PHPExcel Developer Documentation

Author: Maarten Balliauw, Mark Baker

Version: 1.8.0
Date: 13 January 2016
1. Contents
PHPExcel Developer Documentation.............................................................................1
1. Contents

Contents
PHPExcel Developer Documentation.............................................................................1
1. Contents........................................................................................................ 2
2. Prerequisites................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Software requirements.................................................................................5
2.2. Installation instructions................................................................................5
2.3. Getting started.......................................................................................... 5
2.4. Useful links and tools...................................................................................5
2.4.1. OpenXML / SpreadsheetML......................................................................5
2.4.2. Frequently asked questions......................................................................6
2.4.3. Tutorials............................................................................................7
3. Architecture.................................................................................................... 8
3.1. Schematical..............................................................................................8
3.2. Lazy Loader..............................................................................................8
3.3. Spreadsheet in memory................................................................................8
3.4. Readers and writers.....................................................................................8
3.5. Fluent interfaces........................................................................................9
4. Creating a spreadsheet......................................................................................11
4.1. The PHPExcel class....................................................................................11
4.1.1. Loading a Workbook from a file...............................................................11
4.1.2. Creating a new workbook.......................................................................11
4.2. Configuration Settings................................................................................11
4.2.1. Cell Caching......................................................................................11
4.2.2. Language/Locale.................................................................................13
4.3. Clearing a Workbook from memory.................................................................14
4.4. Worksheets............................................................................................. 14
4.4.1. Adding a new Worksheet.......................................................................15
4.4.2. Copying Worksheets.............................................................................15
4.4.3. Removing a Worksheet..........................................................................15
4.5. Accessing cells......................................................................................... 16
4.5.1. Setting a cell value by coordinate.............................................................16
4.5.2. Setting a range of cells from an array........................................................18
4.5.3. Retrieving a cell by coordinate................................................................20
4.5.4. Setting a cell value by column and row......................................................20
4.5.5. Retrieving a cell by column and row..........................................................20
4.5.6. Looping cells......................................................................................21
4.5.7. Using value binders to facilitate data entry.................................................22
4.6. PHPExcel recipes.......................................................................................22
4.6.1. Setting a spreadsheet’s metadata.............................................................23
4.6.2. Setting a spreadsheet’s active sheet.........................................................23
4.6.3. Write a date or time into a cell...............................................................23
4.6.4. Write a formula into a cell.....................................................................24
4.6.5. Locale Settings for Formulae...................................................................25
4.6.6. Write a newline character "\n" in a cell (ALT+"Enter").....................................25
4.6.7. Explicitly set a cell’s datatype................................................................26
4.6.8. Change a cell into a clickable URL............................................................26
4.6.9. Setting a worksheet’s page orientation and size............................................26
4.6.10. Page Setup: Scaling options....................................................................26
4.6.11. Page margins.....................................................................................27
4.6.12. Center a page horizontally/vertically........................................................28
4.6.13. Setting the print header and footer of a worksheet........................................28
4.6.14. Setting printing breaks on a row or column..................................................30
4.6.15. Show/hide gridlines when printing............................................................30

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 4.6.16. Setting rows/columns to repeat at top/left.................................................30
4.6.17. Specify printing area............................................................................30
4.6.18. Formatting cells..................................................................................30
4.6.19. Number formats..................................................................................32
4.6.20. Alignment and wrap text.......................................................................32
4.6.21. Setting the default style of a workbook......................................................33
4.6.22. Styling cell borders..............................................................................33
4.6.23. Conditional formatting a cell..................................................................34
4.6.24. Add a comment to a cell........................................................................35
4.6.25. Apply autofilter to a range of cells...........................................................35
4.6.26. Setting security on a spreadsheet.............................................................35
4.6.27. Setting data validation on a cell...............................................................36
4.6.28. Setting a column’s width.......................................................................37
4.6.29. Show/hide a column.............................................................................37
4.6.30. Group/outline a column........................................................................37
4.6.31. Setting a row’s height...........................................................................38
4.6.32. Show/hide a row.................................................................................38
4.6.33. Group/outline a row............................................................................38
4.6.34. Merge/unmerge cells............................................................................38
4.6.35. Inserting rows/columns.........................................................................39
4.6.36. Add a drawing to a worksheet.................................................................39
4.6.37. Reading Images from a worksheet............................................................39
4.6.38. Add rich text to a cell...........................................................................40
4.6.39. Define a named range...........................................................................40
4.6.40. Redirect output to a client’s web browser..................................................41
4.6.41. Setting the default column width.............................................................42
4.6.42. Setting the default row height.................................................................42
4.6.43. Add a GD drawing to a worksheet.............................................................42
4.6.44. Setting worksheet zoom level..................................................................42
4.6.45. Sheet tab color...................................................................................42
4.6.46. Creating worksheets in a workbook...........................................................42
4.6.47. Hidden worksheets (Sheet states).............................................................43
4.6.48. Right-to-left worksheet.........................................................................43
5. Performing formula calculations...........................................................................44
5.1. Using the PHPExcel calculation engine.............................................................44
5.2. Known limitations......................................................................................45
5.2.1. Operator precedence............................................................................45
5.2.2. Formulas involving numbers and text.........................................................45
6. Reading and writing to file.................................................................................46
6.1. PHPExcel_IOFactory...................................................................................46
6.1.1. Creating PHPExcel_Reader_IReader using PHPExcel_IOFactory..........................46
6.1.2. Creating PHPExcel_Writer_IWriter using PHPExcel_IOFactory............................46
6.2. Excel 2007 (SpreadsheetML) file format...........................................................47
6.2.1. PHPExcel_Reader_Excel2007...................................................................47
6.2.2. PHPExcel_Writer_Excel2007...................................................................47
6.3. Excel 5 (BIFF) file format.............................................................................48
6.3.1. PHPExcel_Reader_Excel5.......................................................................48
6.3.2. PHPExcel_Writer_Excel5........................................................................49
6.4. Excel 2003 XML file format...........................................................................49
6.4.1. PHPExcel_Reader_Excel2003XML..............................................................49
6.5. Symbolic LinK (SYLK)..................................................................................50
6.5.1. PHPExcel_Reader_SYLK.........................................................................50
6.6. Open/Libre Office (.ods).............................................................................51
6.6.1. PHPExcel_Reader_OOCalc......................................................................51
6.7. CSV (Comma Separated Values).....................................................................51
6.7.1. PHPExcel_Reader_CSV..........................................................................51
6.7.2. PHPExcel_Writer_CSV...........................................................................52
6.8. HTML..................................................................................................... 53
6.8.1. PHPExcel_Reader_HTML........................................................................53
6.8.2. PHPExcel_Writer_HTML.........................................................................53

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 6.9. PDF....................................................................................................... 55
6.9.1. PHPExcel_Writer_PDF...........................................................................55
6.10. Generating Excel files from templates (read, modify, write)................................56
7. Credits......................................................................................................... 58
Appendix A: Valid array keys for style applyFromArray().................................................59

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2. Prerequisites
2.1. Software requirements
The following software is required to develop using PHPExcel:
» PHP version 5.2.0 or newer
» PHP extension php_zip enabled *)
» PHP extension php_xml enabled
» PHP extension php_gd2 enabled (if not compiled in)

*) php_zip is only needed by PHPExcel_Reader_Excel2007, PHPExcel_Writer_Excel2007 and

PHPExcel_Reader_OOCalc. In other words, if you need PHPExcel to handle .xlsx or .ods files you will need
the zip extension, but otherwise not.
You can remove this dependency for writing Excel2007 files (though not yet for reading) by using the PCLZip
library that is bundled with PHPExcel. See the FAQ section of this document (2.4.2) for details about this.
PCLZip does have a dependency on PHP’s zlib extension being enabled.

2.2. Installation instructions

Installation is quite easy: copy the contents of the Classes folder to any location within your
application source directories.

Example:
If your web root folder is /var/www/ you may want to create a subfolder called /var/www/Classes/ and copy the files into
that folder so you end up with files:

/var/www/Classes/PHPExcel.php
/var/www/Classes/PHPExcel/Calculation.php
/var/www/Classes/PHPExcel/Cell.php
...

2.3. Getting started

A good way to get started is to run some of the tests included in the download.

Copy the "Examples" folder next to your "Classes" folder from above so you end up with:
/var/www/ Examples/01simple.php
/var/www/ Examples/02types.php
...

Start running the tests by pointing your browser to the test scripts:
http://example.com/ Examples/01simple.php
http://example.com/ Examples/02types.php
...

Note: It may be necessary to modify the include/require statements at the beginning of each of the test scripts if your
"Classes" folder from above is named differently.

2.4. Useful links and tools

There are some links and tools which are very useful when developing using PHPExcel. Please refer
to the PHPExcel CodePlex pages for an update version of the list below.

2.4.1. OpenXML / SpreadsheetML

» File format documentation
http://www.ecma-international.org/news/TC45_current_work/TC45_available_docs.htm

» OpenXML Explained e-book

http://openxmldeveloper.org/articles/1970.aspx

» Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 File Formats
http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=941b3470-3ae9-4aee-8f43-

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 c6bb74cd1466&displaylang=en

» OpenXML Package Explorer

http://www.codeplex.com/PackageExplorer/

2.4.2. Frequently asked questions

The up-to-date F.A.Q. page for PHPExcel can be found on
http://www.codeplex.com/PHPExcel/Wiki/View.aspx?title=FAQ&referringTitle=Requirements.

There seems to be a problem with character encoding...

It is necessary to use UTF-8 encoding for all texts in PHPExcel. If the script uses different encoding
then you can convert those texts with PHP's iconv() or mb_convert_encoding() functions.

PHP complains about ZipArchive not being found

Make sure you meet all requirements, especially php_zip extension should be enabled.

The ZipArchive class is only required when reading or writing formats that use Zip compression
(Excel2007 and OOCalc). Since version 1.7.6 the PCLZip library has been bundled with PHPExcel as
an alternative to the ZipArchive class.

This can be enabled by calling:

PHPExcel_Settings::setZipClass(PHPExcel_Settings::PCLZIP);
before calling the save method of the Excel2007 Writer.

You can revert to using ZipArchive by calling:

PHPExcel_Settings::setZipClass(PHPExcel_Settings::ZIPARCHIVE);

At present, this only allows you to write Excel2007 files without the need for ZipArchive (not to
read Excel2007 or OOCalc)

Excel 2007 cannot open the file generated by PHPExcel_Writer_2007 on Windows

“Excel found unreadable content in '*.xlsx'. Do you want to recover the contents of this workbook?
If you trust the source of this workbook, click Yes.”

Some older versions of the 5.2.x php_zip extension on Windows contain an error when creating ZIP
files. The version that can be found on http://snaps.php.net/win32/php5.2-win32-latest.zip should
work at all times.

Alternatively, upgrading to at least PHP 5.2.9 should solve the problem.

If you can’t locate a clean copy of ZipArchive, then you can use the PCLZip library as an alternative
when writing Excel2007 files, as described above.

Fatal error: Allowed memory size of xxx bytes exhausted (tried to allocate yyy bytes)
in zzz on line aaa
PHPExcel holds an "in memory" representation of a spreadsheet, so it is restricted by PHP's memory
limitations. The memory made available to PHP can be increased by editing the value of the
memory_limit directive in your php.ini file, or by using ini_set('memory_limit', '128M') within your
code (ISP permitting).

Some Readers and Writers are faster than others, and they also use differing amounts of memory.
You can find some indication of the relative performance and memory usage for the different
Readers and Writers, over the different versions of PHPExcel, on the discussion board.

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If you've already increased memory to a maximum, or can't change your memory limit, then this
discussion on the board describes some of the methods that can be applied to reduce the memory
usage of your scripts using PHPExcel.

Protection on my worksheet is not working?

When you make use of any of the worksheet protection features (e.g. cell range protection,
prohibiting deleting rows, ...), make sure you enable worksheet security. This can for example be
done like this:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getProtection()->setSheet(true);

Feature X is not working with PHPExcel_Reader_Y / PHPExcel_Writer_Z

Not all features of PHPExcel are implemented in all of the Reader / Writer classes. This is mostly
due to underlying libraries not supporting a specific feature or not having implemented a specific
feature.

For example autofilter is not implemented in PEAR Spreadsheet_Excel_writer, which is the base of
our Excel5 writer.

We are slowly building up a list of features, together with the different readers and writers that
support them, in the "Functionality Cross-Reference.xls" file in the /Documentation folder.

Formulas don’t seem to be calculated in Excel2003 using compatibility pack?

This is normal behaviour of the compatibility pack, Excel2007 displays this correctly. Use
PHPExcel_Writer_Excel5 if you really need calculated values, or force recalculation in Excel2003.

Setting column width is not 100% accurate

Trying to set column width, I experience one problem. When I open the file in Excel, the actual
width is 0.71 less than it should be.

The short answer is that PHPExcel uses a measure where padding is included. See section: “Setting
a column’s width” for more details.

