Java™ Technology Concept Map

What is Java Technology? 2

Java Community Process SM
Sun works with
supports the development of ... Java 0
companies become members of the JCP by signing
within the context of the Java Community Process,
JSPA Programming language Java object model

has a

are represented on the

The Java Specification Participation
This diagram is a model of Java™ technology. The diagram provides ... documentation 42 may function as ... developers 23

includes members from

begins with members join the JCP by signing the Agreement is a one-year renewable is defined by the ... Java Language Specification 43

that is an

defines
logo owns the ... Java trademark 1 support the development of ... Java 0 agreement that allows signatories to is used to write ... programs 24 Class libraries are An application programming interface is the Particular to Java, Abstract classes permit child
explains Java technology by placing it in the context of related Java forums often discuss Java in Java developer make(s) ... SDKs 29 make ... SDKs 29 become members of the JCP.

which is
is used to write ... class libraries 10 organized collections written or understood specification of how a interfaces are source code classes to inherit a defined method
4 communities
makes versions of a ... JVM 18
provides
make versions of a ... JVM 18 Companies include
certify Java applications using IBM, Motorola,
Alternatively, developers can sign the
more limited Individual Expert
syntax and of prebuilt classes piece of software interacts with the outside files that define a set of or to create groups of related
concepts and examples, and by defining its major components is represented on Nokia, Oracle, Participation Agreement (IEPA).
The Java language has roots in C, Objective C,
SmallTalk, and LISP. keywords and functions used to
create other classes.
world. It specifies what input the application
or application component accepts, how the
functions (methods) that
are required by a class.
classes for polymorphic behavior.
Novell, Netscape, Class libraries can be software will behave, and what output it will Interfaces name methods
and the connections between them. It shows how developers

ho
Hewlett-Packard, alternate 9 object-oriented programming language is based on the

sts
part of the Java provide. All computer software relies on a and set an expectation for
Apple, and BEA.
specification leads expert groups consist of members of Java Community overseen by the Executive

is organized by
5 8 standard – meaning variety of APIs to achieve tasks such as each method's behavior,
use Java technology to create programs that benefit people and do the work of the implementations As opposed to a purely procedural they have been writing a file or displaying text. APIs often but do not implement the superclass (parent class) may be an abstract class
(spec leads) Process (JCP) develops Committee comments on SM

are led by
draft
There are two programming language. ratified by the Java depend on other APIs. methods. Interfaces allow
executive Alternate implementations are written

ha
everywhere, and explains how computers and networks relate to the same specification and pass the Community Process – a piece of code to be

champion

s
committees:
J2EE/J2SE and TCK, but can be licensed differently or created by
individual developers
10 class libraries implement 13 APIs written in such a way that
the code can work with
to Java technology. and may have enhanced features principles provide benefits and advantages subclass (child class) inherits methods and properties from a

contain multiple

are ratified by... the JCP

define
J2ME. for their own or their any type of class that
beyond the reference may also be a

may rely on parent's

may define new

may override existing

company's use. supports the interface.

such as
object-oriented programming language 9
3 Java Specification if accepted becomes a communitymay become a 6 public may become a new Java specification is instantiated in a Reference Implementation Such as the object
model, inheritance, 14 interfaces

definition of ... Java

is added to the
explicit error handling 22 Request (JSR) A proposal to develop draft draft AsomeJava specification describes & Technology Compatibility Kit (TCK) modularity,
The diagram is intended to help developers who are familiar garbage collection 21 a new specification aspect of Java technology, abstraction, hierarchy, reduced development time

is submitted to
including language, virtual A Reference Implementation is is added to the implementation Runtime instances of classes.
security model 20 or significant revision
machines, platform editions, a working example of the JSR. definition of ... Java 0
hiding, information ability to write higher-quality code
11 packages 15 objects may implement
with one part of the Java platform understand other parts. It architecturally independent applications 19 to an existing spec. may be implemented in

contain multiple
may
multiple
may contain
implement
profiles, and APIs. Other companies will produce hiding, encapsulation, are runtime instances of ... classes 12

through
used
can be
Java virtual machine 18
their own implementations. and polymorphism. more maintainable code

s
have

which is
methods and fields

2
a
relates unfamiliar technologies to ones with which developers

ch
The TCK is a suite of tests,
features and benefits are created by

su
Program maintenance tools, and documentation that ability to call non-Java functions

