Design and Correction of optical

Systems

Part 12: Correction of aberrations 1

Summer term 2012

Herbert Gross
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Overview

1. Basics 2012-04-18
2. Materials 2012-04-25
3. Components 2012-05-02
4. Paraxial optics 2012-05-09
5. Properties of optical systems 2012-05-16
6. Photometry 2012-05-23
7. Geometrical aberrations 2012-05-30
8. Wave optical aberrations 2012-06-06
9. Fourier optical image formation 2012-06-13
10. Performance criteria 1 2012-06-20
11. Performance criteria 2 2012-06-27
12. Correction of aberrations 1 2012-07-04
13. Correction of aberrations 2 2012-07-11
14. Optical system classification 2012-07-18
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Contents

12.1 Symmetry principle

12.2 Lens bending
12.3 Correcting spherical aberration
12.4 Coma, stop position
12.5 Astigmatism
12.6 Field flattening
12.7 Chromatical correction
12.8 Higher order aberrations
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Principle of Symmetry

 Perfect symmetrical system: magnification m = -1

 Stop in centre of symmetry
 Symmetrical contributions of wave aberrations are doubled (spherical)
 Asymmetrical contributions of wave aberration vanishes W(-x) = -W(x)
 Easy correction of:
coma, distortion, chromatical change of magnification

front part rear part

2 3

1
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Symmetrical Systems

Ideal symmetrical systems:

 Vanishing coma, distortion, lateral color aberration
 Remaining residual aberrations:
1. spherical aberration
2. astigmatism
3. field curvature
4. axial chromatical aberration
5. skew spherical aberration
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Symmetry Principle

 Application of symmetry principle: photographic lenses

 Especially field dominant aberrations can be corrected
 Also approximate fulfillment
of symmetry condition helps
significantly:
quasi symmetry
 Realization of quasi-
symmetric setups in nearly
all photographic systems

Ref : H. Zügge
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Lens Bending

 Effect of bending a lens on spherical aberration

 Optimal bending:
Spherical
Minimize spherical aberration Aberration
 Dashed: thin lens theory
Solid : think real lenses 60

 Vanishing SPH for n=1.5

only for virtual imaging 40

 Correction of spherical aberration

possible for: 20
1. Larger values of the (b) (c)
magnification parameter |M| X
(a)
2. Higher refractive indices -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(d)
M=0
M=-3 M=3
M=-6 M=6

Ref : H. Zügge
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Correcting Spherical Aberration: Lens Splitting

Transverse aberration
5 mm
 Correction of spherical aberration:
Splitting of lenses (a)

 Distribution of ray bending on several 5 mm

surfaces:
Improvement
- smaller incidence angles reduces the (b)
(a) (b) : 1/4

effect of nonlinearity
- decreasing of contributions at every 5 mm

surface, but same sign Improvement

(c)
 Last example (e): one surface with (b) (c) : 1/2

compensating effect
5 mm

Improvement
(d)
(c) (d) : 1/4

0.005 mm

Improvement
(e)
(d) (e) : 1/75

Ref : H. Zügge
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Correcting Spherical Aberration : Power Splitting

Splitting of lenses and appropriate bending:

1. compensating surface contributions
2. Residual zone errors
3. More relaxed
setups preferred,
although the
nominal error is
larger

Ref : H. Zügge
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Correcting Spherical Aberration: Cementing

Correcting spherical aberration by cemented doublet:

 Strong bended inner surface compensates
 Solid state setups reduces problems of centering sensitivity
 In total 4 possible configurations:
1. Flint in front / crown in front
2. bi-convex outer surfaces / meniscus shape
 Residual zone error, spherical aberration corrected for outer marginal ray

1.0 mm 0.25 mm
Crown (a) (b)
in front

0.25 mm 0.25 mm
Filnt
(c) (d)
in front

Ref : H. Zügge
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Correcting Spherical Aberration: Refractive Index