How do I use PHPExcel with my framework

» There are some instructions for using PHPExcel with Joomla on the Joomla message board
» A page of advice on using PHPExcel in the Yii framework
» The Bakery has some helper classes for reading and writing with PHPExcel within CakePHP
» Integrating PHPExcel into Kohana http://www.flynsarmy.com/2010/07/phpexcel-module-
for-kohana-3/ and Интеграция PHPExcel и Kohana Framework
» Using PHPExcel with Typo3

Joomla Autoloader interferes with PHPExcel Autoloader

Thanks to peterrlynch for the following advice on resolving issues between the PHPExcel autoloader
and Joomla Autoloader

2.4.3. Tutorials
» English PHPExcel tutorial
http://openxmldeveloper.org
» French PHPExcel tutorial
http://g-ernaelsten.developpez.com/tutoriels/excel2007/
» Russian PHPExcel Blog Postings
http://www.web-junior.net/sozdanie-excel-fajjlov-s-pomoshhyu-phpexcel/
» A Japanese-language introduction to PHPExcel
http://journal.mycom.co.jp/articles/2009/03/06/phpexcel/index.html

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3. Architecture
3.1. Schematical

3.2. Lazy Loader

PHPExcel implements an autoloader or “lazy loader”, which means that it is not necessary to
include every file within PHPExcel. It is only necessary to include the initial PHPExcel class file,
then the autoloader will include other class files as and when required, so only those files that are
actually required by your script will be loaded into PHP memory. The main benefit of this is that it
reduces the memory footprint of PHPExcel itself, so that it uses less PHP memory.

If your own scripts already define an autoload function, then this may be overwritten by the
PHPExcel autoload function. For example, if you have:

function __autoload($class) {
...
}

Do this instead:

function myAutoload($class) {
...
}
spl_autoload_register('myAutoload');

Your autoloader will then co-exist with the autoloader of PHPExcel.

3.3. Spreadsheet in memory

PHPExcel’s architecture is built in a way that it can serve as an in-memory spreadsheet. This means
that, if one would want to create a web based view of a spreadsheet which communicates with
PHPExcel’s object model, he would only have to write the front-end code.

Just like desktop spreadsheet software, PHPExcel represents a spreadsheet containing one or more
worksheets, which contain cells with data, formulas, images, …

3.4. Readers and writers

On its own, PHPExcel does not provide the functionality to read from or write to a persisted
spreadsheet (on disk or in a database). To provide that functionality, readers and writers can be
used.

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By default, the PHPExcel package provides some readers and writers, including one for the Open
XML spreadsheet format (a.k.a. Excel 2007 file format). You are not limited to the default readers
and writers, as you are free to implement the PHPExcel_Writer_IReader and
PHPExcel_Writer_IWriter interface in a custom class.

3.5. Fluent interfaces

PHPExcel supports fluent interfaces in most locations. This means that you can easily “chain” calls
to specific methods without requiring a new PHP statement. For example, take the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setCreator("Maarten Balliauw");
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setLastModifiedBy("Maarten Balliauw");

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$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setTitle("Office 2007 XLSX Test Document");
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setSubject("Office 2007 XLSX Test Document");
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setDescription("Test document for Office 2007 XLSX,
generated using PHP classes.");
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setKeywords("office 2007 openxml php");
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setCategory("Test result file");

This can be rewritten as:

$objPHPExcel->getProperties()
->setCreator("Maarten Balliauw")
->setLastModifiedBy("Maarten Balliauw")
->setTitle("Office 2007 XLSX Test Document")
->setSubject("Office 2007 XLSX Test Document")
->setDescription(
"Test document for Office 2007 XLSX, generated using PHP classes."
)
->setKeywords("office 2007 openxml php")
->setCategory("Test result file");

 Using fluent interfaces is not required

Fluent interfaces have been implemented to provide a convenient programming API. Use of them is not
required, but can make your code easier to read and maintain. It can also improve performance, as you are
reducing the overall number of calls to PHPExcel methods.

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4. Creating a spreadsheet
4.1. The PHPExcel class
The PHPExcel class is the core of PHPExcel. It contains references to the contained worksheets,
document security settings and document meta data.

To simplify the PHPExcel concept: the PHPExcel class represents your workbook.
Typically, you will create a workbook in one of two ways, either by loading it from a spreadsheet
file, or creating it manually. A third option, though less commonly used, is cloning an existing
workbook that has been created using one of the previous two methods.

4.1.1. Loading a Workbook from a file

Details of the different spreadsheet formats supported, and the options available to read them into
a PHPExcel object are described fully in the “PHPExcel User Documentation - Reading Spreadsheet
Files” document.

$inputFileName = './sampleData/example1.xls';

/** Load $inputFileName to a PHPExcel Object **/

$objPHPExcel = PHPExcel_IOFactory::load($inputFileName);

4.1.2. Creating a new workbook

If you want to create a new workbook, rather than load one from file, then you simply need to
instantiate it as a new PHPExcel object.

/** Create a new PHPExcel Object **/

$objPHPExcel = new PHPExcel();

A new workbook will always be created with a single worksheet.

4.2. Configuration Settings

Once you have included the PHPExcel files in your script, but before instantiating a PHPExcel object
or loading a workbook file, there are a number of configuration options that can be set which will
affect the subsequent behaviour of the script.

4.2.1. Cell Caching

PHPExcel uses an average of about 1k/cell in your worksheets, so large workbooks can quickly use
up available memory. Cell caching provides a mechanism that allows PHPExcel to maintain the cell
objects in a smaller size of memory, on disk, or in APC, memcache or Wincache, rather than in PHP
memory. This allows you to reduce the memory usage for large workbooks, although at a cost of
speed to access cell data.
By default, PHPExcel still holds all cell objects in memory, but you can specify alternatives. To
enable cell caching, you must call the PHPExcel_Settings::setCacheStorageMethod() method,
passing in the caching method that you wish to use.

$cacheMethod = PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_in_memory;
PHPExcel_Settings::setCacheStorageMethod($cacheMethod);

setCacheStorageMethod() will return a boolean true on success, false on failure (for example if
trying to cache to APC when APC is not enabled).

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A separate cache is maintained for each individual worksheet, and is automatically created when
the worksheet is instantiated based on the caching method and settings that you have configured.
You cannot change the configuration settings once you have started to read a workbook, or have
created your first worksheet.

Currently, the following caching methods are available.

PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_in_memory;
The default. If you don’t initialise any caching method, then this is the method that PHPExcel will
use. Cell objects are maintained in PHP memory as at present.
PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_in_memory_serialized;
Using this caching method, cells are held in PHP memory as an array of serialized objects, which
reduces the memory footprint with minimal performance overhead.
PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_in_memory_gzip;
Like cache_in_memory_serialized, this method holds cells in PHP memory as an array of serialized
objects, but gzipped to reduce the memory usage still further, although access to read or write a
cell is slightly slower.
PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_igbinary;
Uses PHP’s igbinary extension (if it’s available) to serialize cell objects in memory. This is normally
faster and uses less memory than standard PHP serialization, but isn’t available in most hosting
environments.
PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_to_discISAM;
When using cache_to_discISAM all cells are held in a temporary disk file, with only an index to their
location in that file maintained in PHP memory. This is slower than any of the cache_in_memory
methods, but significantly reduces the memory footprint. By default, PHPExcel will use PHP’s temp
directory for the cache file, but you can specify a different directory when initialising
cache_to_discISAM.
$cacheMethod = PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory:: cache_to_discISAM;
$cacheSettings = array( 'dir' => '/usr/local/tmp'
);
PHPExcel_Settings::setCacheStorageMethod($cacheMethod, $cacheSettings);
The temporary disk file is automatically deleted when your script terminates.
PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_to_phpTemp;
Like cache_to_discISAM, when using cache_to_phpTemp all cells are held in the php://temp I/O
stream, with only an index to their location maintained in PHP memory. In PHP, the php://memory
wrapper stores data in the memory: php://temp behaves similarly, but uses a temporary file for
storing the data when a certain memory limit is reached. The default is 1 MB, but you can change
this when initialising cache_to_phpTemp.
$cacheMethod = PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory:: cache_to_phpTemp;
$cacheSettings = array( 'memoryCacheSize' => '8MB'
);
PHPExcel_Settings::setCacheStorageMethod($cacheMethod, $cacheSettings);
The php://temp file is automatically deleted when your script terminates.
PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_to_apc;
When using cache_to_apc, cell objects are maintained in APC 1 with only an index maintained in PHP
memory to identify that the cell exists. By default, an APC cache timeout of 600 seconds is used,
which should be enough for most applications: although it is possible to change this when initialising

1
You must have APC enabled for PHP to use this option.

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cache_to_APC.
$cacheMethod = PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_to_APC;
$cacheSettings = array( 'cacheTime' => 600
);
PHPExcel_Settings::setCacheStorageMethod($cacheMethod, $cacheSettings);
When your script terminates all entries will be cleared from APC, regardless of the cacheTime
value, so it cannot be used for persistent storage using this mechanism.
PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_to_memcache
When using cache_to_memcache, cell objects are maintained in memcache 2 with only an index
maintained in PHP memory to identify that the cell exists.
By default, PHPExcel looks for a memcache server on localhost at port 11211. It also sets a
memcache timeout limit of 600 seconds. If you are running memcache on a different server or port,
then you can change these defaults when you initialise cache_to_memcache:
$cacheMethod = PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_to_memcache;
$cacheSettings = array( 'memcacheServer' => 'localhost',
'memcachePort' => 11211,
'cacheTime' => 600
);
PHPExcel_Settings::setCacheStorageMethod($cacheMethod, $cacheSettings);
When your script terminates all entries will be cleared from memcache, regardless of the
cacheTime value, so it cannot be used for persistent storage using this mechanism.
PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_to_wincache;
When using cache_to_wincache, cell objects are maintained in Wincache 3 with only an index
maintained in PHP memory to identify that the cell exists. By default, a Wincache cache timeout of
600 seconds is used, which should be enough for most applications: although it is possible to change
this when initialising cache_to_wincache.
$cacheMethod = PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_to_wincache;
$cacheSettings = array( 'cacheTime' => 600
);
PHPExcel_Settings::setCacheStorageMethod($cacheMethod, $cacheSettings);
When your script terminates all entries will be cleared from Wincache, regardless of the cacheTime
value, so it cannot be used for persistent storage using this mechanism.
PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_to_sqlite;
Uses an SQLite 2 in-memory database for caching cell data. Unlike other caching methods, neither
cells nor an index are held in PHP memory - an indexed database table makes it unnecessary to hold
any index in PHP memory – making this the most memory-efficient of the cell caching methods.
PHPExcel_CachedObjectStorageFactory::cache_to_sqlite3;
Uses an SQLite 3 in-memory database for caching cell data. Unlike other caching methods, neither
cells nor an index are held in PHP memory - an indexed database table makes it unnecessary to hold
any index in PHP memory – making this the most memory-efficient of the cell caching methods.

4.2.2. Language/Locale
Some localisation elements have been included in PHPExcel. You can set a locale by changing the
settings. To set the locale to Brazilian Portuguese you would use:

$locale = 'pt_br';
$validLocale = PHPExcel_Settings::setLocale($locale);
if (!$validLocale) {
echo 'Unable to set locale to '.$locale." - reverting to en_us<br />\n";

2
You must have a memcache server running, and have enabled memcache for your PHP to use this
option.
3
You must have Wincache enabled for PHP to use this option.

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 13

}

If Brazilian Portuguese language files aren’t available, then the Portuguese will be enabled instead:
if Portuguese language files aren’t available, then the setLocale() method will return an error, and
American English (en_us) settings will be used throughout.
More details of the features available once a locale has been set, including a list of the languages
and locales currently supported, can be found in section 4.6.5 Locale Settings for Formulae.

4.3. Clearing a Workbook from memory

The PHPExcel object contains cyclic references (e.g. the workbook is linked to the worksheets, and
the worksheets are linked to their parent workbook) which cause problems when PHP tries to clear
the objects from memory when they are unset(), or at the end of a function when they are in local
scope. The result of this is “memory leaks”, which can easily use a large amount of PHP’s limited
memory.
This can only be resolved manually: if you need to unset a workbook, then you also need to “break”
these cyclic references before doing so. PHPExcel provides the disconnectWorksheets() method for
this purpose.

$objPHPExcel->disconnectWorksheets();
unset($objPHPExcel);

4.4. Worksheets
A worksheet is a collection of cells, formula’s, images, graphs, … It holds all data necessary to
represent as a spreadsheet worksheet.

When you load a workbook from a spreadsheet file, it will be loaded with all its existing worksheets
(unless you specified that only certain sheets should be loaded). When you load from non-
spreadsheet files (such as a CSV or HTML file) or from spreadsheet formats that don’t identify
worksheets by name (such as SYLK), then a single worksheet called “WorkSheet” will be created
containing the data from that file.
When you instantiate a new workbook, PHPExcel will create it with a single worksheet called
“WorkSheet”.
The getSheetCount() method will tell you the number of worksheets in the workbook; while the
getSheetNames() method will return a list of all worksheets in the workbook, indexed by the order
in which their “tabs” would appear when opened in MS Excel (or other appropriate Spreadsheet
program).

Individual worksheets can be accessed by name, or by their index position in the workbook. The
index position represents the order that each worksheet “tab” is shown when the workbook is
opened in MS Excel (or other appropriate Spreadsheet program). To access a sheet by its index, use
the getSheet() method.

// Get the second sheet in the workbook

// Note that sheets are indexed from 0
$objPHPExcel->getSheet(1);

If you don’t specify a sheet index, then the first worksheet will be returned.

Methods also exist allowing you to reorder the worksheets in the workbook.

To access a sheet by name, use the getSheetByName() method, specifying the name of the
worksheet that you want to access.

// Retrieve the worksheet called 'Worksheet 1'

$objPHPExcel->getSheetByName('Worksheet 1');

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 14

Alternatively, one worksheet is always the currently active worksheet, and you can access that
directly. The currently active worksheet is the one that will be active when the workbook is opened
in MS Excel (or other appropriate Spreadsheet program).

// Retrieve the current active worksheet

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet();

You can change the currently active sheet by index or by name using the setActiveSheetIndex() and
setActiveSheetIndexByName()methods.

