Update: Ver 1.

2 Oct 2018

Arduino Learning Guide

For Beginner Using

Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn Bhd - All Rights Reserved

 LESSON 0
SETTING UP HARDWARE
& SOFTWARE
Part 1: Put Up Label Stickers for Pin Headers

1. Remove the Maker UNO from the packaging and you will find a set
of label sticker.

2. Peel off the stickers and attach them on the pin headers
accordingly.

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3. Connect Maker UNO to your PC with a micro USB cable.

Part 2: Download & Install Arduino IDE

1. Log on to https://www.arduino.cc/en/main/software.

2. Choose your OS to proceed.

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3. Arduino IDE is an open source software that allows you to
download and use it for free.
However, you are encouraged to make a monetary contribution
to help them to continue to fund their development.
Anyway, you are free to click “JUST DOWNLOAD”.

4. Double click on the downloaded file to proceed.

For Window For Mac

5. Once installation is completed, the Arduino’s icon will appear.

Double click the icon to launch the Arduino IDE.

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Part 3: Download & Install Driver

For Window Users:

1. Download the driver here:

https://cdn.cytron.io/makeruno/CH341SER.EXE

2. Double click the “CH341SER” file to begin installation.

3. Click “INSTALL”.

Basic Electronics
Input Devices: Switch, sensor, microphone, potentialmeter, etc.
Output devices: LED, LCD screen, buzzer, speaker, motor, etc.

4. Click “OK”.

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5. Go to window search, seaarch for “device manager”.

6. Click to expand “Ports (COM & LPT)”. Check which port the CH340
driver is being assigned to. Remember the com number. (For this
example, the com number is com 5)
7. Launch Arduino IDE. Select the right com port. Tools >Ports >COM X
(Make sure your Maker UNO is connected to your PC)

For Mac users:

1. Download the driver here:

https://cdn.cytron.io/makeruno/CH341SER_MAC.ZIP

2. Double click the zip file, open the unzip folder then double click the
pkg file.

3. Click “Continue” to begin installation.

4. Once done, click “Restart” to restart your Mac.

5. After you have restarted your Mac, launch Arduino IDE again.
Choose the driver in Tools > Port > /dev/cu.wchusbserial1410

Note: if you are unable to locate /dev/cu.wchusbseial1410, please follow the

troubleshooting steps:
https://cdn.cytron.io/makeruno/Troubleshooting_CH431_Driver_For_Mac.pdf.

Congratulation! You have successfully setup Maker

UNO and we will start making something in the next
lesson.
 LESSON 1
DIGITAL OUTPUT
 Project 1: Turn On An LED

1. Connect your Maker UNO with your PC with a USB cable.

2. Launch Arduino IDE.

3. Write these code into your sketch.

4. Click compile , wait for a few seconds until you see “Done
Compiling” appear at the bottom of the sketch.

Troubleshooting

1. If error occurs, go through your code line by line to make sure they are
correct and then compile again.
2. Don’t mixed up the normal backet ( ) and the curly bracket { }.
5. Then click upload . Wait for a few seconds and you will see
“Done Uploading” appear at the bottom of the sketch.

Troubleshooting

1. If error occurs, please check the connection between the Maker UNO and
your PC. Also make sure you have chosen the right driver.

6. Check your result.

You will see LED 7 is on

while the rest of the LEDs
are off.
 How it works

First of all, tell the board to set Pin 7 as output.

You ask the board to turn Pin 7 to high (on).

Good To Know

Basic Electronics
Input Devices: Switch, sensor, microphone, potentiometer, etc.
Output devices: LED, LCD screen, buzzer, speaker, motor, etc.

Arduino Function
1. To set a pin as input or output:
pinMode(pin, mode);
pin: the number of the pin whose mode you wish to set
mode: INPUT, OUTPUT or INPUT_PULLUP
2. To turn a digital pin HIGH (on) or LOW (off):
digitalWrite(pin, value);
pin: the pin number
value : HIGH or LOW

value: HIGH or LOW

 Project 2: Blink An LED
1. Modify your previous codes into this.

