Learn Computer in Simple Steps

Learning
Computer In
Simple Steps
By Dr. Mehul S. Dixit
In this book you will learn basic introduction, history,
different Parts, types of computers, languages of computer,
its calculations and uses of computer.
Learning Computer In Simple Steps
SPARKLE Multipurpose Services ii

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services

Study Guide
Learning
Computer In
Simple Steps
By Dr. Mehul S. Dixit
SPARKLE Multipurpose
ultipurpose Services iii
Information contained in this book has been obtained by SPARKLE

Multipurpose Services,, from sources believed to be reliable. However,
neither SPARKLE Multipurpose Services nor its author/authors guarantee
the accuracy or completeness of any information pub
published
lished herein, and
neither SPARKLE Multipurpose Services nor its author/authors shall be
responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of
this information. This book is published with the understanding that
SPARKLE Multipurpose Services and its author/authors are supplying
information but are not attempting to render engineering or other
professional services.
Version 9.
Print Year: Jan 2018
 Copyright and under ownership of SPARKLE Multipurpose Services
SPARKLE Multipurpose
ultipurpose Services iv
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to computers 1
Chapter 2 Computer Fundamentals 11
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware 21
Chapter 4 Introduction to Number system 29
Chapter 5 Type of Computers 37
Chapter 6 Input, Output & Process 45
Chapter 7 Computer Software 53
Chapter 8 Operating System 59
Chapter 9 Application Software 67
Chapter 10 Basic Internet Knowledge 73
Chapter 11 Working with Windows 79
SPARKLE Multipurpose Services v

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services vi

Chapter 1
Introduction to Computer
SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 1

Notes
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
Chapter 1
Introduction to Computer
Introduction
Nowadays we all use computers in different forms in

different devices; in our daily day-to-day works we use ATMs,
mobile phones, digital clock, calculators, setup box,
railways, airports, bill collection centers, etc. Now a day’s
computer is used by every one for emails, collecting
information, paying bills, etc.
Before proceeding ahead we must understand that an

information system contains five parts user, steps
(procedures), software, hardware and data.
Definition of Computer
“A computer is an electronic device which can compute

(calculate) alpha numerical, Arithmetic and logical operation in
short time”

Computer System is an electronic data processing device,

which does the following:
• Accept and store an input data.
• Process the data input.
• And output the processed data in required format..
Computer can be abbreviated in following form
C = Commonly
O = Oriented
M = Machine
P = Properly
U = Used for
T = Training
E = Education
R = Research
History of computer
Charles Babbage designed the early computer called

difference engine in the year 1822. This could produce reliable
tables. He improved this machine and came out with a new
idea of Analytical Engine in 1833, which could perform the basic
arithmetic functions, which is intended to be completely
automatic. This machine used punch cards as input output

devices for basic input and output. He is called as "FATHER

OF COMPUTERS".
History of computers can be studied by five different

generations
First Generation (1821 – 1960)

The first generations of computers were those computers

which use Vacuum Tubes or Valves technology. Almost all
the early computer like ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC etc. were made
a reality only by the invention of vacuum tube, which is a
fragile glass device that can control and amplify electronic
signals. In this computer they are using 18,000 vacuum tubes,
70,000 resisters, 10,000 capacitors and 60,000 switches. It
took 150 kilo watt electric power and it produce large amount
of heat. They were bulky and required large space. They had
small primitive memories and no auxiliary storage
Second Generation (1960 – 1965)
With the development of transistors and their use in

circuits, magnetic core for memory storage, the vacuum tubes
of first generation are replaced by transistors to arrive at
second generation of computers. The size of transistors is much

smaller when compared to vacuum tubes. They consumed less

power generated less heat and are faster and reliable. William
B Shickley, John Burdeen and Walter H Brattain are the
scientists develop the transistors. They are working bell
telephone, U.S.A. They got noble prize. The major advantage
use of transistors was that the size of computer has come down
as well as the power consumption. Even the cost of transistors
is less in comparison with the cost of vacuum tubes, the cost of
computer reduced drastically, they were more reliable than first
generation computers. Fortran, cobol, snowbal, algol etc. like
high level languages are developed in this generation. In this
generation they are using magnetic tapes for storing.
Third Generation (1965- 1970)
With the development of silicon chips. The third

generation of computers came into existence. These computers
used compact integrated circuits (IC's) of silicon chips in
place of transistors. Each of these IC's consisted of large
number of chips in very small packages. With these IC's coming

into picture the size of computers, cost, heat generation and

power consumption decreased to a great extent, speed and
reliability increased as compared to previous generations.
These machines used IC's with LSI (Large Scale Integration).
Fourth Generation (1970 – 1995)
The computers belonging to these generation used

Integrated Circuits with VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integration). These computers have high processing powers,
low maintenance, high reliability and very low power
consumption. This computer reduces the cost as well as the
size of the computer.
Fifth Generation (1995 and ahead)
The computers belonging to this generation used Integrated

Circuits with VVLSI (Very Very Large Scale Integration).
These computers use optic fiber technology to handle Artificial
Intelligence, expert systems, robotics etc. These computers
have very high processing speeds and are more reliable

Uses of Computers.
In today’s world we use computers for Education, Health and

Medicine science, business recreation and entertainment,
government, defense, sports, recording information, analyzing
movements, writers, scoreboard, safety.


