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OSS Objectmentor Design Principles and Design Patterns

This document provides an introduction to the Linux operating system. It discusses that Linux is an open-source, Unix-like operating system originally created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It describes some of the key events in the development of Linux, including the GNU project which developed many of the core utilities, and how Linux distributions like Ubuntu, openSUSE, and Red Hat were created by bundling the Linux kernel with additional software. It also provides an overview of some basic Linux concepts like shells, kernels, logging into the system, and changing passwords.

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Sowath Yorn
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
106 views

OSS Objectmentor Design Principles and Design Patterns

This document provides an introduction to the Linux operating system. It discusses that Linux is an open-source, Unix-like operating system originally created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It describes some of the key events in the development of Linux, including the GNU project which developed many of the core utilities, and how Linux distributions like Ubuntu, openSUSE, and Red Hat were created by bundling the Linux kernel with additional software. It also provides an overview of some basic Linux concepts like shells, kernels, logging into the system, and changing passwords.

Uploaded by

Sowath Yorn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter1

Introduction to Linux System

Mr. Chea Samnang


Linux Lecturer
What is open source

• Open source: software and source code


available to all

– The freedom to distribute software and


source code

– The ability to modify and create


derived works

– Integrity of author’s code


GNU’s ( not UNIX )

• The GNU project wad started in 1983 for


developing a complete Unix-like
operating system, including software
development tool and application
programs, entirely of free software

• By the release of the first version of the


Linux kernel, the GNU project had
produced all the necessary components
of this system except the kernel
Linux Origins

• 1984: The GNU Project and the Free


Software Foundation
– Create open source version of UNIX
utilities
– Create the General Public License (GPL)
• Software license enforcing open source
principles
• 1991: Linus Tarvalds
– Create open source, UNIX-like kernel,
released under the GPL
What is LINUX

• Linux is a free Unix-type


operating system originally
created by Linus Torvalds
with the assistance of
developers around the
world.

• It originated in 1991 as a
personal project of Linus
Torvalds, a Finnish
graduate student.
What is LINUX

• The Kernel version 1.0 was released in


1994 and today the most recent stable
version is 2.6.9.

• Developed under the GNU General


Public License , the source code for Linux
is freely available to everyone.
LINUX Principles

• Everything is a file (including hardware)

• Small, single-purpose programs

• Ability to chain programs together to


perform complex task

• Configuration data stored in text


LINUX distribution

• Ubuntu
• openSUSE
• Debian
• Redhat
– Fedora
– Centos
– Redhat Enterprise Linux
• Moon OS
• Slackware
Feature of Linux Operating System

• Open Source development model

• Supports wide variety of hardware

• Supports many networking protocol and


configurations

• Supports more file systems


LINUX Kernel

• The kernel is the essential center of a


computer operating system, the core that
provides basic services for all other part
of the operating system.

• A kernel can be contrasted with a shell,


shell is the outmost part of an operating
system that interacts with user
commands
LINUX Structure

Users

Shell
Linux Kernel
Hardware
LINUX Shells

• Bash shell (Bourne again shell)


– Developed for the GNU Project
– The actual standard Linux shell
– Default shell for Red Hat Linux
• Borne shell (sh)
– Original Unix Shell written by Bill Joy at UC
Barkeley
• C shell (csh)
– Added many features such as command
and job control
Red Hat Distributions

• Linux distribution are OSs based on the


Linux kernel
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux
– Stable, thoroughly tested software
– Professional support services
• The Fedora Project
– More and newer applications
– Community supported ( no official Red
Hat support)
– For personal systems
The Fedora Project

• Red Hat sponsored open source project


• Focused on latest open source
technology
• Rapid four to six month release cycle
• Available as free download from the
Internet
• Red Hat does no provide formal support
Fedora Core and Fedora Extra

• Fedora Core
- The Fedora Core software repository
contained the base packages require
to run Fedora.

• Fedora Extra
- Extra packages were generally
obtained online, and could be
downloaded with yum or other
package management software.
Logging into a Linux System

• Two types of login screens:


- Virtual consoles (text-based)
- Graphical logins (called display manager)

• Login using login name and password

• Each user has a home directory for


personal file storage
Virtual Console and Graphical Login

• A typical Linux system will run six virtual


consoles and one graphical login
– Server system often have only virtual console
– Desktops and workstation typically has both

• Switch among virtual consoled by


pressing Ctrl + Alt + (F2—F7)

• Access the graphical console by pressing


Ctrl + Alt + F1
Starting and Terminating Linux System

• Login
– Process of initiating a Linux Operating
System session

• Logout
– Process of terminating a Linux
Operating System session
Elements of the X Window System

• The X Window System is Linux’s


graphical subsystem
• Xorg is particular version of the X Window
System used by Red Hat
– Open source implementation of X
• Desktop environments provided by Red
Had:
– GNOME: the default desktop environment
– KDE: an alternate desktop environment
Starting the X server

• On some systems, the X server starts


automatically at boot time
• Otherwise, if system come up in virtual
consoles, users must start the X server
manually
• The X server must be pre-configured by
the system administrator
- Log into a virtual console and run startx
- The X server appears on Ctrl+Alt+F1
Changing Your Password

• Password control access to the system


– Change the password the first time you log in
– Change the regularly thereafter
– Select a password that is hard to guess

• To change your password from a


terminal:
# passwd username
The root User

• The root user


– a special administrative user account
– Also called the super user
– root has near complete control over
the system
• Do not login as root
The End

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