4.4.1. Adding a new Worksheet

You can add a new worksheet to the workbook using the createSheet() method of the PHPExcel
object. By default, this will be created as a new “last” sheet; but you can also specify an index
position as an argument, and the worksheet will be inserted at that position, shuffling all
subsequent worksheets in the collection down a place.

$objPHPExcel->createSheet();

A new worksheet created using this method will be called “Worksheet” or “Worksheet<n>” where
“<n>” is the lowest number possible to guarantee that the title is unique.

Alternatively, you can instantiate a new worksheet (setting the title to whatever you choose) and
then insert it into your workbook using the addSheet() method.

// Create a new worksheet called “My Data”

$myWorkSheet = new PHPExcel_Worksheet($objPHPExcel, 'My Data');
// Attach the “My Data” worksheet as the first worksheet in the PHPExcel object
$objPHPExcel->addSheet($myWorkSheet, 0);

If you don’t specify an index position as the second argument, then the new worksheet will be
added after the last existing worksheet.

4.4.2. Copying Worksheets

Sheets within the same workbook can be copied by creating a clone of the worksheet you wish to
copy, and then using the addSheet() method to insert the clone into the workbook.

$objClonedWorksheet = clone $objPHPExcel->getSheetByName('Worksheet 1');

$objClonedWorksheet->setTitle('Copy of Worksheet 1')
$objPHPExcel->addSheet($objClonedWorksheet);

You can also copy worksheets from one workbook to another, though this is more complex as
PHPExcel also has to replicate the styling between the two workbooks. The addExternalSheet()
method is provided for this purpose.

$objClonedWorksheet = clone $objPHPExcel1->getSheetByName('Worksheet 1');

$objPHPExcel->addExternalSheet($objClonedWorksheet);

In both cases, it is the developer’s responsibility to ensure that worksheet names are not
duplicated. PHPExcel will throw an exception if you attempt to copy worksheets that will result in a
duplicate name.

4.4.3. Removing a Worksheet

You can delete a worksheet from a workbook, identified by its index position, using the
removeSheetByIndex() method

$sheetIndex = $objPHPExcel->getIndex($objPHPExcel-> getSheetByName('Worksheet 1'));

$objPHPExcel->removeSheetByIndex($sheetIndex);

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 15

If the currently active worksheet is deleted, then the sheet at the previous index position will
become the currently active sheet.

4.5. Accessing cells

Accessing cells in a PHPExcel worksheet should be pretty straightforward. This topic lists some of
the options to access a cell.

4.5.1. Setting a cell value by coordinate

Setting a cell value by coordinate can be done using the worksheet’s setCellValue() method.

// Set cell A1 with a string value

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('A1', 'PHPExcel');

// Set cell A2 with a numeric value

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('A2', 12345.6789);

// Set cell A3 with a boolean value

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('A3', TRUE);

// Set cell A4 with a formula

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue(
'A4',
'=IF(A3, CONCATENATE(A1, " ", A2), CONCATENATE(A2, " ", A1))'
);

Alternatively, you can retrieve the cell object, and then call the cell’s setValue() method:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->getCell('B8')
->setValue('Some value');

Excel DataTypes
MS Excel supports 7 basic datatypes
 string
 number
 boolean
 null
 formula
 error
 Inline (or rich text) string

By default, when you call the worksheet’s setCellValue() method or the cell’s setValue()
method, PHPExcel will use the appropriate datatype for PHP nulls, booleans, floats or integers; or
cast any string data value that you pass to the method into the most appropriate datatype, so
numeric strings will be cast to numbers, while string values beginning with “=” will be converted to
a formula. Strings that aren’t numeric, or that don’t begin with a leading “=” will be treated as
genuine string values.

This “conversion” is handled by a cell “value binder”, and you can write custom “value binders” to
change the behaviour of these “conversions”. The standard PHPExcel package also provides an
“advanced value binder” that handles a number of more complex conversions, such as converting
strings with a fractional format like “3/4” to a number value (0.75 in this case) and setting an
appropriate “fraction” number format mask. Similarly, strings like “5%” will be converted to a value
of 0.05, and a percentage number format mask applied, and strings containing values that look like
dates will be converted to Excel serialized datetimestamp values, and a corresponding mask
applied. This is particularly useful when loading data from csv files, or setting cell values from a
database.

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 16

Formats handled by the advanced value binder include
 TRUE or FALSE (dependent on locale settings) are converted to booleans.
 Numeric strings identified as scientific (exponential) format are converted to numbers.
 Fractions and vulgar fractions are converted to numbers, and an appropriate number format
mask applied.
 Percentages are converted to numbers, divided by 100, and an appropriate number format
mask applied.
 Dates and times are converted to Excel timestamp values (numbers), and an appropriate
number format mask applied.
 When strings contain a newline character ("\n"), then the cell styling is set to wrap.

You can read more about value binders later in section 4.5.7 (“Using value binders to facilitate data
entry”) of this document.

Setting a date and/or time value in a cell

Date or time values are held as timestamp in Excel (a simple floating point value), and a
number format mask is used to show how that value should be formatted; so if we want to
store a date in a cell, we need to calculate the correct Excel timestamp, and set a number
format mask.
// Get the current date/time and convert to an Excel date/time
$dateTimeNow = time();
$excelDateValue = PHPExcel_Shared_Date::PHPToExcel( $dateTimeNow );
// Set cell A6 with the Excel date/time value
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue(
'A6',
$excelDateValue
);
// Set the number format mask so that the excel timestamp will be displayed
// as a human-readable date/time
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A6')
->getNumberFormat()
->setFormatCode(
PHPExcel_Style_NumberFormat::FORMAT_DATE_DATETIME
);

Setting a number with leading zeroes

By default, PHPExcel will automatically detect the value type and set it to the appropriate
Excel numeric datatype. This type conversion is handled by a value binder, as described in the
section of this document entitled “Using value binders to facilitate data entry”.

Numbers don’t have leading zeroes, so if you try to set a numeric value that does have leading
zeroes (such as a telephone number) then these will be normally be lost as the value is cast to
a number, so “01513789642” will be displayed as 1513789642.

There are two ways you can force PHPExcel to override this behaviour.

Firstly, you can set the datatype explicitly as a string so that it is not converted to a number.
// Set cell A8 with a numeric value, but tell PHPExcel it should be treated
// as a string
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValueExplicit(
'A8',
"01513789642",
PHPExcel_Cell_DataType::TYPE_STRING
);

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 17

Alternatively, you can use a number format mask to display the value with leading zeroes.
// Set cell A9 with a numeric value
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('A9', 1513789642);
// Set a number format mask to display the value as 11 digits with leading zeroes
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A9')
->getNumberFormat()
->setFormatCode(
'00000000000'
);

With number format masking, you can even break up the digits into groups to make the value
more easily readable.
// Set cell A10 with a numeric value
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('A10', 1513789642);
// Set a number format mask to display the value as 11 digits with leading zeroes
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A10')
->getNumberFormat()
->setFormatCode(
'0000-000-0000'
);

Note that not all complex format masks such as this one will work when retrieving a formatted
value to display “on screen”, or for certain writers such as HTML or PDF, but it will work with the
true spreadsheet writers (Excel2007 and Excel5).

4.5.2. Setting a range of cells from an array

It is also possible to set a range of cell values in a single call by passing an array of values to
the fromArray() method.

$arrayData = array(
array(NULL, 2010, 2011, 2012),
array('Q1', 12, 15, 21),

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 18

 array('Q2', 56, 73, 86),
array('Q3', 52, 61, 69),
array('Q4', 30, 32, 0),
);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->fromArray(
$arrayData, // The data to set
NULL, // Array values with this value will not be set
'C3' // Top left coordinate of the worksheet range where
// we want to set these values (default is A1)
);

If you pass a 2-d array, then this will be treated as a series of rows and columns. A 1-d array
will be treated as a single row, which is particularly useful if you're fetching an array of data
from a database.

$rowArray = array('Value1', 'Value2', 'Value3', 'Value4');

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->fromArray(
$rowArray, // The data to set
NULL, // Array values with this value will not be set
'C3' // Top left coordinate of the worksheet range where
// we want to set these values (default is A1)
);

If you have a simple 1-d array, and want to write it as a column, then the following will convert it
into an appropriately structured 2-d array that can be fed to the `fromArray()` method:

$rowArray = array('Value1', 'Value2', 'Value3', 'Value4');

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 19

$columnArray = array_chunk($rowArray, 1);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->fromArray(
$columnArray, // The data to set
NULL, // Array values with this value will not be set
'C3' // Top left coordinate of the worksheet range where
// we want to set these values (default is A1)
);

4.5.3. Retrieving a cell by coordinate

To retrieve the value of a cell, the cell should first be retrieved from the worksheet using the
getCell() method. A cell’s value can be read again using the following line of code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('B8')->getValue();

If you need the calculated value of a cell, use the following code. This is further explained in
4.6.41.

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('B8')->getCalculatedValue();

4.5.4. Setting a cell value by column and row

Setting a cell value by coordinate can be done using the worksheet’s
setCellValueByColumnAndRow() method.

// Set cell B8
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValueByColumnAndRow(1, 8, 'Some value');

4.5.5. Retrieving a cell by column and row

To retrieve the value of a cell, the cell should first be retrieved from the worksheet using the
getCellByColumnAndRow() method. A cell’s value can be read again using the following line of
code:

// Get cell B8
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCellByColumnAndRow(1, 8)->getValue();

If you need the calculated value of a cell, use the following code. This is further explained in
section 4.6.41

// Get cell B8
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCellByColumnAndRow(1, 8)->getCalculatedValue();

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 20

4.5.6. Looping cells
Looping cells using iterators
The easiest way to loop cells is by using iterators. Using iterators, one can use foreach to loop
worksheets, rows and cells.

Below is an example where we read all the values in a worksheet and display them in a table.

<?php
$objReader = PHPExcel_IOFactory::createReader('Excel2007');
$objReader->setReadDataOnly(true);

$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("test.xlsx");
$objWorksheet = $objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet();

echo '<table>' . "\n";

foreach ($objWorksheet->getRowIterator() as $row) {
echo '<tr>' . "\n";

$cellIterator = $row->getCellIterator();
$cellIterator->setIterateOnlyExistingCells(false); // This loops all cells,
// even if it is not set.
// By default, only cells
// that are set will be
// iterated.
foreach ($cellIterator as $cell) {
echo '<td>' . $cell->getValue() . '</td>' . "\n";
}

echo '</tr>' . "\n";

}
echo '</table>' . "\n";
?>

Note that we have set the cell iterator’s setIterateOnlyExistingCells() to false. This makes
the iterator loop all cells, even if they were not set before.

 The cell iterator will return null as the cell if it is not set in the worksheet.
Setting the cell iterator’s setIterateOnlyExistingCells()to false will loop all cells in the worksheet
that can be available at that moment. This will create new cells if required and increase memory usage! Only
use it if it is intended to loop all cells that are possibly available.

Looping cells using indexes

One can use the possibility to access cell values by column and row index like (0,1) instead of 'A1'
for reading and writing cell values in loops.

 Note: In PHPExcel column index is 0-based while row index is 1-based. That means 'A1' ~ (0,1)

Below is an example where we read all the values in a worksheet and display them in a table.

<?php
$objReader = PHPExcel_IOFactory::createReader('Excel2007');
$objReader->setReadDataOnly(true);

$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("test.xlsx");
$objWorksheet = $objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet();

$highestRow = $objWorksheet->getHighestRow(); // e.g. 10

$highestColumn = $objWorksheet->getHighestColumn(); // e.g 'F'

$highestColumnIndex = PHPExcel_Cell::columnIndexFromString($highestColumn); // e.g.

5

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 21

echo '<table>' . "\n";
for ($row = 1; $row <= $highestRow; ++$row) {
echo '<tr>' . "\n";

for ($col = 0; $col <= $highestColumnIndex; ++$col) {

echo '<td>' . $objWorksheet->getCellByColumnAndRow($col, $row)->getValue() .
'</td>' . "\n";
}

echo '</tr>' . "\n";

}
echo '</table>' . "\n";
?>

4.5.7. Using value binders to facilitate data entry

Internally, PHPExcel uses a default PHPExcel_Cell_IValueBinder implementation
(PHPExcel_Cell_DefaultValueBinder) to determine data types of entered data using a cell’s
setValue() method.

Optionally, the default behaviour of PHPExcel can be modified, allowing easier data entry. For
example, a PHPExcel_Cell_AdvancedValueBinder class is present. It automatically converts
percentages and dates entered as strings to the correct format, also setting the cell’s style
information. The following example demonstrates how to set the value binder in PHPExcel:

/** PHPExcel */
require_once 'PHPExcel.php';

/** PHPExcel_Cell_AdvancedValueBinder */
require_once 'PHPExcel/Cell/AdvancedValueBinder.php';

/** PHPExcel_IOFactory */
require_once 'PHPExcel/IOFactory.php';

// Set value binder

PHPExcel_Cell::setValueBinder( new PHPExcel_Cell_AdvancedValueBinder() );

// Create new PHPExcel object

$objPHPExcel = new PHPExcel();

// ...

// Add some data, resembling some different data types

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('A4', 'Percentage value:');
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('B4', '10%');
// Converts to 0.1 and sets percentage cell style
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('A5', 'Date/time value:');
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('B5', '21 December 1983');
// Converts to date and sets date format cell style

 Creating your own value binder is easy.