Chapter 2
Computer Fundamentals

Notes
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

Chapter 2
Computer Fundamentals
Identifying different parts of computer
Some of the following components may be similar to what you have

seen while seated at a personal computer.

Mouse
Used for making selections. There are

two buttons on a mouse. But there are 5
Function Buttons on mouse. Most actions
are performed using the left mouse button. Some mice have cords
and some do not.
There are 2 types of mouse
1) Ball Mouse (Old)
2) Optical Mouse (New)
Keyboard
Used for entering data, generating commands.

The keyboard layout is similar to a typewriter
with additional keys for other functions. There is
a number keypad to the right of the main alphabetical keypad.
There are 2 types of key board

1) With 85 keys (Old)
2) With 106 + keys (New)
Types of keys of the board

Alphabet keys = A, B …Z
Number keys = 0, 1, 2...9

Function keys = F1, F2…F12

Special keys = Del, Alt, Ctrl……
Function of keys
Caps lock: - It is used to make the alphabets capital or small.
When it is pressed on it gives capital alphabets and when it is off it
gives small alphabets. In case of Nepali font it shows half character,
when it is on.
Enter: - It is used to break the lines, paragraph or columns.
Shift: - it is used to display capital and small alphabets by
holding shift we can bring changes in the character.
Tab: - It is used to give long space between two character and
words
Space bar: - It is used to give space between two character
and word.
Back space: - It is used to remove character at the back of
the cursor.
Delete: - It is used to remove character at the right of the
cursor.
End: - It is used to move the cursor at the end of the line.
Home: - It is used to move the cursor at the beginning of the
line.
Page up: - It is used to move the cursor one page up.
Page down: - It is used to move the cursor one page down.
Esc: - It is used to cancel any job function.

Num lock: - It is used to lock and unlock the numeric pad.

Alt + ctrl: - For special purposes only
Arrows: - There are 4arrow keys
Down arrow: - It is used to move the one line down
UP arrow: - it is used to move the one line up
Right: - It is used to move the cursor one character right
Left arrow: - It is used to move the cursor one
character left.
Monitor
The monitor is the visual component

of the computer. It displays information to
the user. This is a required part of the
computer. This part requires electricity so it
will have its own power cord to plug into an
outlet.
There are two types of Monitors

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
Analog Monitor
Digital Monitor
Flat Monitor
TFT
LCD
LED

Speakers
The speakers are the audio

component of the computer.
Computer System Unit
This is where everything comes together to work. The

system box holds the central processing unit to act as
the brains of the computer. The unit contains the
motherboard which is the main circuitry for the
system. The power supply for the main computer is
located in the unit. All the other parts including the
monitor, mouse, keyboard, speakers, and others join
at the unit to become a functional system.
Printer
The printer is used to develop a hard copy or

paper copy of a document or picture. The
printer connects to the computer and requires
the use of its own power cord.
Type of Printers
Dot-matrix Printer (Uses Ribbon)

Inkjet Printers (Uses liquid Ink)

Laser Printer (Uses Powder)
Disc
Compact Disc (CD)(700MB)

Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)(4.7GB)
Blu Ray Disc (BRD)(25,35,50&100GB)
This device is used for storage. Some CDs hold information to

be loaded into a computer. Some are used to hold information from
the computer. It depends on what type of CD it is.
Thumb/Flash/Pen Drive
The thumb drive is a portable storage device. You

use it store information from a computer and use it
on another system. They are also known as flash
drives or PEN drive.
1,2,4,8,16,32,64 GB etc

Advantages
Following list demonstrates the advantages of Computers in today's
arena.
High speed
Accuracy
Storage capability
Diligence
Versatility
Reliability
Automation
Reduction in paper work
Reduction in cost
Disadvantages
Following list demonstrates the disadvantages of Computers in

today's arena.
No IQ
Dependency
Environment
No feeling

Units
0/1 1 Bit
4 Bits 1 Nibble
8 Bits 1 Byte
1 Byte 1 Character
1024 Bytes 1 Kilobyte (KB)
1024 KB 1 Megabyte (MB)
1024 MB 1 Gigabyte (GB)
1024 GB 1 Terabyte (TB)
1024 TB 1 Petabyte (PB)
1024 PB 1 Exabyte (EB)
1024 EB 1 Zettabyte (ZB)

Chapter 3
Computer Hardware

Notes
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

Chapter 3
Computer Hardware
Computer - Hardware
Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of the

computer, i.e., the components that can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are following.

Input devices -- Keyboard, Mouse, Mic, etc.
Output devices -- Printer, Monitor, Projector, Speaker, Ploter etc.
Input Output devices – Pendrave/CD/DVD etc

CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
It stores data, intermediate result and instructions (program).
It controls the operations of all parts of computer.
Computer - Ports
A computer port is a physical docking point using which an external
device can be connected to the computer.
A computer port can also be programmatic docking point through
which information flows from a program to computer or over the
internet.
Characteristics
External devices are connected to a computer using cables and ports.
Ports are slots on the motherboard into which a cable of external
device is plugged in.
Examples of external devices attached via ports are mouse,
keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers, etc.

The Structure of Computer
The most five actions that are performed in a computer are

inputing, storing, processing, controlling and outputing.

