1 Basic Definition

K N F E n g i n e e r i n g M a t h e m a t i c s I
2 Linear and quadratic functions

3 Polynomial, Rational and Circular functions

4 Exponential, Logarithmic and Hyperbolic functions

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Ron Aldrino Chan @ Ron Buking

A function is a relation in which each element of the domain is

paired with exactly one element of the range. Another way of
saying it is that there is one and only one output ( y ) with each A function f is a rule that assigns exactly one
input ( x ) element y in a set B to each element x in a set A.

 In this case, we write y = f(x)

 We call the set A the domain of f. The set of all

values f(x) in B is called range of f.

 We refer x as independent variable.

y as the dependent variable.

Example:
Example :
Which of the following arrow diagram represents
y = 4x + 1 y as function of x functions?

Otherwise, we can write it as

y = f(x) f(x) as a function of x
Where f(x)=4x+1

 In most cases, the relationship is usually using

the relationship between y and x. x and y may
represent numerical quantities, but f stand for a
relationship between x & y.
Answer: (b), (e), (f)

1
 Definition  Inthis example there is exactly one real number
Domain: The domain of a function is the set of that ends up in y for every one real number that
all possible input values (usually x), which allows went into x. So, we would say that the range of
the function formula to work. (independent this function is also all real numbers.
variable)
y = 2x, where x=3
 Definition
Range: The range is the set of all possible y = 2(3)
output values (usually y), which result from using =6 range
the function formula. (dependent variable)

Example: Solutions:

Let A = {1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3} and B = {1, 4, 9}.

Consider the rule f(x) = x², where x∈A.
Draw the arrow diagram to represent the rule f(x)
= x² from A to B. Also, find domain and range of
mapping.

Answer: Domain = {1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3} Range = {1, 4, 9}

• An interval is a connected portion of the real

line.
• If the endpoints a and b are finite and are
included, the interval is called closed and is
denoted [a,b].
• If the endpoints are not included, the interval
is called open and denoted (a,b).
• If one endpoint is included but not the other,
the interval is denoted [a,b) or (a,b] and is
called a half-closed (or half-open interval).

2
 Example :  Example :
Find the domain of function f defined by Find the domain of function f defined by
f (x) = 1 / ( x - 1) f  x   2x  8
 Solution:
 The expression defining function f contains a
 Solution:
square root. The expression under the radical has
 x can take any real number except 1 since x = 1 to satisfy the condition 2x - 8 >= 0 for the
would make the division by zero is not allowed in function to take real values.
mathematics. Hence the domain in interval  Solve the above linear inequality x >= 4.
notation is given by (-∞ , 1) U (1 , +∞).  The domain, in interval notation, is given by [4 ,
+∞).

 Example :
Find the domain and range for the function  We can see that x takes any value in the
graph, but the resulting y values are greater
f(x) = x2 + 2.
than or equal to 2.

 f(x) = x2 + 2 is defined for all real values of x.

Hence, the domain of f(x) is "all real numbers".
 Since x2 is never negative, x2 + 2 is never less
than 2
 Hence, the range of f(x) is "all real numbers f(x)
≥ 2".

 Functions can be added, subtracted, Example :

multiplied or divided. In general, the
definition f(x) = x, g(x) = x2

Find
f(x) + g(x) , (f-g)(x), (f.g)(x) and
(f/g)(x)

3
 Solution:  Example :

(i) f(x) + g(x) = x + x2 For f  x   x 2  x and 2

, find each value.
g  x 
(ii) (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x)  x  3
= x – x2
(iii) (f.g) (x) = f(x) . g(x) (a)  f  g  2 
= x . x2
= x3
(b)  g (3)
2

(iv)  f ( x)  f x   x  1
  g x  2
g x x

Solution Solution
a) ( f  g )(2)  (2  2)  2 2 b) g 2 (3)  [
2 2
]
23 33
2
 6
5 1
28  ( )2
 3
5
1