When advanced value binding is required, you can implement the PHPExcel_Cell_IValueBinder
interface or extend the PHPExcel_Cell_DefaultValueBinder or
PHPExcel_Cell_AdvancedValueBinder classes.

4.6. PHPExcel recipes

The following pages offer you some widely-used PHPExcel recipes. Please note that these do NOT
offer complete documentation on specific PHPExcel API functions, but just a bump to get you
started. If you need specific API functions, please refer to the API documentation.

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 22

For example, 4.6.9 Setting a worksheet’s page orientation and size covers setting a page orientation
to A4. Other paper formats, like US Letter, are not covered in this document, but in the PHPExcel
API documentation.

4.6.1. Setting a spreadsheet’s metadata

PHPExcel allows an easy way to set a spreadsheet’s metadata, using document property accessors.
Spreadsheet metadata can be useful for finding a specific document in a file repository or a
document management system. For example Microsoft Sharepoint uses document metadata to
search for a specific document in its document lists.

Setting spreadsheet metadata is done as follows:

$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setCreator("Maarten Balliauw");
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setLastModifiedBy("Maarten Balliauw");
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setTitle("Office 2007 XLSX Test Document");
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setSubject("Office 2007 XLSX Test Document");
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setDescription("Test document for Office 2007 XLSX,
generated using PHP classes.");
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setKeywords("office 2007 openxml php");
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->setCategory("Test result file");

4.6.2. Setting a spreadsheet’s active sheet

The following line of code sets the active sheet index to the first sheet:

$objPHPExcel->setActiveSheetIndex(0);

4.6.3. Write a date or time into a cell

In Excel, dates and Times are stored as numeric values counting the number of days elapsed since
1900-01-01. For example, the date '2008-12-31' is represented as 39813. You can verify this in
Microsoft Office Excel by entering that date in a cell and afterwards changing the number format to
'General' so the true numeric value is revealed. Likewise, '3:15 AM' is represented as 0.135417.

PHPExcel works with UST (Universal Standard Time) date and Time values, but does no internal
conversions; so it is up to the developer to ensure that values passed to the date/time conversion
functions are UST.

Writing a date value in a cell consists of 2 lines of code. Select the method that suits you the best.
Here are some examples:

/* PHPExcel_Cell_AdvanceValueBinder required for this sample */

require_once 'PHPExcel/Cell/AdvancedValueBinder.php';

// MySQL-like timestamp '2008-12-31' or date string

PHPExcel_Cell::setValueBinder( new PHPExcel_Cell_AdvancedValueBinder() );
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->setCellValue('D1', '2008-12-31');
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->getStyle('D1')
->getNumberFormat()
->setFormatCode(PHPExcel_Style_NumberFormat::FORMAT_DATE_YYYYMMDDSLASH)

// PHP-time (Unix time)

$time = gmmktime(0,0,0,12,31,2008); // int(1230681600)
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->setCellValue('D1', PHPExcel_Shared_Date::PHPToExcel($time));
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->getStyle('D1')
->getNumberFormat()
->setFormatCode(PHPExcel_Style_NumberFormat::FORMAT_DATE_YYYYMMDDSLASH)

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 23

// Excel-date/time
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->setCellValue('D1', 39813)
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->getStyle('D1')
->getNumberFormat()
->setFormatCode(PHPExcel_Style_NumberFormat::FORMAT_DATE_YYYYMMDDSLASH)

The above methods for entering a date all yield the same result. PHPExcel_Style_NumberFormat
provides a lot of pre-defined date formats.

The PHPExcel_Shared_Date::PHPToExcel() method will also work with a PHP DateTime object.

Similarly, times (or date and time values) can be entered in the same fashion: just remember to use
an appropriate format code.

Notes:
1. See section "Using value binders to facilitate data entry" to learn more about the
AdvancedValueBinder used in the first example.

2. In previous versions of PHPExcel up to and including 1.6.6, when a cell had a date-like
number format code, it was possible to enter a date directly using an integer PHP-time
without converting to Excel date format. Starting with PHPExcel 1.6.7 this is no longer
supported.

3. Excel can also operate in a 1904-based calendar (default for workbooks saved on Mac).
Normally, you do not have to worry about this when using PHPExcel.

4.6.4. Write a formula into a cell

Inside the Excel file, formulas are always stored as they would appear in an English version of
Microsoft Office Excel, and PHPExcel handles all formulae internally in this format. This means that
the following rules hold:
 Decimal separator is '.' (period)
 Function argument separator is ',' (comma)
 Matrix row separator is ';' (semicolon)
 English function names must be used
This is regardless of which language version of Microsoft Office Excel may have been used to create
the Excel file.

When the final workbook is opened by the user, Microsoft Office Excel will take care of displaying
the formula according the applications language. Translation is taken care of by the application!

The following line of code writes the formula “=IF(C4>500,"profit","loss")” into the cell B8. Note that
the formula must start with “=” to make PHPExcel recognise this as a formula.

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('B8','=IF(C4>500,"profit","loss")');

If you want to write a string beginning with an “=” to a cell, then you should use the
setCellValueExplicit() method.

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->setCellValueExplicit('B8',
'=IF(C4>500,"profit","loss")',
PHPExcel_Cell_DataType::TYPE_STRING
);

A cell’s formula can be read again using the following line of code:

$formula = $objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('B8')->getValue();

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 24

If you need the calculated value of a cell, use the following code. This is further explained in
4.6.41.

$value = $objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('B8')->getCalculatedValue();

4.6.5. Locale Settings for Formulae

Some localisation elements have been included in PHPExcel. You can set a locale by changing the
settings. To set the locale to Russian you would use:

$locale = 'ru';
$validLocale = PHPExcel_Settings::setLocale($locale);
if (!$validLocale) {
echo 'Unable to set locale to '.$locale." - reverting to en_us<br />\n";
}

If Russian language files aren’t available, the setLocale() method will return an error, and English
settings will be used throughout.

Once you have set a locale, you can translate a formula from its internal English coding.

$formula = $objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('B8')->getValue();
$translatedFormula =
PHPExcel_Calculation::getInstance()->_translateFormulaToLocale($formula);

You can also create a formula using the function names and argument separators appropriate to the
defined locale; then translate it to English before setting the cell value:

$formula = '=ДНЕЙ360(ДАТА(2010;2;5);ДАТА(2010;12;31);ИСТИНА)';
$internalFormula =
PHPExcel_Calculation::getInstance()->translateFormulaToEnglish($formula);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('B8',$internalFormula);

Currently, formula translation only translates the function names, the constants TRUE and FALSE,
and the function argument separators.

At present, the following locale settings are supported:

Language Locale Code

Czech Čeština cs
Danish Dansk da
German Deutsch de
Spanish Español es
Finnish Suomi fi
French Français fr
Hungarian Magyar hu
Italian Italiano it
Dutch Nederlands nl
Norwegian Norsk no
Polish Język polski pl
Portuguese Português pt
Brazilian Portuguese Português Brasileiro pt_br
Russian русский язык ru
Swedish Svenska sv
Turkish Türkçe tr

4.6.6. Write a newline character "\n" in a cell (ALT+"Enter")

In Microsoft Office Excel you get a line break in a cell by hitting ALT+"Enter". When you do that,
it automatically turns on "wrap text" for the cell.

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 25

Here is how to achieve this in PHPExcel:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('A1')->setValue("hello\nworld");
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A1')->getAlignment()->setWrapText(true);

 Tip
Read more about formatting cells using getStyle() elsewhere.

 Tip
AdvancedValuebinder.php automatically turns on "wrap text" for the cell when it sees a newline
character in a string that you are inserting in a cell. Just like Microsoft Office Excel. Try this:

require_once 'PHPExcel/Cell/AdvancedValueBinder.php';
PHPExcel_Cell::setValueBinder( new PHPExcel_Cell_AdvancedValueBinder() );

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('A1')->setValue("hello\nworld");

Read more about AdvancedValueBinder.php elsewhere.

4.6.7. Explicitly set a cell’s datatype

You can set a cell’s datatype explicitly by using the cell’s setValueExplicit method, or the
setCellValueExplicit method of a worksheet. Here’s an example:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('A1')->setValueExplicit('25',
PHPExcel_Cell_DataType::TYPE_NUMERIC);

4.6.8. Change a cell into a clickable URL

You can make a cell a clickable URL by setting its hyperlink property:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('E26', 'www.phpexcel.net');
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('E26')->getHyperlink()-
>setUrl('http://www.phpexcel.net');

If you want to make a hyperlink to another worksheet/cell, use the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('E26', 'www.phpexcel.net');
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('E26')->getHyperlink()-
>setUrl(“sheet://'Sheetname'!A1”);

4.6.9. Setting a worksheet’s page orientation and size

Setting a worksheet’s page orientation and size can be done using the following lines of code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageSetup()-
>setOrientation(PHPExcel_Worksheet_PageSetup::ORIENTATION_LANDSCAPE);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageSetup()-
>setPaperSize(PHPExcel_Worksheet_PageSetup::PAPERSIZE_A4);

Note that there are additional page settings available. Please refer to the API documentation for all
possible options.

4.6.10. Page Setup: Scaling options

The page setup scaling options in PHPExcel relate directly to the scaling options in the "Page Setup"
dialog as shown in the illustration.

Default values in PHPExcel correspond to default values in MS Office Excel as shown in illustration

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 26

method initial value calling method will Note
trigger
setFitToPage(...) false -
setScale(...) 100 setFitToPage(false)
setFitToWidth(...) 1 setFitToPage(true) value 0 means
do-not-fit-to-
width
setFitToHeight(...) 1 setFitToPage(true) value 0 means
do-not-fit-to-
height

Example
Here is how to fit to 1 page wide by infinite pages tall:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageSetup()->setFitToWidth(1);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageSetup()->setFitToHeight(0);

As you can see, it is not necessary to call setFitToPage(true) since setFitToWidth(…) and
setFitToHeight(…) triggers this.

 If you use setFitToWidth() you should in general also specify setFitToHeight() explicitly like in
the example. Be careful relying on the initial values. This is especially true if you are upgrading from
PHPExcel 1.7.0 to 1.7.1 where the default values for fit-to-height and fit-to-width changed from 0 to 1.

4.6.11. Page margins

To set page margins for a worksheet, use this code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageMargins()->setTop(1);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageMargins()->setRight(0.75);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageMargins()->setLeft(0.75);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageMargins()->setBottom(1);

Note that the margin values are specified in inches.

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 27

4.6.12. Center a page horizontally/vertically
To center a page horizontally/vertically, you can use the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageSetup()->setHorizontalCentered(true);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageSetup()->setVerticalCentered(false);

4.6.13. Setting the print header and footer of a worksheet

Setting a worksheet’s print header and footer can be done using the following lines of code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getHeaderFooter()->setOddHeader('&C&HPlease treat
this document as confidential!');
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getHeaderFooter()->setOddFooter('&L&B' .
$objPHPExcel->getProperties()->getTitle() . '&RPage &P of &N');

Substitution and formatting codes (starting with &) can be used inside headers and footers. There is
no required order in which these codes must appear.

The first occurrence of the following codes turns the formatting ON, the second occurrence turns it
OFF again:
» Strikethrough
» Superscript
» Subscript

Superscript and subscript cannot both be ON at same time. Whichever comes first wins and the
other is ignored, while the first is ON.

The following codes are supported by Excel2007:

&L Code for "left section" (there are three header / footer locations,
"left", "center", and "right"). When two or more occurrences of this
section marker exist, the contents from all markers are
concatenated, in the order of appearance, and placed into the left
section.
&P Code for "current page #"
&N Code for "total pages"
&font size Code for "text font size", where font size is a font size in points.

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 28

&K Code for "text font color"

» RGB Color is specified as RRGGBB

» Theme Color is specifed as TTSNN where TT is the theme
color Id, S is either "+" or "-" of the tint/shade value, NN is the
tint/shade value.
&S Code for "text strikethrough" on / off
&X Code for "text super script" on / off
&Y Code for "text subscript" on / off
&C Code for "center section". When two or more occurrences of this
section marker exist, the contents from all markers are
concatenated, in the order of appearance, and placed into the center
section.
&D Code for "date"
&T Code for "time"
&G Code for "picture as background"

Please make sure to add the image to the header/footer:

$objDrawing = new
PHPExcel_Worksheet_HeaderFooterDrawing();
$objDrawing->setName('PHPExcel logo');
$objDrawing->setPath('./images/phpexcel_logo.gif');
$objDrawing->setHeight(36);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getHeaderFooter()-
>addImage($objDrawing,
PHPExcel_Worksheet_HeaderFooter::IMAGE_HEADER_LEFT);
&U Code for "text single underline"
&E Code for "double underline"
&R Code for "right section". When two or more occurrences of this
section marker exist, the contents from all markers are
concatenated, in the order of appearance, and placed into the right
section.
&Z Code for "this workbook's file path"
&F Code for "this workbook's file name"
&A Code for "sheet tab name"
&+ Code for add to page #
&- Code for subtract from page #
&"font name,font type" Code for "text font name" and "text font type", where font name and
font type are strings specifying the name and type of the font,
separated by a comma. When a hyphen appears in font name, it
means "none specified". Both of font name and font type can be
localized values.
&"-,Bold" Code for "bold font style"
&B Code for "bold font style"
&"-,Regular" Code for "regular font style"
&"-,Italic" Code for "italic font style"
&I Code for "italic font style"
&"-,Bold Italic" Code for "bold italic font style"
&O Code for "outline style"
&H Code for "shadow style"

 Tip
The above table of codes may seem overwhelming first time you are trying to figure out how to write some
header or footer. Luckily, there is an easier way. Let Microsoft Office Excel do the work for you.