2. Click compile , wait for a few seconds until you see “Done
Compiling” appear at the bottom of the sketch.

3. Then click upload . Wait for a few seconds and you will see
“Done uploading” appear at the bottom of the sketch.

4. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

LED 7 will be blinking

while the rest of the
LEDs are off.
5. Change the delay value to 1000 then upload it to your board again.

6. Observe the result and compare with the previous program. Can
you tell the difference?

How it works

First of all, tell the board to set Pin 7 as output.

LED 7 is on
The program
Hold for 1000ms will continue
LED 7 is off to loop
Hold for 1000ms endlessly.

.
 Good To Know

Arduino Function
1. To pause or hold the program:
delay(ms);
ms: the number of miliseconds to pause
 Project 3: Blink the LEDs in Sequence

In this project, we want to blink LED 2, LED 3, LED 4, LED 5, LED 6

and LED 7 in sequence.

1. Modify your previous code into this.

2. Click compile and then upload .

3. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

LED 2- LED 7 go on and off together

which is not the consequence
that we want. Why?

How it works

Set Pin2 - Pin 7 as output.

The program will turn on LED 2- LED 7 all at

the same time.

Hold for 1000ms.

The program will turn off LED 2- LED 7 all at

the same time.

Hold for 1000ms.

4. Modify your previous code into this.
5. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

The LED will go on one by one then

off one by one.

First of all, tell the board to set Pin 7 as output.

Good To Know

The program runs line by line super

fast (in less than 1 micro second)
until all lines are executed almost
Basic Electronics at the same time. That’s why you
Input Devices: Switch, sensor, microphone,
willpotentialmeter, etc.or off at the
see all LEDs go on
same time.
Output devices: LED, LCD screen, buzzer, speaker, motor, etc.

Arduino Function
1. To set a pin as input or output:

pin: the number of the pin whose mode you wish to set
mode: INPUT, OUTPUT or INPUT_PULLUP
To fix that problem, we need to
add a delay in between each LED.
digitalWrite(pin, value);
pin: the pin number
value: HIGH or LOW
 Challenge
Q: Program LED 2 - LED 13 to execute the blinking pattern as shown
at the demo video below.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

Congratulation! You have completed lesson 1and

learnt the following:
1. How to set pin as digital output.
2. How to on and off a digital output pin.
3. How to use delay function.

pin: the pin number

value: HIGH or LOW
 LESSON 2
DIGITAL INPUT
 Project 4: On-Board Push Button Switch

In this project, we want to control an LED using the on-board

push button switch.

1. Open a new sketch then write these codes into the sketch.

2. Compile and upload the program.

3. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

LED 4 will light up when the push

button is pressed.
 How it works

Set Pin 4 as output.

Set Pin 2 as on-board switch input.

Read Pin 2. If it is low (switch is pressed)

Set Pin 4 to high.

Else. (switch is not pressed)

Set Pin 4 to low.

Good To Know

Arduino Function
1. To use the on-board push button switch, we need to set it as
“internal pullup input”.
pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);

Set Pin2 - Pin 7 as output.

2. The on-board LED at Pin 2 will act as an input indicator.

It will turn off if the on-board switch is pressed.
The program will turn off LED 2- LED 7 all at
the same time.
3. The on-board switch is internally connected to Pin 2. Meaning it is
occupied and cannot be connected to any other external components
anymore
2. Don’t if you
mixed would
up the like to
normal useHold
backet for 1000ms.
it.( ) and the curly bracket { }.
Coding Syntax
1. To use “if-else” statement.

if (condition 1)
{
// do thing A
}
else if (condition 2)
{
// do thing B
}
else
{
// do thing C
}

2. We can put a sign shown below, if you want to leave a reminder or

comment for yourself while programming. Anything written behind
this sign will be ignored by the program and will not be executed.

// your own comments here

 Project 5: External Push Button Switch

In this project, we want to construct a basic circuit of an external

push button switch.

1. Get these components.

Push Button Switch Breadboard

Jumper Wire 10K ohm resistor

2. Construct the circuit as shown below.

3. Press the external push button switch. Observe LED 3, it is on before
you press the switch and goes off when the switch is pressed. If it is
not working, please fix your circuit before you proceed to the next
step.

