MySub?
2. Compile and run the program to check.

Quiz 3: Demonstrating an abstract class

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

abstract class MyAbstract
{
String str = "N";

MyAbstract()
{
this("O");
str += "L";
}
MyAbstract(String str)
{
str += str;
}
}

public class MyClass extends MyAbstract
{
MyClass()
{
this(2);
str += 7;
}
MyClass(int x)
{
str += x;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
 System.out.print(mc.str);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "NL27" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "NOL27" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "N27" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "27NL" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "27NOL" to the standard output.
f. This code does not compile.

Explanation

By instantiating the object mc, the no-argument constructor of the superclass is
invoked.
string str = "N";
The statement this("O"); adds nothing to the value of str, because the one-argument
constructor MyAbstract(String str) {str += str;} refers to the parameter str not the
instance variable.
The statement str += "L"; adds "L" to the value of the str.
The value of str becomes "NL".
The no-argument constructor of the class MyClass calls the one-argument
constructor,
which adds 2 to the value of the str.
At last the statment str += 7; adds also 7 to the value of the String.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. What is written to the standard output if you replace the statemen str += str; in
the class MyAbstract with the statement this.str += str;?
2. Execute the program to test the result.

Quiz 4: A constructor chain

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public abstract class MyClassB
{
MyClassB()
{
System.out.print("a");
}
}

public class MyClassA extends MyClassB

{
MyClassA()
{
System.out.print("b");
}
MyClassA(int i)
{
System.out.print("d" + i);
}
}

public class MyClass extends MyClassA

{
MyClass(int i)
{
System.out.print("c" + i);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new MyClass(4);
new MyClassA(4);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "c4d4" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "abc4d4" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "c4" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "c4bd4" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "abc4ad4" to the standard output.
f. This code does not compile.

Explanation

By instantiating MyClass, the no-argument constructor of the superclass MyClassA
is called.
By calling the constructor of MyClassA, the program calls the no-argument
constructor of the superclass MyClassB.
The no-argument constructor of MyClassB, prints "a" to the standard output.
The no-argument constructor of MyClassA, prints "b" to the standard output.

The one-argument constructor of MyClass System.out.print("c" + i), prints "c4"
to the standard output.
That is because the parameter i = 4.
The statement MyClassA(i) which has the parameter 4. It calls the no-argument
constructor of MyClassB(), which prints "a" to the standard output.
By passing 4 to the one-argument constructor of MyClassA, "d4" is printed to the
standard output.

The correct answer is e.

Assignments

1. Add the abstract method public abstract int getResult(int x, int y); to the class
MyClassB.
2. Fix the error that caused by step 1 if you know that the method getResult(int x,
int y) should find the result of (x * y)

Quiz 5: Overriding abstract methods

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public abstract class MyAbstract
{
int x;

abstract void methodA();
abstract String methodB(String s);
}

public class MyClass extends MyAbstract
{
void methodA()
{
System.out.print("x");
}
void methodA(int x)
{
System.out.print("y" + x);
}
String methodB(String s)
{
return s + x;
}
String methodB(int x)
{
return "x" + x;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.methodA();
System.out.print(mc.methodB("y"));
}
}

Which claim(s) are true? (Choose all that apply.)
Select all the correct answers.

a. Removing the method void methodA() from the class MyClass, causes error.
b. Removing the method void methodA(int x) from the class MyClass, causes
error.
c. Removing the method String methodB(String s) from the class MyClass, causes
error.
d. Removing the method String methodB(int x) from the class MyClass, causes
error.
e. By executing this code, xy0 is written to the standard output.
f. By executing this code, xy is written to the standard output.

Only removing the methods (void methodA() and the method String
methodB(String s)) cause errors, because they override the abstract methods of the
class MyAbstract. By removing those two methods from the class MyClass, you
need to declare MyClass also abstract.

The statement MyClass mc = new MyClass(), creates the object mc.
The statement mc.methodA(), invokes the methodA(), which prints “x” to the
standard output.
The statement System.out.print(mc.methodB("y")), invokes the methodB(String s),
which returns
s + x. s is the parameter "y" and x is the value of x.
The value of x is by default 0, because it is not initialized.

The correct answers are a, c and e.

Assignments

1. The following method is not abstract. Can you add it to the class MyAbstract?

public double getPrice(double price)
{
return price;
}

2. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated. If adding the previous method is
possible, how can you invoke it?
3. Add a piece of code to invoke the method getPrice if the previous steps are
possible.

Assignment chapter 13: What is the current date and time?

Search the Calendar class in the Java standard API. You can find the link to the
API in the beginning of this book.

1. Read the description of the method getInstance() from the class Calendar.
2. Find the method getTime() of the class Calendar.
3. Use the Calendar class and its methods to write the current date and time
to the standard output.

If your answer is correct, your program writes the current date and time to the
standard output, as follows: Fri Jun 30 10:46:27 CEST 2017



Chapter 14—Interfaces
Java allows to inherit from only a single class, but it supports multiple inheritance
from interfaces. Implementing interfaces, offers a solution for objects that have
multiple characteristics. To implement an interface the keyword implements is
used. The name of the interface starts as a class name with a capital letter.

What are interfaces and why they are used?
1. Subclasses that inherit a single superclass are related, but unrelated
classes can implement the same interface.
2. Interfaces offer the advantage of multiple inheritance in Java.
3. Interfaces do not have constructors and cannot be instantiated.
4. Interfaces are implemented by classes using the keyword implements, but
they are extended by other interfaces using the keyword extends.
5. If more than one interface is implemented, the names of the interfaces are
separated by a comma.

Interface methods
1. All the methods in an interface are implicitly abstract.
2. A class that implements an interface must override all the methods of that
interface.
3. Interface methods that are overridden by a class should be declared
public.

Interface constants
1. By default constants of an interface are public, static and final even if no
modifiers is mentioned.
2. Interface constants must be initialized.
 3. It is not allowed to declare interface constants private or protected.

