Unix Notes

Basic UNIX commands

Note: not all of these are actually part of UNIX itself, and you may not find them on
all UNIX machines. But they can all be used on turing in essentially the same way, by
typing the command and hitting return. Note that some of these commands are
different on non-Solaris machines - see SunOS differences.
If you've made a typo, the easiest thing to do is hit CTRL-u to cancel the whole line.
But you can also edit the command line (see the guide to More UNIX).
UNIX is case-sensitive.

Files

 ls --- lists your files

ls -l --- lists your files in 'long format', which contains lots of useful
information, e.g. the exact size of the file, who owns the file and who has the
right to look at it, and when it was last modified.
ls -a --- lists all files, including the ones whose filenames begin in a dot, which
you do not always want to see.
There are many more options, for example to list files by size, by date,
recursively etc.
 more filename --- shows the first part of a file, just as much as will fit on one
screen. Just hit the space bar to see more or q to quit. You can use /pattern to
search for a pattern.
 emacs filename --- is an editor that lets you create and edit a file. See
the emacs page.
 mv filename1 filename2 --- moves a file (i.e. gives it a different name, or
moves it into a different directory (see below)
 cp filename1 filename2 --- copies a file
 rm filename --- removes a file. It is wise to use the option rm -i, which will ask
you for confirmation before actually deleting anything. You can make this your
default by making an aliasin your .cshrc file.
 diff filename1 filename2 --- compares files, and shows where they differ
 wc filename --- tells you how many lines, words, and characters there are in a
file
 chmod options filename --- lets you change the read, write, and execute
permissions on your files. The default is that only you can look at them and
change them, but you may sometimes want to change these permissions. For
example, chmod o+r filename will make the file readable for everyone,
and chmod o-r filename will make it unreadable for others again. Note that
for someone to be able to actually look at the file the directories it is in need
to be at least executable. See help protection for more details.
 File Compression
o gzip filename --- compresses files, so that they take up much less space.
Usually text files compress to about half their original size, but it
depends very much on the size of the file and the nature of the
contents. There are other tools for this purpose, too (e.g. compress),
but gzip usually gives the highest compression rate. Gzip produces files
with the ending '.gz' appended to the original filename.
o gunzip filename --- uncompresses files compressed by gzip.
o gzcat filename --- lets you look at a gzipped file without actually having
to gunzip it (same as gunzip -c). You can even print it directly,
using gzcat filename | lpr
 printing
o lpr filename --- print. Use the -P option to specify the printer name if
you want to use a printer other than your default printer. For example,
if you want to print double-sided, use 'lpr -Pvalkyr-d', or if you're at
CSLI, you may want to use 'lpr -Pcord115-d'. See 'help printers' for more
information about printers and their locations.
o lpq --- check out the printer queue, e.g. to get the number needed for
removal, or to see how many other files will be printed before yours will
come out
o lprm jobnumber --- remove something from the printer queue. You can
find the job number by using lpq. Theoretically you also have to specify
a printer name, but this isn't necessary as long as you use your default
printer in the department.
o genscript --- converts plain text files into postscript for printing, and
gives you some options for formatting. Consider making an alias
like alias ecop 'genscript -2 -r \!* | lpr -h -Pvalkyr' to print two pages on
one piece of paper.
o dvips filename --- print .dvi files (i.e. files produced by LaTeX). You can
use dviselect to print only selected pages. See the LaTeX page for more
information about how to save paper when printing drafts.
Directories
Directories, like folders on a Macintosh, are used to group files together in a
hierarchical structure.

 mkdir dirname --- make a new directory

 cd dirname --- change directory. You basically 'go' to another directory, and
you will see the files in that directory when you do 'ls'. You always start out in
your 'home directory', and you can get back there by typing 'cd' without
arguments. 'cd ..' will get you one level up from your current position. You
don't have to walk along step by step - you can make big leaps or avoid
walking around by specifying pathnames.
 pwd --- tells you where you currently are.

Finding things

 ff --- find files anywhere on the system. This can be extremely useful if you've
forgotten in which directory you put a file, but do remember the name. In
fact, if you use ff -p you don't even need the full name, just the beginning. This
can also be useful for finding other things on the system, e.g. documentation.
 grep string filename(s) --- looks for the string in the files. This can be useful a
lot of purposes, e.g. finding the right file among many, figuring out which is
the right version of something, and even doing serious corpus work. grep
comes in several varieties (grep, egrep, and fgrep) and has a lot of very
flexible options. Check out the man pages if this sounds good to you.

