Software (Operating System)

Computer Science (2210)

Prepared By: Engr. Fahad Ahmad Khan

Software is set of instructions to perform a particular task. It is non-tangible part of computer.

There are two broad categories of software:
(1) System Software
(2) Application Software

System software (systems software) is computer software designed to operate and control
the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. System
software can be separated into two different categories, operating systems and
utility software.

An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer

hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The
operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system.
Application programs usually require an operating system to function.

Utility software is system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a
computer e.g antiviruses, backup software, file managers etc.
Utility software usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure (including the computer
hardware, operating system, software and data storage) operates. Utility software, along with
operating system software, is a type of system software, distinguishing it from application
software.
Application software is a set of one or more programs designed to carry out operations for a
specific application. Application software cannot run on itself but is dependent on system
software to execute.

Tasks (functions) of an Operating System (OS)

Operating systems perform the following functions:

1. Accepts inputs from the mouse or keyboard. 2. Sends outputs to the monitor or
printer.
3. Recognizes peripheral devices such as 4. Manages files and folders in the
external hard disks, pen drive, web cam etc system (Naming, Creating, Moving,
and makes sure that software needed for the Finding and Deleting folders etc).
hardware to run is installed.
 5. Allows applications software (word- 6. Shares out system memory
processing, spreadsheets etc) to efficiently. The operating system will
communicate with the system's hardware. decide how much memory to assign to
particular tasks. It also moves data in
and out of memory.
7. Loads and runs software applications. 8. Manages system security. For
example - allows passwords to be
added / changed.
9. Handles system problems and alerts the 10. Manages the moving of data to and
user. For example if a printer is jammed and from a hard disk.
cannot printer, the operating system will stop
the print job and alert the user with a warning
message.

Types of Operating System (OS) Interfaces:

The way in which users communicate with the computer is called an 'interface'. The interface
is what we use to give the computer commands. There are two types of operating system
interfaces:

 Command Line Interface (CLI)

 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
A command line interface is an older style operating system where users type in commands
using keyboard.

Command Line Interface's do not make use of images, icons or graphics. All
the user is sees is a plain black screen like the one to the right.

Because they use no graphics they require very little computer power.

There are over 270 different commands that can be entered at the command
prompt. Commands have to be entered precisely without spelling mistakes or else the
operating system will return an error.

Remembering commands and the exact way to enter them can be difficult and so Command
Line Interface Operating Systems are considered hard to use.
GUI's are visual (graphical) interfaces and they are more popular than CLI's because they are very easy
to use. The graphics do need more computer power however.
Instead of typing in commands, the user can use a mouse to point and click objects on the screen.
The main features of a GUI are Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointers and often abbreviated as (WIMP).

File Management
A file is a program or set of data saved in backing storage.
Directories, sub-directories and folders
A file directory is an index of the contents of a storage drive or sub-directory (a subset of the
drive’s contents). A GUI oft en represents a directory as a folder.

Peripheral Device Control

A buffer is a data area shared by hardware devices or program processes that operate at different
speeds or with different sets of priorities. The buffer allows each device or process to operate without
being held up by the other.

Polling in operating system is a technique that continually interrogates a peripheral device to see if it
has data to transfer. For example, if a mouse button was pressed or if data are available at a
communications port. Contrast with event-driven or interrupt-driven techniques, in which the operating
system generates a signal and interrupts the system.

An interrupt is a signal from a device attached to a computer or from a program within the computer
that causes the operating system to stop doing the current processing and figure out what to do next.

Almost all personal (or larger) computers today are interrupt-driven - that is, they start down the list of
computer instructions in one program (perhaps an application such as a word processor) and keep
running the instructions until either they can't go any further or an interrupt signal is sensed. After the
interrupt signal is sensed, the computer either resumes running the program it was running or begins
running another program.

Handshaking is the process by which two devices initiate communications. Handshaking begins when
one device sends a message to another device indicating that it wants to establish a communications
channel. The two devices then send several messages back and forth that enable them to agree on a
communications protocol.

A checksum is an error detection technique which is used to count the number of bits in a
transmission unit that is included with the unit so that the receiver can check to see whether
the same number of bits arrived.
 Practice Questions
Question 1:

Question 2: Describe two features of the following each.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Command Line Interface (CLI)

Question 3:

Question 4: Match the appropriate statements.

A memory area shared by hardware devices or Interrupt

program processes that operate at different
speeds or with different sets of priorities.
A technique that continually interrogates a Handshaking
peripheral device to see if it has data to transfer.
A signal from a device attached to a computer or Buffer
from a program within the computer that causes
the operating system to stop doing the current
processing.
The process by which two devices initiate Checksum
communications and one device sends a message
to another device indicating that it wants to
establish a communications channel.
An error detection technique which is used to Polling
count the number of bits in a transmission unit
that is included with the unit.