Set Pin 2 as on-board switch input.

4. Modify your previous code into this, then upload to your board.

Set Pin2 - Pin 7 as output.

The program will turn off LED 2- LED 7 all at

the same time.

Hold
2. Don’t mixed up the normal backet for 1000ms.
( ) and the curly bracket { }.
5. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

When the external push button switch is

pressed, LED 4 will be on.

How it works

Set Pin 4 as output.

Set Pin 3 as input.

Read Pin 3. If it is low (switch is pressed)

Set Pin 4 to high.

Else. (switch is not pressed)

Set Pin 4 to low.
 Good To Know

Arduino Function
1. Switch is an input, you need to set that pin as input before you can
use it.
pinMode(pin, INPUT);

Basic Electronics
1. Breadboard internal connectivity.

2. For any digital input, you can make it as “pull-up” or “pull-down”

circuit.
Pull-up resistor Pull-down resistor

10K ohm

Arduino VS Arduino

10K ohm

It is HIGH when the It is LOW when the

switch is not pressed switch is not pressed

In this project, we are using “pull-up” circuit but both are OK to use.
 Challenge
Q: Use both on-board and external switches. When both switches are
not pressed, both LED 4 and LED 5 will be on. If the on-board
switch is pressed, LED 4 goes off. If external switch is pressed, LED 5
would go off.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

Congratulation! You have completed lesson 2 and

learnt the following:
1. How to read the digital input signal.
2. How to control an LED using a switch.
3. How to construct a simple pull up/ pull down circuit.
4. How to use if else statement.

pin: the pin number

value: HIGH or LOW
 LESSON 3
ANALOG OUTPUT
 Project 6: Construct An LED Circuit

1. Get read these components.

LED

Jumper Wire Breadboard

220 ohm resistor

2. Construct the circuit as shown below.

short leg

long leg

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3. Upload these codes to your board.

5. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

Both on-board LED and the external LED at Pin 5 will blink
after the on-board switch is pressed. Nothing can stop the
program unless the reset button is pressed.

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 How it works

Set Pin 2 as pull-up input

Set Pin 5 as output

The blinking program will start running if the

switch is pressed.

This code is to ensure the program will continue

to run once the switch is pressed for the first time
and it will not stop unless we reset the program.

If the switch is not pressed, LED 5

will always turn off.

Good To Know

Basic Electronics

1. Light emitting diode (LED) has 2 pins,

you need to connect it to the correct
polarity, the long leg to the + and the
short leg (flat edge at the body) to the - .
Otherwise it will not work.

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 example:
470 -+ 5%
2. Resistor doesn’t has + and - terminal,
you can connect the pins anyway you
like.. 1st digit 2nd digit multiplier tolerance

0 0 1
3. The color bands on a resistor can tell
1 1 10 1% brown
about its value. Please refer to the chart 2 2 100 2%red

beside to undertand how to read them. 3 3 1k

4 4 10 k
5 5 100 k
6 6 1M
7 7 10 M
8 8
9 9

Coding Syntax
A while loop will loop continuously, and infinitely, until the condition
inside the parenthesis, ( ) becomes false.

while (condition)
{
// statements
}
Example:
1. Do something for 200 times

var = 0;
while (var < 200)
{
//do something
var ++;
}

2. Do something endlessly

while (1)
{
// do something
}

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 Project 7: Fade An LED

1. Remain the same circuit used in Project 6, upload these codes to

your board.

2. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the
demo video

You will notice that the LED’s

brightness is reduced gradually
until it is completely off.
How it works

Set Pin 5 as output

Set LED 5’s brightness to 60.

hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 55.
hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 50.
hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 45.
hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 40.
hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 35.
hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 30.
hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 25.
hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 20.
hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 15.
hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 10.
hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 5.
hold for 200ms.
Set LED 5’s brightness to 0 (off the LED).
hold for 1000ms.
3. We have an easier way to simplify the codes above. Modify your
code into this then upload to your board:

4. Check your result. It should be exactly the same as the earlier result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video
 How it works

Define a variable. Put an initial value

into that variable.

