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PERMUTATION, COMBINATION & PROBABILITY

INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE 3. There are 6 multiple choice questions in an
Factorial : The important mathematical term “Factorial” has examination. How many sequences of answers are possible, if
extensively used in this chapter.
the first three questions have 4 choices each and the next three
The product of first n consecutive natural numbers is defined as
have 5 choices each?
factorial of n. It is denoted by n! or n . Therefore,
Sol. Each of the first three questions can be answered in 4 ways
n! = 1´ 2 ´ 3 ´ ....... ´ (n - 1) ´ n and each of the next three questions can be answered in 5
For example, 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120 different ways.
n! æ n ö Hence, the required number of different sequences of
¹ ç ÷!
r! è r ø answers = 4 × 4 × 4 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 8000.
0! = 1 EXAMPLE 4. Five persons entered a lift cabin on the ground
The factorials of fractions and negative integers are not floor of an 8-floor house. Suppose that each of them can leave the
defined.
cabin independently at any floor beginning with the first. What
FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES OFCOUNTING is the total number of ways in which each of the five persons can
1. Principle of Addition : If an event can occur in 'm' ways and leave the cabin at any of the 7 floors?
another event can occur in 'n' ways independent of the first Sol. Any one of the 5 persons can leave the cabin in 7 ways
event, then either of the two events can occur in (m + n) independent of other.
ways.
Hence the required number of ways = 7 × 7 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 7 5.
2. Principle of Multiplication : If an operation can be
performed in 'm' ways and after it has been performed in any Method of Sampling : Sampling process can be divided into
one of these ways, a second operation can be performed in following forms :
'n' ways, then the two operations in succession can be 1. The order is IMPORTANT and the repetition is ALLOWED,
performed in (m × n) ways. each sample is then a SEQUENCE.
EXAMPLE 1. In a class there are 10 boys and 8 girls. The 2. The order is IMPORTANT and the repetition is NOT
class teacher wants to select a student for monitor of the class. ALLOWED, each sample is then a PERMUTATION.
In how many ways the class teacher can make this selection ? 3. The order is NOT IMPORTANT and repetition is
Sol. The teacher can select a student for monitor in two exclusive
ALLOWED, each sample is then a MULTISET.
ways
(i) Select a boy among 10 boys, which can be done in 10 4. The order is NOT IMPORTANT and repetition is NOT
ways OR ALLOWED, each sample is then a COMBINATION.
(ii) Select a girl among 8 girls, which can be done in 8 ways.
Hence, by the fundamental principle of addition, either PERMUTATION
a boy or a girl can be selected in 10 + 8 = 18 ways. Each of the arrangements, which can be made by taking, some or
EXAMPLE 2. In a class there are 10 boys and 8 girls. The all of a number of things is called a PERMUTATION.
teacher wants to select a boy and a girl to represent the class in For Example : Formation of numbers, word formation, sitting
a function. In how many ways can the teacher make this arrangement in a row.
selection? The number of permutations of 'n' things taken 'r' at a time is
Sol. The teacher has to perform two jobs :
n!
(i) To select a boy among 10 boys, which can be done in 10 denoted by nPr. It is defind as, nPr = .
(n - r)!
ways.
nP = n!
(ii) To select a girl, among 8 girls, which can be done in 8 n
ways. Circular permutations:
(i) Arrangements round a circular table :
Hence, the required number of ways = 10 × 8 = 80.
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Consider five persons A, B, C, D and E to be seated on the EXAMPLE 6. The number of ways in which 10 persons can
circumference of a circular table in order (which has no
sit round a circular table so that none of them has the same
head). Now, shifting A, B, C, D and E one position in
neighbours in any two arrangements.
anticlockwise direction we will get arrangements as follows:
Sol. 10 persons can sit round a circular table in 9! ways. But here
E D C
clockwise and anticlockwise orders will give the same
A D E C D B
1
neighbours. Hence the required number of ways = 9!
2
B C A B E A EXAMPLE 7. In how many different ways can five boys and
five girls form a circle such that the boys and girls are alternate?