∆s’
 Better correction
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 4.0
for higher index 0 n
 Shape of lens / best
bending changes -2

from -4 best shape

1.686

1. nearly plane convex plano-convex

-6
for n= 1.5
2. meniscus shape -8
for n > 2
best shape

n = 1.5 n = 1.7 n = 1.9 n = 4.0

plano-convex

Ref : H. Zügge
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Correcting Spherical Aberration: Refractive Index

n = 1.5 n = 1.8
 Better correction SI ()
for high index also for meltiple 40
30
lens systems
20
 Example: 3-lens setup with one 10

surface for compensation 0

-10
Residual aberrations is quite better
-20
for higher index
Surface 1 2 3 4 5 6 sum

0.5 mm

n = 1.5

0.0005 mm

n = 1.8

Ref : H. Zügge
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Bravais System

 Combination of positiv and negative lens :

Change of apertur with factor  without shift of image plane

 Strong impact on spherical aberration

 Principle corresponds the tele photo system

 Calculation of the focal lengths

1  1  d  f' a
  1  
f 'a   d  s  f'
b

1 1 

f 'b  d Bild-
d  1   ebene

 s u
u'

s'

s
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Inner and Outer Coma

y '
0.2 mm
 Effect of lens bending on coma
 Sign of coma : inner/outer coma

y '
0.2 mm

y '
0.2 mm

y '
0.2 mm

From : H. Zügge
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Coma Correction: Achromat

Image height: y’ = 0 mm y’ = 2 mm
Achromat
 Bending of an achromate bending
Pupil section:
Transverse
meridional meridional
y' y'
sagittal
y'
Aberration:
- optimal choice: small residual spherical
0.05 mm 0.05 mm 0.05 mm

aberration (a)

- remaining coma for finite field size

 Splitting achromate:
additional degree of freedom:
(b)
- better total correction possible
- high sensitivity of thin air space
 Aplanatic glass choice:
vanishing coma (c)

Achromat, splitting

(d)

Achromat, aplanatic glass choice

(e)

Wave length:

Ref : H. Zügge
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Coma Correction: Symmetry Principle

 Perfect coma correction in the case of symmetry

 But magnification m = -1 not useful in most practical cases

Image height: y’ = 19 mm

Symmetry principle Pupil section: meridional sagittal

Transverse y' y'
Aberration: 0.5 mm 0.5 mm

(a)

(b)

From : H. Zügge
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Coma Correction: Stop Position and Aspheres

 Combined effect, aspherical case prevent correction

Sagittal Sagittal
Plano-convex element coma Spherical aberration corrected coma
exhibits spherical aberration y ' with aspheric surface y '
0.5 mm 0.5 mm
aspheric

aspheric

aspheric

Ref : H. Zügge
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Astigmatism: Lens Bending

 Bending effects astigmatism

 For a single lens 2 bending with
zero astigmatism, but remaining
field curvature

Ref : H. Zügge
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Petzval Theorem for Field Curvature

 Petzval theorem for field curvature: 1 n ' n

1. formulation for surfaces
  nm '  k k
R ptz k nk  nk 'rk

2. formulation for thin lenses (in air) 1 1


R ptz j nj  f j
 Important: no dependence on
bending

 Natural behavior: image curved object

towards system plane

 Problem: collecting systems

with f > 0:
If only positive lenses:
Rptz always negative R

ideal
optical system real image
image plane
shell
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Petzval Theorem for Field Curvature

 Goal: vanishing Petzval curvature 1 1


R ptz j nj  f j

1 hj 1
and positive total refractive power  
f j h1 f
for multi-component systems

 Solution:
General principle for correction of curvature of image field:
1. Positive lenses with:
- high refractive index
- large marginal ray heights
- gives large contribution to power and low weighting in Petzval sum
2. Negative lenses with:
- low refractive index
- samll marginal ray heights
- gives small negative contribution to power and high weighting in Petzval sum
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Flattening Meniscus Lenses

 Possible lenses / lens groups for correcting field curvature

 Interesting candidates: thick mensiscus shaped lenses
r2

n ' n  n 1  d
2
1 1
 k k      d
R ptz k nk  nk 'rk n  f  n  r1r2 r1

1. Hoeghs mensicus: identical radii (n  1) 2 d

- Petzval sum zero F'
nr2
- remaining positive refractive power

2. Concentric meniscus,
r2  r1  d
- Petzval sum negative
- weak negative focal length 1 (n  1)  d ( n  1)d
 F'  
- refractive power for thickness d: R ptz n r1  r1  d  nr1 ( r1  d )