Inputing: Receiving the information’s and orders from the

user.
Storing: Storing information’s for the usage of appropriate

time.
Processing: The input you give is being processed to be a

data file.
Output: The data that the user seeks for and receiving it.
Controlling: The above actions are performed in order to be

done is under in this function.
System Unit

System unit is referred as the most important part of the

computer. There are three parts seen outside the system unit.
A power switch to control the electric flow (SMPS).
A floppy drive.
A CD drive.
The most important parts of a computer is being stored inside the

system unit. The three most parts inside the system unit are
Processor – which is referred as the brain of the computer.
RAM – A temporary storage device named as Random Access

Memory.
Hard disk – A permanent storage device.
Motherboard Also, there is a motherboard inside the system unit in

which several cards are connected to it for the usage of other devices
related with computer. Also, there is an electric flow centre to control

the flow in a particular voltage. All in all the system unit controls all
the devices that are connected to the computer.
C.P.U ( Central Processing Unit )
The information that is received as input is being processed and is

given back as output to the user with the help of processor. That
means, the processor of the computer does all the functions which
we decide to do with the computer. In modern computers, the micro
processors is being built as chips. And in these chips, Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU) and Operational Control Unit (OCU) is being stored
permanently. ALU otherwise arithmetic logic unit does the function of
mathematic problems and provide the data to appropriate section to
solve it which is received as an input. But OCU deals with controlling
data given to computer as input by dividing those inputs into step by
steps. The computer giving output so fast as the input is finished is
due to the best performance of OCU. And if this controlling is being
lost, the computer might crash.

Chapter 4
Introduction to Number System

Notes
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

Chapter 4
Introduction to Number System
Number System:
When we type some letters or words, the computer translates

them in numbers as computers can understand only numbers.
A computer can understand positional number system where

there are only a few symbols called digits and these symbols
represent different values depending on the position they occupy in
the number.
A value of each digit in a number can be determined using:
The digit
The position of the digit in the number
The base of the number system (where base is defined as
the total number of digits available in the number system).
Decimal Number System
The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the

decimal number system. Decimal number system has base 10 as it
uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive
positions to the left of the decimal point represent units, tens,
hundreds, thousands and so on.

Each position represents a specific power of the base (10). For

example, the decimal number 1234 consists of the digit 4 in the units
position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position, and 1 in
the thousands position, and its value can be written as
(1x1000)+ (2x100)+ (3x10)+ (4x1)

(1x103)+ (2x102)+ (3x101)+ (4x100)
1000 + 200 + 30 + 4
1234
As a computer programmer or an IT professional, you should

understand the following number systems, which are frequently used
in computers.
S.No. Number System & Description
Binary Number System

1
Base 2. Digits used: 0, 1
Octal Number System

2
Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7
Hexa Decimal Number System

4
Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F
Binary Number System
Characteristics
Uses two digits, 0 and 1.
Also called base 2 number system.
Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the
base (2). Example, 20.

Last position in a binary number represents a x power of the

base (2). Example, 2x where x represents the last position - 1.
EXAMPLE
Binary Number: 101012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
Binary
Step Decimal Number
Number
Step 1 101012 ((1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20))10
Step 2 101012 (16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10
Step 3 101012 2110
Note: 101012 is normally written as 10101.
Octal Number System
Characteristics
Uses eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
Each position in a octal number represents a 0 power of the
Last position in a octal number represents a x power of the base (8).

Example, 8x where x represents the last position - 1.
EXAMPLE

Octal Number: 125708
Step Octal Number Decimal Number
((1 x 84) + (2 x 83) + (5 x 82) + (7 x 81) + (0

Step 1 125708
x 80))10
Step 2 125708 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10
Step 3 125708 549610
Note: 125708 is normally written as 12570.
Hexadecimal Number System
Characteristics
Uses 10 digits and 6 letters: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E,
F.
Letters represent numbers starting from 10. A = 10. B = 11, C = 12,
D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.

Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a 0 power of the
Last position in a hexadecimal number represents a x power of the
base (16). Example, 16xwhere x represents the last position - 1.
EXAMPLE
Hexadecimal Number: 19FDE16

Hexadecimal
Step Decimal Number
Number
((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (F x 162) + (D x

Step 1 19FDE16
161) + (E x 160))10
((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (15 x 162) + (13 x

Step 2 19FDE16
161) + (14 x 160))10
Step 3 19FDE16 (65536+ 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)10
Step 4 19FDE16 10646210
BAR CODE

QR CODE

Chapter 5
Type of Computer

Notes
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

Chapter 5
Type of Computer
ON THE BASIS OF WORKING:
 Analog computer
 Digital computer
 Hybrid computer (Digital + Analog)
ON THE BASIS OF SIZE:

 Mainframe computer
 Mini computer
 Super computer
 Work station
 Micro computer
 Desktop computer
 Laptop computer
 Palmtop computer
 Network computer
ON THE BASIS OF BRAND:

 IBM PC
 IBM compatible
 Apple/ Macintosh
ON THE BASIS OF PROCESSING:

 XTI 8086 & 8088 processor
 AT 286
 AT 386
 AT 486
 Pentium I, II, III,IV
 Dual Core, Quad Core
 i3, i5,i7

ON THE BASIS OF SIZE:
Computers can be broadly classified by their speed and computing

power.
Sr.
Type Specifications
No.
PC (Personal Single user computer system.