0
by
may already be familiar. The diagram also provides an overview 7 provides a standard way of serialization

ed
administers the
logo Java Native Interface (JNI) provides a method for calling native

ish
testing an implementation for
Management Office chairs the lead may request major revisions via In runtime, refers to the process of Scope limits access to methods and properties. Levels include:

gu
functions such as operating system or legacy library functions.
compliance with a Java
classes implement scope

tin
has a
Classes are source • public: can be called or manipulated freely
for developers who are new to Java technology and an exists within may revise 12 turning an object into a data stream for

dis
specification.

Java
code files that running in RAM are purposes of transmission or storage. • protected: can be called or manipulated by a class in the same package

is

define
introduction for non-programmers who want to improve their 0 is a 1 trademark 18
Java virtual machine Architecturally dependent machines that are available
for nearly every contemporary operating system.
describe a unit of
programming. A class
relates a set of data
may be categorized as
are constrained by
• private: can be called or manipulated only by the same class.

are distinguished by types field types can be primitives or object references

ability to converse with developers. For more information, (JVM )
TM
(fields) and functions
Java virtual machine specification is defined by the (methods) that use field or class types can be... classes 12

refer to ... objects

the data.
visit the web site at http://java.sun.com. Primitives

have
generally enable
enables 19 architecturally independent applications Inner classes reside inside inner classes methods constructors fields define a location to store data basic math or

Development process another class, allowing comparison

en
operations.

manipulate
constrained by
are

constrained by
are
consist of
ab
portability One

ma
are defi
application can run in multiple environments for better organization. Methods are
Concept Maps

le

y
Fields are

inv ne r
without being rewritten or recompiled. Should not be confused

begins with
detailed

ok equ

15
sometimes
development environments may include tools such as

ed ir
16 17 with subclasses. instructions that
The diagram takes the form of a concept map – a web of linked referred to as

by ed
cause a running or on ... objects 15
properties.

may consist of
are used to write, test, and debug enforces a 20 security model controls access to critical resources object to take ... interfaces 14
terms showing both overall structure and details. By showing Including memory and hard drive. action or
manipulate data.
Java developers often use specific development environments
everything – the forest and the trees – in a single view, concept called Integrated Development Environments, or IDEs.
Application
visual programming tools text editor compiler virtual machine debugger by Just-In-Time compilation
maps help people visualize mental models and clarify thoughts. pro
ved
programming

are used to build the

outline

lay out

is used to create

compiles source code into

byte code into

translates

problems with
helps identify
allows adjustment of ... objects
A software utility Significantly improves virtual machine interface
im
that turns be performance by translating groups of statements declarations comments Notes that developers include to specification.
human-readable can instructions from byte code to machine explain source code to
API spec

can be
Class structures class user interface text files into improves performance can code rather than one instruction at a In running In running themselves and others.
In concept maps, verbs connect nouns to form propositions. be programs, programs,

he
to create and run
are basic source time.

behavior of ... APIs

defines the
is a name for a ... programming language machine- im
structures frameworks

st
code that pro statements declarations define

sa
is also a name for ... SDKs and JREs friendly byte ved Javadoc TM
Javadoc browsable

rve
provides a prescribe actions a variable's
Examples and details accompany the terms. More important

the generation of
contribute to

of ... classes 12
are examples

the generation of
contribute to
defines a set of ... APIs 13 code. by

se
Basic source code that
is implemented as a set of ... platforms 27
framework
for the classes, describes the graphical dynamic compilation or a sequence of
actions.
existence and
determine scope. comments are processed by the tool to create documentation
terms receive visual emphasis; less important terms and can be used to write ... programs 24 describes the user interface. Goes beyond Just-in-Time compilation by
se

examining the code as it runs and Comments specifically formatted to

Downloads and documentation are
class hierarchy, Does not include
implementation details.
source code byte code machine instructions focusing optimization efforts on the most be processed by the Javadoc tool.
examples are in gray. Purple terms and purple lines indicate a and provides the

defines

is stored in

constitute a

as running ... objects

may be thought of
Is human Is platform Are processor critical pieces of code as it executes.