3. Thick meniscus without refractive power

n 1 1 ( n  1) 2  d
Relation between radii r2  r1  d   0
n R ptz n r1  nr1  d  ( n  1)
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Correcting Petzval Curvature

n n
 Group of meniscus lenses

d
collimated

r1 r2

 Effect of distance and

refractive indices

From : H. Zügge
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Correcting Petzval Curvature

r1 r2
 Triplet group with + - +
r3

d/2 collimated

n2
n1

 Effect of distance and

refractive indices

From : H. Zügge
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Field Curvature

1 F
 Correction of Petzval field curvature in lithographic lens  j
for flat wafer R j nj

hj
 Positive lenses: Green hj large F   Fj
j h1
 Negative lenses : Blue hj small

 Correction principle: certain number of bulges

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Flattening Field Lens

Effect of a field lens for flattening the image surface

1. Without field lens 2. With field lens

curved image surface image plane

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Axial Colour: Achromate

(a) (b)
 Compensation of axial colour by
appropriate glass choice

 Chromatical variation of the spherical

aberrations:
spherochromatism (Gaussian aberration)

 Therefore perfect axial color correction

BK7 BK7 F2
(on axis) are often not feasable
n = 1.5168 n = 1.5168 1.6200
 = 64.17  = 64.17 36.37
F= 1 F = 2.31 -1.31

rp rp
1 1

486 nm
588 nm
656 nm

z z
-2.5 0 -0.20 0 0.20

Ref : H. Zügge
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Spherochromatism: Achromate

 Residual spherochromatism of an achromate

 Representation as function of apeture or wavelength

longitudinal aberration defocus variation

rp 
1 656

pupil height :
rp = 1
587 rp = 0.707
rp = 0.4
rp = 0

486 nm
587 nm
656 nm
486
z z
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 -0.04 0 0.04 0.08
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Correction of Spherochromatism: Splitted Achromate

 Broken-contact achromate:
different ray heights allow fof y red

correcting spherochromatism blue

rp

SK11 SF12

486 nm
587 nm
656 nm

z
in [mm]
0 0.2 0.4
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Axial Color Correction with Schupman Lens

wavelength
 Non-compact system in m
0.656
 Generalized achromatic condition Schupman

with marginal ray hieghts yj lens

achromate
2 2
y y
1
 F1   F2  0
2
v1 v2
0.571
 Use of a long distance and
negative F2 for correction
 Only possible for virtual imaging

0.486 s
-50 m 0 50 m

first lens second lens

positive positive

intermediate virtual
image image
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Axial Colour: Achromate and Apochromate

 Effect of different materials

 Axial chromatical aberration
changes with wavelength
 Different levels of correction:
1.No correction: lens,
one zero crossing point
2.Achromatic correction:
- coincidence of outer colors
- remaining error for center
wavelength
- two zero crossing points
3. Apochromatic correction:
- coincidence of at least three
colors
- small residual aberrations
- at least 3 zero crossing points
- special choice of glass types
with anomalous partial
dispertion necessery
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Axial Colour : Apochromate

 Choice of at least one special glass

 Correction of secondary spectrum:

anomalous partial dispersion

 At least one glass should deviate

significantly form the normal glass line


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Two-Lens Apochromate

 Special glasses and very strong bending allows for apochromatic correction

 Large remaining spherical zonal aberration

 Zero-crossing points not well distributed over wavelength spectrum

656nm

588nm

486nm

z 436nm
-2mm 5m 0 z
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Buried Surface

 Cemented surface with perfect refrcative index match

 No impact on monochromatic aberrations
 Only influence on chromatical aberrations
 Especially 3-fold cemented components are advantages
 Can serve as a starting setup for chromatical correction with fulfilled monochromatic
correction
 Special glass combinations with nearly perfect
parameters

Nr Glas nd  nd d d
1 SK16 1.62031 0.00001 60.28 22.32
F9 1.62030 37.96
2 SK5 1.58905 0.00003 61.23 20.26
LF2 1.58908 40.97
3 SSK2 1.62218 0.00004 53.13 17.06
F13 1.62222 36.07
4 SK7 1.60720 0.00002 59.47 10.23
BaF5 1.60718 49.24
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Field Lenses