First of all, tell the

Setboard to output.
Pin 5 as set Pin 7 as output.

Coding Syntax At the beginning of the program, LED’s

brightness is equal to the initial defined
value which is 60. We need to reduce
the
Webrightness
need to reduce value the
by 5brightness
every 200ms
until the LED is off (brightness
value by 5 every 200ms until the = 0).LED
When it is 0, delay
is off (brightness = 0).for 1s then assign
brighness
When it isto0,value
delay60 foragain so that
1s then assign
the program will keep looping.
brighness to value 60 again so that
Basic Electronics the program will keep looping.

Good To Know

Arduino Function
1. There are 2 types of outputs, digital and analog. Digital means 0 (LOW)
or 1 (HIGH). Analog means variable from 0 to 255. You can use the
following function to control the analog output.
analogWrite(pin, value);
value: HIGH or LOW
 2. However, not every pin on the
board has analog output. Only
Pin 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11 has
analog output.
(the pin with ~ sign)

Coding Syntax
1. The beauty of coding is allowing the programmer to simplify a very
long instruction into a few lines of codes that executes same task.
2. Reducing the number of lines also helps to reduce the processing time,
thus it is very important to always optimize your code.
3. In this project, we need to reduce the LED brightness every 200ms. So
we define it as an integer variable at the beginning of our program.
“brightness” is just a variable name, you can name it as A or B if you
Congratulation!
want. You have completed lesson 1and
learnt
4. These arethethefollowing:
comparison commands you can use in coding.
x == y (x is equal to y)
x ! = y (x is not equal to y)
x < y (x is less than y)
x > y (x is greater than y)
x < = y (x is less than or equal to y)
x > = y (x is greater than or equal to y)

pin: the pin number

value: HIGH or LOW
 Challenge
Q: Fade the LED 5 only when the on-board switch is pressed .

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

Congratulation! You have completed lesson 3 and

learnt the following:
1. Construct a basic LED circuit.
Congratulation!
2. How to use whileYou
loop.have completed lesson 1and
learnt the
3. The following:
difference between digital output and analog output.
4. The importance of reducing the number of lines of codes.

pin: the pin number

value: HIGH or LOW
 LESSON 4
MELODY TONE
 Project 8: Compose Basic Tones

1. Open a new sketch, write these codes into the sketch then upload
to your board.

2. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

You should be able to hear the

basic tone of “Do Re Mi Fa So
La Ti”.
How it works

Set Pin 8 as output

Get piezo buzzer to play “Do” (C4) for 1 beat.

Add delay until the note is completed.
Get piezo buzzer to play “Re” (D4) for 1 beat.
Add delay until the note is completed.
Get piezo buzzer to play “Me” (E4) for 1 beat.
Add delay until the note is completed.
Get piezo buzzer to play “Fa” (F4) for 1 beat.
Add delay until the note is completed.
Get piezo buzzer to play “So” (G4) for 1 beat.
Add delay until the note is completed.
Get piezo buzzer to play “La” (A4) for 1 beat.
Add delay until the note is completed.
Get piezo buzzer to play “Ti” (B4) for 1 beat.
Delay for 1s.
 Good To Know

Maker UNO’s Feature

1. The on-board piezo buzzer is connected to Pin 8. You need to switch
it to the sign if you want use the piezo buzzer. When you connect it
with other I/O, you need to switch it to

Arduino Function
1. To play a tone from the piezo buzzer.
tone(pin, frequency, duration);
pin: The pin that connected with a piezo buzzer
frequency: the frequency of the tone in hertz
duration: the duration of the tone in miliseconds (whether it is
1 beat, 2 beats or etc.)

2. There is always a delay after tone. The delay has to drag 30% longer
than the tone duration to ensure the tone is completed.

e.g.: The tone duration for 1 beat is 250ms, thus we need to allow
a 325ms delay.
 Music Sheet
1. The position of a music note on the staff (i.e. the five horizontal lines)
determines its pitch (the frequency of the piezo buzzer). The higher
the note sits on the staff, the higher the pitch of the sound and vice
versa.

