Performance Parameters

Of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Output dc power (avg. or dc o/p
power delivered to the load)
PO dc   VO dc   I O dc  ; i.e., Pdc  Vdc  I dc
Where
VO dc   Vdc  avg./ dc value of o/p voltage.
I O dc   I dc  avg./dc value of o/p current
Output ac power
PO ac   VO RMS   I O RMS 
Efficiency of Rectification (Rectification Ratio)
PO dc  PO dc 
Efficiency   ; % Efficiency   100
PO ac  PO ac 
The o/p voltage consists of two components
The dc component VO dc 
The ac /ripple component Vac  Vr  rms 
The total RMS value of output voltage is given by
VO RMS   V 2
O  dc 
V 2
r  rms 

 Vac  Vr  rms   V 2
O  RMS 
V 2
O  dc 

Form Factor (FF) which is a measure of the

shape of the output voltage is given by
VO RMS  RMS output  load  voltage
FF  
VO dc  DC load output  load  voltage
The Ripple Factor (RF) w.r.t. o/p voltage w/f
Vr  rms  Vac
rv  RF  
VO dc  Vdc
2
V2
O  RMS 
V 2
O  dc  VO RMS  
rv     1
VO dc   VO dc  

 rv  FF  12
 I r  rms  I ac
Current Ripple Factor ri  
I O dc  I dc

Where I r  rms   I ac  I 2
O  RMS 
I 2
O  dc 

Vr  pp   peak to peak ac ripple output voltage

Vr  pp   VO max   VO min 
I r  pp   peak to peak ac ripple load current
I r  pp   I O max   I O min 
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
PO dc 
TUF 
VS  I S
Where
VS  RMS supply (secondary) voltage
I S  RMS supply (secondary) current
Where
vS  Supply voltage at the transformer secondary side
iS  i/p supply current
(transformer secondary winding current)
iS 1  Fundamental component of the i/p supply current
I P  Peak value of the input supply current
  Phase angle difference between (sine wave
components) the fundamental components of i/p
supply current & the input supply voltage.
   Displacement angle (phase angle)
For an RL load
  Displacement angle = Load impedance angle
L 
   tan 
1
 for an RL load
 R 
Displacement Factor (DF) or
Fundamental Power Factor
DF  Cos
Harmonic Factor (HF) or
Total Harmonic Distortion Factor ; THD
1 1

I  I 
2 2 2  IS 
2
2 
HF        1
S S1
2
 I S1   I S 1  
Where
I S  RMS value of input supply current.
I S 1  RMS value of fundamental component of
the i/p supply current.
Input Power Factor (PF)
VS I S 1 I S1
PF  cos   cos 
VS I S IS
The Crest Factor (CF)
I S  peak  Peak input supply current
CF  
IS RMS input supply current
For an Ideal Controlled Rectifier
FF  1;   100% ; Vac  Vr  rms   0 ; TUF  1;
RF  rv  0 ; HF  THD  0; PF  DPF  1
Single Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier
With
An
RL Load
 Input Supply Voltage (Vs)
&
Thyristor (Output) Current
Waveforms
Output (Load)
Voltage Waveform
 To Derive An Expression For
The Output
(Load) Current, During  t   to 
When Thyristor T1 Conducts
Assuming T1 is triggered  t   ,
we can write the equation,
 diO 
L   RiO  Vm sin  t ;    t  
 dt 
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO  sin  t     A1e 
Z
Vm  2VS  maximum supply voltage.

Z  R   L  =Load impedance.
2 2

L 
  tan 
1
  Load impedance angle.
 R 
L
   Load circuit time constant.
R
 general expression for the output load current
R
Vm t
iO  sin  t     A1e L
Z
Constant A1 is calculated from
 
initial condition iO  0 at  t   ; t=  
 
R
Vm t
iO  0  sin      A1e L
Z
R
t Vm
 A1e L
sin    
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
R  
 Vm 
A1  e  Z sin     
L
 
Substituting the value of constant A1 in the
general expression for iO
R
Vm  Vm
 t   
iO  sin  t     e L
 sin     
Z  Z 
 we obtain the final expression for the
inductive load current
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
;
Z  
Where    t  
Extinction angle  can be calculated by using
the condition that iO  0 at  t  
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
0
Z  
R
   
 sin       e L
 sin    
 can be calculated by solving the above eqn.
 To Derive An Expression
For
Average (DC) Load Voltage of a Single
Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with
RL Load
 2
1
VO dc   VL 
2  v .d t 
0
O

1    2 
VO dc   VL    vO .d  t    vO .d  t    vO .d  t  
2  0   
vO  0 for  t  0 to  & for  t   to 2

1  
VO dc   VL    vO .d  t   ;
2  
vO  Vm sin  t for  t   to 
 1  
VO dc   VL    Vm sin  t.d  t  
2  

Vm  
VO dc   VL    cos  t 
2  

Vm
VO dc   VL   cos   cos  
2
Vm
VO dc   VL   cos   cos  
2
Effect of Load
Inductance on the Output

During the period  t   to  the

instantaneous o/p voltage is negative and
this reduces the average or the dc output
voltage when compared to a purely
resistive load.
 Average DC Load Current

VO dc  Vm
I O dc   I L Avg     cos   cos  
RL 2 RL
Single Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier
With RL Load
&
Free Wheeling Diode
 T
i0
+
V0
+ R
Vs

~ FWD

L

vS
Supply voltage

0    t


iG
Gate pulses

0 t


iO Load current


t=

0 t
  2

vO
Load voltage

0    t

The average output voltage
Vm
Vdc  1  cos   which is the same as that
2
of a purely resistive load.
The following points are to be noted
For low value of inductance, the load current
tends to become discontinuous.
During the period  to 
the load current is carried by the SCR.
During the period  to  load current is
carried by the free wheeling diode.
The value of  depends on the value of
R and L and the forward resistance
of the FWD.
 For Large Load Inductance
the load current does not reach zero, & we
obtain continuous load current

i0
t1 t2 t3 t4

SCR FWD SCR FWD

0 t
   2 