For example, create in Microsoft Office Excel an xlsx file where you insert the header and footer as desired
using the programs own interface. Save file as test.xlsx. Now, take that file and read off the values using
PHPExcel as follows:

$objPHPexcel = PHPExcel_IOFactory::load('test.xlsx');

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 29

 $objWorksheet = $objPHPexcel->getActiveSheet();
var_dump($objWorksheet->getHeaderFooter()->getOddFooter());
var_dump($objWorksheet->getHeaderFooter()->getEvenFooter());
var_dump($objWorksheet->getHeaderFooter()->getOddHeader());
var_dump($objWorksheet->getHeaderFooter()->getEvenHeader());

That reveals the codes for the even/odd header and footer. Experienced users may find it easier to rename
test.xlsx to test.zip, unzip it, and inspect directly the contents of the relevant
xl/worksheets/sheetX.xml to find the codes for header/footer.

4.6.14. Setting printing breaks on a row or column

To set a print break, use the following code, which sets a row break on row 10.

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setBreak( 'A10' , PHPExcel_Worksheet::BREAK_ROW );

The following line of code sets a print break on column D:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setBreak( 'D10' ,
PHPExcel_Worksheet::BREAK_COLUMN );

4.6.15. Show/hide gridlines when printing

To show/hide gridlines when printing, use the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setShowGridlines(true);

4.6.16. Setting rows/columns to repeat at top/left

PHPExcel can repeat specific rows/cells at top/left of a page. The following code is an example of
how to repeat row 1 to 5 on each printed page of a specific worksheet:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageSetup()->setRowsToRepeatAtTopByStartAndEnd(1,
5);

4.6.17. Specify printing area

To specify a worksheet’s printing area, use the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageSetup()->setPrintArea('A1:E5');

There can also be multiple printing areas in a single worksheet:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getPageSetup()->setPrintArea('A1:E5,G4:M20');

4.6.18. Formatting cells

A cell can be formatted with font, border, fill, … style information. For example, one can set the
foreground colour of a cell to red, aligned to the right, and the border to black and thick border
style. Let’s do that on cell B2:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B2')->getFont()->getColor()-
>setARGB(PHPExcel_Style_Color::COLOR_RED);

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B2')->getAlignment()-
>setHorizontal(PHPExcel_Style_Alignment::HORIZONTAL_RIGHT);

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B2')->getBorders()->getTop()-
>setBorderStyle(PHPExcel_Style_Border::BORDER_THICK);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B2')->getBorders()->getBottom()-
>setBorderStyle(PHPExcel_Style_Border::BORDER_THICK);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B2')->getBorders()->getLeft()-
>setBorderStyle(PHPExcel_Style_Border::BORDER_THICK);

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 30

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B2')->getBorders()->getRight()-
>setBorderStyle(PHPExcel_Style_Border::BORDER_THICK);

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B2')->getFill()-
>setFillType(PHPExcel_Style_Fill::FILL_SOLID);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B2')->getFill()->getStartColor()-
>setARGB('FFFF0000');

Starting with PHPExcel 1.7.0 getStyle() also accepts a cell range as a parameter. For example, you
can set a red background color on a range of cells:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B3:B7')->getFill()
->setFillType(PHPExcel_Style_Fill::FILL_SOLID)
->getStartColor()->setARGB('FFFF0000');

 Tip
It is recommended to style many cells at once, using e.g. getStyle('A1:M500'), rather than styling the cells
individually in a loop. This is much faster compared to looping through cells and styling them individually.

There is also an alternative manner to set styles. The following code sets a cell’s style to font bold,
alignment right, top border thin and a gradient fill:

$styleArray = array(
'font' => array(
'bold' => true,
),
'alignment' => array(
'horizontal' => PHPExcel_Style_Alignment::HORIZONTAL_RIGHT,
),
'borders' => array(
'top' => array(
'style' => PHPExcel_Style_Border::BORDER_THIN,
),
),
'fill' => array(
'type' => PHPExcel_Style_Fill::FILL_GRADIENT_LINEAR,
'rotation' => 90,
'startcolor' => array(
'argb' => 'FFA0A0A0',
),
'endcolor' => array(
'argb' => 'FFFFFFFF',
),
),
);

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A3')->applyFromArray($styleArray);

Or with a range of cells:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B3:B7')->applyFromArray($styleArray);

This alternative method using arrays should be faster in terms of execution whenever you are
setting more than one style property. But the difference may barely be measurable unless you have
many different styles in your workbook.

 Prior to PHPExcel 1.7.0 duplicateStyleArray() was the recommended method for styling a cell range,
but this method has now been deprecated since getStyle() has started to accept a cell range.

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 31

4.6.19. Number formats
You often want to format numbers in Excel. For example you may want a thousands separator plus a
fixed number of decimals after the decimal separator. Or perhaps you want some numbers to be
zero-padded.

In Microsoft Office Excel you may be familiar with selecting a number format from the "Format
Cells" dialog. Here there are some predefined number formats available including some for dates.
The dialog is designed in a way so you don't have to interact with the underlying raw number format
code unless you need a custom number format.

In PHPExcel, you can also apply various predefined number formats. Example:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A1')->getNumberFormat()
->setFormatCode(PHPExcel_Style_NumberFormat::FORMAT_NUMBER_COMMA_SEPARATED1);

This will format a number e.g. 1587.2 so it shows up as 1,587.20 when you open the workbook in MS
Office Excel. (Depending on settings for decimal and thousands separators in Microsoft Office Excel
it may show up as 1.587,20)

You can achieve exactly the same as the above by using this:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A1')->getNumberFormat()
->setFormatCode('#,##0.00');

In Microsoft Office Excel, as well as in PHPExcel, you will have to interact with raw number format
codes whenever you need some special custom number format. Example:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A1')->getNumberFormat()
->setFormatCode('[Blue][>=3000]$#,##0;[Red][<0]$#,##0;$#,##0');

Another example is when you want numbers zero-padded with leading zeros to a fixed length:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('A1')->setValue(19);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A1')->getNumberFormat()
->setFormatCode('0000'); // will show as 0019 in Excel

Tip
The rules for composing a number format code in Excel can be rather complicated. Sometimes you know how
to create some number format in Microsoft Office Excel, but don't know what the underlying number format
code looks like. How do you find it?

The readers shipped with PHPExcel come to the rescue. Load your template workbook using e.g. Excel2007
reader to reveal the number format code. Example how read a number format code for cell A1:

$objReader = PHPExcel_IOFactory::createReader('Excel2007');
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load('template.xlsx');
var_dump($objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A1')->getNumberFormat()
->getFormatCode());

Advanced users may find it faster to inspect the number format code directly by renaming template.xlsx to
template.zip, unzipping, and looking for the relevant piece of XML code holding the number format code in
xl/styles.xml.

4.6.20. Alignment and wrap text

Let’s set vertical alignment to the top for cells A1:D4

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A1:D4')
->getAlignment()->setVertical(PHPExcel_Style_Alignment::VERTICAL_TOP);

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 32

Here is how to achieve wrap text:
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('A1:D4')
->getAlignment()->setWrapText(true);

4.6.21. Setting the default style of a workbook

It is possible to set the default style of a workbook. Let’s set the default font to Arial size 8:

$objPHPExcel->getDefaultStyle()->getFont()->setName('Arial');
$objPHPExcel->getDefaultStyle()->getFont()->setSize(8);

4.6.22. Styling cell borders

In PHPExcel it is easy to apply various borders on a rectangular selection. Here is how to apply a
thick red border outline around cells B2:G8.

$styleArray = array(
'borders' => array(
'outline' => array(
'style' => PHPExcel_Style_Border::BORDER_THICK,
'color' => array('argb' => 'FFFF0000'),
),
),
);
$objWorksheet->getStyle('B2:G8')->applyFromArray($styleArray);

In Microsoft Office Excel, the above operation would correspond to selecting the cells B2:G8,
launching the style dialog, choosing a thick red border, and clicking on the "Outline" border
component.

 Note that the border outline is applied to the rectangular selection B2:G8 as a whole, not on each cell
individually.

You can achieve any border effect by using just the 5 basic borders and operating on a single cell at
a time:

Array key Maps to property

left getLeft()
right getRight()
top getTop()
bottom getBottom()
diagonal getDiagonal()

Additional shortcut borders come in handy like in the example above. These are the shortcut
borders available:

Array key Maps to property

allborders getAllBorders()
outline getOutline()
inside getInside()
vertical getVertical()
horizontal getHorizontal()

An overview of all border shortcuts can be seen in the following image:

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 33

  If you simultaneously set e.g. allborders and vertical, then we have "overlapping" borders, and one of
the components has to win over the other where there is border overlap. In PHPExcel, from weakest to
strongest borders, the list is as follows: allborders, outline/inside, vertical/horizontal,
left/right/top/bottom/diagonal.

This border hierarchy can be utilized to achieve various effects in an easy manner.

4.6.23. Conditional formatting a cell

A cell can be formatted conditionally, based on a specific rule. For example, one can set the
foreground colour of a cell to red if its value is below zero, and to green if its value is zero or more.

One can set a conditional style ruleset to a cell using the following code:

$objConditional1 = new PHPExcel_Style_Conditional();

$objConditional1->setConditionType(PHPExcel_Style_Conditional::CONDITION_CELLIS);
$objConditional1->setOperatorType(PHPExcel_Style_Conditional::OPERATOR_LESSTHAN);
$objConditional1->addCondition('0');
$objConditional1->getStyle()->getFont()->getColor()-
>setARGB(PHPExcel_Style_Color::COLOR_RED);
$objConditional1->getStyle()->getFont()->setBold(true);

$objConditional2 = new PHPExcel_Style_Conditional();

$objConditional2->setConditionType(PHPExcel_Style_Conditional::CONDITION_CELLIS);
$objConditional2-
>setOperatorType(PHPExcel_Style_Conditional::OPERATOR_GREATERTHANOREQUAL);
$objConditional2->addCondition('0');
$objConditional2->getStyle()->getFont()->getColor()-
>setARGB(PHPExcel_Style_Color::COLOR_GREEN);
$objConditional2->getStyle()->getFont()->setBold(true);

$conditionalStyles = $objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B2')-
>getConditionalStyles();
array_push($conditionalStyles, $objConditional1);
array_push($conditionalStyles, $objConditional2);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B2')-
>setConditionalStyles($conditionalStyles);

If you want to copy the ruleset to other cells, you can duplicate the style object:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->duplicateStyle( $objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()-
>getStyle('B2'), 'B3:B7' );

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 34

4.6.24. Add a comment to a cell
To add a comment to a cell, use the following code. The example below adds a comment to cell
E11:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getComment('E11')->setAuthor('PHPExcel');
$objCommentRichText = $objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getComment('E11')->getText()-
>createTextRun('PHPExcel:');

$objCommentRichText->getFont()->setBold(true);

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getComment('E11')->getText()->createTextRun("\r\n");

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getComment('E11')->getText()->createTextRun('Total
amount on the current invoice, excluding VAT.');

4.6.25. Apply autofilter to a range of cells

To apply an autofilter to a range of cells, use the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setAutoFilter('A1:C9');

 Make sure that you always include the complete filter range!
Excel does support setting only the caption row, but that's not a best practice...

4.6.26. Setting security on a spreadsheet

Excel offers 3 levels of “protection”: document security, sheet security and cell security.
- Document security allows you to set a password on a complete spreadsheet, allowing
changes to be made only when that password is entered.
- Worksheet security offers other security options: you can disallow inserting rows on a
specific sheet, disallow sorting, …
- Cell security offers the option to lock/unlock a cell as well as show/hide the internal
formula

An example on setting document security:

$objPHPExcel->getSecurity()->setLockWindows(true);
$objPHPExcel->getSecurity()->setLockStructure(true);
$objPHPExcel->getSecurity()->setWorkbookPassword("PHPExcel");

An example on setting worksheet security:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getProtection()->setPassword('PHPExcel');
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getProtection()->setSheet(true);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getProtection()->setSort(true);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getProtection()->setInsertRows(true);

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 35

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getProtection()->setFormatCells(true);

An example on setting cell security:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getStyle('B1')->getProtection()->setLocked(
PHPExcel_Style_Protection::PROTECTION_UNPROTECTED
);

 Make sure you enable worksheet protection if you need any of the worksheet protection features!
This can be done using the following code: $objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getProtection()->setSheet(true);

4.6.27. Setting data validation on a cell

Data validation is a powerful feature of Excel2007. It allows to specify an input filter on the data
that can be inserted in a specific cell. This filter can be a range (i.e. value must be between 0 and
10), a list (i.e. value must be picked from a list),

The following piece of code only allows numbers between 10 and 20 to be entered in cell B3:

$objValidation = $objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('B3')
->getDataValidation();
$objValidation->setType( PHPExcel_Cell_DataValidation::TYPE_WHOLE );
$objValidation->setErrorStyle( PHPExcel_Cell_DataValidation::STYLE_STOP );
$objValidation->setAllowBlank(true);
$objValidation->setShowInputMessage(true);
$objValidation->setShowErrorMessage(true);
$objValidation->setErrorTitle('Input error');
$objValidation->setError('Number is not allowed!');
$objValidation->setPromptTitle('Allowed input');
$objValidation->setPrompt('Only numbers between 10 and 20 are allowed.');
$objValidation->setFormula1(10);
$objValidation->setFormula2(20);

The following piece of code only allows an item picked from a list of data to be entered in cell B3:

$objValidation = $objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('B5')
->getDataValidation();
$objValidation->setType( PHPExcel_Cell_DataValidation::TYPE_LIST );
$objValidation->setErrorStyle( PHPExcel_Cell_DataValidation::STYLE_INFORMATION );
$objValidation->setAllowBlank(false);
$objValidation->setShowInputMessage(true);
$objValidation->setShowErrorMessage(true);
$objValidation->setShowDropDown(true);
$objValidation->setErrorTitle('Input error');
$objValidation->setError('Value is not in list.');
$objValidation->setPromptTitle('Pick from list');
$objValidation->setPrompt('Please pick a value from the drop-down list.');
$objValidation->setFormula1('"Item A,Item B,Item C"');

 When using a data validation list like above, make sure you put the list between " and " and that you
split the items with a comma (,).
 It is important to remember that any string participating in an Excel formula is allowed to be
maximum 255 characters (not bytes). This sets a limit on how many items you can have in the string "Item
A,Item B,Item C". Therefore it is normally a better idea to type the item values directly in some cell range,
say A1:A3, and instead use, say, $objValidation->setFormula1('Sheet!$A$1:$A$3');. Another benefit is that the
item values themselves can contain the comma ‘,’ character itself.