How to implement an interface?
In the following example the class MyArray implements the interface List

public class MyArray implements List

The List interface extends the interface List2.

public interface List extends List2

The class MyArray extends the class MyArray2 and implements the interface
List.

public class MyArray extends MyArray2 implements List

The class MyArray extends the class MyArray2 and implements the two
interfaces,
List and List2.

public class MyArray extends MyArray2 implements List,List2

In the following example, the items Tablet and TV contains a method that
calculates the prices with discount. To enforce this functionality, the item classes
should implement the interface ItemInterface.

The interface ItemInterface contains an abstract method, namely getDiscountPrice.
In our example, for tablets there is a discount for students, for TVs, there is a
discount for people who are older than 60 years.

Example

public interface ItemInterface
{
double getDiscountPrice();
}

public class Tablet implements ItemInterface
{
double price = 350;
double discount = 0.20;
boolean isStudent;

public double getDiscountPrice()
{
// extra discount for students
if (isStudent)
{
discount = 0.25;
}
return price - (price * discount);
}
}

public class TV implements ItemInterface

{
double price = 420;
double discount = 0.30;
boolean isOlderThanSixty;

public double getDiscountPrice()
{
// extra discount for older than sixty years
if (isOlderThanSixty)
{
discount = 0.40;
}
return price - (price * discount);
}
}

public class TestProgram

{
 public static void main(String[] args)
{
TV tv = new TV();
TV tv2 = new TV();
tv.isOlderThanSixty = true;
tv2.isOlderThanSixty = false;
Tablet tab = new Tablet();
Tablet tab2 = new Tablet();
tab.isStudent = true;
tab2.isStudent = false;
System.out.println("TV");
System.out.println("Extra discount price: " + tv.getDiscountPrice());
System.out.println("Normal discount price:" + tv2.getDiscountPrice());
System.out.println("Tablet");
System.out.println("Extra discount price: " + tab.getDiscountPrice());
System.out.println("Normal discount price:" + tab2.getDiscountPrice());
}
}

This program writes the following to the standard output.

TV
Extra discount price: 252.0
Normal discount price:294.0
Tablet
Extra discount price: 262.5
Normal discount price:280.0

Quiz 1: Implementing an interface

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public interface MyInterface
{
int x = 5;

void method();
 void method(int i);
}

public class MyClass implements MyInterface
{
public void method()
{
// x ++ ; /* 1*/
System.out.print(x);
}
public void method(int i)
{
int z = i;
// z = z + x; /* 2*/
method();
System.out.print(z);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new MyClass().method(4);
}
}

Which are true? Choose all the correct answers.

a. This code does not compile.
b. If this code is compiled and run, the output is 54.
c. If the statement 1 is uncommented, the output is 60.
d. If the statement 1 is uncommented, this code does not compile.
e. If the statement 2 is uncommented, the output is 59.
f. If the statement 2 is uncommented, this code does not compile.

Explanation

This code is fine and its output is 54.
Constants of an interface are by default public, static and final.
The Statement 1 tries to change the value of x and that causes error.
The statement 2 doesn't try to change the value of x, but it reassigns the z variable.
By un-commenting statement 2, the value of z becomes z + i = 4 + 5 = 9.
The statement System.out.print(z); prints the value of z to the standard output,
which is 9.

The correct answers are b, d and e.

Assignment

What would be the result of exectuting this program if you add the following two
statements directly above the statement new Myclass.method(4); ?
int x = 7;
x ++;

Quiz 2: Implementing two interfaces

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public interface InterfaceA
{
void myMethod();
void myMethod(char c);
}

public interface InterfaceB
{
int MAX_ALLOWED = 3;

int getSum();
}

public class MyClass implements InterfaceA,InterfaceB
{
// int MAX_ALLOWED; /*1*/
int z = 2;

public void myMethod()
 {
z = MAX_ALLOWED + 4;
System.out.print("H");
}
public void myMethod(char j)
{
// MAX_ALLOWED += 3; /* 2*/
myMethod();
System.out.print(j);
System.out.print(z);
}
public int getSum()
{
return MAX_ALLOWED + z;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mk = new MyClass();
mk.myMethod('K');
}
}

Which are true? Choose all the correct answers.

a. This code does not compile.
b. If this code is compiled and run, the output is "HK2".
c. If this code is compiled and run, the output is "HK7".
d. Removing the method som() from MyClass, doesn't cause errors.
e. If the statement 2 is uncommented, we can compile and run the code.
f. If both statements 1 and 2 are uncommented, we can compile and run the code.

Explanation

a. is false because the code is fine.
b. is false.
c. The statement mk.mijnMethode('K'), invokes the method mijnMethode with char
argument.
 The statement mijnMethode(), invokes the no-argument mijnMethode(), which
changes the value of z.
z = x + 4;
z = 7.
The statement System.out.print("H"), prints "H" to the standard output.
The statement System.out.print(j), prints "K" to the standard output.
The statement System.out.print(z), prints the last value of z which is 7 to the
standard output.

d. Removing the method som(), causes an error because MyClass implements both
interfaces and it needs to override all their methods.

e. We cannot compile and run the code, because “MAX_TOEGESTAAN” refers
to the MAX_TOEGESTAAN of the interfaceB and that is by default final.
It is not allowed to change the value of constants.
f. By removing both of the statement, the code will be fine. We can then change the
value of MAX_TOEGESTAAN, because in that case, it refers to the variable
MAX_TOEGESTAAN of MyClass not the one of the interfaceB.

The correct answers are c and f.

Assignments

1. What would be the result if you replace the statement "mc.myMethod('K');" in
the main method with "mc.myMethod();"?
2. Compile and run the code to test the result.

