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Python Interview Questions

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Q. How is Python executed?

Python les are compiled to bytecode. which is then executed by the host.
Alternate Answer:
Type python .pv at the command line.

Q. What is the difference between .py and .pyc les?

.py les are Python source les. .pyc les are the compiled bvtecode les that is generated by the
Python compiler

Q. How do you invoke the Python interpreter for interactive use?

python or pythonx.y where x.y are the version of the Python interpreter desired.

Q. How are Phon blocks de ned?

By indents or tabs. This is different from most other languages which use symbols to de ne
blocks. Indents in Python are signi cant.

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Q. What is the Pthon interpreter prompt?

Three greater-than signs: >>> Also, when the int
erpreter is waiting for more input the prompt changes to three periods

Q. How do you execute a Python Script?

From the command line, type python .py or pythonx.y
.py where the x.y is the version of the Python interpreter desired.

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Q. Explain the use of try: except: raise, and nally:

Try, except and nally blocks are used in Python error handling. Code is executed in the try block
until an error occurs. One can use a generic except block, which will receive control after all errors,
or one can use speci c exception handling blocks for various error types. Control is transferred to
the appropriate except block. In all cases, the nally block is executed. Raise may be used to raise
your own exceptions.
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Q. Illustrate the proper use of Python error handling.

Code Example:
try:
….#This can be any code
except:
…# error handling code goes here
nally.
…# code that will be executed regardless of exception handling goes here.

Q. What happens if an error occurs that is not handled in the except block?
The program tenuinates. and an execution trace is sent to sys.stderr.

Q. How are modules used in a Python program?

Modules are brought in via the import statement.

Q. How do you create a Python function?

Functions are de ned using the def statement. An example might be def foo(bar):

Q. How is a Python class created?

Classes are created using the class statement. An example might be class aa rdva rk(fooba r):

Q. How is a Python class instantiated?

The class is instantiated by calling it directly. An example might be
myclass =aardvark(5)

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Q. In a class de nition, what does the __ init_O function do?

It overrides the any initialization from an inherited class, and is called when the class is
instantiated.

Q. How does a function return values?

Functions return values using the return statement.

Q. What happens when a function doesn’t have a return statement? Is this valid?
Yes, this is valid. The function will then return a None object. The end of a function is de ned by
the block of code being executed (i.e., the indenting) not by any explicit keyword.

Q. What is the lambda operator?

The lambda operator is used to create anonymous functions. It is mostly used in cases where one
wishes to pass functions as parameters. or assign them to variable names.

Q. Explain the difference between local and global namespaces.

Local namespaces are created within a function. when that function is called. Global name spaces
are created when the program starts.

Q. Name the four main types of namespaces in Python?

a) Global,
b) Local,
c) Module and
d) Class namespaces.

Q. When would you use triple quotes as a delimiter?

Triple quotes ‘’”” or ‘“ are string delimiters that can span multiple lines in Python. Triple quotes are
usually used when spanning multiple lines, or enclosing a string that has a mix of single and
double quotes contained therein.

Q. What are the two major loop statements?

for and while

Q. Under what circumstances would von use a while statement rather than for?
The while statement is used for simple repetitive looping and the for statement is used when one
wishes to iterate through a list of items, such as database records, characters in a string, etc.

Q. What happens if.ou put an else statement after after block?

The code in the else block is executed after the for loop completes, unless a break is encountered
in the for loop execution. in which case the else block is not executed.

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Q. Explain the use of break and continue in Python looping.

The break statement stops execution of the current loop. and transfers control to the next block.
The continue statement ends the current block’s execution and jumps to the next iteration of the
loop.

Q. When would you use a continue statement in a for loop?

When processing a particular item was complete; to move on to the next, without executing
further processing in the block. The continue statement says, “I’m done processing this item,
move on to the next item.”

Q. When would you use a break statement in a for loop?

When the loop has served its purpose. As an example. after nding the item in a list searched for,
there is no need to keep looping. The break statement says, I’m done in this loop; move on to the
next block of code.”

Q. What is the structure of afor loop?

for in : … The ellipsis represents a code block to be executed, once for each item in the sequence.
Within the block the item is available as the current item from the entire list.

Q. What is the structure of a while loop?

while : … The ellipsis represents a code block to be executed. until the condition becomes false.
The condition is an expression that is considered true unless it evaluates to o, null or false.