Note C 4 D 4 E 4 F 4 G 4 A 4 B 4 C 5 D 5 E 5 F 5 G 5

Frequency 262 294 330 349 392 440 494 523 587 659 698 784

2. The different musical notations used to tell us the duration a note is to

be played. In Arduino, the duration to play quarter note (1 beat) is
250ms.

                             

Semibreve Whole Note 4 beats 1000ms

Minim Half Note 2 beats 500ms

Crotchet Quarter Note 1 beat 250ms

Quaver Eight Note 1/2 beat 125ms

Semiquaver Sixteenth Note 1/4 beat 63ms

 Project 9: Compose “Happy Birthday” Melody

Compose the first line of the “Happy Birthday To You” song.

Note G4 G4 A4 G4 C5 B4
Frequency 392 392 440 392 523 494

Duration 125ms 125ms 250ms 250ms 250ms 500ms

1. Modify your previous code into this then upload to your board.
2. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

How it works

Set Pin 8 as output

Get piezo buzzer to play G4 for 1/2 beat.

Add delay until the note is completed.
Get piezo buzzer to play G4 for 1/2 beat.
Add delay until the note is completed.
Get piezo buzzer to play A4 for 1 beat.
Add delay until the note is completed.
Get piezo buzzer to play G4 for 1 beat.
Add delay until the note is completed.
Get piezo buzzer to play C5 for 1 beat.
The
Addprogram will turn
delay until off LED
the note 2- LED 7 all at
is completed.
the same time.
Get piezo buzzer to play B4 for 2 beats.
Delay for 1s.
Hold
2. Don’t mixed up the normal backet for 1000ms.
( ) and the curly bracket { }.
 Project 10: Optimize Your Code

Instead of manually key in the tones’ frequency and duration line

by line, we can optimize it using a given sample code to shorten
our prvious code. This allows us to compose a long melody
effortlessly.

1. Open a sample code. File > Examples > 02 Digital > toneMelody

2. From the example given. Every note’s frquency is predefined from

note B0 until DS8. What we need to do is to key in the notes we
want and the note duration in seqence.
 You can click the “pitches.h” tab to view the predefined notes’
frequency.

3. Refer to the same music sheet again then key in the note and note
duration accordingly.

Note G4 G4 A4 G4 C5 B4
Frequency 392 392 440 392 523 494
The program will turn off LED 2- LED 7 all at
Duration 125ms 125msthe same
250ms
time. 250ms 250ms 500ms
Eighth Eighth Quarter Quarter Quarter Half
note (8) note (8) note (4) note (4) note (4) note (2)
4. Check your result.

You are supposed to get the same result as Project 9’s.

 How it works

Insert the notes to be played in sequence.

Insert the notes’ duration in sequence.

We are using a for loop here. 6 means

there are 6 notes to be played in this
program.

1000 divided by noteDuration

is to get duration in miliseconds.
e.g. 1000/ 8 = 125ms

This is exactly what we wrote previously.

tone (8, frequency, duration);

delay (duration + 30%);

value: HIGH or LOW

 Good To Know

Coding Syntax

1. Did you notice that the melody only play once and it doesn’t repeat
like the previous programs?

This is because the entire code is written under void setup() instead
of void loop (). You can only repeat it if you reset the program (by
pressing the reset button) .

2. To use “for” statement.

for(initialization; condition; increment)
{
// statement(s)
}

Example:

{
analogWrite (PWMpin, 1);
delay (10);
analogWrite (PWMpin, 2);
delay (10);
analogWrite (PWMpin, 3);
delay (10);
analogWrite (PWMpin, 4);
delay (10);
}

The above codes can be shorten into 3 lines using “for” statement
shown below:

for (int i=0; i <= 4; i++)

{
analogWrite (PWMpin, i);
delay (10)
}
 Challenge
Q: Program Maker
Coding UNO to play a complete “Happy Birthday to you”
Syntax
melody when the on-board switch is pressed.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

Congratulation! You have completed lesson 4 and

learnt the following:
1. How to program a tone from Maker UNO.
2. How to compose a simple melody using Maker UNO.
3. How to load Arduino’s sample program.
4. How to use for statement.

pin: the pin number

value: HIGH or LOW
 LESSON 5
ANALOG INPUT
 Project 11: Display Analog Value on Serial Monitor

1. Get ready these components

jumper wires breadboard Potentiometer

2. Construct the circuit as shown below.
3. Write these codes then upload to your board.

4. Once done uploading, click (serial monitor) located at the right

top bar. Immediately, you will see a pop up window appear.
5. Turn the potentiometer clockwise and counter clockwise and you
will find the value displayed on the serial monitor changes as you
adjust the potentiometer. The display values are analog value
provided by the potentiometer.

6. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video
 How it works

Setup serial communication

Read the analog values from Pin A0

and display them at serial monitor.

Good To Know

Arduino Function
1. Only pin A0, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 have analog input function. Hence
we need to connect the analog sensors to these pins if we need analog
input values.

2. Digital input only has 2 values, either 0 (low) or 1 (high). However in

analog input we can have variable from 0 to 1023.
 Project 12: Read Analog IR Sensor

1. Get ready these components.

Jumper wires Breadboard IR sensor

2. Construct the circuit as shown below.

3. Upload the same program used in Project 11 to your board.

4. Click the serial monitor to observe the analog input’s value. Move
your palm closer to the IR sensor to see the changes of the analog
value.
5. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

How it works

Infrared (IR) sensor consisted of an IR transmitter and IR receiver. The

transmitter will transmit infrared light when power up. If there is an object
placed infront of the sensor, the IR light will be reflected and received by
the IR receiver. The distance between the object and IR sensor will change
the intensity of the IR light received by the receiver. The intensity will then
be converted into analog value that you will be observed in the serial
monitor. When the intensity is high, the analog value that we receive will
be low.

If the distance of the object is far, the

intensity of the IR is low, the analog
value is high.

If the distance of the object is close, the

intensity of the IR is high, the analog
value is low.
 Project 13: IR Sensor To Detect Black Line

1. Get ready a piece of white cardboard and black marker.

8cm

10cm

2. Fold the cardboard as shown below:

7cm

3cm
3. Draw a black line with 2cm thickness in the middle of the cardboard
using the black marker.

2cm

4. Fixed the distance between the cardboad and the IR sensor at

approximately 2cm. Move the cardboard horizontally from the
white surface to the black line.

2cm

5. Write these codes into a new sketch then upload to your board.
5. Observe and record the analog values from the serial monitor when
the IR sensor is facing the white surface and black line respectively.

Analog Value
White surface

Black line

6. Write these codes into a new sketch and then upload to your board.

Note: IRvalue > 500 is the threshold for my case. You can change the
value according to the analog values shown in your serial monitor.
You can pick any value between the white surface and black line.
7. Check your result.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

LED 3 will light up when the black

line is detected and it will go off
when the white surface is
detected.

How it works

Define a variable name as “IRvalue”

Setup serial communication

Set Pin 3 as output

Display the analog input for Pin A0 at

serial monitor.

Assign the analog value at Pin A0 to IRvalue

If IRvalue > 500 (means black line is detected)

on the LED 3

Else, off the LED 3

value: HIGH or LOW

 Good To Know
Besides detecting object and measuring distance, the IR sensor also can be
used to differentiate black and white surfaces. This is because the light
surface is able to reflect most of the IR light while dark surface tends to
absorb the IR light. Hence the IR receiver will receive less IR light when it
faces the dark surface.

dark surfaces absorb more

IR light than light surfaces

This concept allows the IR sensor to be used at the mobile robots to

follow lines.
 Coding Syntax
In this project, the analog value from the IR sensor is changed based on
the color of the object. We need to store the variable number to a certain
place and only summon it when needed. To do that, we can assign a
variable.

int var = val; or int var;

var: your variable name (can be IRvalue or A or B or anything
you like)
val: the value you assign to the variable (can be any number
from -32,768 to 32,767)

Challenge
Q: Utilise the analog values from a potentiometer to change the
blinking speed for LED 3.

Scan QR code to watch the

demo video

Congratulation! You have completed lesson 5 and

learnt the following:
1. How to read analog input.
2. How to use serial monitor.
3. What is IR sensor and how it works.
4. How to assign variable numbers