Quiz 3: An abstract class implements an interfaces

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public interface MyInterface
{
int x = 4;

void myMethod();
void myMethod(String str);
}

public abstract class MySuper implements MyInterface

{
public void myMethod()
{
System.out.print("m" + x);
}
}

public class MyClass extends MySuper

{
int x = 6;

public void myMethod(String s)
{
myMethod();
System.out.print("q" + s + x);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.myMethod("w");
}
}

Which are true? Choose all the correct answers.

a. MySuper must implement all the methods of MyInterface.
b. This code does not compile, because MySuper is abstract.
c. If this code is compiled and run, the output is "m4qw6".
d. If this code is compiled and run, the output is "m6qw6".
e. If this code is compiled and run, the output is "m4qw4".

Explanation

a. MySuper is declared abstract, and that is why it is not necessary to implement
 all the methods of MyInterface.
b. False.
c. The statement mk.mijnMethode("w"); invokes the one-argument mijnMethode,
which invokes the no-argument mijnMethode of MySuper class.
The statement System.out.print("m" + x); prints m4 to the standard output, because
MySuper has access to the constant "x" of MyInterface, but it doesn't have access
to the x variable of MyClass.
The statement System.out.print("q" + s + x); prints qw6 to the standard output,
because x refers to the variable x of MyClass, which is 6.

The only correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. What happens if you remove the statement int x = 4; from the interface
MyInterface?
2. What happens if you remove the statement int x = 6; from the class MyClass?

Assignment chapter 14: A practical application of interfaces

In this example, employees and freelancers work for a particular employer. The
employer withheld 30 % tax from the gross salary of the employees. The
freelancers receive their payments based on their hourly rate and their working
hours.

1. Create an interface with the name Payable with a method getSalary.
2. Create two classes namely Employee and Freelancer.
3. Both classes implement the interface Payable.
4. Overwrite the method getSalary in both classes.
5. Create a class named Test to test your code.
6. Create an employee object, that earns a monthly gross salary of $ 3000.
7. Create an object freelancer, who worked 140 hours for an hourly rate of $60.
8. Override the method getSalary in both classes to calculate how much the
employer must pay each of them.



Chapter 15—Casting
1. Casting primitive variables
Implicit and explicit casting
Java supports implicit conversion to larger data types. However, casting to
smaller data types can only be done explicitly. In some cases, it is necessary that
the one variable is converted to another.
An example is dividing an int variable 31 by another int variable 2. The result
is 15 while the desired result is 15.5. To achieve this, we use casting as follows.

int i = 31;
int i2 = 2;
int x = i / i2 = 15;

The int type is an integer without decimal places. In order to show the decimal
value it is necessary to convert the result from int to a double type. We need to
cast the int types to double types.

double d1 = i;
double d2 = i2;
double d3 = d1 / d2 = 15.5;

It is also possible to have the result in one line as follows.

double d4 = (double) i / i2;

Example 1

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 31;
int i2 = 2;
int x = i / i2;

double d1 = i;
double d2 = i2;
double d3 = d1 / d2;
double d4 = (double) i / i2;

System.out.println(x);
System.out.println(d3);
System.out.println(d4);
}
}

This program writes the following to the standard output.

15
15.5
15.5

Other casting examples

short s = 20;

The following casting is valid, because int is larger than short:
int = 32 bits, short = 16 bit.

int i = s; // valid
int i2 = 200;

The following casting is invalid, because you cannot cast int directly to short.

short s2 = i2; // invalid

The following casting is valid. When converting from int to short an explicit
casting is required. That can be done as follows.

short s3 = (short) i2; // valid

It is important to understand that int is 32 bits and short is 16 bits. The result is
that 16 bits of the int variable are lost, because the value that is stored in an int is
too big to fit in a short variable.

Example 2

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
short s = 20;
int i = s; // valid
int i2 = 200;
short s2 = i2; // invalid
short s3 = (short) i2; // valid
System.out.println(s3);
}
}

2. Casting objects
It is allowed in Java to put an object into a more general type or cast up the
hierarchy implicitly. In the following example, the subclass Laptop has access to
all the members of its superclass Computer, while the Computer class doesn't
have access to all the members of the Laptop class.
The example below shows that the Laptop class extends the Computer class.
In our example, the Computer class has no access to the variable weight of the
Laptop class, but the Laptop class does have access to the variable brand of the
Computer class.
You can store a Computer object to a Laptop type reference without explicitly
casting. If you try to store a Laptop object to a Computer type reference, explicit
casting is required.
The following casting is valid.

Computer comp = new Laptop();
Laptop lap = (Laptop) comp;

The following casting is not valid.

Laptop lap = new Computer();

If we create an object of the class Computer the following casting causes error.

Computer comp2 = new Computer();
Laptop lap2 = (Laptop) comp2; // not valid

In the following way, it is possible to access the overridden methods in the
subclass. The variables of the object comp depend on the reference of the object,
but the methods depend on the object type that is created. See the following
example.

Example 3

public class Computer
{
protected String brand = "Dell";
protected double price = 200.0;;

public double getPrice()
{
return price;
}
}

public class Laptop extends Computer
{
private double weight;

 public double getPrice()
{
return price - 20;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Computer comp = new Laptop();
Laptop lap = (Laptop) comp;
System.out.println(comp.brand);
System.out.println(comp.price);
System.out.println(comp.getPrice());
}
}

If this program is compiled and run, the following is written to the standard outpt.

Dell
200.0
180.0

Quiz 1: Casting primitive variables

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i1 = 127;
int i2 = 134;
byte b1 = (byte) i1;
byte b2 = (byte) i2;
System.out.print(b1 + ", ");
System.out.print(b2);
}
}


Select the correct answer:

a This code writes to 127, 134 to the standard output.
b is The value of b1 is 127 , but the value of b2 is not printed as 134 .

Explanation

Byte is small and its value is between -128 and 127.
The value of b1 is 127 , but b2 is equal to 134 , which is greater than the
maximum
value of a byte .

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. Declare an int variable myInt.
2. Assign the value (i1 + i2) to the variable myInt.
3. Add a statement to your code to write the value of myInt to the standard output.
4. Declare a short variable with the name myShort .
5. Assign the value of i1 to myShort and run the program to see what happens.

