Euler's number The function f(x) = ex

e＝2,7182818284590452... and its derivative

The mathematical constant e is the base of the natural logarithm (ln(x) or loge(x)). 1

It is often called Euler's number, due to the related and extensive discoveries of Euler. The exact reasons why Euler himself started to use the letter e for the constant -2 -1 1
are unknown, but it may be because it is the first letter of the word "exponential" rather than of his name, because he was a very modest man.

History Complex analysis

n
1
Jacob Bernoulli, another famous Basel mathematician, had defined the number e as n
lim ( n)
1+ that he estimated between 2 and 3. He was conscious of the
Im
i e φ = cos φ + i sin φ
i

8
unproved equivalence with the 2 other formulas:

The sum of the infinite series where n! is the factorial of n: The unique real number e > 0 such that (that is, such that area under the
sin φ
hyperbola f(t) = 1 / t from 1 to e is equal to 1):
1 1 1 1 1 1
8

= = + + + + +... 1
n =0 n ! 0! 1! 2! 3! 4!
t
dt = 1 φ
1 0 cos φ 1 Re

Mathematical properties
The exponential function f(x) = ex is important in part because it is the unique nontrivial function (up to multiplication by a constant) which is its own derivative, and
therefore, its own primitive:
d Euler made very important contributions to complex
x
= x
and
x
dx = x
+C where C is the arbitrary constant. analysis, with the e number. He discovered what is
dx now known as Euler's formula, i.e. that for any real
number x, the complex exponential function satisfies
.
Euler's formula of complex analysis
ix
e = cos x + i sin x
ix
The complex analysis equation e = cos x + i sin x is called Euler's identity. The special case with x = π is the famous Euler's formula: $2,718,281,828
This formula of complex exponential functions was described by Richard Feynman as "[...] the most remarkable formula in mathematics [...], our jewel", because e is
Google in 2004 announced
one of the most important numbers in mathematics, alongside coincidentally with 0, 1, i, and π. its intention to raise
$2,718,281,828 stock.
Other Euler's numbers:
Euler number in physics (fluids): Euler primes: Euler numbers in number theory: Euler-Mascheroni constant:
p pυ γ = 0.57721 56649 01532...
Ca = 1
Euler primes or symmetric E0 = 1, E2 = -1,
2ρ
V2 primes are primes that are E4 = 5, E6 = -61, ...
where ρ is the density of the fluid, p is the local the same distance from a
pressure, pv is the vapor pressure of the fluid and given integer.
V is a characteristic velocity of the flow.
1

e in physics and engineering 0.5

Complex numbers are used in almost every field of physics and engineering.
0
Euler's formula is widely used in quantum mechanics, relativity.
- 0.5
In electrical engineering, signals that vary periodically over time are often described as a combination of sine and cosine
functions, and are more conveniently expressed as the real part of exponential functions with imaginary exponents, using
-1
Euler's formula. The Fourier series are based on it. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

In fluid dynamics, Euler's formula is used to describe potential flow. Concrete examples of problems include the Fourier series
calculation of optimal shapes of transport vehicles, of energy generators, of boat turbines, the simulation of
chemical/physical processes, the weather forecast, etc.

In differential equations, the function eix is often used to simplify derivations, even if the final answer is a real e in probability and statistics
function involving sine and cosine. Euler's identity is an easy consequence of Euler's formula.
The 1 normal 2
µ = 0 , σ2 = 0.2
distribution,
0.9 µ = 0 , σ2 = 1.0
µ = 0 , σ2 = 5.0

e in finance e in operations research: d e s

0.8c r i b i n g µ = -2 , σ = 0.5

measurement errors
the "optimal stopping problem"
0.7

0.6 and that is used

e is also the amount of money if you deposit 1 Swiss Frank at a continuously 0.5 daily in statistics,
compounded interest rate of 100%: the terminal value of an interest compounded m You are skiing down from the mountain and would like to stop in the 0.4 was developed
times per annum is (1 + 100%/m)m , and it tends to e=2.71828... if m →∞. best of 100 restaurants that you do not know. based on certain
0.3
Countinuously compounded interest is systematically used for the valuation of futures discoveries of Euler.
0.2
and options. The Black-Scholes differential equation and its solution depend on Your strategy should be to first estimate a certain number of
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0.1
Euler's number e and Euler's formula and can be solved with Euler-Maruyama restaurants , using a formula that converges to
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(100/e)% of the number of restaurants
0
technique.
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-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
when it increases -in this case you should
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6 V 1 6 2
V 6 V stop at the 37th-.
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2
σ S 2
rS - rV = 0
6t + 2 6S2 + 6 S
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Black-Scholes differential equation
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