(i) (ii) (iii)
Sol. After fixing up one boy on the B1
B A
E table the remaining can be
C A B B2 B5
arranged in 4! ways.

D There will be 5 places, one

D E C B4
B3
(v) place each between two boys
(iv)
we see that arrangements in all figures are same. which can be filled by 5 girls in 5! ways.
\ The number of circular permutations of n different things Hence by the principle of multiplication, the required number
n of ways = 4! × 5! = 2880.
Pn
taken all at a time is = (n – 1) !, if clockwise and EXAMPLE 8. In how many ways can 5 boys and 5 girls be
n
anticlockwise orders are taken as different. seated at a round table no two girls may be together ?
Sol. Leaving one seat vacant between two boys may be seated
(ii) Arrangements of beads or flowers (all different) around a
in 4! ways. Then at remaining 5 seats, 5 girls any sit in 5!
circular necklace or garland:
ways. Hence the required number = 4! × 5!
Consider five beads A, B, C, D and E in a necklace or five Conditional Permutations
flowers A, B, C and D, E in a garland etc. If the necklace or 1. Number of permutations of n things taking r at a time, in
garland on the left is turned over we obtain the arrangement
-
on the right, i.e., anticlockwise and clockwise order of which a particular thing always occurs = r . n 1Pr -1 .
arrangements are not different. Distinguishable Permutations
Thus the number of circular permutations of ‘n’ different Suppose a set of n objects has n1 of one kind of object, n 2
things taken. of a second kind, n3 of a third kind, and so on, with n = n 1 +
n2 + n3 + . . . + nk, Then the number of distinguishable
D C C D n!
permutations of the n objects is
n1 ! n 2 ! n 3 !..... n k !
E B B E EXAMPLE 9. In how many distinguishable ways can the
A A letters in BANANA be written?
Sol. This word has six letters, of which three are A's, two are N's,
1 and one is a B. Thus, the number of distinguishable ways
all at a time is (n – 1)!, if clockwise and anticlockwise the letters can be written is
2
orders are taken to be some. 6! 6 ´ 5 ´ 4 ´ 3!
= = 60
EXAMPLE 5. The number of four digit numbers with distinct 3! 2!1! 3! 2!
digits is :
EXAMPLE 10. How many 4 digits number (repetition is not
(a) 9 ´ 9 C 3 (b) 9´ 9 P3 allowed) can be made by using digits 1-7 if 4 will always be there
10 in the number?
(c) C3 (d) 10 P3
Sol. Total digits (n) = 7
Sol. (b) The thousandth place can be filled up in 9 ways with Total ways of making the number if 4 is always there
any one of the digits 1, 2, 3, ...., 9. After that the other = r × n–1Pr–1 = 4 × 6P3 = 480.
three places can be filled up in 9 P3 ways, with any one 2. Number of permutations of n things taking r at a time, in
n -1
of the remaining 9 digits including zero. Hence, the which a particular thing never occurs = Pr .
number of four digit numbers with distinct digits =
9´ 9 P3 .

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EXAMPLE 11. How many different 3 letter words can be EXAMPLE 16. In a class of 25 students, find the total number
made by 5 vowels, if vowel ‘A’ will never be included? of ways to select two representative,
Sol. Total letters (n) = 5 (i) if a particular person will never be selected.
So total number of ways = n–1Pr = 5–1P3 = 4P3 = 24. (ii) if a particular person is always there.
3. Number of permutations of n different things taking all at a Sol. (i) Total students (n) = 25
time, in which m specified things always come together A particular students will not be selected (p) = 1,
= m!(n - m + 1)! . So total number of ways = 25 – 1C2 = 24C2 = 276.
(ii) Using n – pCr – p no. of ways = 25 – 1C2 –1 = 24C1 = 24.