13
available at http://java.sun.com.

15
names of the Dynamic compilation is enacted by the
readable. independent. It dependent. They can
du

process. Terms followed by a number link to terms preceded Selected Java products have been
class methods
and properties.
source code framework is edited in the almost never can be read by the implements 21 garbage collection Java HotSpotTM virtual machine.

people
localized into many languages. This Does not include The combination of the class
is the foundation for
the completed classes 12 be read by the
processor
processor directly.
Watching for data in memory that is no longer needed and freeing the memory for reuse.
by the same number. localization is one of the key factors implementation
fragment or

stored in
are
structures and the user interface directly. Other programming languages require programmers to free memory explicitly when a
for adoption of Java technology details (method framework into a skeleton of the piece of data is no longer needed, which can increase the development effort.
an

worldwide. definitions). application's overall source code. Does

not include implementation details.
application
Are human-readable. text files binary files explicit error handling

contributes to
when debugged,

may find a
testing

15
implements 22
Usually have the

are read by a

run on a
suffixes .java or .jav. Are computer- The virtual machine may encounter a problem, or exception, while a program is running.
The software development process is iterative, with several The Java language requires that pieces of code which are likely to encounter a particular
rn

rounds of designing, writing, compiling, running, and testing readable.

Binary files error offer a mechanism for handling the exception at runtime. When an error is
before software is deployed.
usually have bug is trapped by a encountered, the virtual machine executes the code designed to respond to the error.
the suffixes
le a

.jar, .jcm,
.class, .ear, or

Developers devices
.war. 25
23

or
are used by

lf
support ... services 26
such as ... hardware 31

en
may download and install ... JREs 30

ga
ef u
often own ... hardware 31

ge
in
some of whom are ... developers 23 activities

and the

are facilitated by
Including getting information, communicating,

ke
such as ... applications 28 collaborating, playing, working, creating, and buying

programs
Java technology is especially

us
may submit or comment on a ... Java Specification Request 3 enable ... services 26 useful in devices that are and selling.
who are members of the Java Community Process serve on ... expert groups 5 run on and connect ... devices 25 connected by a network.

ma
form ... Java developer communities 4

internet
comment on a ... public draft 6 24
participate in the ... Java Community Process 2
26 services
may request revisions from the ... maintenance lead 7

are instantiated in
connects ... devices 25 Including news services, instant messaging services,
who are members of the JCP elect the ... executive committee 8 e-mail services, communication software, collaboration

at
supports
often use ... development environments 16 software, discussion forums, games, the world wide web,
supports ... web services 33
participate in the ... development process productivity software, image-creation software, and
marketplace services.

th
software is developed with ... platforms
Including servers, web-based solutions, stand-alone
applications, and clients.

Java 2 Platform: TM

end-to-end solutions for enterprise servers and applications for desktop servers and applications for consumer and embedded servers and applications 42 Documentation is available via http://java.sun.com.

such as
Java 2 Platform Micro Edition is intended to run on devices
27 platforms 32 J2EE TM
depends upon 35 J2SE TM
is based on subsets of 39 J2ME TM
with limited computing power, such as cell phones or PDAs. Java Card TM
Java TV TM
Java Embedded
Server (JES)
provide building blocks for

Java 2 Platform Standard Edition is intended to run TM

build and run
is used to

build and run

is used to
J2ME has reduced processor and memory requirements. It is

is used to build and run

is used to build and run

is used to build and run

Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition is

used to build secure, scalable, on desktops, laptops, and workstations. J2SE also based on subsets of J2SE with additional components for

build and run

is used to
distributable server-based includes the core language packages and classes market segments such as hand-held devices.
applications for large enterprises. used by J2EE and J2ME.