If you need data validation on multiple cells, one can clone the ruleset:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('B8')->setDataValidation(clone
$objValidation);

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 36

4.6.28. Setting a column’s width
A column’s width can be set using the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getColumnDimension('D')->setWidth(12);

If you want PHPExcel to perform an automatic width calculation, use the following code. PHPExcel
will approximate the column with to the width of the widest column value.

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getColumnDimension('B')->setAutoSize(true);

The measure for column width in PHPExcel does not correspond exactly to the measure you may be used to in
Microsoft Office Excel. Column widths are difficult to deal with in Excel, and there are several measures for
the column width.

1) Inner width in character units (e.g. 8.43 this

is probably what you are familiar with in Excel)
2) Full width in pixels (e.g. 64 pixels)
3) Full width in character units (e.g. 9.140625,
value -1 indicates unset width)

PHPExcel always operates with 3) "Full width in

character units" which is in fact the only value
that is stored in any Excel file, hence the most
reliable measure. Unfortunately, Microsoft Office Excel does not present you with this measure. Instead
measures 1) and 2) are computed by the application when the file is opened and these values are presented in
various dialogues and tool tips.

The character width unit is the width of a '0' (zero) glyph in the workbooks default font. Therefore column
widths measured in character units in two different workbooks can only be compared if they have the same
default workbook font.

If you have some Excel file and need to know the column widths in measure 3), you can read the Excel file with
PHPExcel and echo the retrieved values.

4.6.29. Show/hide a column

To set a worksheet’s column visibility, you can use the following code. The first line explicitly shows
the column C, the second line hides column D.

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getColumnDimension('C')->setVisible(true);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getColumnDimension('D')->setVisible(false);

4.6.30. Group/outline a column

To group/outline a column, you can use the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getColumnDimension('E')->setOutlineLevel(1);

You can also collapse the column. Note that you should also set the column invisible, otherwise the
collapse will not be visible in Excel 2007.

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getColumnDimension('E')->setCollapsed(true);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getColumnDimension('E')->setVisible(false);

Please refer to the part “group/outline a row” for a complete example on collapsing.

You can instruct PHPExcel to add a summary to the right (default), or to the left. The following
code adds the summary to the left:

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 37

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setShowSummaryRight(false);

4.6.31. Setting a row’s height

A row’s height can be set using the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getRowDimension('10')->setRowHeight(100);

Excel measures row height in points, where 1 pt is 1/72 of an inch (or about 0.35mm). The default
value is 12.75 pts; and the permitted range of values is between 0 and 409 pts, where 0 pts is a
hidden row.

4.6.32. Show/hide a row

To set a worksheet’s row visibility, you can use the following code. The following example hides row
number 10.

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getRowDimension('10')->setVisible(false);

Note that if you apply active filters using an AutoFilter, then this will override any rows that you
hide or unhide manually within that AutoFilter range if you save the file.

4.6.33. Group/outline a row

To group/outline a row, you can use the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getRowDimension('5')->setOutlineLevel(1);

You can also collapse the row. Note that you should also set the row invisible, otherwise the
collapse will not be visible in Excel 2007.

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getRowDimension('5')->setCollapsed(true);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getRowDimension('5')->setVisible(false);

Here’s an example which collapses rows 50 to 80:

for ($i = 51; $i <= 80; $i++) {

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('A' . $i, "FName $i");
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('B' . $i, "LName $i");
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('C' . $i, "PhoneNo $i");
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('D' . $i, "FaxNo $i");
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('E' . $i, true);

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getRowDimension($i)->setOutlineLevel(1);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getRowDimension($i)->setVisible(false);
}
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getRowDimension(81)->setCollapsed(true);

You can instruct PHPExcel to add a summary below the collapsible rows (default), or above. The
following code adds the summary above:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setShowSummaryBelow(false);

4.6.34. Merge/unmerge cells

If you have a big piece of data you want to display in a worksheet, you can merge two or more cells
together, to become one cell. This can be done using the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->mergeCells('A18:E22');

Removing a merge can be done using the unmergeCells method:

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 38

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->unmergeCells('A18:E22');

4.6.35. Inserting rows/columns

You can insert/remove rows/columns at a specific position. The following code inserts 2 new rows,
right before row 7:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->insertNewRowBefore(7, 2);

4.6.36. Add a drawing to a worksheet

A drawing is always represented as a separate object, which can be added to a worksheet.
Therefore, you must first instantiate a new PHPExcel_Worksheet_Drawing, and assign its properties
a meaningful value:

$objDrawing = new PHPExcel_Worksheet_Drawing();

$objDrawing->setName('Logo');
$objDrawing->setDescription('Logo');
$objDrawing->setPath('./images/officelogo.jpg');
$objDrawing->setHeight(36);

To add the above drawing to the worksheet, use the following snippet of code. PHPExcel creates
the link between the drawing and the worksheet:

$objDrawing->setWorksheet($objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet());

You can set numerous properties on a drawing, here are some examples:

$objDrawing->setName('Paid');
$objDrawing->setDescription('Paid');
$objDrawing->setPath('./images/paid.png');
$objDrawing->setCoordinates('B15');
$objDrawing->setOffsetX(110);
$objDrawing->setRotation(25);
$objDrawing->getShadow()->setVisible(true);
$objDrawing->getShadow()->setDirection(45);

You can also add images created using GD functions without needing to save them to disk first as In-
Memory drawings.

// Use GD to create an in-memory image

$gdImage = @imagecreatetruecolor(120, 20) or die('Cannot Initialize new GD image
stream');
$textColor = imagecolorallocate($gdImage, 255, 255, 255);
imagestring($gdImage, 1, 5, 5, 'Created with PHPExcel', $textColor);

// Add the In-Memory image to a worksheet

$objDrawing = new PHPExcel_Worksheet_MemoryDrawing();
$objDrawing->setName('In-Memory image 1');
$objDrawing->setDescription('In-Memory image 1');
$objDrawing->setCoordinates('A1');
$objDrawing->setImageResource($gdImage);
$objDrawing->setRenderingFunction(
PHPExcel_Worksheet_MemoryDrawing::RENDERING_JPEG
);
$objDrawing->setMimeType(PHPExcel_Worksheet_MemoryDrawing::MIMETYPE_DEFAULT);
$objDrawing->setHeight(36);
$objDrawing->setWorksheet($objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet());

4.6.37. Reading Images from a worksheet

A commonly asked question is how to retrieve the images from a workbook that has been loaded,
and save them as individual image files to disk.

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 39

The following code extracts images from the current active worksheet, and writes each as a
separate file.

$i = 0;
foreach ($objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getDrawingCollection() as $drawing) {
if ($drawing instanceof PHPExcel_Worksheet_MemoryDrawing) {
ob_start();
call_user_func(
$drawing->getRenderingFunction(),
$drawing->getImageResource()
);
$imageContents = ob_get_contents();
ob_end_clean();
switch ($drawing->getMimeType()) {
case PHPExcel_Worksheet_MemoryDrawing::MIMETYPE_PNG :
$extension = 'png'; break;
case PHPExcel_Worksheet_MemoryDrawing::MIMETYPE_GIF:
$extension = 'gif'; break;
case PHPExcel_Worksheet_MemoryDrawing::MIMETYPE_JPEG :
$extension = 'jpg'; break;
}
} else {
$zipReader = fopen($drawing->getPath(),'r');
$imageContents = '';
while (!feof($zipReader)) {
$imageContents .= fread($zipReader,1024);
}
fclose($zipReader);
$extension = $drawing->getExtension();
}
$myFileName = '00_Image_'.++$i.'.'.$extension;
file_put_contents($myFileName,$imageContents);
}

4.6.38. Add rich text to a cell

Adding rich text to a cell can be done using PHPExcel_RichText instances. Here’s an example,
which creates the following rich text string:

This invoice is payable within thirty days after the end of the month unless specified otherwise
on the invoice.

$objRichText = new PHPExcel_RichText();

$objRichText->createText('This invoice is ');

$objPayable = $objRichText->createTextRun('payable within thirty days after the end

of the month');
$objPayable->getFont()->setBold(true);
$objPayable->getFont()->setItalic(true);
$objPayable->getFont()->setColor( new
PHPExcel_Style_Color( PHPExcel_Style_Color::COLOR_DARKGREEN ) );

$objRichText->createText(', unless specified otherwise on the invoice.');

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('A18')->setValue($objRichText);

4.6.39. Define a named range

PHPExcel supports the definition of named ranges. These can be defined using the following code:

// Add some data

$objPHPExcel->setActiveSheetIndex(0);
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('A1', 'Firstname:');
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('A2', 'Lastname:');

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 40

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('B1', 'Maarten');
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->setCellValue('B2', 'Balliauw');

// Define named ranges

$objPHPExcel->addNamedRange( new PHPExcel_NamedRange('PersonFN', $objPHPExcel-
>getActiveSheet(), 'B1') );
$objPHPExcel->addNamedRange( new PHPExcel_NamedRange('PersonLN', $objPHPExcel-
>getActiveSheet(), 'B2') );

Optionally, a fourth parameter can be passed defining the named range local (i.e. only usable on
the current worksheet). Named ranges are global by default.

4.6.40. Redirect output to a client’s web browser

Sometimes, one really wants to output a file to a client’s browser, especially when creating
spreadsheets on-the-fly. There are some easy steps that can be followed to do this:
1. Create your PHPExcel spreadsheet
2. Output HTTP headers for the type of document you wish to output
3. Use the PHPExcel_Writer_* of your choice, and save to “php://output”

PHPExcel_Writer_Excel2007 uses temporary storage when writing to php://output. By default,

temporary files are stored in the script’s working directory. When there is no access, it falls back to
the operating system’s temporary files location.

 This may not be safe for unauthorized viewing!

Depending on the configuration of your operating system, temporary storage can be read by anyone using the
same temporary storage folder. When confidentiality of your document is needed, it is recommended not to
use php://output.

HTTP headers
Example of a script redirecting an Excel 2007 file to the client's browser:

<?php
/* Here there will be some code where you create $objPHPExcel */

// redirect output to client browser

header('Content-Type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-
officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet');
header('Content-Disposition: attachment;filename="myfile.xlsx"');
header('Cache-Control: max-age=0');

$objWriter = PHPExcel_IOFactory::createWriter($objPHPExcel, 'Excel2007');

$objWriter->save('php://output');
?>

Example of a script redirecting an Excel5 file to the client's browser:

<?php
/* Here there will be some code where you create $objPHPExcel */

// redirect output to client browser

header('Content-Type: application/vnd.ms-excel');
header('Content-Disposition: attachment;filename="myfile.xls"');
header('Cache-Control: max-age=0');

$objWriter = PHPExcel_IOFactory::createWriter($objPHPExcel, 'Excel5');

$objWriter->save('php://output');
?>

Caution:
 Make sure not to include any echo statements or output any other contents than the Excel
file. There should be no whitespace before the opening <?php tag and at most one line
break after the closing ?> tag (which can also be omitted to avoid problems).

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 41

  Make sure that your script is saved without a BOM (Byte-order mark). (Because this counts
as echoing output)
 Same things apply to all included files

Failing to follow the above guidelines may result in corrupt Excel files arriving at the client browser,
and/or that headers cannot be set by PHP (resulting in warning messages).

4.6.41. Setting the default column width

Default column width can be set using the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getDefaultColumnDimension()->setWidth(12);

4.6.42. Setting the default row height

Default row height can be set using the following code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getDefaultRowDimension()->setRowHeight(15);

4.6.43. Add a GD drawing to a worksheet

There might be a situation where you want to generate an in-memory image using GD and add it to
a PHPExcel worksheet without first having to save this file to a temporary location.

Here’s an example which generates an image in memory and adds it to the active worksheet:

// Generate an image
$gdImage = @imagecreatetruecolor(120, 20) or die('Cannot Initialize new GD image
stream');
$textColor = imagecolorallocate($gdImage, 255, 255, 255);
imagestring($gdImage, 1, 5, 5, 'Created with PHPExcel', $textColor);

// Add a drawing to the worksheet

$objDrawing = new PHPExcel_Worksheet_MemoryDrawing();
$objDrawing->setName('Sample image');
$objDrawing->setDescription('Sample image');
$objDrawing->setImageResource($gdImage);
$objDrawing->setRenderingFunction(PHPExcel_Worksheet_MemoryDrawing::RENDERING_JPEG);
$objDrawing->setMimeType(PHPExcel_Worksheet_MemoryDrawing::MIMETYPE_DEFAULT);
$objDrawing->setHeight(36);
$objDrawing->setWorksheet($objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet());

4.6.44. Setting worksheet zoom level

To set a worksheet’s zoom level, the following code can be used:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getSheetView()->setZoomScale(75);

Note that zoom level should be in range 10 – 400.