Quiz 2: Casting primitive variables

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i = 122;
double d = i;
System.out.print(d);
}
}

 Select the correct answer:

a This code writes 122.0 to the standard output.
b This code writes 122 to the standard output.
c This program can not be compiled, because explicit casting is needed.

Explanation

The variable type double is 64 bits and this is larger than the int type which is 32
bits. In
this case, explicit casting is not needed. The variable type double is a decimal
type, therefore, is 122.0 written to the standard output.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. Add the statement i = 187; add directly below the statement int
2. What is the value of the variable d ?

Run the program to get the answer to check.

Quiz 3: Casting objects

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MySuper
{
protected int i = 5;

public int method()
{
return 2 * i;
}
}

public class MySub extends MySuper
{
int i = 3;

public int method()
{
return 2 * i;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MySuper s = new MySub();
System.out.print(" " + s.i);
System.out.print(" " + s.method());
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "3 6" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "5 10" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "5 6" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "3 10" to the standard output.
e. This code does not compile.

Explanation

By upcasting the class MySuper to MySub, The casted object accesses the
attributes of the superclass MySuper, but the overridden methods of the subclass
MySub.

s.i = 5.

The statement s.method(); ivokes the method that overridden in the subclass.
s.method(); prints 2 * i = 3 * 2 = 6. to the standard output.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. Add the statement MySub ms = s; directly below the statement MySuper s =
new MySub();.
2. The statement of The first step causes an error. Try to solve the problem!
3. Add your own code to write the value of the variable i and the value that the
method returns to the standard output.

Quiz 4: Casting objects

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MySuper
{
protected int x;

MySuper()
{
x++;
System.out.print("N");
}
int myMethod()
{
return x + 3;
}
}
public class MySub extends MySuper
{
MySub()
{
x += 2;
System.out.print("P");
}
int myMethod()
{
return x + 4;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
 {
MySuper ms = new MySub();
System.out.print(ms.myMethod());
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "NP7" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "NP5" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "P4" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "4" to the standard output.
e. This code writes "3" to the standard output.
f. This code does not compile.

Explanation

The statement MySuper ms = new MySub(); creates a new object of MySub,
which calls first the the no-argument constructor of MySuper class. This adds one
to the value of the variable x.
x = 0 + 1 = 1.
The statement System.out.print("N"); prints "N" to the standard output.

Creating the new object calls the no-argument constructor of MySub, which adds 2
to the value of x.
x = 1 + 2 = 3.
The statement System.out.print("P"); prints "P" to the standard output.

The statement System.out.print(ms.myMethod()); refers to the overridden method
in the class MySub.

The method myMethod return x + 4; adds 4 to the value of x.
x = 3 + 4 = 7.
The result is: NP7

The correct answer is a.

 Assignments

1. Replace the statement MySuper ms = new MySub(); in the main method with
MySuper ms = new MySuper();
2. What would be the result of executing the program?

Quiz 5: Casting objects and overriding methods

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MySuper
{
public MySuper()
{
System.out.print("m");
}
public void method()
{
System.out.print("s");
}
public void method(int i)
{
method();
System.out.print("k" + i);
}
}

public class MySub extends MySuper
{
public void method()
{
System.out.print("t");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MySuper ms = new MySub();
ms.method(3);
 }
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes "msk3" to the standard output.
b. This code writes "mtk3" to the standard output.
c. This code writes "tk3" to the standard output.
d. This code writes "mst" to the standard output.
e. This code does not compile.

Explanation

The statement MySuper ms = new MySub(); calls the no-argument constructor of
MySuper, which print "m" to the standard output.
The statement ms.method(3); invokes the method of int parameter which, invokes
the no-parameter method. The method is overridden in the class MySub, and that
is why it prints "t" to the standard output.
The statement System.out.print("k"+i), prints "k3" to the standard output, because
the parameter i is equal to 3.
The result is: mtk3.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. Replace the statement MySuper ms = new MySub(); in the main method with
the statment MySuper ms = new MySuper();.
2. What is the output if you execute the program?

Assignment chapter 15: Working with Java API documentation

The class ArrayList implements the interface List .
1. Create a class with with the name MyList .
2. Declare two objects in MyList as follows.
a. List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
b. ArrayList<String> aList = new ArrayList<String>();
 3. Try to invoke the method clone. Use the object names list and aList .
4. Why the object list does not have access to the method clone?

Chapter 16—Nested
Classes
A nested class is a member of another class, which is known as enclosing class or
an outer class.
The two main categories of nested classes are:

1. Static nested classes
A static nested class is directly connected to its outer class, but it does not have a
direct access to the instance members of its outer class. A static nested class can
access the members of its outer class through an object.

2. Inner classes
Inner classes have direct access to all members of their outer classes, even if they
are declared private.
The nested class and its outer class have a strong relationship, because their
existence depends on each other. An example is a building and its rooms. The
rooms of a building can not exist without the building in which they exist. Another
example is the relationship between a body and a heart. To create an object of a
nested class, An object of the outer class must be created.

Advantages of nested classes
1. Nested classes are only useful for their outer classes, therefore, it is logical to
keep them together. The definition of a nested class within an outer class
makes the code easier to maintain.
2. Nested classes are hidden for other classes.

 Outer classes
1. An outer class can only be declared public or package (see chapter 8 access
modifiers).
2. An outer class does not have a direct access to the members of its nested
classes.

Static nested classes
1. A static nested class is associated with its outer class.
2. A static nested class does not have a direct access to the members of its outer
class, but it has access to those members through an object.
3. You can access static nested classes through the name of its outer class.

The creation of an object of a static nested class
Outer.Nest nest = new Outer.Nest();

Outer : the outer class
Nest : the static nested class
nest : an object of the nested class

Inner classes
1. An inner class is associated with an instance of the outer class.
2. An inner class has a direct access to the members of the object of the outer
class.
3. You can't create an object of an inner class without creating an object of the
outer class.

The creation of an object of an inner class
You can create an object of an inner class by creating an object of the outer class
as following.