4. Number of permutations of n different things taking all at a
time, in which m specified things never come together = NOTE : If a person is always there then we have to select only
n!- m!(n - m + 1)! 1 from the remaining 25 – 1 = 24
EXAMPLE 12. How many different words can be formed with
EXAMPLE 17. There are 10 lamps in a hall. Each of them
the letters of the world MISSISSIPPI.
can be switched on independently. The number of ways in which
Sol. In the word MISSISSIPPI, there are 4 I's, 4S's and 2P's.
the hall can be illuminated is
(11)! (a) 10 2 (b) 1023
Thus required number of words = 4! 2! 4! = 34650 (c) 2 10 (d) 10 !
Sol. Since each bulb has two choices, either switched on or off,
6. The number of permutations of 'n' different things, taking 'r' therefore required number = 210 – 1 = 1023.
at a time, when each thing can be repeated 'r' times = nr 7. The number of ways of dividing 'm + n' things into two
EXAMPLE 13. In how many ways can 5 prizes be given away groups containing 'm' and 'n' things respectively
to 4 boys, when each boy is eligible for all the prizes? (m + n)!
Sol. Any one of the prizes can be given in 4 ways; then any one = m + nCm nC
n
=
m!n!
of the remaining 4 prizes can be given again in 4 ways, since
8. The number of ways of dividing ‘m + n + p’ things into
it may even be obtained by the boy who has already received three groups containing ‘m’, ‘n’ and ‘p’ things respectively
a prize.
Hence 5 prizes can be given 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 4 5 ways. (m + n + p)!
= m+n+pCm . n+pC =
p m! n! p!
EXAMPLE 14. How many numbers of 3 digits can be formed
with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 when digits may be repeated? (i) If m = n = p ie. '3m' things are divided into three equal
Sol. The unit place can be filled in 5 ways and since the repetitions groups then the number of combinations is
of digits are allowed, therefore, tenth place can be filled in 5 (3m)! (3m)!
=
ways. m! m! m! 3! (m!)3 3!
Furthermore, the hundredth place can be filled in 5 ways
(ii) Buf if '3m' things are to be divided among three persons,
also.
Therefore, required number of three digit numbers is 5 × 5 × (3m)!
then the number of divisions is
5 = 125. (m!)3
9. If mn distinct objects are to be divided into m groups. Then,
COMBINATION
the number of combination is
Each of the different selections that can be made with a given
number of objects taken some or all of them at a time is called a (mn)! , when the order of groups is not important and
COMBINATION. m! (n!) m
The number of combinations of 'n' dissimilar things taken 'r' at a
(mn)!
time is denoted by nCr or C(n, r). It is defined as, , when the order of groups is important
(n!) m
n!
nC =
r r!(n - r)! EXAMPLE 18. The number of ways in which 52 cards can be
divided into 4 sets, three of them having 17 cards each and the
EXAMPLE 15. In how many ways a hockey team of eleven
fourth one having just one card
can be elected from 16 players?
52! 52 !
16 16! (a) (b)
Sol. Total number of ways = C11 = = 4368. (17 !) 3 (17 !) 3 3!
11! × 5!
51! 51!
16 ×15 ×14 ×13×12 (c) (d)
= = 4368. (17 !) 3 (17 !) 3 3!
5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ×1

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Sol. Here we have to divide 52 cards into 4 sets, three of them EXAMPLE 19. The number of squares that can be formed on
having 17 cards each and the fourth one having just one
card. First we divide 52 cards into two groups of 1 card and a chessboard is
(a) 64 (b) 160
52!
51 cards. this can be done in ways. (c) 224 (d) 204
1! 51!
Sol. (d) A chessboard is made up of 9 equispaced horizontal
Now every group of 51 cards can be divided into 3 groups and vertical line. To make a 1 × 1 square, we must choose
two consecutive horizontal and vertical lines from
51!
of 17 each in . among these. This can be done in 8 × 8 = 82 ways.
(17 !) 3 3! A 2 × 2 square needs three consecutive horizontal and
Hence the required number of ways vertical lines, and we can do this in 7 × 7 = 72 ways.
Continuing in this manner, the total number of square
52! 51! 52!
= is
= 1! 51! .
(17 !) 3! (17!) 3 3!
3
8(8 + 1)[( 2 ´ 8) + 1]
8 2 + 7 2 + 6 2 + ..... + 2 2 + 12 = = 204.