9

 Inverse function of a function,f is a reverse

 Example : operations carried out by f
x y  f (x)
If g  x   x  1 Find the formula for  g  x  
2 3
f 

g 3 ( x)  ( x 2  1)3 x  f 1 ( y) y
f 1 
 ( x 4  2 x 2  1)3 ( x 2  1)
 *** Do not be confused
 x 6  3x 4  3x 2  1  f -1(x) => inverse function
 [ f(x) ]-1 => means 1/ f(x

4
 Example :  Example :
f(x) = 5x + 6 1
Let f(x) = y Given that f(x) = 5 (4x -3). Find f-1 (x)
y = 5x + 6
What is the function form in terms of x?  Solution:
 Solution:
y = 5x + 6
x=y-6
5
f -1(x) = x - 6
5

 Composite functions are what you get when you

 Solution : take the output of one function and use it for
the input of the next one.

 Assume that f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x + 1

f (x) = (x)2
f( g(x) ) = (g(x))2
= (x+1)2

 for all x such that x is in the domain of g and

g(x) is the domain of f.

 Example :  Example :
Find f (g(x)) if f(x) = x2+3 g(x)= x f(x) = x2 + 2x
g(x) = x -1
 Solution Find f (g(x)) and g(f(x))
f(g(x)) = (g(x))2 + 3  Solution:
= ( x )2 + 3 f(g(x)) = (x – 1)2 + 2(x -1)
= x+3 =x2 – 2x + 1 + 2x – 2
=x2 – 1

g (f(x)) = ( x2 + 2x) – 1
= x2 + 2x – 1

5
  Example :
 Example :
Here are two simple functions, lets find f (g(x)) if
 x 
6x
f(x) = 2x + 5 g(x) = 3x2 x=5 Let f  x   and g 3x first find  f g  x 
x 2
 9

Answer: and f g 12 

This means find f (g(5) )
Since g(x) = 3x2,
Answer:
then g(5) = 3(5)2 = 3(25) = 75
Now find f(75)
so f(75) = 2(75) + 5 = 155
So f (g(5)) = 155

 Answer
 Answer

 Example : Sketch the graph y = x + 2

 For linear, It is a usual case where
y = mx + c
Where y = value at y coordinate
x = value at x coordinate
m = slope of a line
y2  y1
m
x2  x1
c = y intercept (the place where the
graph crosses the y-axis)

6
 Example : Sketch the graph y = -2x + 4  Example : Find the slope of the line, m
through points (4,3) and (2,5)
y2  y1
m
x2  x1
 53 
m 
24
m  1

 Example : Find an equation of the line

through the points (3,1) and (4,-1) and the
graph line

 Example : Find an equation of the line

parallel to y=3x-2 and through the point  Example : Find an equation of the line
(-1,3) perpendicular to y=-2x+4 and intersecting
 It is easy to read the slope of the line from the line at the point (1,2)
the equation where m=3
y  yo Solution:
m
x  xo  The slope, m1 is -2. The slope of the
m( x  x0 )  y  y0 perpendicular line, m2 can be obtained
from m1m2=-1
3[ x  (1)]  y  3  m2=-1/-2
3x  3  y  3 =1/2
y  3x  6

7
  Example : Find the intersections at y1=x2-x-
y  yo
m 5 and y2=x+3
x  xo
m( x  x0 )  y  y0 Solution:
1
( x  1)  y  2
2
1
y  ( x  1)  2
2

 The general quadratic function has the form

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
where a, b and c are constants and a≠0

 a > 0 (minimum value)

 a < 0 (maximum value)

 Example : Given x2+1=A(x-1)+B(x+2)+C(x2+2)

for all values of x. Find A, B and C.

Solution:
 x2 + 1 = Ax –A +Bx +2B +Cx2 +2C
 1x2 = Cx2
 C = 1 ……………………………….. (1)
 0x = Ax +Bx
 A +B = 0
 A = -B ………………………………. (2)

8
  1 = -A +2B +2C ………………………. (3)
 Substitute (1) and (2) into (3) A polynomial is any function that can be
 1 = -(-B) +2B +2(1) written in the form.
 3B = -1 f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ……. + a1x + a0
1
 B = 3
 Since A = -B Where
A = 13 a0, a1, a2, ….., an are real numbers (the
coefficients of the polynomial) with an ≠ 0
1 1  n ≥ 0 is an integer (the degree of the
** Therefore, A = 3
B = 3 C = 1 polynomial)