Outer out = new Outer();
Inner in = out.new Inner();

Outer: the outer class
Inner: the inner class
out: an object of the outer class
in an object of the inner class

You can also create an object of an inner class in a single line.

Outer.Inner in = new Outer().new Inner();

Example

public class Face
{
private String faceShape = "Round";
private String skinColor = "Tinted";

public void printInfo()
{
System.out.println("Face shape: " + faceShape);
System.out.println("Skin color: " + skinColor);
}

class Eye
{
String color = "Brown";
String leftStrength = "- 2";
String rightStrength = "-1.5";

public void printInfo()
{
System.out.println("Eye color: " + color);
System.out.println("Left Strength: " + leftStrength);
System.out.println("Right Strength: " + rightStrength);
}
}

public static void main(String[] args)
{
 Face face = new Face();
Eye eye = face.new Eye();
face.printInfo();
eye.printInfo();
}
}

Quiz 1: Access of Inner class to the members of its outer class

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Outer
{
int x;

Outer()
{
x += 4;
}

class Inner
{
int x;

private void methodA()
{
x++;
System.out.print(x);
}
}

public static void main(String[] args)
{
Inner inner = new Outer().new Inner();
inner.methodA();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This program writes "0" to the standard output.
b. This program writes "4" to the standard output.
c. This program writes "5" to the standard output.
d. This program writes "1" to the standard output.
e. This program does not compile.

Explanation

The statement Inner inner = new Outer().new Inner(); calls the no-argument
constructor of the outer class, which adds 4 to the value of the variable "x" of the
outer class.
However, the methodA writes the value of the variable x of the inner class, which
is "0".
The statement x++ adds one to the value of x, and that is why this code writes "1"
to the standard output.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

What is written to the standard output if you change the name of the variable x of
the inner class to y?

Quiz 2: A simple inner class

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class Outer
{
private int a = 2;

Outer()
{
a += 4;
 }

class Inner
{
Inner()
{
a++;
}
}

public static void main(String[] args)
{
Outer outer = new Outer();
Inner inner = outer.new Inner();
System.out.print(outer.a);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This program writes "2" to the standard output.
b. This program writes "7" to the standard output.
c. This program writes "6" to the standard output.
d. This program writes "3" to the standard output.
e. This program does not compile.

Explanation

The statement Outer outer = new Outer(); calls the no-argument constructor of the
outer class, which adds 4 to the value of the varaible a.
a = 2 + 4 = 6
The statement Inner inner = outer.new Inner(); calls the no-argument constructor of
the inner class which increments the value of a by one.
A = 6 + 1 = 7.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

What is the output if you change the initial value of the variable ' a' to 5?
Compile and run the program to test the result.

Quiz 3: Outer class one-argument constructor

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

class Outer
{
private int x = 2;

Outer()
{
this(3);
x++;
}
Outer(int i)
{
x += i;
System.out.print(x);
}

class Inner
{
private void methodA()
{
x -= 3;
System.out.print(x);
}
}

public static void main(String[] args)
{
Inner inner = new Outer().new Inner();
inner.methodA();
 }
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This program writes "63" to the standard output.
b. This program writes "5" to the standard output.
c. This program writes "53" to the standard output.
d. This program writes "52" to the standard output.
e. This program does not compile.

Explanation

The statement Inner inner = new Outer().new Inner(); calls the no-argument
constructor of the outer class.
The no-argument constructor calls the one-argument constructor of the outer class,
which increment the value of x by 3.
x = 2 + 3 = 5.
The statement System.out.print(x); prints 5 to the standard output.
x++; increments the value of x by one.
x = 5 + 1 = 6.

The statement inner.method(); invokes the method methodA, which decrements the
value of x by 3.
x = 6 - 3 = 3
The statement System.out.print(x); prints "3" to the standard output.

The correct answer is c.

Assignment

What is the output of this program if you replace the statement Outer.Inner inner =
new Outer().new Inner(); with the statement Outer.Inner inner = new Outer(7).new
Inner();?

Quiz 4: A static nested class

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

class Outer
{
static int x = 3;

Outer()
{
x += 4;
}

static class Nested
{
Nested()
{
x += 2;
}
int method(int i)
{
System.out.print(x);
return i + x;
}
}

public static void main(String[] args)
{
Outer.Nested instance = new Outer.Nested();
System.out.print(instance.method(2));
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This program writes "1113" to the standard output.
b. This program writes "7" to the standard output.
c. This program writes "11" to the standard output.
d. This program writes "57" to the standard output.
 e. This program does not compile.

Explanation

The statement Nested instance = new Outer.Nested(); calls the no-argument
constructor of the nested class.
The constructor increments the value of x by two.
x = 3 + 2 = 5;
The statement System.out.print(instance.method(2)); invokes the one parameter
method.
The statement System.out.print(x); prints the last value of x to the standard output,
which is 5.
The statement System.out.print(instance.method(2)); prints the number that is
returned by the method.
i + x = 2 + 5 = 7;

The correct answer is d.

Assignment
Add the statement Outer outer = new Outer(); as first statement of the main
method. What would be the output if you compile and run the program?

Assignment chapter 16: Working with Java API documentation

1. Create a class called Car. We need to know about the cars, the brand, the year
of manufacture and the license plate.
2. We need further to know information about the engines of the cars as: engine
code and the fuel.
3. Write a program which prints all the information about the cars to the standard
output.
4. By executing your program something like below would be printed to the
standard output.

Brand: BMW
Year of manufacture: 2016
License plate: XN-45-489
Engine code: N45B20A
 Fuel: Petrol



Chapter 17—Exceptions
An exception is an abnormal condition, which might occur during the execution of
a program.
The exception objects in Java contain information about the errors. There are
two types of Exceptions: checked and unchecked Exceptions.
The following keywords are used to handle exceptions: try, catch, throw,
throws and finally.
Exceptions might cause by several reasons, for example, entering letters in a
field that is designed for calculating numbers, trying to access the seventh element
of an array of five-elements or trying to access a file, which doesn't exist.
All exceptions in Java are derived from the class Throwable. The following
methods of the class Throwable are used to get information about the cause of the
errors.
Diagram 1 shows the Exception class hierarchy in Java.
See for further information about the class Throwable the online documentation
of the Java standard API.