6

1. In how many different ways can be letters of the word 7. 765 chairs are to be arranged in a column in such a way that
SOFTWARE be arranged in such a way that the vowels the number of chairs in each column should be equal to the
always come together? columns. How many chairs will be excluded to make this
(a) 13440 (b) 1440 arrangement possible?
(c) 360 (d) 4320 (a) 6 (b) 36
2. In how many different ways can a group of 4 men and 4 (c) 19 (d) 27
women be formed out of 7 men and 8 women? 8. In how many different ways can the letters of the word
(a) 2450 (b) 105
JUDGE be arranged so that the vowels always come
(c) 1170 (d) Cannot be determined
together?
3. A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. 2 balls are to
(a) 48 (b) 24
be drawn randomly. What is the probability that the balls
drawn contain no blue ball? (c) 120 (d) 60
5 9. How many words can be formed from the letters of the word
10
(a) (b) SIGNATURE so that the vowels always come together?
7 21
(a) 17280 (b) 1440
2 11
(c) (d) (c) 3600 (d) 2880
7 21
4. In how many different ways can the letters of the word 10. In how many ways a committee consisting of 5 men and 6
BOOKLET be arranged such that B and T always come women can be formed from 8 men and 10 women?
together? (a) 266 (b) 86400
(a) 360 (b) 720 (c) 11760 (d) 5040
(c) 480 (d) 5040 11. Out of 15 students studying in a class, 7 are from
5. In a box there are 8 red, 7 blue and 6 green balls. One ball is Maharashtra, 5 are from Karnataka and 3 are from Goa. Four
picked up randomly. What is the probability that it is neither students are to be selected at random. What are the chances
red nor green? that at least one is from Karnataka?
12 11
7 1 (a) (b)
(a) (b) 13 13
19 3
10 1
3 9 (c) (d)
(c) (d) 15 15
4 21
12. 4 boys and 2 girls are to be seated in a row in such a way
6. In how many different ways can the letters of the word
that the two girls are always together. In how many different
RUMOUR be arranged?
ways can they be seated?
(a) 180 (b) 720
(a) 120 (b) 720
(c) 30 (d) 90
(c) 148 (d) 240
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13. In how many different ways can the letters of the word 23. The number of ways in which ten candidates A1, A2, ...., A10
DETAIL be arranged in such a way that the vowels occupy can be ranked so that A1 is always above A2 is
only the odd positions? 10 !
(a) 120 (b) 60 (a) (b) 10 !
2
(c) 48 (d) 36 8!
14. In a box carrying one dozen of oranges, one-third have (c) 9 ! (d)
2
become bad. If 3 oranges are taken out from the box at 24. How many total number of ways in which n distinct objects
random, what is the probability that at least one orange out can be put into two different boxes is
of the three oranges picked up is good? (a) n 2 (b) 2n
(c) 2n (d) 3n
1 54 25. In how many ways can the letters of the word 'PRAISE' be
(a) (b)
55 55 arranged. So that vowels do not come together?
(a) 720 (b) 576
45 3 (c) 440 (d) 144
(c) (d)
55 55 26. There are 6 tasks and 6 persons. Task 1 cannot be assigned
either to person 1 or to person 2; task 2 must be assigned to
15. Letters of the word DIRECTOR are arranged in such a way
either person 3 or person 4. Every person is to be assigned
that all the vowels come together. Find out the total number
one task. In how many ways can the assignment be done?
of ways for making such arrangement.
(a) 144 (b) 180
(a) 4320 (b) 2720
(c) 192 (d) 360
(c) 2160 (d) 1120
27. The number of ways in which one or more balls can be
16. A box contains 5 green, 4 yellow and 3 white marbles, 3 selected out of 10 white, 9 green and 7 blue balls is
marbles are drawn at random. What is the probability that
(a) 892 (b) 881
they are not of the same colour?