 Field lens: in or near image planes

 Influences only the chief ray: pupil shifted
 Critical: conjugation to image plane, surface errors sharply seen
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Field Lens im Endoscope

without field lenses

with 1 field lens

with 2 field lenses

Ref : H. Zügge
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Influence of Stop Position on Performance

 Ray path of chief ray depends on stop position

stop positions spot

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Effect of Stop Position

stop

 Example photographic lens

 Small axial shift of stop

changes tranverse aberrations

 In particular coma is strongly

influenced

Ref: H.Zügge
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Distortion and Stop Position

 Sign of distortion for single lens:

depends on stop position and Lens Stop location Distortion Examples
sign of focal power positive rear V>0 tele photo lens
 Ray bending of chief ray defines negative in front V>0 loupe
distortion positive in front V<0 retrofocus lens
 Stop position changes chief ray
negative rear V<0 reversed binocular
heigth at the lens

Ref: H.Zügge
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Higher Order Aberrations: Achromate, Aspheres

 Splitted achromate

 Aspherical surface

Ref : H. Zügge
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Higher Order Aberrations: Merte Surface

 Merte surface:
- low index step Transverse
spherical aberration
- strong bending
O.25
- mainly higher aberrations
generated

(a)
1

O.25

(b)
1

Merte surface

From : H. Zügge
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Aspherical Surfaces

 Additional degrees of freedom for correction

 Exact correction of spherical aberration for a finite

number of aperture rays

 Strong asphere: many coefficients with high orders,

large oscillative residual deviations in zones

 Location of aspherical surfaces:

1. spherical aberration: near pupil
2. distortion and astigmatism: near image plane

 Use of more than 1 asphere: critical, interaction and

correlation of higher oders
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Coexistence of Aberrations : Balance

compromise :
standard achromate a)
 Example: Achromate 0.03 0.8
zonal and axial error

 Balance : axial 0.6

0.02 color
1. zonal spherical 0.4
0.01
2. Spot 0.2

3. Secondary spectrum 0 0

-0.2
-0.01
-0.4
-0.02
spherical
aberration -0.6

-0.03 -0.8
sur 1 sur 2 sur 3 sum sur 1 sur 2 sur 3 sur 4 sum

secondary
b) spot optimized c) spectrum optimized
0.6 3

0.4
2

0.2
1
0
0
-0.2
-1
-0.4

-0.6 -2

-0.8 -3
sur 1 sur 2 sur 3 sur 4 sum sur 1 sur 2 sur 3 sur 4 sum

Ref : H. Zügge
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Coexistence of Aberrations : Balance

rP
SSK2 CaF2 F13
 Example: Apochromate
 Balance :
1. zonal spherical 400 nm
450 nm
2. Spot 500 nm

3. Secondary spectrum 550 nm

600 nm
650 nm
700 nm

400 nm 450 nm 500 nm 550 nm 600 nm 650 nm 700 nm

z
axis -0.04 0 0.04 0.08 0.12

field
0.71°

field
1.0°
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Summary of Important Topics

 Nearly symmetrical system are goord corrected for coma, distortion and lateral color
 Important influence on correction: bending of a lens
 Correction of spherical aberration: bending, cementing, higher index
 Correction of coma: bending, stop position, symmetry
 Correction of field curvature: thick mensicus, field lens, low index negative lenses with
low ray height
 Achromate: coincidence of two colors, spherical correction, higher order zone remains
 Apochromatic correction: three glasses, one with anomalous partial dispersion
 Remaining chromatic error: spherochromatism
 Field lenses: adaption of pupil imaging
 Higher orders of aberrations: occur for large angles
 Whole system: balancing of aberrations and best trade-off is desired
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Outlook

Next lecture: Part 13 – Correction of Aberrations 2

1. Date: Wednesday, 2012-07-11
Contents: 13.1 Fundamentals of optimization
13.2 Optimization in optical design
13.3 Initial setups and correction methods
13.4 Sensitivity of systems
13.5 Miscellaneous