1
Computer) Moderately powerful microprocessor.
Single user computer system. Similar

to Personal Computer but have more
2 WorkStation
powerful microprocessor. Two to ten
User can use this computer at a time
Multi-user computer system. Capable

3 Mini Computer of supporting hundreds of users
simultaneously.
Multi-user computer system. Capable

of supporting hundreds of users
4 Main Frame
simultaneously. Software technology
is different from minicomputer.
An extremely fast computer, which

5 Supercomputer can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second.

PC (Personal Computer)
Personal Computer or Microcomputer

 Desktop computer
 Laptop computer
 Palmtop computer
A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer

designed for an individual user. PCs are based on the microprocessor

technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one

chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing,
accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and
database management applications. At home, the most popular use
for personal computers is for playing games and surfing the Internet.
Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems,
these systems are normally linked together to form a network. In
terms of power, nowadays high-end models of the Macintosh and PC
offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end
workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and DELL.
WorkStation
Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications

(CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other
such types of applications, which require a moderate amount of
computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities.
Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution
graphics screen, large amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a
graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage
device such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a
diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive.

Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and

Windows NT. Like PC, Workstations are also single-user computers.
However, workstations are typically linked together to form a local-
area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone
systems.
Minicomputer
It is a midsize computer. A minicomputer is a multi-processing

system capable of supporting from up to 250 users simultaneously.
Mainframe
Mainframe is a very large in size and an expensive computer

capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users
simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently.
Mainframes support many simultaneous programs execution.

Supercomputer
Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available.

Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized
applications that require immense amounts of mathematical
calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting,
scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations,
nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological
data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).

Chapter 6
Input, Output and Process

Notes
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

Chapter 6
Input, Output and Process
Input
In computing, an input device is any peripheral (piece
of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and
control signals to an information processing system such as
a computer or other information appliance. Examples of input
devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital
cameras and joysticks.
Many input devices can be classified according to:
• Modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual,

etc.)
• the input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g.
a mouse's position, though digitized into a discrete
quantity, is fast enough to be considered continuous)
• the number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g. two-
dimensional traditional mice, or three-dimensional
navigators designed forCAD applications)
Output
An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data
processing carried out by an information processing
system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically
generated information into human-readable form
Types of Output

Some types of output are text, graphics, tactile, audio,

and video. Text consists of characters (letters, numbers,
punctuation marks, or any other symbol requiring one byte of
computer storage space) that are used to create words,
sentences, and paragraphs. Graphics are digital representations
of non text information such as drawings, charts, photographs,
and animation (a series of still images in rapid sequence that
gives the illusion of motion). Tactile output such as raised line
drawings may be useful for some individuals who are blind.
Audio is music, speech, or any other sound. Video consists of
images played back at speeds to provide the appearance of full
motion
Process
Central Processing Unit. (CPU) itself has the following three

components.
Memory or Storage Unit:

Control Unit
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Memory or Storage Unit:
This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate

results. This unit supplies information to the other units of the
computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage
unit or main memory or primary storage or Random access
memory(RAM).
Its size affects speed, power and capability. There are

primary memory and secondary memory, two types of
memories in the computer. Functions of Memory Unit are:
It stores all the data to be processed and the instructions
required for processing.
It stores intermediate results of processing.
It stores final results of processing before these results
are released to an output device.
All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main
memory.

There are mainly two types of memory:

Primary Memory: This is the main memory of the computer. This
memory is used frequently by the CPU for execution of the
instructions. There are again two types of Primary Memory.
RAM: RAM stands for Random Access Memory. Initially every

task is stored in RAM & then executed or stored in Hard disk. It
is volatile, it stores data temporarily. So no data will remain
when the power is switched off. It ranges from 64 MB to 16
GB.
ROM: ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It is a programming
chip, where all the system information are recorded & can't be
changed. Its types are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, etc. It is non-
volatile.
Secondary Memory: These are the storage devices & are used to
save the programs files permanently. There are different types of
Secondary Memory. They are:
 Hard disk (ranges from 40 GB to 1 TB)
 Floppy disk (1.44 MB)
 CD (700MB), DVD (4.7 GB, 8.5 GB)
 Blue ray Disc (25 GB, 32 GB, 50 GB)
 Pen Drive (ranges from 128 MB to 256 GB)
 Magnetic Tapes, Zip disk, etc.
Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer.

It does not carry out any actual data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are:

It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and
instructions among other units of a computer.

It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.

It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets
them and directs the operation of the computer.
It communicates with Input/ Output devices for transfer
of data or results from storage.
It does not process or store data.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
This unit consists of two subsections namely:
ARITHMETIC SECTION
LOGIC SECTION
ARITHMETIC SECTION
Function of Arithmetic section is to perform
arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. All complex operations are
done by making repetitive use of above operations.
LOGIC SECTION
Function of logic section is to perform logic
operations such as comparing, selecting, matching and
merging of data.


Chapter 7
Computer Software

Notes
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
___________________________

Chapter 7
Computer Software
Software
Software is a set of programs which is designed to perform a

well-defined function. A program is a sequence of instructions written
to solve a particular problem.
There are two types of software’s:
System Software
Application software

System Software
Some software applications are installed with an operating

system installation and either depend on the operating system to
function properly or help the operating system function properly.
These kinds of applications are sometimes called system
software because they are installed and, in a way, part of the
operating system.
System software can be essential to the functionality of other
applications as well and not just the operating system. Not all system
software is used directly by users and works in the background.
Others are used in the forefront, like Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE).
While IE is not required for Internet browsing by Windows users,
there are a number of other applications that rely on components of
IE for the proper functionality, including parts of Windows.