(c) 891 (d) 879
13 41 28. If 12 persons are seated in a row, the number of ways of
(a) (b)
44 44 selecting 3 persons from them, so that no two of them are
13 52 seated next to each other is
(c) (d)
55 55 (a) 85 (b) 100
17. How many different letter arrangements can be made from (c) 120 (d) 240
the letters of the word RECOVER?
29. The number of all possible selections of one or more
(a) 1210 (b) 5040 questions from 10 given questions, each question having
(c) 1260 (d) 1200 one alternative is
18. How many three digit numbers can having only two (a) 310 (b) 210 – 1
consecutive digits identical is 10
(c) 3 – 1 (d) 210
(a) 153 (b) 162 30. A lady gives a dinner party to 5 guests to be selected from
(c) 168 (d) 163 nine friends. The number of ways of forming the party of 5,
19. How many total numbers of seven-digit numbers can be given that two of the friends will not attend the party
formed having sum of whose digits is even is together is
(a) 9000000 (b) 4500000 (a) 56 (b) 126
(c) 8100000 (d) 4400000 (c) 91 (d) 94
20. How many total numbers of not more than 20 digits that 31. All possible two factors products are formed from the
can be formed by using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 is numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ....., 200. The number of factors out of
(a) 520 (b) 520 – 1 total obtained which are multiples of 5 is
(c) 520 + 1 (d) 620 (a) 5040 (b) 7180
21. The number of six digit numbers that can be formed from (c) 8150 (d) 7280
the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 so that digits do not repeat and Directions (Qs. 32-33): Answer these questions on the basis of
the terminal digits are even is the information given below:
(a) 144 (b) 72 From a group of 6 men and 4 women a committee of 4 persons
(c) 288 (d) 720 is to be formed.
22. Three dice are rolled. The number of possible outcomes in 32. In how many different ways can it be done so that the
which at least one dice shows 5 is committee has at least one woman?
(a) 215 (b) 36 (a) 210 (b) 225
(c) 125 (d) 91 (c) 195 (d) 185
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33. In how many different ways can it be done so that the 34. In how many different ways can the letters of the word
committee has at least 2 men? ORGANISE be arranged in such a way that all the vowels
(a) 210 (b) 225 always come together and all the consonants always come
(c) 195 (d) 185 together?
(a) 576 (b) 1152
(c) 2880 (d) 1440

ANSWER KEY
1 (d) 5 (b) 9 (a) 13 (d) 17 (c) 21 (d) 25 (b) 29 (c) 33 (d)
2 (a) 6 (a) 10 (c) 14 (b) 18 (b) 22 (d) 26 (a) 30 (c) 34 (b)
3 (b) 7 (b) 11 (b) 15 (c) 19 (b) 23 (a) 27 (d) 31 (b)
4 (b) 8 (a) 12 (d) 16 (b) 20 (a) 24 (b) 28 (c) 32 (c)

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 7

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

1. (d) The no. of ways of selecting 4 students in which no
student belongs to Karnataka=10C4
O, A, E S F T W R \ Hence no. of ways of selecting at least one student
When the vowels are always together, then treat all from Karnataka = 15C4 – 10C4 = 1155
the vowels as a single letter and then all the letters
1155 77 11
can be arranged in 6! ways and also all three vowels \ Probability = = =
can be arranged in 3! ways. Hence, required no. of 1365 91 13
12. (d) Assume the 2 given students to be together (i.e one].
arrangements = 6! × 3! = 4320.
Now there are five students.
2. (a) Reqd no. of ways = 7 C4 ´ 8 C4 Possible ways of arranging them are = 5! = 120
Now, they (two girls) can arrange themselves in 2! ways.
7 ´ 6 ´ 5´ 4 8´ 7´ 6´ 5 Hence total ways = 120 × 2 = 240
= ´ 13. (d) 3 vowels can be arranged in three odd places in 3!ways.
1´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 4 1 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 4
Similarly, 3 consonants can be arranged in three even
= 35 ´ 70 = 2450 places in 3! ways. Hence, the total number of words in
5 which vowels occupy odd positions = 3! × 3! = 6 × 6
C2 5 ´ 4 10 = 36 ways.