J2EE J2SE J2ME other

documentation documentation documentation documentation

such as

documents ... J2EE

specifies and

such as

documents ... J2SE

specifies and

such as

documents ... J2ME

specifies and

such as
28 applications enterprise applications such as web-based and client/server such as 33 web services may be enabled by
are enabled by
applications embedded desktop applications specialized PDA cell phone applications for use interactive television embedded Includes Web
Services, Getting
applications applications in a web page run inside a ... web browser embedded applications applications applications with Smart Cards applications applications

are
are composed of

have

A standardized way 34
run on

Started, Java XML,

of integrating and Internationalization,
are

built with
are

may be

built with
may be
built with
may be

built with
are

are built with

are built with

are built with the

shaping business logic, Such as ATMs and Such as user-controlled camera Such as home services and Sound, and Java 2D.
data, and processes point-of-sale services. views and video on demand. network-aware automobiles.
across a network.

32

35

39
runnable components are configured by business logic is described by server components have interfaces provided by client components always have user interfaces provides a 34 web browser 36 J2SE applets Extend the applet class, which
provides developers with a basic
38 J2SE applications Implement a main method. A class that
defines an application must declare a
40 J2ME J2ME 41 MIDlets run in a Java Card applets Java TV Xlets
can call other can be ... J2SE applets 36
may be interpreted by a

applets applications

are built using

are built using
may run inside a

are built using

are composed of

is housed in

are configured by a
are run in
may utilize the
are

Components that can framework for rapid development of run inside an main method, which the Java virtual J2EE Platform J2SE Platform J2ME Platform tutorials

are built using a

can be ... J2SE applications 38

are built using

run on their own. a limited application. This includes a machine uses as the starting point for Specification Specification Specification

run in a
are built using

are built using

can be ... J2ME applets 40
basic user interface framework and the application. The main method gets 43
can be ... MIDlets 41 event model. executed when the application starts. Specifies that the entire Includes the JLS and Specifies which parts Java Language
J2SE JLS is applicable to documentation of the JLS are Specification (JLS)
J2EE, includes additional describing what the applicable to J2ME,
specifications for J2EE, platform packages are what features the JVM Provides a complete
components Enterprise never directly build servlets may directly build JavaServer always directly build Java Card API Java TV APIs Java Embedded specifies what features and what features the must support, and specification for the
syntax and semantics of
JavaBeans (EJB) TM
Pages (JSP ) embed programming code in a TM TM
are built using
run inside a

the JVM must support, JVM must support. what the platform
markup language
are composed of

Server

defines a
is contained in the

run on
Cannot function on their Servlets respond to Includes specific Depend on the Java the Java programming
and what the platform packages are.
own, but are used by other deployment an URL request. JavaBeans TM
packages: Media Framework
is one type of

language.
run inside an
are built using

framework
run inside a
are built using

components or runnable Enterprise JavaBeans Servlets commonly JSPs define a page Can be HTML, packages are.
java.lang (JMF), which is
descriptor
are built with

components. define independent pieces generate HTML, XML, element, which can be WML, XHTML, Discrete units of software

runs on a
javacard.framework optional to J2SE but Specifies packages: Mobile Information
of business logic or or dynamic images. HTML, XML, or another or voice XML. functionality that conform to the Java BluePrints
read configurations from a

javacard.security required for Java TV. http Device Profile (MIDP)

application behavior that They can call other markup language. JSPs JavaBeans API and are designed to be javacardx.crypto
can call either servlets, servlets, JSPs, or execute as servlets. reusable components. The JavaBeans log Specification Guidelines, patterns,
JSPs, or other EJBs. EJBs. They can call other Extensible Markup API makes it particularly easy for device access and code for end-to-end
applications.
JSPs, servlets, or EJBs. Beans to be utilized by visual timers
Language (XML) programming tools. (In an framework Foundation Profile
Provides a structured and architecture analogy, these would be Specification
extensible mechanism for prebuilt walls, windows, or doors.) Profiles are packages required
organizing and presenting data. for a particular vertical J2EE Connector Connected Limited
Many Java packages and classes Device Configuration
containers connector EJB utilize XML to store and exchange Also referred to as required or core market segment or set of Specification
packages, platform packages are the related devices. Other profiles (CLDC) Specification
data.
architecture container web container
run inside a
can be a