Method Return Description
type
printStackTrace() void Write the possible errors to
the standard
error-stream.
getMessage() String returns the message as a
String.


 Diagram 1

The two subclasses of Exception: RunTimeException (unchecked) and
Other Exceptions (checked).

1. RunTimeException (unchecked)
The RuntimeException is unchecked and it is not enforced by the Java compiler.
Programmers are free to ignore the RunTimeException. However, it is wise to
handle these exceptions, so that the users receives a message that explains the
cause of the exception.

Examples of unchecked exceptions:
ArithmeticException
Divide-by-0.
ClassCastException
By illegal casting.
IndexArrayOutOfBoundsException
If you try to access element 8 of an array of 7 elements.
NullPointerException
When trying to access a member of an object reference before the object
is created.

2 Other exceptions (checked)
The checked exceptions cannot be ignored; they should be handled by
programmers. Examples of these are: the network connection is not found, a file is
not found and so on.

The try-catch block
In the following program, we divide a number by 0 without handling the
exception.

Example 1

public class MyClass
{
public static int division(int numerator, int denominator)
{
System.out.println("The method division()");
return numerator / denominator;
}
public static void printResult(int numerator, int denominator)
{
int average = division(numerator, denominator);
System.out.println("Average = " + average);
System.out.println("End printResult()");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
printResult(25, 0);
System.out.println("End main()");
}
}

Explanation

The statement printingResult (25, 0); in the main method invokes the method
printResult.
The statement int average = division(numerator, denominator); calls the method
division()
The statement System.out.print("The method of division()"); writes the text to The
method
the division sign() to the standard output.
The statement return numerator/denominator calculates 25 / 0 and here is
exception occur, because
the denominator is equal to zero. The program cannot go further because we
haven' t handled the exception.
The output of the program in the console window looks like the following.

division() Exception in thread "main"

The method division()
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at _17_exceptions.ex._01.MyClass.division(MyClass.java:8)
at _17_exceptions.ex._01.MyClass.printResult(MyClass.java:12)
at _17_exceptions.ex._01.MyClass.main(MyClass.java:18)

It is important that programmers handle this kind of exceptions and providing the
users with the correct message if an error occurs. You can handle the exception
with a try-catch block, see the following example.

Example 2

public class MyClass
{
public static int division(int numerator, int denominator)
{
System.out.println("The method division()");
return numerator / denominator;
}
public static void printResult(int numerator, int denominator)
{
try
{
int average = division(numerator, denominator);
System.out.println("Average = " + average);
}
catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{
System.out.println(ae);
 System.out.println("Handeling the exception");
}
System.out.println("End printResult()");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
printResult(25, 0);
System.out.println("End main()");
}
}

Explanation

The statement printingResult (25, 0); invokes the method printResult.
The statement int average = division(numerator, denominator); calls the method
division().

The statement System.out.print("The method of division()"); writes the text “The
method the division()” to the standard output.
The statement return numerator / denominator calculates 25 / 0, and here the
exception occurs because the denominator is equal to zero.
The exception is in the first line of the try-block, and the block is further ignored.
The exception is caught in the catch block.
The statement System.out.println(ae); writes the exception type and its cause to the
standard output.

The program writes further the texts End printResult() and also End main() to the
standard output as follows.

The method division()
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
Handeling the exception
End printResult()
End main()

Assignment

1. Replace the statement printResult(25, 0); with the statement printResult(25, 5);
2. Compile and run the program to see what happens.

Answer

In this case, we divide the number 25 by 5, that is why the try-block is executed,
and the catch block is ignored. The program writes the following to the standard
output.

The method division()
Average = 5
End printResult()
End main()

You can use as many catch-blocks behind each other as you want, but you need to
keep in mind the order of the exceptions.
In the following example, the catch block Exception is under the catch-block
IndexOutOfBoundsException, because the class Exception is higher than the class
IndexOutOfBoundsException in the hierarchy of the exception classes. For the
same reason, the catch block of IndexOutOfBoundsException is under the catch-
block of ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException. See Diagram 2.
 Diagram 2
Example 3

public class MyClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
// A code which may cause an exception
}
catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ae)
{
// catch the exception ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 }
catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ae)
{
// catch the exception IndexOutOfBoundsException
}
catch (Exception e)
{
// catch all other possible exceptions
}
}
}

The finally-block
The finally-block follows either the try or the catch block, and it is always
executed whether exceptions occurs or not. Finally is used for example to close a
network connection or to close a file. See the following example.

Example 4

public class MyClass
{
public static int division(int numerator, int denominator)
{
System.out.println("The method division()");
return numerator / denominator;
}
public static void printResult(int numerator, int denominator)
{
try
{
int average = division(numerator, denominator);
System.out.println("Average = " + average);
}
catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{
System.out.println(ae);
 System.out.println("Handeling the exception");
}
finally
{
System.out.println("Finally block is always executed");
}
System.out.println("End printResult()");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
printResult(25, 0);
System.out.println("End main()");
}
}

Explanation

The difference between this example and example 2 is that in this example, the
block finally is always executed.
This code writes the following to the standard output.

The method division()
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
Handeling the exception
Finally block is always executed
End printResult()
End main()

The keywords throw and throws
A Java code can throw an exception with the keywords throw and throws. You can
catch these exceptions with a catch block. The keyword throws is used in the
header of the methods, but the keyword throw is used in the body of the methods.
See examples 5 and 6.
In the following program, a new object ArithmeticException("Division by
zero") is thrown if the denominator of the fraction is equal to 0.