Application software
Application software is all the computer software that causes a

computer to perform useful tasks beyond the running of the
computer itself. A specific instance of such software is called
a software application, application program, application or app.
The term is used to contrast such software with system
software, which manages and integrates a computer's capabilities but
does not directly perform tasks that benefit the user. The system
software serves the application, which in turn serves the user.
Examples include accounting software, enterprise
software, graphics software, media players, and office suites. Many
application programs deal principally with documents. Applications
may be bundled with the computer and its system software or
published separately, and can be coded as university projects.
Computer - Data & information
What is Data?
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts or

instruction in a formalized manner, which should be suitable for
communication, interpretation or processing by human or electronic
machine.
Data is represented with the help of characters like alphabets (A-Z, a-
z), digits (0-9) or special characters(+,-,/,*,<,>,=, etc.).

What is Information?
Information is organized or classified data so that it has some

meaningful values to the receiver.
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are
based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify
for the following characteristics:
Timely- Information should be available when required.

Accuracy- Information should be accurate.
Completeness- Information should be complete.

Chapter 8
Operating System

Notes
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

Chapter 8
Operating System
System Software
The system software is collection of programs designed to

operate, control and extend the processing capabilities of the
computer itself. System software’s are generally prepared by
computer manufacturers.
This software’s comprise of programs written in low-level

languages, which interact with the hardware at a very basic level.
System software serves as the interface between hardware and the
end users.
Some examples of system software are Operating System,

Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc.
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between

the software and the computer hardware.
It is an integration set of specialized programs that are used to

manage overall resources and operations of the computer.

It is specialized software that controls and monitors the execution of

all other programs that reside in the computer, including application
programs and other system software.
Objectives of Operating System
Making a computer system convenient to use in an efficient

manner.
To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users.
To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer

system.
To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users

and making it easier for the users to access and use other resources.
Manage the resources of a computer system.
Keep track of who is using which resource, granting resource

requests, according for resource using and mediating conflicting
requests from different programs and users.
The efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and

programs.

Characteristics of Operating System
Memory Management-- It keeps track of primary memory, i.e.,

what parts of it are in use by whom, what parts are not in use, etc.
Allocates the memory when the process or program requests it.
Processor Management-- Allocates the processor (CPU) to a

process. Deallocate processor when processor is no longer required.
Device Management-- Keeps tracks of all devices. This is also

called I/O controller. Decides which process gets the device when
and for how much time.
File Management -- Allocates the resources. Deallocates the resource.
Decides who gets the resources.

Security-- By means of passwords & similar other techniques,

preventing unauthorized access to programs & data.
Job accounting-- Keeping track of time & resources used by

various jobs and/or users.
Control over system performance-- Recording delays between

requests for a service & from the system.
Interaction with the operators-- The interaction may take place

via the console of the computer in the form of instructions. Operating
System acknowledges the same, do the corresponding action and
inform the operation by a display screen.
Error-detecting aids- Production of dumps, traces, error

messages and other debugging and error-detecting methods.
Coordination between other software and users-- Coordination

and assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other
software to the various users of the computer systems
Some of Operating Systems are
Microsoft Operating System
DOS (Disk Operating System)
Windows 7
Windows 8
Windows 9
Windows 10
Windows 95

Windows 98
Windows 98 SE
Windows 2000
Windows Automotive
Windows CE
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows Server 2003
Windows Server 2008
Windows Vista
Windows XP
Linux Operating System
Red Hat
Ubuntu
Omega
Kubuntu
SUSE
Bodhi
Fedora
Android
Android
Beta
Cupcake (Android1.5)

Donut (Android1.5)
Éclair (Android2.0/2.1)
Froyo (Android2.2)
Gingerbread (Android2.3)
Honeycomb (Android 3.0/3.1/3.2)
Ice Cream Sandwich (Android4.0)
Jelly Bean (Android4.1/4.2/4.3)
Kit Kat (Android4.4)
Lollipop(Android 5.0/5.1)
Marshmallow(Android 6.0/6.0.1)
Nougat (Android 7.0/7.1.2)
Oreo (Android 8.0)
Pie (Android 9.0)

Chapter 9
Application Software

Notes
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

Chapter 9
Application software are the software that are designed to

satisfy a particular need of a particular environment. All software’s
prepared by us in the computer lab can come under the category of
Application software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as a

Microsoft's notepad for writing and editing simple text. It may also
consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package,
which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet
package.
Some of the application software’s are as follows
Microsoft office
Photoshop
Coreldraw
Pagemaker
Tally

Types of Application Software:
Word Processing Software: Allows users to create, edit a

document. Example: MS Word, Word Pad etc.
Spreadsheet Software: Allows users to create document and

perform calculation. Example: Excel, Lotus1-2-3 etc.
Database Software: Allows users to store and retrieve vast

amount of data. Example: MS Access, MySQL, Oracle etc.