Manage heart of the Java programming include Foundation, Game,

transactions, language. The packages include Optional packages define Personal Basis Profile, and PDA.
Connected Device
is created by a

can be created by
is contained in

life-cycles,
and data
Provides a mechanism
for connecting to legacy
Simple Object myriad classes that define user
interface components, a
a set of methods to
address specific
Configuration (CDC)
persistence. information systems. Access Protocol programming event model, text and functionality required for Specification
math processing tools, code-level certain specialized
(SOAP) security, objects for memory storage applications. Applications
There are several PersonalJava
Provides a way for applications of complex data, and methods for that require optional
to communicate. SOAP is invoking remote applications, to packages must be shipped implementations of Specification
name just a few. with the package code. Mobile Information
typically transmitted via HTTP. Device Profile,
including MIDP for
Personal Profile
Sometimes referred to as Specification
packages or required or core packages. J2EE platform include ... platform packages 37 UDDI 37 platform packages are contained in the J2SE optional packages are optional are J2ME Personal such as Profiles such as MIDP Palm 1.0.3, MIDP
1.04 for Monty, and

depend on
are contained in

depends on
libraries are ... class libraries packages packages optional Profile (PP)
for example

10 Universal Description, MIDP 2.0. Personal Basis Profile

for example

Discovery, and Integration

depends on
packages Specification
may become platform packages via the ... JCP
are contained in

include

provides a way for businesses

to discover each other. Can
is used to build applications

also be used programmatically J2EE API Specification J2SE API Specification J2ME API Specification
J2EE specific by applications to locate an Beans Swing Java regular Java 3D TM
JavaHelp TM Connected Limited
Device Configuration On handheld and
and services based on

application or service.
packages A component kit that
provides a set of graphical
expressions A set of classes A system that
includes specific
packages that are
embedded devices, the
initial implementation
Mobile Information
A powerful set of text matching and used to write enables Connected Device CDC such as configurations such as CLDC of Java technology Device Profile (MIDP)
Examples include: user interface elements. subsets of the J2SE
Swing can be used to rapidly manipulation routines supported by three-dimensional developers to Configuration
equivalent: Includes the necessary addresses the software API Documents
includes a

include a

are contained in

subset of a
contains a
¡avax.activation graphics applets incorporate includes specific A set of
javax.ejb build applications without many programming languages. java.io tools, emulators, and needs of networked
or applications. online help in packages that are packages that runtime environment applications running
javax.servlet writing original code to Java technology implements
applications or subsets of the J2SE define basic
java.lang Connected Limited
support common interface Perl-compatible regular java.util to develop and test on consumer devices
javax.transaction web sites. equivalent: services for a applets for the Java such as set-top boxes Device Configuration
javax.xml elements. Supports a native javax.microedition.io
29 Software Development J2EE Software Development Kit contains Java Web Services Developer Pack look and feel on many
java.lang range of Card platform. and smart phones. (CLDC) API Documents
Kits (SDKs) Includes the binary version of the J2EE Reference is used to build ... web services 33 common operating systems. J2SE Software java.util
java.net
devices.
Implementation, plus the development tools and Provides a framework for developing and hosting J2EE applications Development Kit java.io Java Card PersonalJava TM
Connected Device
may include ... tools 17 Configuration (CDC)
include

runs on a
documentation needed to build a J2EE application. java.text
that run inside web containers. The pack includes the Java APIs for Development A JVM can be
2