3. (b) Reqd probability = 7 = =
C2 7 ´ 6 21 12 ´11´10
14. (b) n(S) = 12
c3 < < 2 ´11´10 < 220
4. (b) Treat B and T as a single letter. Then the remaining 3´ 2
letters (5 + 1 = 6) can be arranged in 6! ways. Since, O No. of selection of 3 oranges out of the total 12 oranges
is repeated twice, we have to divide by 2 and the B and
= c3 < 2´11´10 < 220 .
12
T letters can be arranged in 2! ways.
No. of selection of 3 bad oranges out of the total 4 bad
6! ´ 2! oranges = 4c3 = 4
Total no. of ways = = 720
2 [ n(E) = no. of desired selection of oranges
= 220 – 4 = 216
5. (b) If the drawn ball is neither red nor green, then it must
P (E) = ( ) < 216 < 54
be blue, which can be picked in 7C1 = 7 ways. One ball nE
[
can be picked from the total (8 + 7 + 6 = 21) in 21C1 n( S ) 220 55
= 21 ways. 15. (c) Taking all vowels (IEO) as a single letter (since they
come together) there are six letters
\ Reqd probability = 7 = 1
21 3 6!
Hence no. of arrangements = ´ 3! = 2160
6. (a) Reqd. number of ways 2!
[Three vowels can be arranged 3! ways among
6! 6´5´4´3 themselves, hence multiplied with 3!.]
= = 180
2!´ 2! 1´ 2 16. (b) Total no. of ways of drawing 3 marbles
7. (b) 272 < 765 < 282 12 ´11´10
<12 C3 < < 220
\ required no. of chairs to be excluded 1´ 2´ 3
= 765 – 729 = 36 Total no. of ways of drawing marbles, which are of
8. (a) Reqd. number = 4! × 2! = 24× 2 = 48 same colour = 5C3 + 4C3 + 3C3 = 10 + 4 + 1 = 15
9. (a) The word SIGNATURE consists of nine letters 15 3
comprising four vowels (A, E, I and U) and five [ Probability of same colour = =
220 44
consonants (G, N, R, T and S). When the four vowels
are considered as one letter, we have six letters which 3 41
[ Probalitity of not same colour = 1 – =
can be arranged in 6P6 ways ie 6! ways. Note that the 44 42
four vowels can be arranged in 4! ways. 17. (c) Possible arrangements are :
Hence required number of words 7!
= 6! × 4! = 1260
= 720 × 24 = 17280 2!2!
10. (c) Here, 5 men out of 8 men and 6 women out of 10 women [division by 2 times 2! is because of the repetition of E
can be chosen in and R]
8C × 10C ways, i.e., 11760 ways. 18. (b) When 0 is the repeated digit like
5 6
11. (b) Total possible ways of selecting 4 students out of 15 100, 200, ...., 9 in number
15 ´ 14 ´ 13 ´ 12 When 0 occurs only once like
15
students = C4 = = 1365 110, 220, ....., 9 in number
1´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 4
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8
When 0 does not occur like Task 2 can be assigned to 3 or 4
112, 211, ....., 2 × (8 × 9) = 144 in number. So, there are only 2 options for task 2.
Hence, total = 9 + 9 + 144 = 162. So required no. of ways = 2 options for task 2 × 3
19. (b) Suppose x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 represents a seven digit options for task 1 × 4 options for task 3 × 3 options for
number. Then x1 takes the value 1, 2, 3, ....., 9 and x2, x3, task 4 × 2 options for task 5 × 1 option for task 6.
....., x7 all take values 0, 1, 2, 3, ......, 9. = 2 × 3 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 144
If we keep x1, x2, ......, x6 fixed, then the sum x1 + x2 + ...... 27. (d) The required number of ways
+ x6 is either even or odd. Since x7 takes 10 values 0, 1, = (10 + 1)(9 + 1)(7 + 1) - 1 = 879 .