Q. Use a for loop and illustrate how you would de ne and print the characters in a string out,
one per line.
myString = “I Love Python”
for myChar hi myString:
print myChar

Q. Given the string “I LoveQPython” use afor loop and illustrate printing each character tip to,
but not including the Q.
inyString = “I Love Pijtlzon”
for myCizar in myString:
fmyC’har ==
break
print myChar

Q. Given the string “I Love Python” print out each character except for the spaces, using a for
loop.
inyString = I Love Python”
for myCizar in myString:

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fmyChar == ‘’ ‘’:
continue
print myChar

Q. Illustrate how to execute a ioop ten times.

i=1
while i < 10:

Q. How to use GUI that comes with Python to test your code?
That is just an editor and a graphical version of the interactive shell. You write or load code and
run it, or type it into the shell.
There is no automated testing.

Q. What is Python good for?

Python is a high-level general-purpose programming language that can be applied to many
different classes of problems.
The language comes with a large standard library that covers areas such as string processing like
regular expressions, Unicode, calculating differences between les, Internet protocols like HTTP,
FTP, SMTP, XML-RPC, POP, IMAP, CGI programming, software engineering like unit testing,
logging, pro ling, parsing Python code, and operating system interfaces like system calls, le
systems, TCP/IP sockets.

Q. How does the Python version numbering scheme work?

Python versions are numbered A.B.C or A.B.
A is the major version number. It is only incremented for major changes in the language.
B is the minor version number, incremented for less earth-shattering changes.
C is the micro-level. It is incremented for each bug x release.
Not all releases are bug x releases. In the run-up to a new major release, ‘A’ series of development
releases are made denoted as alpha, beta, or release candidate.
Alphas are early releases in which interfaces aren’t nalized yet; it’s not unexpected to see an
interface change between two alpha releases.
Betas are more stable, preserving existing interfaces but possibly adding new modules, and
release candidates are frozen, making no changes except as needed to x critical bugs.
Alpha, beta and release candidate versions have an additional suf x.
The suf x for an alpha version is “aN” for some small number N,
The suf x for a beta version is “bN” for some small number N,
And the suf x for a release candidate version is “cN” for some small number N.
In other words, all versions labeled 2.0aN precede the versions labeled 2.0bN, which precede
versions labeled 2.0cN, and those precede 2.0.
You may also nd version numbers with a “+” suf x, e.g. “2.2+”. These are unreleased versions, built
directly from the subversion trunk. In practice, after a nal minor release is made, the subversion
trunk is incremented to the next minor version, which becomes the “a0” version, e.g. “2.4a0”.

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Q. Where is math.py (socket.py, regex.py, etc.) source le?

If you can’t nd a source le for a module, it may be a built-in or dynamically loaded module
implemented in C, C++ or other compiled language. In this case you may not have the source le
or it may be something like mathmodule.c, somewhere in a C source directory (not on the Python
Path). There are (at least) three kinds of modules in Python:
Modules written in Python (.py);
Modules written in C and dynamically loaded (.dll, .pyd, .so, .sl, etc);
Modules written in C and linked with the interpreter; to get a list of these, type;
Import sys print sys.builtin_module_names;

Q. How do I make a Python script executable on UNIX?

You need to do two things:
The script le’s mode must be executable and the rst line must begin with “#!” followed by the
path of the Python interpreter. The rst is done by executing chmod +x script le or perhaps
chmod 755 ‘script’ le.
The second can be done in a number of ways.
The most straightforward way is to write:
#!/usr/local/bin/python
As the very rst line of your le, using the pathname for where the Python interpreter is installed
on your platform. If you would like the script to be independent of where the Python interpreter
lives, you can use the “env” program. Almost all UNIX variants support the following, assuming the
python interpreter is in a directory on the users $PATH:
#! /usr/bin/env python
Don’t do this for CGI scripts. The $PATH variable for CGI scripts is often minimal, so you need to
use the actual absolute pathname of the interpreter. Occasionally, a user’s environment is so full
that the /usr/bin/env program fails; or there’s no env program at all. In that case, you can try the
following hack (due to Alex Rezinsky):
#! /bin/sh
“””:”
exec python $0 ${1+”$@”}
“””
The minor disadvantage is that this de nes the script’s __doc__ string. However, you can x that
by adding:
__doc__ = “””…Whatever…”””

Q. Why don’t my signal handlers work?

The most common problem is that the signal handler is declared with the wrong argument list. It
is called as:
handler (signum, frame)
So it should be declared with two arguments:
def handler(signum, frame):

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Q. How do I test a Python program or component?