4.6.45. Sheet tab color

Sometimes you want to set a color for sheet tab. For example you can have a red sheet tab:

$objWorksheet->getTabColor()->setRGB('FF0000');

4.6.46. Creating worksheets in a workbook

If you need to create more worksheets in the workbook, here is how:

$objWorksheet1 = $objPHPExcel->createSheet();
$objWorksheet1->setTitle('Another sheet');

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 42

Think of createSheet() as the "Insert sheet" button in Excel. When you hit that button a new sheet is appended
to the existing collection of worksheets in the workbook.

4.6.47. Hidden worksheets (Sheet states)

Set a worksheet to be hidden using this code:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->setSheetState(PHPExcel_Worksheet::SHEETSTATE_HIDDEN);

Sometimes you may even want the worksheet to be “very hidden”. The available sheet states are :

PHPExcel_Worksheet::SHEETSTATE_VISIBLE
PHPExcel_Worksheet::SHEETSTATE_HIDDEN
PHPExcel_Worksheet::SHEETSTATE_VERYHIDDEN

In Excel the sheet state “very hidden” can only be set programmatically, e.g. with Visual Basic Macro. It is not
possible to make such a sheet visible via the user interface.

4.6.48. Right-to-left worksheet

Worksheets can be set individually whether column ‘A’ should start at left or right side. Default is
left. Here is how to set columns from right-to-left.

// right-to-left worksheet
$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()
->setRightToLeft(true);

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 43

5. Performing formula calculations
5.1. Using the PHPExcel calculation engine
As PHPExcel represents an in-memory spreadsheet, it also offers formula calculation capabilities. A
cell can be of a value type (containing a number or text), or a formula type (containing a formula
which can be evaluated). For example, the formula "=SUM(A1:A10)" evaluates to the sum of values
in A1, A2, ..., A10.

To calculate a formula, you can call the cell containing the formula’s method
getCalculatedValue(), for example:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->getCell('E11')->getCalculatedValue();

If you write the following line of code in the invoice demo included with PHPExcel, it evaluates to
the value "64":

Another nice feature of PHPExcel's formula parser, is that it can automatically adjust a formula
when inserting/removing rows/columns. Here's an example:

You see that the formula contained in cell E11 is "SUM(E4:E9)". Now, when I write the following line
of code, two new product lines are added:

$objPHPExcel->getActiveSheet()->insertNewRowBefore(7, 2);

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 44

Did you notice? The formula in the former cell E11 (now E13, as I inserted 2 new rows), changed to
"SUM(E4:E11)". Also, the inserted cells duplicate style information of the previous cell, just like
Excel's behaviour. Note that you can both insert rows and columns.

5.2. Known limitations

There are some known limitations to the PHPExcel calculation engine. Most of them are due to the
fact that an Excel formula is converted into PHP code before being executed. This means that Excel
formula calculation is subject to PHP’s language characteristics.

5.2.1. Operator precedence

In Excel '+' wins over '&', just like '*' wins over '+' in ordinary algebra. The former rule is not what one
finds using the calculation engine shipped with PHPExcel.

Reference for operator precedence in Excel:

http://support.microsoft.com/kb/25189

Reference for operator precedence in PHP:

http://www.php.net/operators

5.2.2. Formulas involving numbers and text

Formulas involving numbers and text may produce unexpected results or even unreadable file
contents. For example, the formula '=3+"Hello "' is expected to produce an error in Excel (#VALUE!).
Due to the fact that PHP converts “Hello” to a numeric value (zero), the result of this formula is
evaluated as 3 instead of evaluating as an error. This also causes the Excel document being
generated as containing unreadable content.

Reference for this behaviour in PHP:

http://be.php.net/manual/en/language.types.string.php#language.types.string.conversion

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 45

6. Reading and writing to file
As you already know from part 3.4 Readers and writers, reading and writing to a persisted storage is
not possible using the base PHPExcel classes. For this purpose, PHPExcel provides readers and
writers, which are implementations of PHPExcel_Writer_IReader and PHPExcel_Writer_IWriter.

6.1. PHPExcel_IOFactory
The PHPExcel API offers multiple methods to create a PHPExcel_Writer_IReader or
PHPExcel_Writer_IWriter instance:
 Direct creation
 Via PHPExcel_IOFactory

All examples underneath demonstrate the direct creation method. Note that you can also use the
PHPExcel_IOFactory class to do this.

6.1.1. Creating PHPExcel_Reader_IReader using PHPExcel_IOFactory

There are 2 methods for reading in a file into PHPExcel: using automatic file type resolving or
explicitly.

Automatic file type resolving checks the different PHPExcel_Reader_IReader distributed with
PHPExcel. If one of them can load the specified file name, the file is loaded using that
PHPExcel_Reader_IReader. Explicit mode requires you to specify which PHPExcel_Reader_IReader
should be used.

You can create a PHPExcel_Reader_IReader instance using PHPExcel_IOFactory in automatic file

type resolving mode using the following code sample:

$objPHPExcel = PHPExcel_IOFactory::load("05featuredemo.xlsx");

A typical use of this feature is when you need to read files uploaded by your users, and you don’t
know whether they are uploading xls or xlsx files.

If you need to set some properties on the reader, (e.g. to only read data, see more about this
later), then you may instead want to use this variant:

$objReader = PHPExcel_IOFactory::createReaderForFile("05featuredemo.xlsx");
$objReader->setReadDataOnly(true);
$objReader->load("05featuredemo.xlsx");

You can create a PHPExcel_Reader_IReader instance using PHPExcel_IOFactory in explicit mode

using the following code sample:

$objReader = PHPExcel_IOFactory::createReader("Excel2007");
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("05featuredemo.xlsx");

 Note that automatic type resolving mode is slightly slower than explicit mode.

6.1.2. Creating PHPExcel_Writer_IWriter using PHPExcel_IOFactory

You can create a PHPExcel_Writer_Iwriter instance using PHPExcel_IOFactory:

$objWriter = PHPExcel_IOFactory::createWriter($objPHPExcel, "Excel2007");

$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.xlsx");

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 46

6.2. Excel 2007 (SpreadsheetML) file format
Excel2007 file format is the main file format of PHPExcel. It allows outputting the in-memory
spreadsheet to an .xlsx file.

6.2.1. PHPExcel_Reader_Excel2007
Reading a spreadsheet
You can read an .xlsx file using the following code:

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_Excel2007();

$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("05featuredemo.xlsx");

Read data only

You can set the option setReadDataOnly on the reader, to instruct the reader to ignore styling, data
validation, … and just read cell data:

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_Excel2007();

$objReader->setReadDataOnly(true);
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("05featuredemo.xlsx");

Read specific sheets only

You can set the option setLoadSheetsOnly on the reader, to instruct the reader to only load the
sheets with a given name:

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_Excel2007();

$objReader->setLoadSheetsOnly( array("Sheet 1", "My special sheet") );
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("05featuredemo.xlsx");

Read specific cells only

You can set the option setReadFilter on the reader, to instruct the reader to only load the cells
which match a given rule. A read filter can be any class which implements
PHPExcel_Reader_IReadFilter. By default, all cells are read using the
PHPExcel_Reader_DefaultReadFilter.

The following code will only read row 1 and rows 20 – 30 of any sheet in the Excel file:

class MyReadFilter implements PHPExcel_Reader_IReadFilter

{
public function readCell($column, $row, $worksheetName = '') {
// Read title row and rows 20 - 30
if ($row == 1 || ($row >= 20 && $row <= 30)) {
return true;
}

return false;
}
}

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_Excel2007();

$objReader->setReadFilter( new MyReadFilter() );
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("06largescale.xlsx");

6.2.2. PHPExcel_Writer_Excel2007
Writing a spreadsheet
You can write an .xlsx file using the following code:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_Excel2007($objPHPExcel);

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 47

$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.xlsx");

Formula pre-calculation
By default, this writer pre-calculates all formulas in the spreadsheet. This can be slow on large
spreadsheets, and maybe even unwanted. You can however disable formula pre-calculation:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_Excel2007($objPHPExcel);

$objWriter->setPreCalculateFormulas(false);
$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.xlsx");

Office 2003 compatibility pack

Because of a bug in the Office2003 compatibility pack, there can be some small issues when opening
Excel2007 spreadsheets (mostly related to formula calculation). You can enable Office2003
compatibility with the following code:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_Excel2007($objPHPExcel);

$objWriter->setOffice2003Compatibility(true);
$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.xlsx");

 Office2003 compatibility should only be used when needed

Office2003 compatibility option should only be used when needed. This option disables several Office2007 file
format options, resulting in a lower-featured Office2007 spreadsheet when this option is used.

6.3. Excel 5 (BIFF) file format

Excel5 file format is the old Excel file format, implemented in PHPExcel to provide a uniform
manner to create both .xlsx and .xls files. It is basically a modified version of PEAR
Spreadsheet_Excel_Writer, although it has been extended and has fewer limitations and more
features than the old PEAR library. This can read all BIFF versions that use OLE2: BIFF5 (introduced
with office 95) through BIFF8, but cannot read earlier versions.

Excel5 file format will not be developed any further, it just provides an additional file format for
PHPExcel.

 Excel5 (BIFF) limitations

Please note that BIFF file format has some limits regarding to styling cells and handling large spreadsheets via
PHP.

6.3.1. PHPExcel_Reader_Excel5
Reading a spreadsheet
You can read an .xls file using the following code:

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_Excel5();

$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("05featuredemo.xls");

Read data only

You can set the option setReadDataOnly on the reader, to instruct the reader to ignore styling, data
validation, … and just read cell data:

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_Excel5();

$objReader->setReadDataOnly(true);
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("05featuredemo.xls");

Read specific sheets only

You can set the option setLoadSheetsOnly on the reader, to instruct the reader to only load the
sheets with a given name:

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 48

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_Excel5();
$objReader->setLoadSheetsOnly( array("Sheet 1", "My special sheet") );
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("05featuredemo.xls");

Read specific cells only

You can set the option setReadFilter on the reader, to instruct the reader to only load the cells
which match a given rule. A read filter can be any class which implements
PHPExcel_Reader_IReadFilter. By default, all cells are read using the
PHPExcel_Reader_DefaultReadFilter.

The following code will only read row 1 and rows 20 – 30 of any sheet in the Excel file:

class MyReadFilter implements PHPExcel_Reader_IReadFilter

{
public function readCell($column, $row, $worksheetName = '') {
// Read title row and rows 20 - 30
if ($row == 1 || ($row >= 20 && $row <= 30)) {
return true;
}

return false;
}
}

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_Excel5();

$objReader->setReadFilter( new MyReadFilter() );
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("06largescale.xls");

6.3.2. PHPExcel_Writer_Excel5
Writing a spreadsheet
You can write an .xls file using the following code:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_Excel5($objPHPExcel);

$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.xls");

6.4. Excel 2003 XML file format

Excel 2003 XML file format is a file format which can be used in older versions of Microsoft Excel.

 Excel 2003 XML limitations

Please note that Excel 2003 XML format has some limits regarding to styling cells and handling large
spreadsheets via PHP.

6.4.1. PHPExcel_Reader_Excel2003XML
Reading a spreadsheet
You can read an .xml file using the following code:

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_Excel2003XML();

$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("05featuredemo.xml");

Read specific cells only

You can set the option setReadFilter on the reader, to instruct the reader to only load the cells
which match a given rule. A read filter can be any class which implements
PHPExcel_Reader_IReadFilter. By default, all cells are read using the
PHPExcel_Reader_DefaultReadFilter.

The following code will only read row 1 and rows 20 – 30 of any sheet in the Excel file:

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 49

class MyReadFilter implements PHPExcel_Reader_IReadFilter
{
public function readCell($column, $row, $worksheetName = '') {
// Read title row and rows 20 - 30
if ($row == 1 || ($row >= 20 && $row <= 30)) {
return true;
}

return false;
}
}

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_Excel2003XML();

$objReader->setReadFilter( new MyReadFilter() );
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("06largescale.xml");

6.5. Symbolic LinK (SYLK)

Symbolic Link (SYLK) is a Microsoft file format typically used to exchange data between
applications, specifically spreadsheets. SYLK files conventionally have a .slk suffix. Composed of
only displayable ANSI characters, it can be easily created and processed by other applications, such
as databases.

 SYLK limitations
Please note that SYLK file format has some limits regarding to styling cells and handling large spreadsheets
via PHP.

6.5.1. PHPExcel_Reader_SYLK
Reading a spreadsheet
You can read an .slk file using the following code:

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_SYLK();

$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("05featuredemo.slk");

Read specific cells only

You can set the option setReadFilter on the reader, to instruct the reader to only load the cells
which match a given rule. A read filter can be any class which implements
PHPExcel_Reader_IReadFilter. By default, all cells are read using the
PHPExcel_Reader_DefaultReadFilter.

The following code will only read row 1 and rows 20 – 30 of any sheet in the SYLK file:

class MyReadFilter implements PHPExcel_Reader_IReadFilter

{
public function readCell($column, $row, $worksheetName = '') {
// Read title row and rows 20 - 30
if ($row == 1 || ($row >= 20 && $row <= 30)) {
return true;
}

return false;
}
}

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_SYLK();

$objReader->setReadFilter( new MyReadFilter() );
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("06largescale.slk");

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 50

6.6. Open/Libre Office (.ods)
Open Office or Libre Office .ods files are the standard file format fopr Open Office or Libre Office
Calc files.