2, ....., 9, five of the numbers so formed will have sum of 28. (c) The number of ways of selecting 3 persons from 12
digits even and 5 have sum odd. people under the given conditon :
Hence the required number of numbers Number of ways of arranging 3 people among 9 people
= 9 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 5 = 4500000. seated in a row, so that no two of them are consecutive
20. (a) Number of single digit numbers = 5 = Number of ways of choosing 3 places out of the 10
Number of two digits numbers = 4 × 5 [8 in between and 2 extremes]
[Q 0 cannot occur at first place and repetition is 10 10 ´ 9 ´ 8
= C3 = = 5 ´ 3 ´ 8 = 120
allowed] 3 ´ 2 ´1
Number of three digits numbers 29. (c) Since each question can be selected in 3 ways, by
=4×5×5= 4 × 52 selecting it or by selecting its alternative or by rejecting
..... ..... ..... ..... it. Thus, the total number of ways of dealing with 10
..... ..... ..... ..... given questions is 310 including a way in which we
Number of 20 digits numbers = 4 × 519 reject all the questions.
\ Total number of numbers Hence, the number of all possible selections is 310 – 1.
= 5 + 4 . 5 + 4 . 52 + 4 . 53 ............. 4 . 519 30. (c) Number of ways of selecting 5 guests from nine friends
= 9C5
5(519 - 1) Out of these, 7C3 ways are those in which two of the
= 5 + 4. = 5 + 5 20 - 5 = 520 friends occur together [3 more persons to be selected
5 -1
out of remaining 7]
21. (d) The first and the last (terminal) digits are even and \ Number of ways, in which two of the friends will not
there are three even digits. This arrangement can be attend the party together = 9C5 – 7C3 = 91.
done in 3P2 ways. For any one of these arrangements, 31. (b) The total number of two factor products = 200C2. The
two even digits are used; and the remaining digits are number of numbers from 1 to 200 which are not multiples
5 (4 odd and 1 even) and the four digits in the six digits of 5 is 160. Therefore the total number of two factor
(leaving out the terminal digits) may be arranged using products which are not multiple of 5 is 160C2. Hence,
these 5 digits in 5P4 ways. The required number of the required number of factors which are multiples of 5
numbers is 3P2 × 5P4 = 6 × 120 = 720. = 200C2 – 160C2 = 7180.
22. (d) Required number of possible outcomes 32. (c) Reqd. no. of ways
= Total number of possible outcomes –
Number of possible outcomes in which 5 does = 4 C1× 6C3 + 4 C2 × 6 C2 + 4 C3 ´ 6 C1 + 4 C4
not appear on any dice. (hence 5 possibilities in each
throw) 6 × 5× 4 4× 3 6× 5 4× 3× 2
= 4× + × + × 6 +1
= 63 – 53 = 216 – 125 = 91 1×2 × 3 1× 2 1× 2 1× 2 × 3
23. (a) Ten candidates can be ranked in 10! ways. In half of = 80 + 90 + 24 + 1=195
these ways A1 is above A2 and in another half A2 is 33. (d) Reqd. no. of ways
10 ! = 6 C2 × 4 C2 + 6 C3 × 4 C1 + 6 C4
above A1. So, required number of ways is .
2
24. (b) Let the two boxes be B1 and B2. There are two choices 6×5 4×3 6×5× 4 6×5× 4 ×3
= 1× 2 × 1×2 + 1×2×3 × 4 + 1×2×3×4
for each of the n objects. So, the total number of ways
´ 2 = 2n . = 90 + 80 + 15 = 185.
is 2 ´ 2 ´n....
- times 34. (b) The word ORGANISE has 4 vowels and 4 consonants.
25. (b) Required number of possible outcomes Now, both groups (vowels and consonants) can be
= Total number of possible outcomes – treated as two letters.This can be arranged in 2! ways.
Number of possible outcomes in which all vowels are Now, the 4 letters of each group can be arranged.in 4!
together ways.
= 6 ! – 4 ! × 3 != 576 So, total possible ways of arrangement
26. (a) Task 1 can not be assigned to either person 1 or 2 i.e. = 2! × 4! × 4!
there are 4 options. = 2 × 24 × 24 = 1152.

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