About other people

 w --- tells you who's logged in, and what they're doing. Especially useful: the
'idle' part. This allows you to see whether they're actually sitting there typing
away at their keyboards right at the moment.
 who --- tells you who's logged on, and where they're coming from. Useful if
you're looking for someone who's actually physically in the same building as
you, or in some other particular location.
 finger username --- gives you lots of information about that user, e.g. when
they last read their mail and whether they're logged in. Often people put
other practical information, such as phone numbers and addresses, in a file
called .plan. This information is also displayed by 'finger'.
 last -1 username --- tells you when the user last logged on and off and from
where. Without any options, last will give you a list of everyone's logins.
  talk username --- lets you have a (typed) conversation with another user
 write username --- lets you exchange one-line messages with another user
 elm --- lets you send e-mail messages to people around the world (and, of
course, read them). It's not the only mailer you can use, but the one we
recommend. See the elm page, and find out about the departmental mailing
lists (which you can also find in /user/linguistics/helpfile).

About your (electronic) self

 whoami --- returns your username. Sounds useless, but isn't. You may need to
find out who it is who forgot to log out somewhere, and make sure *you*
have logged out.
 finger & .plan files
of course you can finger yourself, too. That can be useful e.g. as a quick check
whether you got new mail. Try to create a useful .plan file soon. Look at other
people's .plan files for ideas. The file needs to be readable for everyone in
order to be visible through 'finger'. Do 'chmod a+r .plan' if necessary. You
should realize that this information is accessible from anywhere in the world,
not just to other people on turing.
 passwd --- lets you change your password, which you should do regularly (at
least once a year). See the LRB guide and/or look at help password.
 ps -u yourusername --- lists your processes. Contains lots of information about
them, including the process ID, which you need if you have to kill a process.
Normally, when you have been kicked out of a dialin session or have
otherwise managed to get yourself disconnected abruptly, this list will contain
the processes you need to kill. Those may include the shell (tcsh or whatever
you're using), and anything you were running, for example emacs or elm. Be
careful not to kill your current shell - the one with the number closer to the
one of the ps command you're currently running. But if it happens, don't
panic. Just try again :) If you're using an X-display you may have to kill some X
processes before you can start them again. These will show only when you
use ps -efl, because they're root processes.
 kill PID --- kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave. This works only for
your own processes, of course. Get the ID by using ps. If the process doesn't
'die' properly, use the option -9. But attempt without that option first,
because it doesn't give the process a chance to finish possibly important
business before dying. You may need to kill processes for example if your
modem connection was interrupted and you didn't get logged out properly,
which sometimes happens.
  quota -v --- show what your disk quota is (i.e. how much space you have to
store files), how much you're actually using, and in case you've exceeded your
quota (which you'll be given an automatic warning about by the system) how
much time you have left to sort them out (by deleting or gzipping some, or
moving them to your own computer).
 du filename --- shows the disk usage of the files and directories
in filename (without argument the current directory is used). du -s gives only a
total.
 last yourusername --- lists your last logins. Can be a useful memory aid for
when you were where, how long you've been working for, and keeping track
of your phonebill if you're making a non-local phonecall for dialling in.

Connecting to the outside world

 nn --- allows you to read news. It will first let you read the news local to turing,
and then the remote news. If you want to read only the local or remote news,
you can use nnl or nnr, respectively. To learn more about nn type nn, then
\tty{:man}, then \tty{=.*}, then \tty{Z}, then hit the space bar to step through
the manual. Or look at the man page. Or check out thehypertext nn FAQ -
probably the easiest and most fun way to go.
 rlogin hostname --- lets you connect to a remote host
 telnet hostname --- also lets you connect to a remote host.
Use rlogin whenever possible.
 ftp hostname --- lets you download files from a remote host which is set up as
an ftp-server. This is a common method for exchanging academic papers and
drafts. If you need to make a paper of yours available in this way, you can
(temporarily) put a copy in /user/ftp/pub/TMP. For more permanent
solutions, ask Emma. The most important commands within ftp are get for
getting files from the remote machine, and put for putting them there
(mget and mput let you specify more than one file at once). Sounds
straightforward, but be sure not to confuse the two, especially when your
physical location doesn't correspond to the direction of the ftp connection
you're making. ftp just overwrites files with the same filename. If you're
transferring anything other than ASCII text, use binary mode.
 lynx --- lets you browse the web from an ordinary terminal. Of course you can
see only the text, not the pictures. You can type any URL as an argument to
the G command. When you're doing this from any Stanford host you can leave
out the .stanford.edu part of the URL when connecting to Stanford URLs.
Type H at any time to learn more about lynx, and Q to exit.
Miscellaneous tools

 webster word --- looks up the word in an electronic version of Webster's

dictionary and returns the definition(s)
 date --- shows the current date and time.
 cal --- shows a calendar of the current month. Use e.g., 'cal 10 1995' to get
that for October 95, or 'cal 1995' to get the whole year.

You can find out more about these commands by looking up their manpages:
man commandname --- shows you the manual page for the command

For further ways of obtaining help, look at the pages with electronic sources of
information and non-electronic sources.

More UNIX commands