Presentation Graphic Software: Allows users to create

visual presentation. Example: MS Power Point
Multimedia Software: Allows users to create image, audio,

video etc. Example: Real Player, Media Player etc.
Ownership Rights and Delivery Methods:
Commercial Software: Installation in number of computers is

specified by the software vendor/producer. User only buys the license
to use it. User does not buy the software. He/she may not be allowed
to install a software more than one machine.
Demo Software: A demo version of software may exist for free

but demo version does not include all the key components of the
software.
Shareware: May be free of charge or the software company

may charge a nominal fee. Users can download these kinds of
software from the Internet. Example: Real Player full version, MP3
player full version, different games downloaded from he Internet.
Freeware: Software that are given away for free by the

vendor/producer. Example: Real Player trial version, MP3 Player trial
version etc.
Installed software Vs. Web-Based Software:
Installed Software: Software you buy from market or download

from the Internet to your computer. The software is physically
installed in your computer and runs from your Hard Drive. Usually

these kinds of software are wrapped inside a CD case when you buy
it from market. Example: MS Office, Games etc.
Web Based Software: Software that are run from the Internet.
Example: Online games, Virus protection software that you download
from Internet etc.
Software Suites: Related software programs are sometimes

sold bundled together as a software suite. Example: MS Office. When
you purchase MS Office license you basically purchase the right to
install and use MS Word, MS Excel, Power Point, and FrontPage.
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE):
Embedding: Allows you to copy and paste part of document

from one format (MS Word) to another (Excel).
Linking: Allows you to create a link between a source format

(Excel) and a destination format (Power Point).
In linking if the source file data change the destination data will
change. In Embedding if the source data change destination data
does not change.

Chapter 10
Basic Internet Knowledge

Notes
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
Chapter 10
Basic Internet Knowledge
Introduction:
By the turn of the century, information, including access to the

Internet, will be the basis for personal, economic, and political
advancement. The popular name for the Internet is the information
superhighway. Whether you want to find the latest financial news,
browse through library catalogs, exchange information with
colleagues, or join in a lively political debate, the Internet is the tool
that will take you beyond telephones, faxes, and isolated computers
to a burgeoning networked information frontier.
The Internet supplements the traditional tools you use to
gather information, Data Graphics, News and correspond with other
people. Used skillfully, the Internet shrinks the world and brings
information, expertise, and knowledge on nearly every subject
imaginable straight to your computer.
What is the Internet?
The Internet links are computer networks all over the world so
that users can share resources and communicate with each other.
Some computers, have direct access to all the facilities on the
Internet such as the universities. And other computers, eg privately-
owned ones, have indirect links through a commercial service
provider, who offers some or all of the Internet facilities. In order to
be connected to Internet, you must go through service suppliers.
Many options are offered with monthly rates. Depending on the
option chosen, access time may vary.

The Internet is what we call a meta network, that is, a network

of networks that spans the globe. It's impossible to give an exact
count of the number of networks or users that comprise the Internet,
but it is easily in the thousands and millions respectively. The
Internet employs a set of standardized protocols which allow for the
sharing of resources among different kinds of computers that
communicate with each other on the network. These standards,
sometimes referred to as the Internet Protocol Suite, are the rules
that developers adhere to when creating new functions for the
Internet.
The Internet is also what we call a distributed system; there is
no central archives. Technically, no one runs the Internet. Rather,
the Internet is made up of thousands of smaller networks. The
Internet thrives and develops as its many users find new ways to
create, display and retrieve the information that constitutes the
Internet.

Internet
Internet is a world-wide/global system of interconnected computer

networks.
Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.

IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.212.33.114)
which identifies a computer location.
A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name

to the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a name.
For example, a DNS server will resolve a
name http://www.sparklesoc.com to a particular IP address to
uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted.
Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
Some of extensions used on Internet
EDU Educational sites in the United States

COM Commercial sites in the United States
GOV Government sites in the United States
NET Network administrative organizations
MIL Military sites in the United States
ORG Organizations in the U.S. not covered by the categories above
(e.g., non-profit organizations).


Chapter 11
Working with Windows

Notes
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

Chapter 11
Working with Windows
Starting computer in MS windows mode

Switch on the electric (AC) power supply.
Switch on the volt guard or UPS (uninterrupted power
supply)
Turn on the power switch of the CPU
Turn on the power switch of monitor
Shutdown the computer

Save and close all the programs
Click on start menu
Click on turn off computer
Then you will see
Stand by
Shutdown

Restart
Click on turn off
Some Basic terms related to start button

Start button: It’s the especial button, is used to start almost
all of program based on the windows. When you click the start
button, you will see a menu, which contains everything you
need to begin using windows.
Program: Its display a list of program’s name and program

group that can be directory used.
Document: It displays a list of 15 files which are recently

created or opened.
Setting: It displays a list of system component’s which lets you

to change the configuration as your requirement.
Find: It helps to find the files in your computer.
Run: It helps to run any program by browsing the location and

also used to setup any new program.
Shut down: It enables you to shutdown or restarts your

computer.
Log off: It enables your close the multi user’s desktop setting.
Basic terms related to windows
Desktop: It is the background area of windows on which

windows, icon, menu and dialog box appear.