Python comes with two testing frameworks:
The documentation test module nds examples in the documentation strings for a module and
runs them, comparing the output with the expected output given in the documentation string.
The unit test moduleis a fancier testing framework modeled on Java and Smalltalk testing
frameworks.
For testing, it helps to write the program so that it may be easily tested by using good modular
design. Your program should have almost all functionality encapsulated in either functions or
class methods. And this sometimes has the surprising and delightful effect of making the
program run faster because local variable accesses are faster than global accesses.
Furthermore the program should avoid depending on mutating global variables, since this makes
testing much more dif cult to do.
The “global main logic” of your program may be as simple as:
if __name__==”__main__”:
main_logic()
at the bottom of the main module of your program.
Once your program is organized as a tractable collection of functions and class behaviors, you
should write test functions that exercise the behaviors.
A test suite can be associated with each module which automates a sequence of tests.
You can make coding much more pleasant by writing your test functions in parallel with the
“production code”, since this makes it easy to nd bugs and even design aws earlier.
“Support modules” that are not intended to be the main module of a program may include a self-
test of the module.
if __name__ == “__main__”:
self_test()
Even programs that interact with complex external interfaces may be tested when the external
interfaces are unavailable by using “fake” interfaces implemented in Python.

Q. How do I nd unde ned g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?

To dynamically load g++ extension modules, you must:
Recompile Python
Re-link it using g++ (change LINKCC in the python Modules Make le)
Link your extension module using g++ (e.g., “g++ -shared -o mymodule.so mymodule.o”).

Q. How do I send mail from a Python script?

Use the standard library module smtplib. Here’s a very simple interactive mail sender that uses it.
This method will work on any host that supports an SMTP listener.
import sys, smtplib
fromaddr = raw_input(“From: “)
toaddrs = raw_input(“To: “).split(‘,’)
print “Enter message, end with ^D:”
msg = ”

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while 1:
line = sys.stdin.readline()
if not line:
break
msg = msg + line
# The actual mail send
server = smtplib.SMTP(‘localhost’)
server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg)
server.quit()
A UNIX-only alternative uses send mail. The location of the send mail program varies between
systems; sometimes it is /usr/lib/sendmail, sometime /usr/sbin/sendmail. The send mail manual
page will help you out. Here’s some sample code:
SENDMAIL = “/usr/sbin/sendmail” # sendmail location
import os
p = os.popen(“%s -t -i” % SENDMAIL, “w”)
p.write(“To: receiver@example.comn“)
p.write(“Subject: testn”)
p.write(“n”) # blank line separating headers from body
p.write(“Some textn”)
p.write(“some more textn”)
sts = p.close()
if sts != 0:
print “Sendmail exit status”, sts

Q. How can I mimic CGI form submission (METHOD=POST)? I would like to retrieve web pages
that are the result of posting a form. Is there existing code that would let me do this easily?
Yes. Here’s a simple example that uses httplib:
#!/usr/local/bin/python
import httplib, sys, time
### build the query string
qs = “First=Josephine&MI=Q&Last=Public”
### connect and send the server a path
httpobj = httplib.HTTP(‘www.some-server.out-there’, 80)
httpobj.putrequest(‘POST’, ‘/cgi-bin/some-cgi-script’)
### now generate the rest of the HTTP headers…
httpobj.putheader(‘Accept’, ‘*/*’)
httpobj.putheader(‘Connection’, ‘Keep-Alive’)
httpobj.putheader(‘Content-type’, ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded’)
httpobj.putheader(‘Content-length’, ‘%d’ % len(qs))
httpobj.endheaders()
httpobj.send(qs)
### nd out what the server said in response…
reply, msg, hdrs = httpobj.getreply()

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if reply != 200:
sys.stdout.write(httpobj.get le().read())
Note that in general for URL-encoded POST operations, query strings must be quoted by using
urllib.quote(). For example to send name=”Guy Steele, Jr.”:
>>> from urllib import quote
>>> x = quote(“Guy Steele, Jr.”)
>>> x
‘Guy%20Steele,%20Jr.’
>>> query_string = “name=”+x
>>> query_string
‘name=Guy%20Steele,%20Jr.’

Q. Why is that none of my threads are not running? How can I make it work?
As soon as the main thread exits, all threads are killed. Your main thread is running too quickly,
giving the threads no time to do any work.
A simple x is to add a sleep to the end of the program that’s long enough for all the threads to
nish:
import threading, time
def thread_task(name, n):
for i in range(n): print name, i
for i in range(10)

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