Sample of polynomial
 Factorization is the opposite process to
 f(x) = 2 (polynomial of degree 0 or constant) expand brackets.The usually process includes
 f(x) = 3x + 2 (polynomial of degree 1 or linear polynomial) changing a long expression without any
f(x) = 5x2 – 2x + 1 (polynomial of degree 2 or quadratic polynomial)

brackets to a shorter expression that includes
f(x) = x3 -2x + 1 (polynomial of degree 3 or cubic polynomial)

the use of bracket.
 f(x) = -6x4 + 12x2 – 3x + 13 (polynomial of degree 4 or quartic
polynomial)
 f(x) = 2x5 6x4 – 8x2 + x – 3 (polynomial of degree 5 or quintic
polynomial)

 Example :Finding the intercepts of a Graph  Similarly, to find the x-intercepts, we solve the
eq. f(x) = 0.
Find all x & y intercepts of y = x2 - 4x + 3
0 = x2 – 4x + 3 =
Solution: 0 =(x – 1)(x – 3)
x-intercepts are x = 1 & x = 3.
 To find the y-intercept, recall that we set x = 0 to
obtain
y=0–0+3=3
The graph crosses the y-axis at y = 3.

 Similarly, to find the x-intercepts, we solve the

eq. f(x) = 0.
0 = x2 – 4x + 3 = (x – 1)(x – 3)
x-intercepts are x = 1 & x = 3.

9
  Example : Find the zeros of f(x) = x2 – 5x -12
 If the equation cannot be factorized, the
most reliable method of determines ‘the
roots’ of quadratic equation is to use the
formula.  (5)  (5) 2  4(1)(12)
x
2(1)
 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a x  6.772 & 1.772

 Any function that can be written in the form

p( x)
f ( x) 
q( x)
 Where p(x) & q(x) are polynomials, with q(x) ≠0
 A rational function is known as a proper function
fraction if the degree of P(x) is less than the
degree of Q(x).
Degree 1
 Example 1: 4x 1
2 x 2  5x  3
Degree 2
!!! Zeros are the value of x when y=0, from factorizations

 Solution : 4. Equate numerators

1. Factorise the denominator 4x + 1 = A(x + 3) + B(2x - 1)
4x  1 4x  1 = Ax + 3A +2Bx –B

2 x 2  5 x  3 (2 x  1)( x  3) = (A+2B) x + 3A –B
2. Express in partial function form
4x  1 A B 5. Equate coefficients
 
(2 x  1)( x  3) (2 x  1) ( x  3)
A+ 2B = 4 (1)
3. Place RHS over the same denominator 3A - B = 1 (2)
4x  1 A( x  3)  B(2 x  1) From (2) B= 3A – 1 (3)

(2 x  1)( x  3) (2 x  1)( x  3)

10
  A rational function is said to be an improper
Substitute (3) into (1) fraction if the degree of P(x) is greater than or
equal to the degree of Q(x).
A+2(3A-1)=4 Degree 2
A=6/7 3x 3  10 x 2  x  14
x2
Degree 1
4
Then from (2) B=1
7

Division of polynomials  Improper fractions can be expressed as the sum of

 Carrying out the division of polynomials is no a polynomial plus a proper function.
different, in principle, to numerical division. 12 x 2  13x  9 5
Examine the steps taken in the following example  3x  2 
4x  7 4x  7
3x 2  4 x  7
x  2 3x3  10 x 2  x  14  For the function that cannot be factorized
(irreducible factor).
3 x3  6 x 2
therefore
4x2  x
(3x3  10 x 2  x  14)
 3x 2  4 x  7
4 x2  8x ( x  2)
 7 x  14
 7 x  14

If we have
Revision: Convert the given radians measure
c b c
to degree sin   cos   tan  
 a b
3 a
(a) (b) 5
4

Revision: Convert the given degrees measure

to radians

(c) 180 (d) 40

11
  Sine Rule  consider
a b c
 
sin a sin b sin c

 Cosine rule  The arc of a circle

a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
 The constitutes the minor sector of the circle

 Usually we denote the angle in radian and 180o=   A function f is periodic of period T if f(x + T) = f(x)
for all x such that x & x + T are in the domain of f.
 The length of the arc is define as r
 Since the complete circle is 2 radians, adding 2
 The area of a circle = r 2 to any angle takes you all the way around the
circle & back to the same point (x,y).
1
 The area of the sector is r 2
2

 The circumference of a circle is 2 r

 The Sine Function  The graph replicates every 2. It is periodic with a
period equal to 2 radians.