Icon: Icon is the graphical presentation of the computer's

items. Desktop icons are those icons, which remains on the
desktop.
Taskbar: Taskbar is the grey horizontal line location at the

bottom of the desktop with start button and indicators. It is
especially used for switching between opened programs and
folders.
Typing Skills:
The keyboard we use is QUERTY Keyboard. The figure is given

below:

Desktop Setting & Control

Panel
For Desktop Setting:

Right Click on Desktop
Click on properties.
Or,
Start Control Panel
Display
Then the following box will
occur.
Here:
Themes: Changes the current theme on desktop
Desktop: Changes the wallpapers or fill color on background

of desktop
Screen Saver: Apply screen saver using photo slideshow, text,
flag, ribbons, etc.
Appearance: Just as Themes, but only changes the outlook
for windows & have more customizable option.
Setting: Using this feature, resolution & refresh rate of the
monitor can be adjusted

For Control Panel
On category view:
Changing keyboard setting:
Start Control Panel Keyboard
Changing Mouse Setting:

Start Control Panel Mouse
Changing Time & Date:

Start Control Panel date & Time
Organization files and folders:

You can organize the files and folders by using the My
computer icon from the desktop.
Creating a new folder:

1. Double-click My computer and then double-click the disk
drive or folder in which you want to place the new folder.
2. On the file menu, Select New Folder
or right click on mouse new folder
3. Type the name of the folder and then press enter
Coping or moving a file or folder:

select the item click on edit click copy or move open folder
on which you want to copy the selected item click edit
paste
Deleting the file or folder:

Choose the file or folder direct press delete from keyboard

click on yes, if confirmation is asked.
Renaming a file or folder:

click the right mouse button on selected item click on rename &
write a new name press enter key.
Recycle bin:
It consists of the deleted item for recovery.
We can restore the accidently deleted item form recycle bin. Or
we can delete permanently delete any file from recycle bin
Ms DOS
Ms DOS: Microsoft Disk operating System. It is a popular operating

system developed by Microsoft
Corporation. It is a TUI (Text user Interface). All commands & correct
syntax has to keep in mind & all are
in text form.
Some of the common commands are described below:
dir: used to display any directory (folder)

time: displays current time
date: displays today's date

cls: makes the screen clear

copy: allows user to copy file in different location
del: it delete the files
md: makes a new directory
cd: change any folder to directory
rd: remove directory
ver: displays the version of MS-DOS
exit: close the DOS mode
MS Paint
Starting System
1. Click on start button.

2. Choose program.
3. Choose accessories.
4. Choose paint and click on it,
or,
1. Click on start Button.
2. Click on Run.
3. Type Mspaint inside the box.
4. Click on Ok.

To show| hide Tools, Color box, Status bar:

1. Go to View menu.
2. Enable or disable required options by clicking at once.
Saving your work:

After finishing your work,
1. Go to file menu.
2. Click on save.
Or, Direct press Ctrl + S key.
To close and exit from paint

1. Go to file menu.
2. click on close.
Or, Direct press Alt + f4 key.

3. Then, click on yes, if you want to save and click on

No, if you don't want to save.
To open the stored file:

1. Go to file menu.
2. Click on open, Direct press Ctrl + O key.
Then, Open dialog box will appear.
3. Type the required file name at file name box or,
direct choose the required file, which you want to
open.
4. Click on open.
To get new document:

1. Go to file menu.
2. Click on new.
Or, Direct press Ctrl + N key.
Then, New dialog box will appear.
3. Choose required document type.
4. Click on ok.
Importing existing image:

Go to edit menu click on paste paste from dialog box
choose reqd. image file open.
To flip or rotate:
Select the reqd. figure go to image menu click on flip/
rotate give your option & click on Ok.
To stretch or skew the image:

Go to image menu stretch/skew define needed value
ok

To set the bitmap as desktop wallpaper:

Go to file menu click on Set as wallpaper then selected
bitmap will appear in your desktop.
To edit color:
Go to option menu choose edit color choose the color
click on Ok.
Print:
Go to file menu print.

WordPad
To start WordPad:
1. Start Programs Accessories WordPad
or,
2. Start run type WordPad & press enter.
To show/hide Toolbar, format bar, ruler, status bar:

1. Go to view menu.
2. Put or remove the tick mark from required above items.
To save the document first time:

1. Go to file menu.
2. Click on either or save As.
Or,
direct click on save icon on Toolbar.
Or,
Direct press Ctrl+ s key.

Then, save as dialog box will appear.

3. Give required file name.
4. Click on save.
Methods for selecting the text:

1. One word = Double click any where inside the required word.
2. One paragraph = Triple click any where inside the required
paragraph.
3. One line = single click just in front of required line.
4. Required text: Click the left mouse button either in initial or final
point of the text and drag it up to destination and release it.
5. Whole document = Press ctrl+A key. Or, go to edit menu and click
on select all
Deleting required text:

1. First select required text.
2. Then press either Delete or, Backspace key.
Saving your work:

1. Go to file menu.
2. Click on save.
Or, Direct click on save icon on the toolbar.
Or, Direct press Ctrl + S key.
To close and exit from WordPad

1. Go to file menu.
2. Click on close.
Or, Direct click on close button of the program.
Or, Direct press Alt + f4 key.
3. Then, click on yes, if you want to save and click on No, if you don't
want to save.