are used in ... development environments 16 The J2SE SDK includes the source code, java.security API Documents
include ... class libraries 10 XML included in the Java XML Pack, the JavaServer Pages Standard
Tag Library (JSTL), the Ant build tool, the Java WSDP Registry Server,
class libraries, development tools, and J2ME Kit
optimized
for residential
runtime environment required to build
are used to create ... programs 24 and the Tomcat Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages container. Java applications and applets. Wireless gateway servers. Java Series Java Series Java Series
Toolkit
30 Java runtime environments Java virtual is instantiated by J2EE Java-enabled Java Plug-In may be enabled by a Java-enabled may be enabled by an operating system-based Java virtual machine Java Card Java virtual Java virtual J2EE Tutorials J2SE Tutorials J2ME Tutorials
(JREs) include a machine runs on application web server browser or viewer Java virtual machine virtual machine machine machine
runs on

runs on

Some browsers may be Java-enabled A JVM can be optimized for cell phones, The J2ME Wireless
include ... packages 11 Jini TM
because they include the Java Plug-In. PDAs, and other similarly resourced devices. Toolkit includes the
runs on

server
runs on

runs on

runs on

runs on
Can host EJBs, A JVM can be optimized
runs inside a ... web browser

runs on

Some JVMs are Some JVMs are optimized for various types
run on

are used to run ... programs 24 Jini network technology provides Some users may need to download necessary tools, for set-top boxes.
optimized for servers. servlets and of laptops, workstations, and desktops. emulators,
runs on

Hosts EJBs, JSPs. one infrastructure for delivering the Java Plug-In for their browsers.
A JRE is the software environment in servlets and JSPs. Installing the Java Plug-In will also documentation, and Acknowledgements Trademarks
which programs compiled for the Java services in a network and for
creating spontaneous interaction install the J2SE runtime environment. examples to develop
virtual machine can run. The runtime and simulate Java Prepared for the Sun Developer Web Services Group © 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
between programs that use Windows SunOSTM HP-UX Palm OS, Windows CE, by Dubberly Design Office/Devine/Faris/Saddler. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Java, the Java
operating system comprises everything necessary to
run programs written in the Java
Solaris, Linux, Windows, those services.
Mac OS AIX Compaq Tru64 RTOS, Linux, Symbian OS,
applications targeted
at cell phones,
Windows real-time operating proprietary coffee cup logo, J2EE, J2SE, J2ME, Enterprise JavaBeans,
systems HP-UX, AIX, FreeBSD SolarisTM systems
programming language, including the Unix Alpha beOS proprietary systems pagers, PDAs, and
proprietary systems systems (RTOS) Significant contributions from the following people EJB, JavaBeans, Java Card, Java Community Process,
run on

Java virtual machine, which may be a Java other small devices.

run on

Linux RS6000 VMS made this map possible: Josh Bloch, Lisa Friendly, JCP, Javadoc, Java Embedded Server, JavaHelp, JavaServer
run on

run on

run on
interpreter, and the platform packages.

run on
Telematic networks
JREs may be developed by Sun or by other Irix FreeBSD connect computers with
Doug Kramer, Paul Pangaro, Robert Patten, Monica Pages, JSP, Java TV, Java 3D, Jini, JVM, PersonalJava,
34

companies. SolarisTM NeXT telecommunications Pawlan, Carla Schroer, Leigh Shevchik, Alan Sommerer, Solaris, and SunOS are registered trademarks of Sun
systems. Ken Tallman, and James Urquhart. Microsystems, Inc.
run on

run on

network-aware Thanks also to Cindy Bloch, Adam Cohn, Andrey Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the
31 specific devices (hardware) servers personal workstations point-of-sale (POS) Java Card, subscriber televisions appliances, Dikanskiy, Larry Freeman, Dale Green, Joann Gray, authors. Comments are welcome; contact Audrey Crane
systems, pagers, cell identity module (SIM)
computers phones, and personal phones, and automobiles, and Cori Kaylor, Onno Kluyt, Stuart Marks, Shawn Moore, at audrey@dubberly.com.
digital assistants (PDAs) multi-application smart Telematic networks Chuck Mosher, Shaler Ney, Eduardo Pelegri-Llopart,
cards Lori Uzzo, Brad Wetmore, and Hinkmond Wong. February 14, 2003