Example 5

public class MyClass
{
public static int division(int numerator, int denominator)
{
System.out.println("The method division(()");
if (denominator == 0)
{
throw new ArithmeticException("Division by zero");
}
return numerator / denominator;
}
public static void printResult(int numerator, int denominator)
{
try
{
int average = division(numerator, denominator);
System.out.println("Average = " + average);
}
catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{
System.out.println(ae);
System.out.println("Exception is handled in the printResult()");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
printResult(25, 0);
System.out.println("End main()");
}
}

Explanation

This example is similar to example 2, except that here the control
if(denominator == 0) is used. If the denominator is equal to 0, the exception
ArithmeticException is thrown.
In the method printResult, the exception is caught. We have also passed a
customized exception text “ Division by zero” to the method. This replaces the
default message “/ by zero” .
This code writes the following to the standard output.

The method division(()
java.lang.ArithmeticException: Division by zero
Exception is handled in the printResult()
End main()

Create and throw your own exception class
In the following example, a customized exception class MyException is created.
This class is a checked exception because it is a subclass of the class Exception.
If an exception occurs, you can show your own customized text instead of the
default text.

Example 6

public class MyException extends Exception
{
MyException(String str)
{
super(str);
}
}

public class MyClass
{
public static int division(int numerator, int denominator) throws MyException
{
System.out.println("The method division(()");
if (denominator == 0)
{
throw new MyException("Division by zero");
}
 return numerator / denominator;
}
public static void printResult(int numerator, int denominator)
{
try
{
int average = division(numerator, denominator);
System.out.println("Average = " + average);
}
catch (MyException me)
{
System.out.println(me);
System.out.println("Exception is handled in the printResult()");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
printResult(25, 0);
System.out.println("End main()");
}
}

This code writes the following to the standard output.

The method division(()
_17_exceptions.ex._06.MyException: Division by zero
Exception is handled in the printResult()
End main()

Errors

The Error class is a subclass of the class Throwable. Errors can occur at runtime
and programmers in most cases do not have control over them. Examples are:
StackOverflowError, OutOfMemoryError, and UnknowError.

Quiz 1: Unchecked exception (RunTimeException)

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public void method()
{
try
{
System.out.print("x");
int x = Integer.parseInt("hi");
System.out.print("y");
}
catch (NumberFormatException e)
{
System.out.print("z");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.method();
}
}


Select the correct answer:

a. This program writes "xyz" to the standard output.
b. This program writes "xz" to the standard output.
c. This program writes "xy" to the standard output.
d. This program writes "yz" to the standard output.
e. This program does not compile.

Explanation

The statement "System.out.print("x");" in the try block prints "x" to the standard
output.
 The statement "int x = Integer.parseInt("hi");" tries to parse the string argument as
an integer,
which throws a NumberFormatException. The program jumps to the catch block.
The statement "System.out.print("z");" prints "z" to the standard output.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

Use Java standard API and Search for the class Integer. You can find the link to the
Java standard API at the beginning of this book.

1. Find the method paraseInt("String str"), and read its description.
2. Replace the statement int x = Integer.parseInt("hi"); with int x =
Integer.parseInt("38");.
3. What is the output? Compile and run the program to test your expected result.

Quiz 2: Handling exceptions and the finally block

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public void method()
{
try
{
int[] intArray = new int[5];
int z = intArray[6];
System.out.print("w");
}
catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.print("x");
}
catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
 System.out.print("y");
}
finally
{
System.out.print("z");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.method();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This program writes "wz" to the standard output.
b. This program writes "yz" to the standard output.
c. This program writes "wyz" to the standard output.
d. This program writes "xz" to the standard output.
e. This program does not compile.

Explanation

The statement "int z = intArray[6];" tries to access the sixth element of the array
intArray, which doesn't exist.
This exception ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs and the statement
System.out.print("y"), prints "y" to the standard output.
The finally-block is always executed.
The statement System.out.print("z"), prints "z" to the standard output.

The correct answer is b.

Assignments

1. What happens if the finally-block is removed from the code?
2. Compile and run the program to check out your expectation.


Quiz 3: Unchecked exceptions and the finally block

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
String str;

public void method()
{
try
{
str.substring(1);
System.out.print("s");
}
catch (NullPointerException e)
{
System.out.print("x");
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.print("y");
}
finally
{
System.out.print("z");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.method();
}
}

 Select the correct answer:

a. This program writes "xz" to the standard output.
b. This program writes "syz" to the standard output.
c. This program writes "yz" to the standard output.
d. This program writes "z" to the standard output.
e. This program does not compile.

Explanation

The String str is a reference to an object, which is not created.
String str = null;
By trying to access a substring of str, a NullPointerException occurs.
The statement System.out.print("x"), prints x to the standard output.
The finally block always executed.
The statement System.out.print("z"), prints z to the standard output.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. Assign the value of "Boris" to the variable str.
2. What would be the output of the program?
3. Compile and run the code to test your expected result.

Quiz 4: Handling the exception of divided by zero

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
int x;

public void method()
{
try
{
 int i = 2 / x;
System.out.print("a");
}
catch (NullPointerException n)
{
System.out.print("b");
}
catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.print("d");
}
finally
{
System.out.print("f");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.method();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This program writes "df" to the standard output.
b. This program writes "ab" to the standard output.
c. This program writes "bf" to the standard output.
d. This program writes "f" to the standard output.
e. This program does not compile.

Explanation

The catch block NullPointerException doesn't catch the exception because
dividing by zero is an ArithmeticException.
The catch block ArithmeticException is executed and prints “d” to the standard
output.
 The finally block is always executed, and it prints “f” to the standard output.

The correct answer is a.

Assignments

1. Assign the value of 20 to the variable x.
2. What is the output if you compile and run the code?
3. Execute the program to test your answer.


Quiz 5: Which exception is caught?

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
StringBuffer sb;
int z;

public void myMethod()
{
try
{
z = 5 / 0;
sb.append("s");
}
catch (NullPointerException e)
{
System.out.print("n");
}
catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{
System.out.print("a");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
 {
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.myMethod();
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes n to the standard output.
b. This code writes an to the standard output.
c. This code writes a to the standard output.
d. This code writes na to the standard output.
e. This code cannot be compiled.