6.6.1. PHPExcel_Reader_OOCalc
Reading a spreadsheet
You can read an .ods file using the following code:

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_OOCalc();

$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("05featuredemo.ods");

Read specific cells only

You can set the option setReadFilter on the reader, to instruct the reader to only load the cells
which match a given rule. A read filter can be any class which implements
PHPExcel_Reader_IReadFilter. By default, all cells are read using the
PHPExcel_Reader_DefaultReadFilter.

The following code will only read row 1 and rows 20 – 30 of any sheet in the Calc file:

class MyReadFilter implements PHPExcel_Reader_IReadFilter

{
public function readCell($column, $row, $worksheetName = '') {
// Read title row and rows 20 - 30
if ($row == 1 || ($row >= 20 && $row <= 30)) {
return true;
}

return false;
}
}

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_OOcalc();

$objReader->setReadFilter( new MyReadFilter() );
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("06largescale.ods");

6.7. CSV (Comma Separated Values)

CSV (Comma Separated Values) are often used as an import/export file format with other systems.
PHPExcel allows reading and writing to CSV files.

 CSV limitations
Please note that CSV file format has some limits regarding to styling cells, number formatting, …

6.7.1. PHPExcel_Reader_CSV
Reading a CSV file
You can read a .csv file using the following code:

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_CSV();

$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("sample.csv");

Setting CSV options

Often, CSV files are not really “comma separated”, or use semicolon (;) as a separator. You can
instruct PHPExcel_Reader_CSV some options before reading a CSV file.

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 51

Note that PHPExcel_Reader_CSV by default assumes that the loaded CSV file is UTF-8 encoded. If
you are reading CSV files that were created in Microsoft Office Excel the correct input encoding may
rather be Windows-1252 (CP1252). Always make sure that the input encoding is set appropriately.

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_CSV();

$objReader->setInputEncoding('CP1252');
$objReader->setDelimiter(';');
$objReader->setEnclosure('');
$objReader->setLineEnding("\r\n");
$objReader->setSheetIndex(0);
$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("sample.csv");

Read a specific worksheet

CSV files can only contain one worksheet. Therefore, you can specify which sheet to read from CSV:

$objReader->setSheetIndex(0);

Read into existing spreadsheet

When working with CSV files, it might occur that you want to import CSV data into an existing
PHPExcel object. The following code loads a CSV file into an existing $objPHPExcel containing some
sheets, and imports onto the 6th sheet:

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_CSV();

$objReader->setDelimiter(';');
$objReader->setEnclosure('');
$objReader->setLineEnding("\r\n");
$objReader->setSheetIndex(5);
$objReader->loadIntoExisting("05featuredemo.csv", $objPHPExcel);

6.7.2. PHPExcel_Writer_CSV
Writing a CSV file
You can write a .csv file using the following code:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_CSV($objPHPExcel);

$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.csv");

Setting CSV options

Often, CSV files are not really “comma separated”, or use semicolon (;) as a separator. You can
instruct PHPExcel_Writer_CSV some options before writing a CSV file:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_CSV($objPHPExcel);

$objWriter->setDelimiter(';');
$objWriter->setEnclosure('');
$objWriter->setLineEnding("\r\n");
$objWriter->setSheetIndex(0);
$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.csv");

Write a specific worksheet

CSV files can only contain one worksheet. Therefore, you can specify which sheet to write to CSV:

$objWriter->setSheetIndex(0);

Formula pre-calculation
By default, this writer pre-calculates all formulas in the spreadsheet. This can be slow on large
spreadsheets, and maybe even unwanted. You can however disable formula pre-calculation:

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 52

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_CSV($objPHPExcel);
$objWriter->setPreCalculateFormulas(false);
$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.csv");

Writing UTF-8 CSV files

A CSV file can be marked as UTF-8 by writing a BOM file header. This can be enabled by using the
following code:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_CSV($objPHPExcel);

$objWriter->setUseBOM(true);
$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.csv");

Decimal and thousands separators

If the worksheet you are exporting contains numbers with decimal or thousands separators then you
should think about what characters you want to use for those before doing the export.

By default PHPExcel looks up in the server’s locale settings to decide what characters to use. But to
avoid problems it is recommended to set the characters explicitly as shown below.

English users will want to use this before doing the export:

require_once 'PHPExcel/Shared/String.php'
PHPExcel_Shared_String::setDecimalSeparator('.');
PHPExcel_Shared_String::setThousandsSeparator(',');

German users will want to use the opposite values.

require_once 'PHPExcel/Shared/String.php'
PHPExcel_Shared_String::setDecimalSeparator(',');
PHPExcel_Shared_String::setThousandsSeparator('.');

Note that the above code sets decimal and thousand separators as global options. This also affects
how HTML and PDF is exported.

6.8. HTML
PHPExcel allows you to read or write a spreadsheet as HTML format, for quick representation of the
data in it to anyone who does not have a spreadsheet application on their PC, or loading files saved
by other scripts that simply create HTML markup and give it a .xls file extension.

 HTML limitations
Please note that HTML file format has some limits regarding to styling cells, number formatting, …

6.8.1. PHPExcel_Reader_HTML
Reading a spreadsheet
You can read an .html or .htm file using the following code:

$objReader = new PHPExcel_Reader_HTML();

$objPHPExcel = $objReader->load("05featuredemo.html");

 HTML limitations
Please note that HTML reader is still experimental and does not yet support merged cells or nested tables
cleanly

6.8.2. PHPExcel_Writer_HTML

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  Please note that PHPExcel_Writer_HTML only outputs the first worksheet by default.

Writing a spreadsheet
You can write a .htm file using the following code:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_HTML($objPHPExcel);

$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.htm");

Write all worksheets

HTML files can contain one or more worksheets. If you want to write all sheets into a single HTML
file, use the following code:

$objWriter->writeAllSheets();

Write a specific worksheet

HTML files can contain one or more worksheets. Therefore, you can specify which sheet to write to
HTML:

$objWriter->setSheetIndex(0);

Setting the images root of the HTML file

There might be situations where you want to explicitly set the included images root. For example,
one might want to see <img style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width:
140px; height: 78px;" src="http://www.domain.com/images/logo.jpg" border="0"> instead
of <img style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 140px; height:
78px;" src="./images/logo.jpg" border="0">.

You can use the following code to achieve this result:

$objWriter->setImagesRoot('http://www.example.com');

Formula pre-calculation
By default, this writer pre-calculates all formulas in the spreadsheet. This can be slow on large
spreadsheets, and maybe even unwanted. You can however disable formula pre-calculation:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_HTML($objPHPExcel);

$objWriter->setPreCalculateFormulas(false);
$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.htm");

Embedding generated HTML in a web page

There might be a situation where you want to embed the generated HTML in an existing website.
PHPExcel_Writer_HTML provides support to generate only specific parts of the HTML code, which
allows you to use these parts in your website.

Supported methods:
 generateHTMLHeader()
 generateStyles()
 generateSheetData()
 generateHTMLFooter()

Here’s an example which retrieves all parts independently and merges them into a resulting HTML
page:

<?php
$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_HTML($objPHPExcel);
echo $objWriter->generateHTMLHeader();
?>

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<style>
<!--
html {
font-family: Times New Roman;
font-size: 9pt;
background-color: white;
}

<?php
echo $objWriter->generateStyles(false); // do not write <style> and </style>
?>

-->
</style>

<?php
echo $objWriter->generateSheetData();
echo $objWriter->generateHTMLFooter();
?>

Writing UTF-8 HTML files

A HTML file can be marked as UTF-8 by writing a BOM file header. This can be enabled by using the
following code:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_HTML($objPHPExcel);

$objWriter->setUseBOM(true);
$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.htm");

Decimal and thousands separators

See section PHPExcel_Writer_CSV how to control the appearance of these.

6.9. PDF
PHPExcel allows you to write a spreadsheet into PDF format, for fast distribution of represented
data.

 PDF limitations
Please note that PDF file format has some limits regarding to styling cells, number formatting, …

6.9.1. PHPExcel_Writer_PDF
PHPExcel’s PDF Writer is a wrapper for a 3rd-Party PDF Rendering library such as tcPDF, mPDF or
DomPDF. Prior to version 1.7.8 of PHPExcel, the tcPDF library was bundled with PHPExcel; but from
version 1.7.8 this was removed. Instead, you must now install a PDF Rendering library yourself; but
PHPExcel will work with a number of different libraries.
Currently, the following libraries are supported:
Version used
Library for testing Downloadable from PHPExcel Internal Constant
tcPDF 5.9 http://www.tcpdf.org/ PDF_RENDERER_TCPDF
mPDF 5.4 http://www.mpdf1.com/mpdf/ PDF_RENDERER_MPDF
domPDF 0.6.0 beta 3 http://code.google.com/p/dompdf/ PDF_RENDERER_DOMPDF

The different libraries have different strengths and weaknesses. Some generate better formatted
output than others, some are faster or use less memory than others, while some generate smaller
.pdf files. It is the developers choice which one they wish to use, appropriate to their own
circumstances.

Before instantiating a Writer to generate PDF output, you will need to indicate which Rendering
library you are using, and where it is located.

PHPExcel Developer Documentation 55

$rendererName = PHPExcel_Settings::PDF_RENDERER_MPDF;
$rendererLibrary = 'mPDF5.4';
$rendererLibraryPath = dirname(__FILE__).'/../../../libraries/PDF/' .
$rendererLibrary;
if (!PHPExcel_Settings::setPdfRenderer(
$rendererName,
$rendererLibraryPath
)) {
die(
'Please set the $rendererName and $rendererLibraryPath values' .
PHP_EOL .
' as appropriate for your directory structure'
);
}

Writing a spreadsheet
Once you have identified the Renderer that you wish to use for PDF generation, you can write a .pdf
file using the following code:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_PDF($objPHPExcel);

$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.pdf");

 Please note that PHPExcel_Writer_PDF only outputs the first worksheet by default.

Write all worksheets

PDF files can contain one or more worksheets. If you want to write all sheets into a single PDF file,
use the following code:

$objWriter->writeAllSheets();

Write a specific worksheet

PDF files can contain one or more worksheets. Therefore, you can specify which sheet to write to
PDF:

$objWriter->setSheetIndex(0);

Formula pre-calculation
By default, this writer pre-calculates all formulas in the spreadsheet. This can be slow on large
spreadsheets, and maybe even unwanted. You can however disable formula pre-calculation:

$objWriter = new PHPExcel_Writer_PDF($objPHPExcel);

$objWriter->setPreCalculateFormulas(false);
$objWriter->save("05featuredemo.pdf");

Decimal and thousands separators

See section PHPExcel_Writer_CSV how to control the appearance of these.

6.10. Generating Excel files from templates (read, modify, write)

Readers and writers are the tools that allow you to generate Excel files from templates. This
requires less coding effort than generating the Excel file from scratch, especially if your template
has many styles, page setup properties, headers etc.

Here is an example how to open a template file, fill in a couple of fields and save it again:
$objPHPexcel = PHPExcel_IOFactory::load('template.xlsx');

$objWorksheet = $objPHPexcel->getActiveSheet();

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$objWorksheet->getCell('A1')->setValue('John');
$objWorksheet->getCell('A2')->setValue('Smith');

$objWriter = PHPExcel_IOFactory::createWriter($objPHPexcel, 'Excel5');

$objWriter->save('write.xls');

Notice that it is ok to load an xlsx file and generate an xls file.

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7. Credits
Please refer to the internet page http://www.codeplex.com/PHPExcel/Wiki/View.aspx?
title=Credits&referringTitle=Home for up-to-date credits.

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Appendix A: Valid array keys for style applyFromArray()
The following table lists the valid array keys for PHPExcel_Style applyFromArray() classes. If the
“Maps to property” column maps a key to a setter, the value provided for that key will be applied
directly. If the “Maps to property” column maps a key to a getter, the value provided for that key
will be applied as another style array.

PHPExcel_Style
Array key: Maps to property:
fill getFill()
font getFont()
borders getBorders()
alignment getAlignment()
numberformat getNumberFormat()
protection getProtection()
quotePrefix setQuotePrefix()

PHPExcel_Style_Fill
Array key: Maps to property:
type setFillType()
rotation setRotation()
startcolor getStartColor()
endcolor getEndColor()
color getStartColor()

PHPExcel_Style_Font
Array key: Maps to property:
name setName()
bold setBold()
italic setItalic()
underline setUnderline()
strike setStrikethrough()
color getColor()
size setSize()
superScript setSuperScript()
subScript setSubScript()

PHPExcel_Style_Borders
Array key: Maps to property:
allborders getLeft(); getRight(); getTop(); getBottom()
left getLeft()
right getRight()
top getTop()
bottom getBottom()
diagonal getDiagonal()
vertical getVertical()
horizontal getHorizontal()
diagonaldirection setDiagonalDirection()
outline setOutline()

PHPExcel_Style_Border
Array key: Maps to property:
style setBorderStyle()
color getColor()

PHPExcel_Style_Alignment
Array key: Maps to property:
horizontal setHorizontal()

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vertical setVertical()
rotation setTextRotation()
wrap setWrapText()
shrinkToFit setShrinkToFit()
indent setIndent()

PHPExcel_Style_NumberFormat
Array key: Maps to property:
code setFormatCode()

PHPExcel_Style_Protection
Array key: Maps to property:
locked setLocked()
hidden setHidden()

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