 Sin (x + 2k) = sin x, k = 0,

 It range is such that -1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1

 sin (-x) = - sin (x)

12
 The Cosine Function  It is periodic with a period equal to 2 radians.

 cos (x + 2k) = cos x,k = 0, It range is such that

-1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1

 cos(-x) = cos (x)

Example :
The Tangent function
 Find all solutions of:
(a) 2 sin x – 1 = 0
2 sin x = 1  tan ( x + k) = tan x
sin x = 1/2 k = 0,  1,2
 5  5
x , ,  2 ,  2 ,......
6 6 6 6
 tan (-x) = - tan (x)
(b) cos2 x – 3 cos x + 2 = 0
(cos x –1)(cos x – 2) = 0 sin x
cos x = 1 cos x = 2
 tan x = cos x

 Since -1 cos x  1 for all x, cos x = 2 has no solution.

 cos x = 1, x = 0, 2 or x = 2n for any integer n.

Note that :

 Graph of y= sin x is that of y= cos x by

moving 1  units to the right.
2

 Graph of y= cos x is that of y=sin x by

moving 1  units to the left.
2

 sin x = cos ( x - 1  ) or cos x = sin ( x + 1  )

2 2

13
 Also, remember  The time taken for one complete revolution is
called the period.
1
 Frequency is defined as frequency =
period

 Usually also denoted as f =
2
 Usually in engineering a function at this kind is
usually written as y = A sin  t.

where A = amplitude
period is 2


Other circular function  The following is the trigonotmetric identities

1 (1) cos2 + sin2 = 1
 Secant sec 
cos

 cosecant cos ec  1  The identity cos2 + sin2  = 1 can be

sin  manipulated into a variety of forms.
 cotangent
cot  
1

cos x
tan  sin x (2) Dividing throughout by cos2

tan2  + 1= sec2 

 The formulae (identities) that you must be able to

 (3) Divide both sides by sin2  use are:

sin 2  cos 2  1 sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

  sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
sin  sin  sin 2 
2 2

cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

1  cot2   cos ec2 cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B

14
Double Angle formulae Example : Solve 2 cos2x + 3 sin x = 3

 By letting B=A, the previous formulae become Using cos2x + sin2x = 1

what are known as the “Double Angle Formulae”. Cos2x = 1 – sin2 x
Thus
sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A 2(1 – sin2 x) + 3 sin x = 3
2 sin2x – 3sin x + 1 = 0
cos 2 A  cos A  sin A 2 2

Quadratic function
cos 2 A  1  2 sin 2 A Let sin x =
22  3  1  0
cos 2 A  2 cos2 A  1

factorize (2  1)(  1)  0 Example : Prove that

1 1) sin 2  2 sin  cos
  ,  1
2 2) cos 2  cos2   sin 2 
We know that   sin x
From the identities,
1
sin x = & sin x = 1 1) sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a
2
1 sin (θ + θ) = sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ
if sin x = if sin x = 1 sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cosθ
2

=  , 5 = 2) cos(a + b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin b
6 6 2 cos (θ + θ) = cos θ cos θ - sin θ sin θ
 5  cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ - sin2 θ
Three solutions ,
2 or in degree 30 ,90 , 150
o o o
6 6

Example : Prove that 4 sin x + 3 cos x = 5 sin (x + )  4 sin x + 3 cos x = 5 sin x cos β + 5 sin β cos x

for some constant  and estimate the value at  Equating the term

4 sin x = 5 sin x cos β 3 cos x = 5 sin β cos x

Solution: 4 = 5 cos β 3 = 5 sin β
sin (a + b) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a
cos β = 4/5 sin β = 3/5
β = arc cos (4/5) β = arc sin (3/5)
RHS