To open the stored file:

1. Go to file menu.
2. Click on open button at toolbar (Standard toolbar) Or, Direct press
Ctrl + O key.
Then, Open dialog box will appear.
3. Type the required file name at file name box or, direct choose the
required file, which you want to open.
4. Click on open.
To get new document:

1. Go to file menu.
2. Click on new
Or, direct click on new button at standard toolbar.
Or, Direct press Ctrl + N key.
Then, new dialog box will appear.
3. Choose required document type (either Word 6 document or Rich
text document or,
text document).
4. Click on ok.
Changing Font ,Size and Font color:

1. First select required text.
2. Then click on dropdown arrow of Font size and Font color tool on
the format bar.
3. Select required font, size, and Color from the dropdown list.
Or,
1. Select the required text.
2. Go to Format menu.
3. Click on font.
Then Font dialog box appear:
4. Choose required font, font size and font color.
5. Click on ok.

To change the text appearance/style:

1. First select the required text.
2. Then direct click on B, I, U icon on the format bar as per required.
Or,
3. Direct press:
Ctrl + B= bold, Ctrl+ I =Italic, Ctrl +U = Underline
Or,
1. Go to Format menu.
2. Click on Font.
3. Choose Bold, Italic, Bold & Italic as per required.
4. But, in case of Underline, put the tick mark on Underline.
5. Click on Ok
Undo/redo
1. Click on edit --> undo (to remove changes)
2. Click on edit --> redo (to attain changes)
Alignment:
Alignment is a position of text on a paper. There are 3 types of
alignment in WordPad.
1. Left Alignment.
2. Center Alignment.
3. Right Alignment.
Methods:
1. Select the required text.
2. Direct click on alignment icon on format bar.
Or,
Ctrl+ L= for Left Alignment
Ctrl+ E= for Centre Alignment
Ctrl+ R= for Right Alignment
Or,
1. Go to Format menu
2. Click on paragraph.

3. Click on dropdown arrow of alignment.

4. Choose required one.
5. Click on Ok.
Replacing text:
1. Go to Edit menu.
2. Click on replace
Or, direct press Ctrl+H key.
3. Then type the required word, which you want you want to replace
at find what box.
4. Click on replace all.
Inserting Current date & time

1. Click on insert
2. click on date & time
cut/copy & paste

1. select the item to be copy or cut.
2. click on edit
3. click on cut or copy for the selected item
if you want to paste that item, then click to paste from edit
To print documents:
1. click on file
2. click on print
3. choose your printer & then click on print.
Some useful shortcuts:
ctrl+N open new document

ctrl+O open saved documents
ctrl+S save the current documents

ctrl+C copy the selected item

ctrl+X cut the selected item
ctrl+V paste the selected item
ctrl+Z undo changes
ctrl+Y redo changes
ctrl+P print documents
Accessories & Multimedia:
Media Player:
Click on start button Program Accessories Multimedia
Media player
Go to file menu open browse choose CD
or any drive to choose reqd. media files to play.
Click on open ok
Calculator:
Click on start button Program Accessories Calculator

New Version for windows 7
Recording Sound:
Click on start button Program Accessories Multimedia
Sound recorder
It will produce the following result:


Learn Computer in Simple Steps

Uploaded by

Learn Computer in Simple Steps

Uploaded by

Learning

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services ii

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services

Information contained in this book has been obtained by SPARKLE

 Copyright and under ownership of SPARKLE Multipurpose Services

Chapter 1 Introduction to computers 1

Chapter 2 Computer Fundamentals 11

Chapter 3 Computer Hardware 21

Chapter 4 Introduction to Number system 29

Chapter 5 Type of Computers 37

Chapter 6 Input, Output & Process 45

Chapter 7 Computer Software 53

Chapter 8 Operating System 59

Chapter 9 Application Software 67

Chapter 10 Basic Internet Knowledge 73

Chapter 11 Working with Windows 79

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services v

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services vi

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 1

Nowadays we all use computers in different forms in

Before proceeding ahead we must understand that an

“A computer is an electronic device which can compute

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 3

Computer System is an electronic data processing device,

Computer can be abbreviated in following form

Charles Babbage designed the early computer called

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 4

devices for basic input and output. He is called as "FATHER

History of computers can be studied by five different

First Generation (1821 – 1960)

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 5

The first generations of computers were those computers

Second Generation (1960 – 1965)

With the development of transistors and their use in

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 6

smaller when compared to vacuum tubes. They consumed less

Third Generation (1965- 1970)

With the development of silicon chips. The third

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 7

into picture the size of computers, cost, heat generation and

Fourth Generation (1970 – 1995)

The computers belonging to these generation used

Fifth Generation (1995 and ahead)

The computers belonging to this generation used Integrated

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 8

In today’s world we use computers for Education, Health and

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 9

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 10

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 11

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 12

Identifying different parts of computer

Some of the following components may be similar to what you have

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 13

Used for making selections. There are

Used for entering data, generating commands.

There are 2 types of key board

Types of keys of the board

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 14

Function keys = F1, F2…F12

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 15

Num lock: - It is used to lock and unlock the numeric pad.

The monitor is the visual component

There are two types of Monitors

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 16

The speakers are the audio

Computer System Unit

This is where everything comes together to work. The

The printer is used to develop a hard copy or

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 17

Inkjet Printers (Uses liquid Ink)

Compact Disc (CD)(700MB)

This device is used for storage. Some CDs hold information to

The thumb drive is a portable storage device. You

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 18

Following list demonstrates the disadvantages of Computers in

SPARKLE Multipurpose Services 19