Explanation

The two statements of the try block cause exceptions, but the first statement is first
executed. The first statement causes ArithmetcException , therefore, is the second
catch-block is executed.
The statement System.out.print("a"); writes a to the standard output.

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. What is the result of the execution of the program if the position of the
statements within the try block is changed as following?
sb.append("s");
z = 5/0;
2. Compile and run the program to check out your answer.


Quiz 6: Throwing an exception

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
static String str = "";

static void calculate(int x, int y)
{
str += "A";
if (y == 0)
{
throw new ArithmeticException();
}
int z = x / y;
str += "B";
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
str += "C";
calculate(10, 0);
str += "D";
}
catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
str += "E";
}
catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ae)
{
str += "F";
}
System.out.println(str);
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes ABE to the standard output.
b. This code writes CAF to the standard output.
 c. This code writes CAE to the standard output.
d. This code writes ABCD to the standard output.
e. This code can not be compiled.

Explanation

The statement str += "C"; inside the try-block adds the letter C to the String str.
The statement calculate(10, 0); calls the method calculate.
The statement str += "A" within the method calculate adds the letter A to the String
str .
The statement if(y == 0) returns true and the exception ArithmeticException is
thrown.
The catch block of the exception, ArithmeticException is caught.
The statement str += "E"; adds the letter E to the String str .

The correct answer is c.

Assignments

1. What is written to the standard output if the statement throw new
ArithmeticException(); is replaced with the statement throw new
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(); ?
2. Compile and run the program to check.

Quiz 7: The keyword throw

What happens when the following program is compiled and run?

public class MyClass
{
public static void test(String str)
{
if (str == null)
{
throw new NullPointerException();
}
else
 {
throw new RuntimeException();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.print("A");
test("");
}
catch (NullPointerException e)
{
System.out.print("B");
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.print("C");
}
finally
{
System.out.print("D");
}
}
}

Select the correct answer:

a. This code writes the AD to the standard output.
b. This code writes ABCD to the standard output.
c. This code writes AC to the standard output.
d. This code writes ACD to the standard output.
e. This code can not be compiled.

Explanation

The statement System.out.print("A"); within the try-block writes A to the standard
 output
The method test("") is invoked.
If the statement if(str == null) returns true, the exception NullPointerException is
caught, otherwise a RuntimeException.
The parameter of the method test("") is not equal to null , therefore, the
RuntimeException is thrown.

The catch block Exception is higher in the exception class hierarchy than the
RuntimeException, which is why it is caught. See diagram 2 for the exception
class hierarchy.
The statement System.out.print("C"); writes the letter C to the standard output.
The finally block is always executed, therefore, the letter D is also written to the
standard output.

The correct answer is d.

Assignments

1. What would be written to the standard output if the statement test(""); within
the try-block is replaced by the statement test(null);?
2. Compile and run the program to check out your answer.

Assignment chapter 17: Create your own exception class

In the following program, a customized exception class is created with the name
MyException. The method getMovie(int movieIndex) is invoked in the main
method, but the body of the method is missing.

1. Write the missing statements in the body of the method getMovie.
2. If the movieIndex is greater than 5, the program should write “the movie
does not exist”. Throw the exception MyException.
3. If a movieIndex exist, the program should write the title of the movie to
the standard output. For index 0 the program writes The Godfather to the
standard output. For index 1 the program writes Titanic to the standard
output, and so on.
4. Test your program whether it works properly.
5. Replace in the catch block, the statement
 System.out.print(me.getMessage()); with the statement
me.printStackTrace();
6. Run the program to see the difference between the methods getMessage
and printStackTrace .

public class MyException extends Exception
{
public MyException(String message)
{
super(message);
}
}

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Test
{
private static ArrayList<String> movieList = new ArrayList<String>();

public static void populateList()
{
movieList.add("The Godfather");
movieList.add("Titanic");
movieList.add("Dances with Wolves");
movieList.add("The Pianist");
movieList.add("Wall Street");
movieList.add("Amadeus");
}
public static String getMovie(int movieIndex) throws MyException
{
// the body
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
populateList();
try
{
 String movie = getMovie(5);
System.out.print("The movie title is: " + movie);
}
catch (MyException me)
{
System.out.print(me.getMessage());
}
}
}

Index

abstract, 207
access modifiers, 137
accessors, 15
API documentation, 121
array, 145
ArrayList, 151
arrays. See array
boolean, 17
break statement, 44, 66
break statement, 44
byte, 16
casting, 230
catch block, 254
char, 17
class, 7, 87
class, 8
class variables, 18, 107, 108, 165
comment, 11
compile, 7
constants, 43
constructor, 89
continue statement, 67
encapsulation, 15
errors, 263
escape sequences, 13
exceptions, 252
final class, 199
final method, 199
finally, 259
float, 17
for loop, 64
if statements, 40
if/else statements, 41
if-/else-if statements, 42
if-block, 41
import, 137, 138
inheritance, 15, 177
inner class, 243, 244
instance variables, 107, 165
Instance variables, 18
integer, 16
interface, 8, 220
iteration statements, 64
label, 68
long, 16
loops, 64
method, 87, 102
method overloading, 15, 183
mutator, 15
class, 242
nested class, 242
object, 87
operand, 24
operators, 24
OR, 25
overloading, 15
overloading methods, 183
overriding, 15
package, 137
parameters, 104
plus, 11
polymorphism, 15
primary variable, 17
private, 138
protected, 137
public, 9, 137
RunTimeException, 253
short, 16
sort, 107, 148
standard output, 10
statement, 8
static, 11, 12, 108, 165
static methods, 166
static nested class, 242, 243
string, 121
StringBuffer, 121, 124
substring, 122
super, 178, 180
switch statement, 43
this, 91, 92, 167
throw, 252, 260
throwable, 252
throws, 252, 260
toString, 125
toUpperCase, 122
trim, 122
try, 254
try-catch-block. See try
variable, 16
while loop, 65
 wrapper classes, 108