5 sin ( x +  ) = 5 (sin x cos  + sin  cos x)

= 5 sin x cos  + 5 sin  cos x

15
 Square (1) and (2)
Example :
16  A2 cos2 
Express y= 4sin 3t – 3cos 3t in the form of y = Asin (3t + α)
Asin (3t + α) = A(sin 3t cos α + cos 3t sin α) 9  A2 sin 2 
= A cos α sin 3t + A sin α cos 3t Add (1) + (2)
4sin 3t – 3cos 3t = A cos α sin 3t + A sin α cos 3t 16  9  A2 (cos2   sin 2  )
4 = A cos α (1) A2  25
-3 = A sin α (2) A5
 2   A sin  
3
1 A cos  4

 x = sin y
3
tan    y = arcsin (x) or
4 y = sin-1 (x)

  0.64radian  x= tan (y)

y = arctan (x)
y  4sin 3t  3cos3t y = tan-1(x)

x= cos (y)
 5sin  3t  0.64

y = arccos (x)
y = cos-1(x)

 Example :
Evaluate

16
  Example : Index rules/ Rules of exponents for any real number

a m a n  a m n 
am
 a m  n 
an
a 
m n
 a  m n 

ab m  a mb m
a am
( ) m
b b
ao  1

1 1 a na
a n  or an  n 
an a n b nb
1
an  n a a a a
m
a  (n a ) m
n
( a  b )( a  b  a  b

ab  a b ***remember ab  a  b

a a

b b
n
ab  n a n b

Example :
Logarithmic rules
 log10 10 = 1 (since 101 = 10)
 the logarithm function with base b, written
 log10 100= 2 (since 102 = 100)
logb x, is defined by
 log10 1000 = 3 (since 103 = 1000)
y = logb x if & only if x = by.
 Usually abbreviate log10 x as log x
 That is, the logarithm logb x gives the exponent
 loge x as ln x
to which you must raise the base b to get the
given number x.

17
Example : Determine Example : Solving an exponential equation

1
1) log    log 10   1log10   1
1 Solve ex4  7 for x.
 10 
ln  e x  4   ln 7
2) log  0.001  log 103    3log10   3 x  4  ln 7
x  ln 7  4
3) ln e3  log e  e3   3log e e  3

18
Rewriting Exponentials as Exponentials with Base Example : Simplifying Logarithmic Expressions
e
Write each as a single logarithm

(a) log 2 27 x  log 2 3x

1
(b) ln 8  3ln  
2

Solution:
First, note that there is more than one order in (b) ln 8  3 ln  1 
2
which to work each problem.
 ln 2  3 ln 21 
3

(a) log 2 27  log 2 3

x x
 3 ln 2  (3 ln 2)
 log 2 33 x  log 2 3x
 3x log 2 3  x log 2 3
 6 ln 2
 2 x log 2 3  ln 26
 log 2 32 x  ln 64

Example : Use the rules of logarithms to

 There are two special combinations of
expand the expression ln  x y5 
3 4

 z  exponential functions, called the hyperbolic

Solution: sine and hyperbolic cosine.

ln  
x3 y 4
z5
 The hyperbolic function is denoted as sinh(x)
while hyperbolic cosine denoted by cosh(x).

 ln x3 y 4   ln z 5  e x  e x
sinh x  e x  e x
cosh x 
 ln x  ln( y )  ln z
3 4 5
 2 2
 3 ln x  4 ln y  5 ln z

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 e0  e0 1  1
Solution: for (a) we have sinh 0  2

2
0
Example : Computing values of hyperbolic Note: sinh 0  sin 0  0
function Compute f(0), f(1) and f(-1), and
determine how f(x) and f(x) compare for each e1  e1
For sinh1   1.18
function: 2

(a) f  x   sinh x e1  e1

For sinh  1   1.18
2
(b) f  x   cosh x
Note: sinh   x    sinh x

e0  e0 1  1
For part (b)cosh 0   1
2 2
Note: cosh 0  cos0  1
e1  e1
For cosh1   1.54
2
e1  e1
For cosh  1   1.54
2
Note: cosh( x)  cos x

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